Lugii: Difference between revisions
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{{distinguish|Luigi}} |
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{{For|the ancient tribe of [[Caledonia]]|Lugi}} |
{{For|the ancient tribe of [[Caledonia]]|Lugi}} |
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[[Image:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|right|300px|The Roman empire under [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117-138 AD), showing the location of the Lugii (Vandilii) tribes between the Viadua ([[Oder]]) and [[Vistula]] rivers]] |
[[Image:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|right|300px|The Roman empire under [[Hadrian]] (ruled 117-138 AD), showing the location of the Lugii (Vandilii) tribes between the Viadua ([[Oder]]) and [[Vistula]] rivers]]{{Short description|Ancient tribal confederation of Central Europe}} |
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The '''Lugii''' (or ''Lugi'', ''Lygii'', ''Ligii'', ''Lugiones'', ''Lygians'', ''Ligians'', ''Lugians'', or ''Lougoi'') were a |
The '''Lugii''' (or ''Lugi'', ''Lygii'', ''Ligii'', ''Lugiones'', ''Lygians'', ''Ligians'', ''Lugians'', or ''Lougoi'') were a group of tribes mentioned by [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] authors living in ca. 100 BC–300 AD in Central Europe, north of the [[Sudetes]] mountains in the basin of upper [[Oder River|Oder]] and [[Vistula]] rivers, covering most of modern southern and middle Poland (regions of [[Silesia]], [[Greater Poland]], [[Mazovia]] and [[Lesser Poland]]). |
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Most archaeologists identify the Lugians with the [[Przeworsk culture]], which is also associated with the [[Vandals]], and it has been suggested that the Lugians and Vandals may have been closely related or even the same. While this culture was strongly [[Celts|Celtic]]-influenced in early Roman times, the Lugii are also sometimes regarded as [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] like the Vandals. |
Most archaeologists identify the Lugians with the [[Przeworsk culture]], which is also associated with the [[Vandals]], and it has been suggested that the Lugians and Vandals may have been closely related or even the same. While this culture was strongly [[Celts|Celtic]]-influenced in early Roman times, the Lugii are also sometimes regarded as [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]], like the Vandals. |
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They played an important role on the middle part of the [[Amber Road]] from [[Sambia]] at the [[Baltic Sea]] to the provinces of [[Roman Empire]]: [[Pannonia]], [[Noricum]] and [[Raetia]].<ref name=Schutte/> Lugii should not be confused with a tribe of the same name, usually spelled as ''[[Lugi]]'', that inhabited the southern part of [[Sutherland]] in [[Scotland]]. The Lugii have been identified by many modern historians as the same people as the [[Vandals]], with whom they must certainly have been strongly linked during Roman times.<ref name=Schutte/><ref name=Wolfram/><ref name=Anderson/> |
They played an important role on the middle part of the [[Amber Road]] from [[Sambia]] at the [[Baltic Sea]] to the provinces of [[Roman Empire]]: [[Pannonia]], [[Noricum]] and [[Raetia]].<ref name=Schutte/> The Lugii should not be confused with a tribe of the same name, usually spelled as ''[[Lugi]]'', that inhabited the southern part of [[Sutherland]] in [[Scotland]]. The Lugii have been identified by many modern historians as the same people as the [[Vandals]], with whom they must certainly have been strongly linked during Roman times.<ref name=Schutte/><ref name=Wolfram/><ref name=Anderson/> |
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== Etymology == |
== Etymology == |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The Lugii are first mentioned in [[Strabo]]'s ''[[Geographica]]''. He writes that the Lugians were " |
The Lugii are first mentioned in [[Strabo]]'s ''[[Geographica]]''. He writes that the Lugians were "a great people" and—together with other peoples like [[Semnones]], [[Lombards]] and the otherwise unknown Zumi, Butones, Mugilones and Sibini—were part of a federation subjected to the rule of [[Maroboduus]], ruler of the [[Marcomanni]] with their centre in modern [[Bohemia]] 9 BC–19 AD.<ref name=Schutte>{{harvnb|Schutte|2013|pp=51-53}}</ref><ref name="EB">{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Germanic-peoples |title=Germanic peoples |publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] |access-date=October 11, 2017 }}</ref> In 19 AD Maroboduus was overthrown with the help of [[Arminius]] of the [[Cherusci]].<ref name="EB"/> |
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The Lugii are not mentioned at all by [[Pliny the Elder]], who instead mentions the Vandilii living in the same area as one of the most important peoples of Germania, including the tribes [[Burgundiones]], [[Varines]], |
The Lugii are not mentioned at all by [[Pliny the Elder]], who instead mentions the Vandilii living in the same area as one of the most important peoples of Germania, including the tribes [[Burgundiones]], [[Varines]], Charines and [[Gutones]].<ref name=Merrills>{{harvnb|Merrills|2004|pp=32-33}}</ref> |
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The next mention of Lugii are the times of the Roman emperor [[Claudius]] (41–54). According to |
The next mention of Lugii are the times of the Roman emperor [[Claudius]] (41–54). According to [[Tacitus]]'s ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annales]],'' in 50 'a great multitude' of Lugians and [[Hermunduri]], led by the Hermundurian [[Vibilius]], took part in the fall of [[Vannius]], who the Romans had imposed as a ruler to replace Maroboduus. In the book ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' (43:3), Tacitus mentions the name ''Vandilii'' as a "genuine and ancient name", but does not mention the Vandilii in the list of peoples at all.<ref name=Merrills/> Tacitus however describes the Lugii, writing that they were divided into many tribes ('civitates'), of which he mentions the five most powerful: [[Harii]], [[Helveconae]], [[Manimi]], [[Helisii]] and [[Nahanarvali]]. |
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The next information about the Lugians comes from [[Dio Cassius|Cassius Dio]]'s work ''Roman History'', in which he mentions events of 91–92 during the reign of emperor [[Domitian]]. The Lugii allied themselves with the Romans and asked them for help against some of the [[Suebi]]. Domitian sent 100 horsemen to support the Lugians. It is not known if these horsemen really arrived at their destination; if they did, it would be the first recorded presence of Roman soldiers on what is now [[Poland]].<ref>{{citation|url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/67*.html|author=Cassius Dio|title=Roman History|chapter=LXVII}}</ref> The 12th century [[Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae|Chronica Polonorum]] by [[Wincenty Kadlubek]] mentions the alliance between the Lugii and the Romans.<ref>[[Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae]]; by [[Wincenty Kadlubek]]; 1190</ref> |
The next information about the Lugians comes from [[Dio Cassius|Cassius Dio]]'s work ''Roman History'', in which he mentions events of 91–92 during the reign of emperor [[Domitian]]. The Lugii allied themselves with the Romans and asked them for help against some of the [[Suebi]]. Domitian sent 100 horsemen to support the Lugians. It is not known if these horsemen really arrived at their destination; if they did, it would be the first recorded presence of Roman soldiers on what is now [[Poland]].<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/67*.html|author=Cassius Dio|title=Roman History|chapter=LXVII}}</ref> The 12th century [[Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae|Chronica Polonorum]] by [[Wincenty Kadlubek]] mentions the alliance between the Lugii and the Romans.<ref>[[Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae]]; by [[Wincenty Kadlubek]]; 1190</ref> |
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[[Ptolemy]] mentions the Lugi Omani (Λοῦγοι οἱ |
[[Ptolemy]] mentions the Lugi Omani (Λοῦγοι οἱ Ὀμανοί), the Lugi [[Diduni]] (Λοῦγοι οἱ Διδοῦνοι) and the Lugi [[Buri (Germanic tribe)|Buri]] (Λοῦγοι οἱ Βοῦροι) located on or near the upper Vistula in Germania Magna in what is now south Poland (Book 2, Chapter 10, 4th map of Europe). Ptolemy does not mention the Vandals at all.<ref name=Merrills/> The Buri, who according to Ptolemy were part of the Lugians, (Tacitus treated them separately, and as Suebian in language) took an important role during the [[Marcomannic Wars]] (166–180): the Romans were forced to organize a separate military campaign against them called 'Expeditio Burica' in 182-183 during the reign of emperor [[Commodus]]. |
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The later history of the Lugians is uncertain, but some historians assume that the Lugians can be identified with the 'Longiones' tribe mentioned in [[Zosimus]]'s ''New History'' (''Historia Nova''), as being defeated by the Emperor [[Marcus Aurelius Probus|Probus]] in year 279 in the province of [[Raetia]] near the Lygis river (usually identified with [[Lech river]] in modern [[Austria]] and [[Bavaria]]). Another mention might be a great people of 'Lupiones-Sarmatae' shown on |
The later history of the Lugians is uncertain, but some historians assume that the Lugians can be identified with the 'Longiones' tribe mentioned in [[Zosimus (historian)|Zosimus]]'s ''New History'' (''Historia Nova''), as being defeated by the Emperor [[Marcus Aurelius Probus|Probus]] in year 279 in the province of [[Raetia]] near the Lygis river (usually identified with [[Lech river]] in modern [[Austria]] and [[Bavaria]]). Another mention might be a great people of 'Lupiones-Sarmatae' shown on the Latin map [[Tabula Peutingeriana]] generally dated to 2nd-4th century AD. |
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The Lugii were probably completely absorbed into the [[Vandals]] by the 3rd century.<ref name=Schutte/> While the two peoples are located by Roman authors as living in the same region, they are never mentioned simultaneously.<ref name= |
The Lugii were probably completely absorbed into the [[Vandals]] by the 3rd century.<ref name=Schutte/> While the two peoples are located by Roman authors as living in the same region, they are never mentioned simultaneously.<ref name=Merrills/> According to [[John Anderson (classical scholar)|John Anderson]], the "Lugii and Vandilii are designations of the same tribal group, the latter an extended ethnic name, the former probably a cult-title."<ref name=Anderson>{{harvnb|Anderson|1938|p=198}}</ref> [[Herwig Wolfram]] notes that "In all likelihood the Lugians and the Vandals were one cultic community that lived in the same region of the Oder in Silesia, where it was first under Celtic and then under Germanic domination."<ref name=Wolfram>{{harvnb|Wolfram|1997|p=42}}</ref> |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== |
==Sources== |
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===Primary sources=== |
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*Tacitus, ''[[wikisource:Germania#XLIII|Germania |
*[[Tacitus]], ''[[wikisource:Germania#XLIII|''Germania'' XLIII]]'' |
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==Secondary sources== |
===Secondary sources=== |
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*{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=John |author-link=John Anderson (classical scholar) |title=Germania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPZJAAAAYAAJ |access-date=9 March 2014 |year=1938 |publisher=[[Bristol Classical Press]] |isbn=1853995037 }} |
*{{cite book |last=Anderson |first=John |author-link=John Anderson (classical scholar) |title=Germania |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wPZJAAAAYAAJ |access-date=9 March 2014 |year=1938 |publisher=[[Bristol Classical Press]] |isbn=1853995037 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Hussey |first=Joan Mervyn |author-link=Joan M. Hussey |title=Cambridge Medieval History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zus8AAAAIAAJ |access-date=5 May 2013 |year=1966 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]] |isbn=0-5200-8511-6 }} |
*{{cite book |last=Hussey |first=Joan Mervyn |author-link=Joan M. Hussey |title=Cambridge Medieval History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zus8AAAAIAAJ |access-date=5 May 2013 |year=1966 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press|CUP Archive]] |isbn=0-5200-8511-6 }} |
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*{{cite book |last= |
*{{cite book |last=Merrills |first=Andrew H. |title=Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xdnrTM_d1GkC |access-date=9 March 2014 |year=2004 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd |isbn=0754641457 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Schutte |first=Gudmund |author-link=Gudmund Schütte |title=Our Forefathers, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0R9aAQAAQBAJ |access-date=9 March 2014 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= |
*{{cite book |last=Schutte |first=Gudmund |author-link=Gudmund Schütte |title=Our Forefathers, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0R9aAQAAQBAJ |access-date=9 March 2014 |year=2013 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-1107677234 }} |
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*{{Cite journal|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|date=1991|title=Ethnozoonymes indo-européens|journal=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne|volume=17|issue=2|pages=13|doi=10.3406/dha.1991.1932}} |
*{{Cite journal|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|date=1991|title=Ethnozoonymes indo-européens|journal=Dialogues d'histoire ancienne|volume=17|issue=2|pages=13|doi=10.3406/dha.1991.1932}} |
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*{{cite book | |
*{{cite book |last1=Waldman |first1=Carl |last2=Mason |first2=Catherine |title=Encyclopedia of European Peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC |access-date=5 May 2013 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]] |isbn=1-4381-2918-1 }} |
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*{{cite book |last=Wolfram |first=Herwig |author-link=Herwig Wolfram |title=The Roman Empire and its Germanic peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOnQDfRU-poC |access-date=5 May 2013 |year=1997 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-5200-8511-6 }} |
*{{cite book |last=Wolfram |first=Herwig |author-link=Herwig Wolfram |title=The Roman Empire and its Germanic peoples |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tOnQDfRU-poC |access-date=5 May 2013 |year=1997 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-5200-8511-6 }} |
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Revision as of 05:31, 8 July 2024
The Lugii (or Lugi, Lygii, Ligii, Lugiones, Lygians, Ligians, Lugians, or Lougoi) were a group of tribes mentioned by Roman authors living in ca. 100 BC–300 AD in Central Europe, north of the Sudetes mountains in the basin of upper Oder and Vistula rivers, covering most of modern southern and middle Poland (regions of Silesia, Greater Poland, Mazovia and Lesser Poland).
Most archaeologists identify the Lugians with the Przeworsk culture, which is also associated with the Vandals, and it has been suggested that the Lugians and Vandals may have been closely related or even the same. While this culture was strongly Celtic-influenced in early Roman times, the Lugii are also sometimes regarded as Germanic, like the Vandals.
They played an important role on the middle part of the Amber Road from Sambia at the Baltic Sea to the provinces of Roman Empire: Pannonia, Noricum and Raetia.[1] The Lugii should not be confused with a tribe of the same name, usually spelled as Lugi, that inhabited the southern part of Sutherland in Scotland. The Lugii have been identified by many modern historians as the same people as the Vandals, with whom they must certainly have been strongly linked during Roman times.[1][2][3]
Etymology
The etymology of the name Lugii is uncertain. It could be related to the Celtic root *leug- ('swamp'), *lugiyo- ('oath'; cf. Gaulish luge, 'by the oath', OIr. luige 'oath'), *lugo- ('black', cf. Ir. loch), or possibly to the name of the god Lug.[4]
History
The Lugii are first mentioned in Strabo's Geographica. He writes that the Lugians were "a great people" and—together with other peoples like Semnones, Lombards and the otherwise unknown Zumi, Butones, Mugilones and Sibini—were part of a federation subjected to the rule of Maroboduus, ruler of the Marcomanni with their centre in modern Bohemia 9 BC–19 AD.[1][5] In 19 AD Maroboduus was overthrown with the help of Arminius of the Cherusci.[5]
The Lugii are not mentioned at all by Pliny the Elder, who instead mentions the Vandilii living in the same area as one of the most important peoples of Germania, including the tribes Burgundiones, Varines, Charines and Gutones.[6]
The next mention of Lugii are the times of the Roman emperor Claudius (41–54). According to Tacitus's Annales, in 50 'a great multitude' of Lugians and Hermunduri, led by the Hermundurian Vibilius, took part in the fall of Vannius, who the Romans had imposed as a ruler to replace Maroboduus. In the book Germania (43:3), Tacitus mentions the name Vandilii as a "genuine and ancient name", but does not mention the Vandilii in the list of peoples at all.[6] Tacitus however describes the Lugii, writing that they were divided into many tribes ('civitates'), of which he mentions the five most powerful: Harii, Helveconae, Manimi, Helisii and Nahanarvali.
The next information about the Lugians comes from Cassius Dio's work Roman History, in which he mentions events of 91–92 during the reign of emperor Domitian. The Lugii allied themselves with the Romans and asked them for help against some of the Suebi. Domitian sent 100 horsemen to support the Lugians. It is not known if these horsemen really arrived at their destination; if they did, it would be the first recorded presence of Roman soldiers on what is now Poland.[7] The 12th century Chronica Polonorum by Wincenty Kadlubek mentions the alliance between the Lugii and the Romans.[8]
Ptolemy mentions the Lugi Omani (Λοῦγοι οἱ Ὀμανοί), the Lugi Diduni (Λοῦγοι οἱ Διδοῦνοι) and the Lugi Buri (Λοῦγοι οἱ Βοῦροι) located on or near the upper Vistula in Germania Magna in what is now south Poland (Book 2, Chapter 10, 4th map of Europe). Ptolemy does not mention the Vandals at all.[6] The Buri, who according to Ptolemy were part of the Lugians, (Tacitus treated them separately, and as Suebian in language) took an important role during the Marcomannic Wars (166–180): the Romans were forced to organize a separate military campaign against them called 'Expeditio Burica' in 182-183 during the reign of emperor Commodus.
The later history of the Lugians is uncertain, but some historians assume that the Lugians can be identified with the 'Longiones' tribe mentioned in Zosimus's New History (Historia Nova), as being defeated by the Emperor Probus in year 279 in the province of Raetia near the Lygis river (usually identified with Lech river in modern Austria and Bavaria). Another mention might be a great people of 'Lupiones-Sarmatae' shown on the Latin map Tabula Peutingeriana generally dated to 2nd-4th century AD.
The Lugii were probably completely absorbed into the Vandals by the 3rd century.[1] While the two peoples are located by Roman authors as living in the same region, they are never mentioned simultaneously.[6] According to John Anderson, the "Lugii and Vandilii are designations of the same tribal group, the latter an extended ethnic name, the former probably a cult-title."[3] Herwig Wolfram notes that "In all likelihood the Lugians and the Vandals were one cultic community that lived in the same region of the Oder in Silesia, where it was first under Celtic and then under Germanic domination."[2]
Notes
- ^ a b c d Schutte 2013, pp. 51–53
- ^ a b Wolfram 1997, p. 42
- ^ a b Anderson 1938, p. 198
- ^ Sergent 1991, p. 13.
- ^ a b "Germanic peoples". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
- ^ a b c d Merrills 2004, pp. 32–33
- ^ Cassius Dio, "LXVII", Roman History
- ^ Chronica seu originale regum et principum Poloniae; by Wincenty Kadlubek; 1190
Sources
Primary sources
Secondary sources
- Anderson, John (1938). Germania. Bristol Classical Press. ISBN 1853995037. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
- Hussey, Joan Mervyn (1966). Cambridge Medieval History. CUP Archive. ISBN 0-5200-8511-6. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- Merrills, Andrew H. (2004). Vandals, Romans and Berbers: New Perspectives on Late Antique North Africa. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754641457. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
- Schutte, Gudmund (2013). Our Forefathers, Volume 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107677234. Retrieved 9 March 2014.
- Sergent, Bernard (1991). "Ethnozoonymes indo-européens". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 17 (2): 13. doi:10.3406/dha.1991.1932.
- Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 1-4381-2918-1. Retrieved 5 May 2013.
- Wolfram, Herwig (1997). The Roman Empire and its Germanic peoples. University of California Press. ISBN 0-5200-8511-6. Retrieved 5 May 2013.