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{{short description|Categorization of the Carpathian mountains system}}
{{citations|date=February 2012}}
{{more footnotes|date=February 2012}}
[[Image:mapcarpat2.png|thumb|300px|Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.<br>
1. Outer Western Carpathians<br>
[[Image:mapcarpat2.png|thumb|300px|Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.<br />
2. Inner Western Carpathians<br>
1. Outer Western Carpathians<br />
3. Outer Eastern Carpathians<br>
2. Inner Western Carpathians<br />
4. Inner Eastern Carpathians<br>
3. Outer Eastern Carpathians<br />
5. Southern Carpathians<br>
4. Inner Eastern Carpathians<br />
6. Western Romanian Carpathians<br>
5. Southern Carpathians<br />
6. Western Romanian Carpathians<br />
7. Transylvanian Plateau<br>
7. Transylvanian Plateau<br />
8. Serbian Carpathians]]
8. Serbian Carpathians]]
{{main|Carpathian Mountains}}
{{main|Carpathian Mountains}}


'''Divisions of the Carpathians''' are a categorization of the Carpathian mountains system.
'''Divisions of the Carpathians''' are a categorization of the Carpathian mountains system.


Below is a detailed overview of the major subdivisions and ranges of the [[Carpathian Mountains]]. The Carpathians are a "subsystem" of a bigger [[Alps-Himalaya System]] that stretches from western Europe all the way to southern Asia, and are further divided into "[[Geologic province|provinces]]" and "subprovinces". The last level of the division, i.e. the actual mountain ranges and basins, is usually classified as "units". The main divisions are shown in the map on the right.
Below is a detailed overview of the major subdivisions and ranges of the [[Carpathian Mountains]]. The Carpathians are a "subsystem" of a bigger [[Alps-Himalaya System]] that stretches from western Europe all the way to southern Asia, and are further divided into "[[Geologic province|provinces]]" and "subprovinces". The last level of the division, i.e. the actual mountain ranges and basins, is usually classified as "units". The main divisions are shown in the map on the right.


To generalize, there are three major provinces (regions): Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, and the Southern Carpathians.
To generalize, there are three major provinces (regions): Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, and the Southern Carpathians.


== Naming Conventions ==
== Naming conventions ==


The division is largely (with many exceptions) undisputed at the lowest level (except for the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] part), but various divisions are given for the higher levels, especially for the penultimate level. A [[geomorphology|geomorphological]] division has been used as much as the data was available; other new physiogeographic divisions were used in other cases. Where the classification of a higher level "title" is known/sure, it is added at the end of the name in brackets, e.g. "(subprovince)".
The division is largely (with many exceptions) undisputed at the lowest level (except for the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] part), but various divisions are given for the higher levels, especially for the penultimate level. A [[geomorphology|geomorphological]] division has been used as much as the data was available; other new physiogeographic divisions were used in other cases. Where the classification of a higher level "title" is known/sure, it is added at the end of the name in brackets, e.g. "(subprovince)".
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*UA=[[Ukraine]]
*UA=[[Ukraine]]


The most confusing and diverse is the classification of the [[Beskids]], including the [[Western Beskids]], the [[Central Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Central Beskids]] and the [[Eastern Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Eastern Beskids]]. Their geologic features are fairly distinct, but multiple traditions, languages, and nationalities have developed overlapping variants for the divisions and names of these ranges.
The most confusing and diverse is the classification of the [[Beskids]], including the [[Western Beskids]], the [[Central Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Central Beskids]] and the [[Eastern Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Eastern Beskids]]. Their geologic features are fairly distinct, but multiple traditions, languages, and nationalities have developed overlapping variants for the divisions and names of these ranges.


In [[Romania]], it is usual to divide the [[Eastern Carpathians]] in Romanian territory into three formal groups (northern, central, southern), instead in ''Outer'' and ''Inner'' sections of Eastern Carpathians. The Romanian approach is shown by adding the following abbreviations to the names of units within Romania:
In [[Romania]], it is usual to divide the [[Eastern Carpathians]] in Romanian territory into three formal groups (northern, central, southern), instead in ''Outer'' and ''Inner'' sections of Eastern Carpathians. The Romanian approach is shown by adding the following abbreviations to the names of units within Romania:
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A similar standard (grouping of ''outer'' and ''inner'' sections) is traditionally applied within broader use of the term "[[Wooded Carpathians]]", that encompasses all mountain ranges within the central section of ''Outer Eastern Carpathians'', including ''Eastern Beskids'' with ''[[Polonynian Mountains]]'', and also all mountains within the northern section of ''Inner Eastern Carpathians'', including ''Vihorlat-Gutin Area'' and ''Maramureș-Rodna Area''.
A similar standard (grouping of ''outer'' and ''inner'' sections) is traditionally applied within broader use of the term "[[Wooded Carpathians]]", that encompasses all mountain ranges within the central section of ''Outer Eastern Carpathians'', including ''Eastern Beskids'' with ''[[Polonynian Mountains]]'', and also all mountains within the northern section of ''Inner Eastern Carpathians'', including ''Vihorlat-Gutin Area'' and ''Maramureș-Rodna Area''.


The [[Transylvanian Plateau]] is encircled by, and geologically a part of, the Carpathians. But it is not a mountainous region and its inclusion is disputed in some sources. Its features are included below.
The [[Transylvanian Plateau]] is encircled by, and geologically a part of, the Carpathians. But it is not a mountainous region and its inclusion is disputed in some sources. Its features are included below.


The [[Serbian Carpathians]] are sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians (together with the [[Banat Mountains]]), sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all. They're included below.
The [[Serbian Carpathians]] are sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians (together with the [[Banat Mountains]]), sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all. They're included below.


The [[Outer Carpathian Depressions]] lay outside the broad arc of the entire formation and are usually listed as part of the individual divisions of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, etc. With the difficulty of finding their exact subdivisions, they are given only as a list of the final units (''mountains" etc.) from the west to the east and south, in a separate listing at the end.
The regions of [[Outer Subcarpathia]] lay outside the broad arc of the entire formation and are usually listed as part of the individual divisions of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, etc. With the difficulty of finding their exact subdivisions, they are given only as a list of the final units (''mountains'' etc.) from the west to the east and south, in a separate listing at the end.


== [[Western Carpathians]] (province)==
== [[Western Carpathians]] (province)==
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[[File:Vnější Západní Karpaty, d.svg|thumb|right|250px|[[West Beskidian Foothills]], marked in red and labeled with D]]
[[File:Vnější Západní Karpaty, d.svg|thumb|right|250px|[[West Beskidian Foothills]], marked in red and labeled with D]]
(CZ: ''Západobeskydské podhůří'', PL: ''Pogórze Zachodniobeskidzkie'')
(CZ: ''Západobeskydské podhůří'', PL: ''Pogórze Zachodniobeskidzkie'')
* [[Silesian-Moravian Foothills]] (PL: ''Pogórze Śląsko-Morawskie'', CZ: ''Podbeskydská pahorkatina'')
* [[Moravian-Silesian Foothills]] (PL: ''Pogórze Śląsko-Morawskie'', CZ: ''Podbeskydská pahorkatina'')
* [[Silesian Foothills]] (PL: ''Pogórze Śląskie'')
* [[Silesian Foothills]] (PL: ''Pogórze Śląskie'')
* [[Wieliczka Foothills]] (PL: ''Pogórze Wielickie'')
* [[Wieliczka Foothills]] (PL: ''Pogórze Wielickie'')
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'''Western section of the [[Western Beskids]]'''
'''Western section of the [[Western Beskids]]'''
* [[Hostýnsko-vsetínská hornatina|Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains]] (CZ: ''Hostýnsko-vsetínská hornatina'')
* [[Hostýn-Vsetín Mountains]] (CZ: ''Hostýnsko-vsetínská hornatina'')
* [[Moravian-Silesian Beskids]] (CZ: ''Moravskoslezské Beskydy'', SK: ''Moravsko-sliezske Beskydy'')
* [[Moravian-Silesian Beskids]] (CZ: ''Moravskoslezské Beskydy'', SK: ''Moravsko-sliezske Beskydy'')
* [[Turzovka Highlands]] (SK: ''Turzovská vrchovina'')
* [[Turzovka Highlands]] (SK: ''Turzovská vrchovina'')
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*[[Sub-Beskidian Highlands]] (SK: ''Podbeskydská vrchovina'')
*[[Sub-Beskidian Highlands]] (SK: ''Podbeskydská vrchovina'')


==== [[Podhale-Magura Area]] (SK)/ [[Orava-Podhale Depression]] (PL)<ref>The Tatransko-fatranská oblasť and the Podhôrno-magurská oblasť, sometimes together with the units Vtáčnik, Kremnické vrchy, Pohronský Inovec and parts of Považské podolie, are known as "Central Western Carpathians" in some non-geomorphological systems.</ref> (area) ====
==== [[Podhale-Magura Area]] (SK)/ [[Orava-Podhale Depression]] (PL) (area) ====
Source:<ref>The Tatransko-fatranská oblasť and the Podhôrno-magurská oblasť, sometimes together with the units Vtáčnik, Kremnické vrchy, Pohronský Inovec and parts of Považské podolie, are known as "Central Western Carpathians" in some non-geomorphological systems.</ref>

[[File:Vnější_Západní_Karpaty,_i.svg|thumb|right|250px|[[Podhale-Magura Area]], marked in red and labeled withD I]]
[[File:Vnější_Západní_Karpaty,_i.svg|thumb|right|250px|[[Podhale-Magura Area]], marked in red and labeled withD I]]
(SK: ''Podhôľno-magurská oblasť'', PL: ''Obniżenie Orawsko-Podhalańskie'')
(SK: ''Podhôľno-magurská oblasť'', PL: ''Obniżenie Orawsko-Podhalańskie'')
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* [[Southern Slovak Basin]] (SK: ''Juhoslovenská kotlina'') + [[Central Ipoly Basin]] (HU: ''Középső-Ipoly-völgy'') + [[Borsod Hills]] (HU: ''Borsodi-dombság'')
* [[Southern Slovak Basin]] (SK: ''Juhoslovenská kotlina'') + [[Central Ipoly Basin]] (HU: ''Középső-Ipoly-völgy'') + [[Borsod Hills]] (HU: ''Borsodi-dombság'')
* [[Bodva Hills]] (SK: ''Bodvianska pahorkatina'')
* [[Bodva Hills]] (SK: ''Bodvianska pahorkatina'')
* [[Košice Basin]] (SK: ''Košická kotlina'') + [[Hernád-Valley Basin]] (HU: ''Hernád-völgy'')
* {{ill|Košice Basin|sk|Košická kotlina}} (SK: ''Košická kotlina'') + [[Hernád-Valley Basin]] (HU: ''Hernád-völgy'')


==== [[Mátra-Slanec Area]] (SK) /[[North Hungarian Mountains]] (HU) (area)====
==== [[Mátra-Slanec Area]] (SK) /[[North Hungarian Mountains]] (HU) (area)====
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* [[Bukowsko Piedmont]] (PL: ''Pogórze Bukowskie'')
* [[Bukowsko Piedmont]] (PL: ''Pogórze Bukowskie'')


==== [[Central Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Central Beskids]] (area) ====
==== [[Central Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Central Beskids]] (area) ====
[[File:Vnější Východní Karpaty, b.svg|thumb|right|250px|[[Central Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Central Beskids]], marked in red and labeled with B]]
[[File:Vnější Východní Karpaty, b.svg|thumb|right|250px|[[Central Beskids of the Outer Eastern Carpathians|Central Beskids]], marked in red and labeled with B]]
:PL: ''Beskidy Środkowe'' (in Slovak terminology: [[Lower Beskids]], SK: ''Nízke Beskydy'')<ref>Often considered part of Outer Western Carpathians in non-geomorphological systems.</ref>
:PL: ''Beskidy Środkowe'' (in Slovak terminology: [[Lower Beskids]], SK: ''Nízke Beskydy'')<ref>Often considered part of Outer Western Carpathians in non-geomorphological systems.</ref>
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=== [[Apuseni Mountains]] (''Munții Apuseni'')===
=== [[Apuseni Mountains]] (''Munții Apuseni'')===
''[[Criș Mountains]] (Munții Criș)'' :
''[[Criș Mountains]]'' (''Munții Criș'') :
*[[Criș Hills]] (''Dealurile Crișene''), incl. [[Beiuș Depression]] (''Depresiunea Beiuș''), [[Vad Depression]] (''Depresiunea Vad'')
*[[Criș Hills]] (''Dealurile Crișene''), incl. [[Beiuș Depression]] (''Depresiunea Beiuș''), [[Vad Depression]] (''Depresiunea Vad'')
*[[Pădurea Craiului Mountains]] (literally:''Forest of the King'')
*[[Pădurea Craiului Mountains]] (literally:''Forest of the King'')
*[[Codru-Moma Mountains]] (''Munții Codru-Moma'')
*[[Codru-Moma Mountains]] (''Munții Codru-Moma'')


''[[Seș-Meseș Mountains]] (Munții Seș-Meseșului)'':
''[[Seș-Meseș Mountains]]'' (''Munții Seș-Meseșului''):
*[[Meseș Mountains]] (''Munții Meseșului'')
*[[Meseș Mountains]] (''Munții Meseșului'')
*[[Seș Mountain]] (''Muntele Seș'')
*[[Seș Mountain]] (''Muntele Seș'')
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*[[Șimleu Mountains]] (''Munții Șimleu''), often considered part of the Transylvanian Basin-Podișul Someșan
*[[Șimleu Mountains]] (''Munții Șimleu''), often considered part of the Transylvanian Basin-Podișul Someșan


''[[Bihor Massif]] (''Masivul Bihor''):
''[[Bihor Massif]]'' (''Masivul Bihor''):
*[[Bihor Mountains]] (''Munții Bihorului'')
*[[Bihor Mountains]] (''Munții Bihorului'')
*[[Great Mountain]] (''Muntele Mare'')
*[[Great Mountain]] (''Muntele Mare'')
*[[Gilău Mountains]] (''Munții Gilăului'')
*[[Gilău Mountains]] (''Munții Gilăului'')


''[[Mureș Mountains]] (''Munții Mureșului''):
''[[Mureș Mountains]]'' (''Munții Mureșului''):
*[[Zarand Mountains]] (''Munții Zarandului'')
*[[Zarand Mountains]] (''Munții Zarandului'')
*[[Metalliferous Mountains]] (''Munții Metaliferi''), incl. [[Trascău Mountains]] (''Munții Trascăului'')
*[[Metalliferous Mountains]] (''Munții Metaliferi''), incl. [[Trascău Mountains]] (''Munții Trascăului'')
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*[[Făgăraș Depression]] (''Depresiunea Făgărașului'')
*[[Făgăraș Depression]] (''Depresiunea Făgărașului'')


''[[Transylvanian Plateau]] (''Podișul Transilvaniei''):
''[[Transylvanian Plateau]]'' (''Podișul Transilvaniei''):
*[[Târnava Plateau]] (''Podișul Târnavelor''), incl. [[Hârtibaci Plateau]] (''Podișul Hârtibaciului'') and [[Secașe Plateau]] (''Podișul Secașelor'')
*[[Târnava Plateau]] (''Podișul Târnavelor''), incl. [[Hârtibaci Plateau]] (''Podișul Hârtibaciului'') and [[Secașe Plateau]] (''Podișul Secașelor'')
*[[Transylvanian Plain]] (''Câmpia Transilvaniei''), or [[Transylvanian Plateau]] (''Podișul Transivan(iei)'') sensu stricto
*[[Transylvanian Plain]] (''Câmpia Transilvaniei''), or [[Transylvanian Plateau]] (''Podișul Transivan(iei)'') sensu stricto
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== [[Outer Subcarpathian regions]] (subprovince) ==
== [[Outer Subcarpathian regions]] (subprovince) ==


The Outer Subcarpathian regions are divided into Western, Northern, etc. and are usually treated as part of the individual parts of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, etc.. Since, however, it was impossible to find their exact subdivision, they are given only as a list of the final units (''mountains, etc.) from the west to the east and south here:
The Outer Subcarpathian regions are divided into Western, Northern, etc. and are usually treated as part of the individual parts of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, etc. Since, however, it was impossible to find their exact subdivision, they are given only as a list of the final units (''mountains'', etc.) from the west to the east and south here:


* [[Weinviertel Foothills]] (DE: ''Weinviertler Hügelland''; CZ: ''Weinviertelská pahorkatina''; PL: ''Pogórze Weinviertel'') + [[Dyje-Svratka Valley]] (DE: ''Thaya-Schwarza-Talsenke''; CZ: ''Dyjsko-svratecký úval'') → A1.1
* [[Weinviertel Foothills]] (DE: ''Weinviertler Hügelland''; CZ: ''Weinviertelská pahorkatina''; PL: ''Pogórze Weinviertel'') + [[Dyje-Svratka Valley]] (DE: ''Thaya-Schwarza-Talsenke''; CZ: ''Dyjsko-svratecký úval'') → A1.1
* [[Vyškov Gate]] (CZ: ''Vyškovská brána'') → A1.2
* [[Vyškov Gate]] (CZ: ''Vyškovská brána'') → A1.2
* [[Upper Moravian Valley]] (CZ: ''Hornomoravský úval'') → A1.3
* [[Upper Morava Valley]] (CZ: ''Hornomoravský úval'') → A1.3
* [[Moravian Gate]] (CZ: ''Moravská brána'') → A1.4
* [[Moravian Gate]] (CZ: ''Moravská brána'') → A1.4
* [[Ostrava Basin]] (CZ: ''Ostravská pánev'', PL: ''Kotlina Ostrawska'') → A1.5
* [[Ostrava Basin]] (CZ: ''Ostravská pánev'', PL: ''Kotlina Ostrawska'') → A1.5
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* Kondracki, Jerzy. ''Karpaty.'' Ed.2 (updated). "Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne". Warsaw, 1989. ({{ISBN|83-02-04067-3}}) {{in lang|pl}}
* Kondracki, Jerzy. ''Karpaty.'' Ed.2 (updated). "Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne". Warsaw, 1989. ({{ISBN|83-02-04067-3}}) {{in lang|pl}}
* Vladár,J. (editor). ''Encyklopédia Slovenska.'' Vol.4, letters T-Ž. "Veda". Bratislava, 1982. p. 497 {{in lang|sk}}
* Vladár,J. (editor). ''Encyklopédia Slovenska.'' Vol.4, letters T-Ž. "Veda". Bratislava, 1982. p. 497 {{in lang|sk}}
* Plašienka,D. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007182210/http://www.geologicacarpathica.sk/special/P/Plasienka.pdf ''Origin and growth of the Western Carpathian orogenetic wedge during the mesozoic.''] Geologica Carpathica Special Issues, 53, Proceedings of XVII. Congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, September 1 - 4 2002
* Plašienka,D. [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007182210/http://www.geologicacarpathica.sk/special/P/Plasienka.pdf ''Origin and growth of the Western Carpathian orogenetic wedge during the mesozoic.''] Geologica Carpathica Special Issues, 53, Proceedings of XVII. Congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, September 1–4, 2002
* Mazúr, E., Lukniš M., ''Geomorphological division of SSR and ČSSR. Slovakian part.'' "Slovenská kartografia." Bratislava, 1986
* Mazúr, E., Lukniš M., ''Geomorphological division of SSR and ČSSR. Slovakian part.'' "Slovenská kartografia." Bratislava, 1986
* Rohlík, Jiří. ''Moravo-Silesian Beskids, Collection of tourist maps 1:50 000.'' "TRASA, s.r.o.". Prague, 2001. ({{ISBN|80-85999-29-3}}). {{in lang|cs}}
* Rohlík, Jiří. ''Moravo-Silesian Beskids, Collection of tourist maps 1:50 000.'' "TRASA, s.r.o.". Prague, 2001. ({{ISBN|80-85999-29-3}}). {{in lang|cs}}
* Ludvík, Marcel. ''Beskids, Travel guide of ČSSR.'' "Olympia". Prague, 1987. (27-031-87). {{in lang|cs}}
* Ludvík, Marcel. ''Beskids, Travel guide of ČSSR.'' "Olympia". Prague, 1987. (27-031-87). {{in lang|cs}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Földvary|first=Gábor Z.|title=Geology of the Carpathian Region|year=1988|location=Singapore|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAQ8DQAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Földvary|first=Gábor Z.|title=Geology of the Carpathian Region|year=1988|location=Singapore|publisher=World Scientific Publishing Company|isbn=9789813103825|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eAQ8DQAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|ref=harv|last=Tasenkevich|first=Lydia|chapter=Polonynas: Highlands Pastures in the Ukrainian Carpathians|title=Grasslands in Europe: Of High Nature Value|year=2009|location=Zeist|publisher=KNNV Publishing|pages=203–208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ud5DwAAQBAJ}}
* {{Cite book|last=Tasenkevich|first=Lydia|chapter=Polonynas: Highlands Pastures in the Ukrainian Carpathians|title=Grasslands in Europe: Of High Nature Value|year=2009|location=Zeist|publisher=KNNV Publishing|pages=203–208|isbn=9789004278103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ud5DwAAQBAJ}}
{{refend}}
{{refend}}



==External links==
==External links==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101215013521/http://www.bilekarpaty.cz/index2.php "White Carpathians"] {{in lang|en|cs}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101215013521/http://www.bilekarpaty.cz/index2.php "White Carpathians"] {{in lang|en|cs}}
* [http://karpaty.prygl.net/?lg=en Pictures (a travel guide)] {{in lang|en|cs|uk}}
* [http://karpaty.prygl.net/?lg=en Pictures (a travel guide)] {{in lang|en|cs|uk}}
* [http://www.karpatywschodnie.pl/photogallery.php Pictures of the Eastern Carpathians] {{in lang|pl}}
* [http://www.karpatywschodnie.pl/photogallery.php Pictures of the Eastern Carpathians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124054021/http://www.karpatywschodnie.pl/photogallery.php |date=2020-11-24 }} {{in lang|pl}}
* [https://archive.today/20121222161501/http://www.carpathians.org.ua/articles Carpathians of Ukraine] {{in lang|uk}}
* [https://archive.today/20121222161501/http://www.carpathians.org.ua/articles Carpathians of Ukraine] {{in lang|uk}}
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolonynianBeskyd.htm Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Polonynian Beskyd]
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages%5CP%5CO%5CPolonynianBeskyd.htm Encyclopedia of Ukraine: Polonynian Beskyd]
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{{Carpathian Mountains}}
{{Carpathian Mountains}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Regions of Europe]]
[[Category:Carpathians|*]]
[[Category:Carpathians|*]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of the Carpathians| ]]
[[Category:Mountain ranges of the Carpathians| ]]

Latest revision as of 20:48, 9 July 2024

Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.
1. Outer Western Carpathians
2. Inner Western Carpathians
3. Outer Eastern Carpathians
4. Inner Eastern Carpathians
5. Southern Carpathians
6. Western Romanian Carpathians
7. Transylvanian Plateau
8. Serbian Carpathians
Main article: Carpathian Mountains

Divisions of the Carpathians are a categorization of the Carpathian mountains system.

Below is a detailed overview of the major subdivisions and ranges of the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpathians are a "subsystem" of a bigger Alps-Himalaya System that stretches from western Europe all the way to southern Asia, and are further divided into "provinces" and "subprovinces". The last level of the division, i.e. the actual mountain ranges and basins, is usually classified as "units". The main divisions are shown in the map on the right.

To generalize, there are three major provinces (regions): Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, and the Southern Carpathians.

Naming conventions

[edit]

The division is largely (with many exceptions) undisputed at the lowest level (except for the Ukrainian part), but various divisions are given for the higher levels, especially for the penultimate level. A geomorphological division has been used as much as the data was available; other new physiogeographic divisions were used in other cases. Where the classification of a higher level "title" is known/sure, it is added at the end of the name in brackets, e.g. "(subprovince)".

Taxonomy

The names are also given in the language of the corresponding country and marked by the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country codes:

The most confusing and diverse is the classification of the Beskids, including the Western Beskids, the Central Beskids and the Eastern Beskids. Their geologic features are fairly distinct, but multiple traditions, languages, and nationalities have developed overlapping variants for the divisions and names of these ranges.

In Romania, it is usual to divide the Eastern Carpathians in Romanian territory into three formal groups (northern, central, southern), instead in Outer and Inner sections of Eastern Carpathians. The Romanian approach is shown by adding the following abbreviations to the names of units within Romania:

A similar standard (grouping of outer and inner sections) is traditionally applied within broader use of the term "Wooded Carpathians", that encompasses all mountain ranges within the central section of Outer Eastern Carpathians, including Eastern Beskids with Polonynian Mountains, and also all mountains within the northern section of Inner Eastern Carpathians, including Vihorlat-Gutin Area and Maramureș-Rodna Area.

The Transylvanian Plateau is encircled by, and geologically a part of, the Carpathians. But it is not a mountainous region and its inclusion is disputed in some sources. Its features are included below.

The Serbian Carpathians are sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians (together with the Banat Mountains), sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all. They're included below.

The regions of Outer Subcarpathia lay outside the broad arc of the entire formation and are usually listed as part of the individual divisions of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, etc. With the difficulty of finding their exact subdivisions, they are given only as a list of the final units (mountains etc.) from the west to the east and south, in a separate listing at the end.

Western Carpathians (province)

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Geomorphological Structure of Carpathian

Outer Western Carpathians (subprovince)

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South-Moravian Carpathians (CZ) / Austrian - South-Moravian Carpathians (AT) (area)

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(CZ: Jihomoravské Karpaty, AT: Österreichisch-Südmährische Karpaten)

Central Moravian Carpathians (CZ) (area)

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(CZ: Středomoravské Karpaty)

Slovak-Moravian Carpathians (CZ/SK) (area)

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(CZ/SK: Slovensko-moravské Karpaty)

West Beskidian Foothills (CZ / PL) (area)

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West Beskidian Foothills, marked in red and labeled with D

(CZ: Západobeskydské podhůří, PL: Pogórze Zachodniobeskidzkie)

Western Beskids (CZ / SK / PL) (area)

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Western section of Western Beskids, marked in red and labeled with E
Northern section of Western Beskids, marked in red and labeled with F
Eastern section of the Western Beskids, marked in red and labeled with H

(CZ: Západní Beskydy, SK: Západné Beskydy, PL: Beskidy Zachodnie)

Western section of the Western Beskids

Northern section of the Western Beskids

Eastern section of the Western Beskids (in Slovak terminology: Eastern Beskids, SK: Východné Beskydy)

Central section of the Western Beskids (in Slovak terminology: Central Beskids, SK: Stredné Beskydy)

Central section of the Western Beskids, marked in red and labeled with G
  • Orava Beskids (SK: Oravské Beskydy) + Żywiec Beskids (PL: Beskid Żywiecki) (the older SK equivalent of Beskid Zywiecki is "Slovenské Beskydy"- Slovak Beskids or "Kysucko-oravské Beskydy"- Kysuce-Orava Beskids; the older polish equivalent is "Beskid Wysoki" - High Beskids)
  • Kysuce Beskids (SK: Kysucké Beskydy) +Żywiec Beskids (PL: Beskid Żywiecki) (the older SK equivalent of Beskid Zywiecki is "Slovenské Beskydy" or "Kysucko-oravské Beskydy"; the older polish equivalent is "Beskid Wysoki" - High Beskids)
  • Kysuce Highlands (SK: Kysucká vrchovina)
  • Orava Magura (SK: Oravská Magura)
  • Orava Highlands (SK: Oravská vrchovina)
  • Sub-Beskidian Furrow (SK: Podbeskydská brázda)
  • Sub-Beskidian Highlands (SK: Podbeskydská vrchovina)

Podhale-Magura Area (SK)/ Orava-Podhale Depression (PL) (area)

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Source:[2]

Podhale-Magura Area, marked in red and labeled withD I

(SK: Podhôľno-magurská oblasť, PL: Obniżenie Orawsko-Podhalańskie)

Inner Western Carpathians (subprovince)

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Slovak Ore Mountains (SK) (area)

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Slovak: Slovenské rudohorie

The Slovak Ore Mountains within Slovakia in grey

Fatra-Tatra Area (SK/PL/AT) * (area)

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Slovak:Fatransko-tatranská oblasť
Fatra-Tatra area within Slovakia in red

Slovak Central Mountains (Slovenské stredohorie) (SK) (area)

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SK: Slovenské stredohorie, EN: Slovakian mid-mountainous region
Location of Slovak mid-mountainous region in Slovakia (in gray)

Lučenec-Košice Depression (SK/HU) (area)

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SK: Lučensko-košická zníženina

Mátra-Slanec Area (SK) /North Hungarian Mountains (HU) (area)

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SK: Matransko-slanská oblasť, HU: Északi-középhegység

Eastern Carpathians (province)

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Clarification: In Ukraine sometimes is denoted as "Eastern Carpathians" only the part basically on their territory (i.e.to the north of the Prislop Pass), while in Romania sometimes use to call "Eastern Carpathians" (Carpații Orientali) only the other part, which lies on their territory (i.e. from the Ukrainian border or from the Prislop Pass to the south). In some Polish classifications, Central Beskids and Central Beskidian Piedmont belongs to Western Carpathians province and Outer Western Carpathians subprovince.

Outer Eastern Carpathians (subprovince)

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Central Beskidian Piedmont (PL)***

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Central Beskidian Piedmont, marked in red and labeled with A
PL: Pogórze Środkowobeskidzkie

Central Beskids (area)

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Central Beskids, marked in red and labeled with B
PL: Beskidy Środkowe (in Slovak terminology: Lower Beskids, SK: Nízke Beskydy)[3]

Eastern Beskids (area)

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Eastern Beskids, marked in red and labeled with C
PL: Beskidy Wschodnie; UA: Східні Бескиди. There are several variants of names and divisions of these ranges, that include the southeastern corner of Poland, far northeastern corner of Slovakia, and all of the Ukrainian Carpathians. They are commonly divided into two parallel ridges: Wooded Beskids and Polonynian Beskids.

Wooded Beskids (PL: Beskidy Lesiste; UA: Лісисті Бескиди):

Polonynian Beskids (PL: Beskidy Połonińskie; UA: Полонинські Бескиди; SK: Poloniny):

  • Smooth Polonyna (PL: Połonina Równa; UK: Полонина Рівна) → c6
  • Polonyna Borzhava (PL: Połonina Borżawska; UK: Полонина Боржава) → c7
  • Polonyna Kuk (PL: Połonina Kuk; UK: Полонина Кук) → c8
  • Red Polonyna (PL: Połonina Czerwona; UK: Полонина Красна)→ c9
  • Svydovets (PL: Świdowiec; UK: Свидівець) → c10
  • Chornohora (PL: Czarnohora; UK: Чорногора) → c11
  • Hrynyavy Mountains (PL: Połoniny Hryniawskie; UK: Гриняви) → c12

Moldavian-Muntenian Carpathians

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Moldavian-Muntenian Carpathians, marked in red and labeled with D
For another classification, see Romanian Carpathians.

Inner Eastern Carpathians (subprovince)

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Map of Inner Eastern and Outer Eastern Carpathians (RO: Carpații Orientali) within Romania

Vihorlat-Gutin Area

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SK: Vihorlatsko-gutínska oblasť, UA: Вигорлат-Гутинський хребет

Maramureș-Rodna Area

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  • Maramureș Lowland (RO: Depresiunea Maramureșului, UA: Мармароська улоговина) MMB → (B3e1)
  • Maramureș Mountains (RO: Munții Maramureșului, UA: Мармароський масив) MMB → (B3e2)
  • Rodna Mountains (RO: Munții Rodnei, UA: Родна гори) MMB → (B3e3)

Bistrița Mountains (RO)

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RO: Munții Bistriței

Căliman-Harghita Mountains (RO)

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RO: Munții Căliman-Harghita

Giurgeu-Brașov Depression (RO)

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RO: Depresiunea Giurgeu-Brașovului

Southern Carpathians (RO) (province)

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Bucegi Mountains Group

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RO: Grupa Munții Bucegi

Făgăraș Mountains group

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RO: Grupa Munții Făgărașului

Parâng Mountains group

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RO: Grupa Munții Parângului

Retezat-Godeanu Mountains group

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RO: Grupa Munții Retezat-Godeanu

Western Romanian Carpathians (RO)

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RO: Carpații Occidentali or Carpații Apuseni or Carpații de Apus. The term Bihor Massif is sometimes used for the Apuseni Mountains and Poiana Ruscă.

Apuseni Mountains (Munții Apuseni)

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Criș Mountains (Munții Criș) :

Seș-Meseș Mountains (Munții Seș-Meseșului):

Bihor Massif (Masivul Bihor):

Mureș Mountains (Munții Mureșului):

Poiana Ruscă Mountains

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RO: Munții Poiana Ruscă

(Note: sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)

Banat Mountains

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RO: Munții Banatului

(Note: sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians)

Transylvanian Plateau (RO)

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RO: Depresiunea Transilvaniei, i.e. Transylvanian Depression. Some authors do not consider it to be part of the Carpathians.

Transylvanian Plateau (Podișul Transilvaniei):

Serbian Carpathians (RS)

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Serbian: Karpatske planine, i.e. "Carpathian Mountains". Sometimes considered part of the Southern Carpathians (together with the Banat Mountains), sometimes not considered part of the Carpathians at all.

Outer Subcarpathian regions (subprovince)

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The Outer Subcarpathian regions are divided into Western, Northern, etc. and are usually treated as part of the individual parts of the Carpathian Mountains, i.e. of Western Carpathians, Eastern Carpathians, etc. Since, however, it was impossible to find their exact subdivision, they are given only as a list of the final units (mountains, etc.) from the west to the east and south here:

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Földvary, G. Z., ed. (1988). Geology of the Carpathian Region, pp. 106, 108, 109, 172, 554, etc., World Scientific Publishing, Singapore. ISBN 9971-50-344-1.
  2. ^ The Tatransko-fatranská oblasť and the Podhôrno-magurská oblasť, sometimes together with the units Vtáčnik, Kremnické vrchy, Pohronský Inovec and parts of Považské podolie, are known as "Central Western Carpathians" in some non-geomorphological systems.
  3. ^ Often considered part of Outer Western Carpathians in non-geomorphological systems.

Bibliography

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  • Kondracki, Jerzy. Karpaty. Ed.2 (updated). "Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne". Warsaw, 1989. (ISBN 83-02-04067-3) (in Polish)
  • Vladár,J. (editor). Encyklopédia Slovenska. Vol.4, letters T-Ž. "Veda". Bratislava, 1982. p. 497 (in Slovak)
  • Plašienka,D. Origin and growth of the Western Carpathian orogenetic wedge during the mesozoic. Geologica Carpathica Special Issues, 53, Proceedings of XVII. Congress of Carpathian-Balkan Geological Association Bratislava, September 1–4, 2002
  • Mazúr, E., Lukniš M., Geomorphological division of SSR and ČSSR. Slovakian part. "Slovenská kartografia." Bratislava, 1986
  • Rohlík, Jiří. Moravo-Silesian Beskids, Collection of tourist maps 1:50 000. "TRASA, s.r.o.". Prague, 2001. (ISBN 80-85999-29-3). (in Czech)
  • Ludvík, Marcel. Beskids, Travel guide of ČSSR. "Olympia". Prague, 1987. (27-031-87). (in Czech)
  • Földvary, Gábor Z. (1988). Geology of the Carpathian Region. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789813103825.
  • Tasenkevich, Lydia (2009). "Polonynas: Highlands Pastures in the Ukrainian Carpathians". Grasslands in Europe: Of High Nature Value. Zeist: KNNV Publishing. pp. 203–208. ISBN 9789004278103.
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