Mutsun language: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Extinct Utian language}} |
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{{use mdy dates|date=January 2024}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Mutsun |
| name = Mutsun |
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|nativename=San Juan Bautista |
| nativename = San Juan Bautista |
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|states= [[United States]] |
| states = [[United States]] |
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|region=[[California]] |
| region = [[California]] |
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|ethnicity=[[Ohlone]] |
| ethnicity = [[Ohlone]] |
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|extinct=1930, with the death of Ascencion Solórzano de Cervantes |
| extinct = 1930, with the death of Ascencion Solórzano de Cervantes |
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| ref = {{sfn|Okrand|1977}} |
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|ref=<ref name = "okrand"/> |
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|familycolor=American |
| familycolor = American |
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|fam1=[[Yok-Utian languages|Yok-Utian]] |
| fam1 = [[Yok-Utian languages|Yok-Utian]] |
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|fam2=[[Utian languages|Utian]] |
| fam2 = [[Utian languages|Utian]] |
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|fam3=[[ |
| fam3 = [[Ohlone languages|Ohlone]] |
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|fam4=Southern |
| fam4 = Southern |
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|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] |
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] |
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|iso3=none |
| iso3 = none |
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|iso3comment=(included in {{ |
| iso3comment = (included in {{ISO 639 name|css|link=yes}} [css]) |
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|glotto=muts1243 |
| glotto = muts1243 |
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|glottorefname=Mutsun |
| glottorefname = Mutsun |
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|notice=IPA |
| notice = IPA |
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| revived = early 2000s |
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| map = File:Ohlone_color_map.svg |
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| mapcaption = Map of Ohlone varieties with {{legend|#9c8c63|Mutsun}} |
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}} |
}} |
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[[File:Utian langs (cropped).png|thumb|Area where the Utian languages were spoken]] |
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'''Mutsun''' (also known as '''San Juan Bautista Costanoan''') is |
'''Mutsun''' (also known as '''San Juan Bautista Costanoan''') is a [[Utian languages|Utian language]] spoken in Northern California. It was the primary language of a division of the [[Ohlone people]] living in the [[Mission San Juan Bautista]] area. The Tamien Nation and {{ill|Amah Mutsun|WD=Q111585476}} band is currently working to restore the use of the language, using a modern alphabet.{{sfn|Warner|2006}}{{sfn|Warner|Luna|Butler|2007}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Language |url=http://amahmutsun.org/language |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811223529/http://amahmutsun.org/language |archive-date=2013-08-11 |access-date=2020-03-07 |publisher=Amah Mutsun Tribal Band}}</ref> |
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==Studies of the language== |
==Studies of the language== |
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Maria Ascención Solórsano de Garcia y de Cervantes, the last known fluent speaker of Mutsun, amassed large amounts of language and cultural data specific to the Mutsun.{{sfn|Warner|Luna|Butler|2007}} The [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[Franciscan]] [[missionary]] and [[linguist]] [[Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta]] wrote extensively about the language's grammar, and linguist [[John Peabody Harrington]] made very extensive notes on the language from Solórsano. Harrington's field notes formed the basis of the grammar of Mutsun written by [[Marc Okrand]] as a [[University of California]] dissertation in 1977{{sfn|Okrand|1977}} which to this day remains the only grammar{{citation needed|reason=for "the only grammar" as there is this grammar of the Mutsun language: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11081 |date=January 2017}} ever written of any [[Costanoan]] language. Scholars from the U.S., Germany, and the Netherlands have discussed methods that could facilitate the revitalization of Mutsun.{{sfn|Warner|Luna|Butler|van Volkinburg|2009}} |
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{{citation needed|for "the only grammar" as there is this grammar of the Mutsun language: www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/11081 |date=January 2017}} |
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Ascencion Solorsano amassed large amounts of language and cultural data specific to the Mutsun. The [[Spanish people|Spanish]] [[Franciscan]] [[missionary]] and [[linguist]] [[Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta]] wrote extensively about the language's grammar, and linguist [[John Peabody Harrington]] made very extensive notes on the language from Solorsano. Harrington's field notes formed the basis of the grammar of Mutsun written by [[Marc Okrand]] as a [[University of California]] dissertation in 1977,<ref name = "okrand">Okrand, Marc. 1977. "[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/dissertations/okrand-1977.pdf Mutsun Grammar]". Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.</ref> which to this day remains the only grammar ever written of any [[Costanoan]] language. Scholars from the U.S., Germany and the Netherlands have discussed methods that could facilitate the revitalization of Mutsun.<ref>Revitalization in a scattered language community: problems and methods from the perspective of Mutsun language revitalization, Authors: Natasha Warner / Quirina Luna / Lynnika Butler / Heather van Volkinburg, |
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International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 2009, Issue 198, Pages 135–148, ISSN (Online) 1613-3668, ISSN (Print) 0165-2516, DOI: 10.1515/IJSL.2009.031, July 2009</ref> |
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The [[Amah Mutsun]] band is currently working to restore use of the language, using a modern alphabet.<ref>Warner, N. (2006). Making a Dictionary for Community Use in Language Revitalization: The |
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Case of Mutsun. International Journal of Lexicography, 19(3), 257-285. Retrieved from [http://ijl.oxfordjournals.org/content/19/3/257.short]</ref><ref>Warner, N., Luna, Q., & Butler, L. (2007). Ethics and Revitalization of Dormant Languages: The |
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Mutsun Language.1(1). Retrieved from [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/html/10125/1727/warner.html]</ref> |
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== Phonology == |
== Phonology == |
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Vowel and consonant phonemes are represented here with the descriptions and orthography of the English-Mutsun dictionary,{{sfn|Warner|Butler|Geary|2016}} with additions from an earlier paper by Warner, Butler, and Luna-Costillas.{{sfn|Warner|Butler|Luna-Costillas|2006|p=282}} |
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=== Vowels === |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ |
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! |
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! colspan=2 align="center" |[[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! colspan=2 align="center" |[[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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! rowspan="1" align="center" |[[Close vowel|Close]] |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|i}} {{angbr|i}} |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|iː}} {{angbr|ii}} |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|u}} {{angbr|u}} |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|uː}} {{angbr|uu}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="1" align="center" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|ɛ}} {{angbr|e}} |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|ɛː}} {{angbr|ee}} |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|o}} {{angbr|o}} |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|oː}} {{angbr|oo}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="1" align="center" |[[Open vowel|Open]] |
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| colspan=2| |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|ɑ}} {{angbr|a}} |
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| align="center" |{{IPA link|ɑː}} {{angbr|aa}} |
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|} |
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* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} is [[Open-mid vowel|open-mid]], whereas {{IPA|/o/}} is [[Close-mid vowel|close-mid]].{{sfn|Okrand|1977|p=23}} |
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* Vowels and consonants are doubled to indicate longer pronunciation (ex: IPA for {{lang|css-US|toolos}} 'knee' is {{IPA|[toːlos]}}) |
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=== Consonants === |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|+ |
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|+ Consonant phonemes<ref name = "okrand2"/> |
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! colspan=2 rowspan=2| |
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | |
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! rowspan=2|[[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Labial consonant|Labial]] |
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! colspan=2 |
! colspan="2" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! rowspan=2|[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Retroflex consonant|Retroflex]] |
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! rowspan=2|[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] |
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! rowspan=2|[[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]] |
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! rowspan=2|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
! rowspan="2" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]] |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
!{{small|hard}} |
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! |
!{{small|[[Palatalization (phonetics)|soft]]}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan=2 |
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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|{{IPA link|m}} {{angbr|m}} |
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|{{IPA link|n}} {{angbr|n}} |
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|{{IPA|nʲ}} {{angbr|N}} |
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! colspan=2 |
! colspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]] |
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|{{IPA link|p}} {{angbr|p}} |
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|{{IPA link|t}} {{angbr|t}} |
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|{{IPA|tʲ}} {{angbr|tY}} |
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|{{IPA link|ʈ}} {{angbr|T}} |
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|{{IPA link|k}} {{angbr|k}} |
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|{{IPA link|ʔ}} {{angbr|{{hamza}}}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan=2 |
! colspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]] |
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| |
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|{{IPA link|ts}} {{angbr|ts}} |
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| {{IPA link|ts̠}} ''c'' |
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|{{IPA link|tʃ}} {{angbr|c}} |
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|- |
|- |
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! colspan=2 |
! colspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
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|{{IPA link|s}} {{angbr|s}} |
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|{{IPA link|ʃ}} {{angbr|S}} |
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|{{IPA link|h}} {{angbr|h}} |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 |
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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|{{IPA link|w}} {{angbr|w}} |
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|{{IPA link|l}} {{angbr|l}} |
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|{{IPA|lʲ}} {{angbr|L}} |
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|{{IPA link|j}} {{angbr|y}} |
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|- |
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! colspan=2 |
! colspan="2" |[[Flap consonant|Flap]] |
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|{{IPA link|ɾ}} {{angbr|r}} |
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== Alphabet == |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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Unlike many Latin-script alphabets, Mutsun uses capital letters as separate sounds.{{sfn|Warner|Butler|Geary|2016|p=i}} The following alphabet is based on the alphabetization of the Mutsun-English dictionary and includes an example word.{{sfn|Warner|Butler|Geary|2016|loc=contents}} |
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|+Vowel phonemes<ref name="okrand2">Okrand, (page 21)</ref> |
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! |
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! align="center"|[[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! colspan=2 align="center"|[[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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! rowspan=1 align="center"|[[Close vowel|Close]] |
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| align="center"| {{IPA link|i}} ''i'' |
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| align="center"| {{IPA link|u}} ''u'' |
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|- |
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! rowspan=1 align="center"|[[Mid vowel|Mid]] |
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| align="center"| {{IPA link|ɛ}} ''e'' |
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| align="center"| {{IPA link|o}} ''o'' |
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|- |
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! rowspan=1 align="center"|[[Open vowel|Open]] |
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| |
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| align="center"| {{IPA link|ɑ}} ''a'' |
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|} |
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* {{IPA|/ɛ/}} is [[Open-mid vowel|open-mid]], whereas {{IPA|/o/}} is [[Close-mid vowel|close-mid]].<ref name="okrand2"/> |
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* Vowels and consonants are doubled to indicate longer pronunciation (ex: IPA for ''toolos'' 'knee' is {{IPA|[toːlos]}}) |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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== Vocabulary == |
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|+ Mutsun alphabet |
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{{copy to Wiktionary}} |
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{|class="wikitable" |
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!English |
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!Mutsun |
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|- |
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! Letter !! Example word !! Gloss |
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|one |
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|hemec'a |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|a}} |
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|two |
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|{{lang|css|aacic}} || pipe |
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|uThin |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|c}} |
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|three |
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|{{lang|css|caahi}} || barn owl |
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|kaphan |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|d}} |
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|four |
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|{{lang|css|diyos}} || God |
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|uuTit |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|e}} |
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|five |
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|{{lang|css|eccer}} || iron (n) |
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|parwes |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|h}} |
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|six |
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|{{lang|css|haahe}} || run away (v) |
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|nakci |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|i}} |
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|seven |
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|{{lang|css|icci}} || bite (v) |
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|Takci |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|k}} |
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|eight |
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|{{lang|css|kaa}} || daughter |
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|tayitmin |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|l}} |
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|nine |
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|{{lang|css|laake}} || rise (v) |
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|pakki |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|L}} |
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|ten |
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|{{lang|css|Luohu}} || yearling calf |
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|tansahte |
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|} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
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|- |
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!{{lang|css|m}} |
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! '''English''' |
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|{{lang|css|maahi}} || close, cover (v) |
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! '''Mutsun''' |
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! '''English''' |
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! '''Mutsun''' |
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|- |
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!{{lang|css|n}} |
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| man |
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|{{lang|css|naaru}} || turnip |
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| Taares |
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| woman |
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| mukurma |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|N}} |
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| child |
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|{{lang|css|Notko}} || be short |
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| sinni |
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| dog |
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| hucekniS |
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|- |
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| cat |
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| peNek |
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| fish |
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| huuyi |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|o}} |
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| coyote |
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|{{lang|css|oce}} || send |
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| wakSiS |
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| wolf |
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| ummuh |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|p}} |
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| hummingbird |
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|{{lang|css|paaka}} || shell (v) |
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| humuunya |
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| California jay |
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| aSit |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|r}} |
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| blackbird |
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|{{lang|css|raakat}} || name (n) |
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| kulyan |
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| raven |
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| kaakari |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|s}} |
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| roadrunner |
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|{{lang|css|saake}} || gather pinenuts |
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| uttYuy |
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| great horned owl |
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| huumis |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|S}} |
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| goose |
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|{{lang|css|Saanay}} || near, nearby (adv) |
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| laalak |
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| eagle |
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| sirih |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|t}} |
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| bear |
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|{{lang|css|taacin}} || river rat, kangaroo rat |
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| ores |
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| mountain lion |
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| tammala |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|T}} |
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| rabbit |
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|{{lang|css|Taakampi}} || bring, carry to |
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| weeren |
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| jackrabbit |
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| ceeyes |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|ts}} |
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| lamprey, eel |
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|{{lang|css|tsayla}} || lie face up |
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| huusu |
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| salmon |
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| huuraka |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|tY}} |
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| fly insect |
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|{{lang|css|tYottYoni}} || holly berry |
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| muumuri |
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| tarantula |
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| kutYeelu |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|u}} |
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| grasshopper |
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|{{lang|css|ucirmin}} || small needle |
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| polookic |
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| worm |
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| kareS |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|w}} |
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| tree, wood |
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|{{lang|css|waaha}} || scratch, sing slowly |
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| tappur |
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| flower |
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| tiiwis |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|y}} |
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| sun |
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|{{lang|css|yaase}} || eat |
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| hismen |
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| sky |
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| Tarah |
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|- |
|- |
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!{{lang|css|{{hamza}}}} |
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| water |
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|{{lang|css|-{{hamza}}a}} || unknown meaning |
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| sii |
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| heat |
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| Taala |
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|- |
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| sea |
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| kalle |
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| earth, ground |
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| pire |
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|- |
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| head |
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| moohel |
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| brain |
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| lom |
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|- |
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| foot |
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| koro |
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| leg |
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| kaatYul |
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|- |
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| hand |
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| issu |
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| shoulderblade |
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| pakka |
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|- |
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| nose |
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| huus |
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| face, eyes |
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| hiin |
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|- |
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| ear |
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| ooco |
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| mouth |
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| haay |
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|- |
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| stomach |
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| huttu |
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| throat |
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| horkos |
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|- |
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| body hair |
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| Tap |
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| breath |
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| nossow |
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|- |
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| vulva |
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| pattas |
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| penis |
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| calamsa |
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|- |
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| mother |
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| aanan |
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| father |
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| appa |
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|- |
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| husband |
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| makkuh |
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| wife |
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| hawnan |
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|- |
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| person, body |
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| ama |
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| life |
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| nossow |
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|- |
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| sadness |
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| Soole |
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| hunger |
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| suune |
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|- |
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| no |
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| ekwe |
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| yes |
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| he'e |
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|- |
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| inside |
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| rammay |
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| outside |
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| kariy |
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|- |
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| road, door |
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| innu |
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| house |
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| rukka |
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|- |
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| to cut |
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| wara |
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| to give |
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| hara |
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|- |
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| to cry |
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| warka |
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| to hit |
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| notto |
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== References == |
== References == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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{{refbegin}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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*{{cite book|last1=Arroyo de la Cuesta|first1=Felipe|title=A vocabulary or phrase book of the Mutsun language of Alta California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BVtNAAAAcAAJ|accessdate=25 August 2012|year=1862|publisher=Cramoisy Press}} |
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* {{cite thesis |last=Okrand |first=Marc |year=1977 |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1p59z6kq |title=Mutsun Grammar |type=Ph.D. dissertation |publisher=University of California |location=Berkeley}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Arroyo de la Cuesta|first1=Felipe|title=Extracto de la gramática Mutsun, ó de la lengua de los naturales de la mision de San Juan Bautista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z99EAAAAcAAJ|accessdate=25 August 2012|year=1861|publisher=Trübner}} |
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* {{cite journal |last=Warner |first=N. |year=2006 |title=Making a Dictionary for Community Use in Language Revitalization: The Case of Mutsun |journal=International Journal of Lexicography |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=257–285 |doi=10.1093/ijl/ecl014}} |
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* Okrand, Marc. 1977. "[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/documents/dissertations/okrand-1977.pdf Mutsun Grammar]". Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Berkeley. |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Warner |first1=Natasha |last2=Luna |first2=Quirina |last3=Butler |first3=Lynnika |year=2007 |title=Ethics and revitalization of Dormant languages: The Mutsun language |journal=Language Documentation & Conservation |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=58–76 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/529efd21-c8cf-4df0-9bf6-9bfd6685f67e |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240107044603/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/items/529efd21-c8cf-4df0-9bf6-9bfd6685f67e |archive-date=2024-01-07}} |
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* Ortiz, Beverly R. 1994. ''Chocheño'' and ''Rumsen'' Narratives: A Comparison. In ''The Ohlone: Past and Present'', pp. 99–164. ISBN 9780879191290 |
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* {{cite book |last1=Warner |first1=Natasha |last2=Butler |first2=Lynnika |last3=Geary |first3=Quirina |isbn=978-0-9856211-8-6 |title=mutsun-inkiS inkiS-mutsun riica pappel |trans-title=Mutsun-English English-Mutsun Dictionary |hdl=10125/24679 |date=2016-02-20 |publisher= University of Hawai'i Press}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Sitjar|first1=Bonaventura|title=Vocabulary of the language of San Antonio mission, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eN9EAAAAcAAJ|accessdate=25 August 2012|year=1861|publisher=Trübner}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Warner |first1=Natasha |last2=Butler |first2=Lynnika |last3=Luna-Costillas |first3=Quirina |title=Making a Dictionary for Community Use in Language Revitalization: The Case of Mutsun |journal=International Journal of Lexicography |volume=19 |issue=3 |date=September 2006 |pages=257–285|doi=10.1093/ijl/ecl014}} |
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* Teixeira, Lauren S. 1997. ''The Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area—A Research Guide''. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press. ISBN 9780879191405 |
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* {{cite journal |title=Revitalization in a scattered language community: problems and methods from the perspective of Mutsun language revitalization |first1=Natasha |last1=Warner |first2=Quirina |last2=Luna |first3=Lynnika |last3=Butler |first4=Heather |last4=van Volkinburg |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |issue=198 |pages=135–148 |issn=0165-2516 |doi=10.1515/IJSL.2009.031 |date=July 2009|hdl=11858/00-001M-0000-0012-CC69-A |hdl-access=free }} |
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{{refend}} |
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==Further reading== |
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*{{cite book |last1=Arroyo de la Cuesta |first1=Felipe |title=A vocabulary or phrase book of the Mutsun language of Alta California |url=https://archive.org/details/vocabularyorphra00arro |access-date=25 August 2012 |year=1862 |publisher=Cramoisy Press |location=New York}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Arroyo de la Cuesta|first1=Felipe|title=Extracto de la gramática Mutsun, ó de la lengua de los naturales de la mision de San Juan Bautista|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z99EAAAAcAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1861|publisher=Trübner}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Ortiz |first=Beverly R. |year=1994 |title=Chocheño and Rumsen Narratives: A Comparison |encyclopedia=The Ohlone: Past and Present |pages=99–164 |isbn=9780879191290}} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Sitjar|first1=Bonaventura|title=Vocabulary of the language of San Antonio mission, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eN9EAAAAcAAJ|access-date=25 August 2012|year=1861|publisher=Trübner}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Teixeira |first=Lauren S. |year=1997 |title=The Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area—A Research Guide |location=Menlo Park, CA |publisher=Ballena Press |isbn=9780879191405}} |
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== External links == |
== External links == |
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* [https://www.tamien.org/language-preservation] |
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*[http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/ldc/?p=988 Mutsun Dictionary] |
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*[http://www.aicls.org/breathoflife/projects/mutsun/ Mutsun Language Talking phrasebook] |
*[http://www.aicls.org/breathoflife/projects/mutsun/ Mutsun Language Talking phrasebook] [https://web.archive.org/web/20140221025052/http://www.aicls.org/breathoflife/projects/mutsun/mutsun.html archived] |
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*[http://www.icimedia.com/costanoan/index.html Amah-Mutsun Tribe Website] |
*[http://www.icimedia.com/costanoan/index.html Amah-Mutsun Tribe Website] |
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*[http://www.indiancanyonlife.org/ Indian Canyon - recognized "Indian Country" in Hollister] |
*[http://www.indiancanyonlife.org/ Indian Canyon - recognized "Indian Country" in Hollister] |
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*[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/mutsun.php Mutsun language] overview at the [[Survey of California and Other Indian Languages]] |
*[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~survey/languages/mutsun.php Mutsun language] overview at the [[Survey of California and Other Indian Languages]] |
Latest revision as of 20:35, 8 July 2024
Mutsun | |
---|---|
San Juan Bautista | |
Native to | United States |
Region | California |
Ethnicity | Ohlone |
Extinct | 1930, with the death of Ascencion Solórzano de Cervantes[1] |
Revival | early 2000s |
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | (included in Southern Ohlone [css]) |
Glottolog | muts1243 |
![]() Map of Ohlone varieties with Mutsun | |
Mutsun (also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan) is a Utian language spoken in Northern California. It was the primary language of a division of the Ohlone people living in the Mission San Juan Bautista area. The Tamien Nation and Amah Mutsun band is currently working to restore the use of the language, using a modern alphabet.[2][3][4]
Studies of the language
[edit]Maria Ascención Solórsano de Garcia y de Cervantes, the last known fluent speaker of Mutsun, amassed large amounts of language and cultural data specific to the Mutsun.[3] The Spanish Franciscan missionary and linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta wrote extensively about the language's grammar, and linguist John Peabody Harrington made very extensive notes on the language from Solórsano. Harrington's field notes formed the basis of the grammar of Mutsun written by Marc Okrand as a University of California dissertation in 1977[1] which to this day remains the only grammar[citation needed] ever written of any Costanoan language. Scholars from the U.S., Germany, and the Netherlands have discussed methods that could facilitate the revitalization of Mutsun.[5]
Phonology
[edit]Vowel and consonant phonemes are represented here with the descriptions and orthography of the English-Mutsun dictionary,[6] with additions from an earlier paper by Warner, Butler, and Luna-Costillas.[7]
Vowels
[edit]Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Close | i ⟨i⟩ | iː ⟨ii⟩ | u ⟨u⟩ | uː ⟨uu⟩ |
Mid | ɛ ⟨e⟩ | ɛː ⟨ee⟩ | o ⟨o⟩ | oː ⟨oo⟩ |
Open | ɑ ⟨a⟩ | ɑː ⟨aa⟩ |
- /ɛ/ is open-mid, whereas /o/ is close-mid.[8]
- Vowels and consonants are doubled to indicate longer pronunciation (ex: IPA for toolos 'knee' is [toːlos])
Consonants
[edit]Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hard | soft | |||||||
Nasal | m ⟨m⟩ | n ⟨n⟩ | nʲ ⟨N⟩ | |||||
Stop | p ⟨p⟩ | t ⟨t⟩ | tʲ ⟨tY⟩ | ʈ ⟨T⟩ | k ⟨k⟩ | ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩ | ||
Affricate | ts ⟨ts⟩ | tʃ ⟨c⟩ | ||||||
Fricative | s ⟨s⟩ | ʃ ⟨S⟩ | h ⟨h⟩ | |||||
Approximant | w ⟨w⟩ | l ⟨l⟩ | lʲ ⟨L⟩ | j ⟨y⟩ | ||||
Flap | ɾ ⟨r⟩ |
Alphabet
[edit]Unlike many Latin-script alphabets, Mutsun uses capital letters as separate sounds.[9] The following alphabet is based on the alphabetization of the Mutsun-English dictionary and includes an example word.[10]
Letter | Example word | Gloss |
---|---|---|
a | aacic | pipe |
c | caahi | barn owl |
d | diyos | God |
e | eccer | iron (n) |
h | haahe | run away (v) |
i | icci | bite (v) |
k | kaa | daughter |
l | laake | rise (v) |
L | Luohu | yearling calf |
m | maahi | close, cover (v) |
n | naaru | turnip |
N | Notko | be short |
o | oce | send |
p | paaka | shell (v) |
r | raakat | name (n) |
s | saake | gather pinenuts |
S | Saanay | near, nearby (adv) |
t | taacin | river rat, kangaroo rat |
T | Taakampi | bring, carry to |
ts | tsayla | lie face up |
tY | tYottYoni | holly berry |
u | ucirmin | small needle |
w | waaha | scratch, sing slowly |
y | yaase | eat |
ʼ | -ʼa | unknown meaning |
References
[edit]- ^ a b Okrand 1977.
- ^ Warner 2006.
- ^ a b Warner, Luna & Butler 2007.
- ^ "Language". Amah Mutsun Tribal Band. Archived from the original on August 11, 2013. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ Warner et al. 2009.
- ^ Warner, Butler & Geary 2016.
- ^ Warner, Butler & Luna-Costillas 2006, p. 282.
- ^ Okrand 1977, p. 23.
- ^ Warner, Butler & Geary 2016, p. i.
- ^ Warner, Butler & Geary 2016, contents.
Bibliography
[edit]- Okrand, Marc (1977). Mutsun Grammar (Ph.D. dissertation). Berkeley: University of California.
- Warner, N. (2006). "Making a Dictionary for Community Use in Language Revitalization: The Case of Mutsun". International Journal of Lexicography. 19 (3): 257–285. doi:10.1093/ijl/ecl014.
- Warner, Natasha; Luna, Quirina; Butler, Lynnika (2007). "Ethics and revitalization of Dormant languages: The Mutsun language". Language Documentation & Conservation. 1 (1): 58–76. Archived from the original on January 7, 2024.
- Warner, Natasha; Butler, Lynnika; Geary, Quirina (February 20, 2016). mutsun-inkiS inkiS-mutsun riica pappel [Mutsun-English English-Mutsun Dictionary]. University of Hawai'i Press. hdl:10125/24679. ISBN 978-0-9856211-8-6.
- Warner, Natasha; Butler, Lynnika; Luna-Costillas, Quirina (September 2006). "Making a Dictionary for Community Use in Language Revitalization: The Case of Mutsun". International Journal of Lexicography. 19 (3): 257–285. doi:10.1093/ijl/ecl014.
- Warner, Natasha; Luna, Quirina; Butler, Lynnika; van Volkinburg, Heather (July 2009). "Revitalization in a scattered language community: problems and methods from the perspective of Mutsun language revitalization". International Journal of the Sociology of Language (198): 135–148. doi:10.1515/IJSL.2009.031. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-CC69-A. ISSN 0165-2516.
Further reading
[edit]- Arroyo de la Cuesta, Felipe (1862). A vocabulary or phrase book of the Mutsun language of Alta California. New York: Cramoisy Press. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- Arroyo de la Cuesta, Felipe (1861). Extracto de la gramática Mutsun, ó de la lengua de los naturales de la mision de San Juan Bautista. Trübner. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- Ortiz, Beverly R. (1994). "Chocheño and Rumsen Narratives: A Comparison". The Ohlone: Past and Present. pp. 99–164. ISBN 9780879191290.
- Sitjar, Bonaventura (1861). Vocabulary of the language of San Antonio mission, California. Trübner. Retrieved August 25, 2012.
- Teixeira, Lauren S. (1997). The Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco and Monterey Bay Area—A Research Guide. Menlo Park, CA: Ballena Press. ISBN 9780879191405.
External links
[edit]- [1]
- Mutsun Language Talking phrasebook archived
- Amah-Mutsun Tribe Website
- Indian Canyon - recognized "Indian Country" in Hollister
- Mutsun language overview at the Survey of California and Other Indian Languages