Jump to content

Leonid Shebarshin: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous edit
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
No edit summary
 
(28 intermediate revisions by 16 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|Soviet intelligence chairman}}
{{short description|Soviet intelligence chairman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{family name hatnote|Vladimirovich|Shebarshin|lang=Eastern Slavic}}
{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Leonid Shebarshin<br> <br/><small>Леонид Шебаршин</small>
| name = Leonid Shebarshin
| native_name = {{nobold|Леонид Шебаршин}}
| image = [[File:Leonid Shebarshin.jpg|250px]]
| image = Leonid Shebarshin.jpg
| nationality = [[Soviet people|Soviet]] and [[Russians|Russian]]
| nationality = [[Soviet people|Soviet]] and [[Russians|Russian]]
| office = Acting [[List of Chairmen of the KGB|Chairman]] of the [[KGB (USSR)|Committee for State Security]]
| office = Acting [[List of Chairmen of the KGB|Chairman]] of the [[KGB (USSR)|Committee for State Security]]
Line 15: Line 17:
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|3|30|1935|3|24|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2012|3|30|1935|3|24|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russia]]
| place_of_burial = [[Troyekurovskoye Cemetery]], [[Moscow]
| resting_place = [[Troyekurovskoye Cemetery]], [[Moscow]]
| party = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
| party = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]
| office2 = The head of the [[First Chief Directorate|foreign intelligence service of the KGB USSR]]
| office2 = The head of the [[First Chief Directorate|foreign intelligence service of the KGB USSR]]
Line 23: Line 25:
| term_end2 = 22 September 1991
| term_end2 = 22 September 1991
}}
}}
'''Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin''' ({{lang-ru|Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин}}; 24 March 1935 &ndash; 30 March 2012) became head of the [[First Chief Directorate]] of the [[KGB]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/ED02Ag01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030416135512/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/ED02Ag01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=16 April 2003|title=Russia warns of Iraqi fallout|last=Blagov|first=Sergei|date=2 April 2003|newspaper=Asia Times|access-date=11 February 2011}}</ref> in January 1989, when the former FCD chief, [[Vladimir Kryuchkov]], was promoted to KGB chief. Prior to that, Shebarshin had served as Kryuchkov's deputy from April 1987.<ref name="Death">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17565104|title=Soviet ex-KGB chief Leonid Shebarshin 'kills himself'|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=30 March 2012}}</ref>
'''Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin''' ({{lang-ru|Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин}}; 24 March 1935 &ndash; 30 March 2012) was an [[foreign intelligence|intelligence]] officer and spy for the [[Soviet Union]]. He served in the [[First Chief Directorate]] (FCD), the foreign intelligence arm of the [[KGB]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/ED02Ag01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030416135512/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/ED02Ag01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=16 April 2003|title=Russia warns of Iraqi fallout|last=Blagov|first=Sergei|date=2 April 2003|newspaper=Asia Times|access-date=11 February 2011}}</ref> In January 1989, he was promoted to the head of the FCD when his former boss, [[Vladimir Kryuchkov]], was promoted to KGB chief. Prior to that Shebarshin had served as Kryuchkov's deputy from April 1987.<ref name="Death">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17565104|title=Soviet ex-KGB chief Leonid Shebarshin 'kills himself'|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=30 March 2012|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104015427/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17565104}}</ref>


==Early life==
==Early life==
After graduating in 1952 from high school with a silver medal, Shebarshin entered the Indian branch of the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies. In connection with the closing of the institute in 1954, he was transferred to the third course of Faculty of Oriental Studies MGIMO.
After graduating in 1952 from high school with a silver medal, Shebarshin entered the Department of Indian Languages at the [[Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies]]. In 1954, the institute was integrated with the [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]], also known as MGIMO. It was there that Shebarshin continued his studies.


In 1957, he married another classmate, a student of the Chinese Branch Nina Vassilyevna Pushkina. Upon graduation, he sent in October 1958 to work as a referent of the USSR Embassy in [[Pakistan]]. In 1962, he completed the trip to the post of third secretary of the embassy and was taken to work in the department of South-East Asian Affairs of the USSR.
In 1957, he married a classmate, Nina Vassilyevna Pushkina, a student of Chinese languages. Upon graduation, in October 1958, he was assigned to work at the Soviet embassy in [[Pakistan]]. In 1962, he was promoted to the post of third secretary of the embassy and got a position at the department of South-East Asian Affairs of the USSR.


==Pakistan==
==Pakistan==
Also in 1962, he was invited to join the [[First Chief Directorate|KGB First Chief Directorate]] and began a new career in the rank of second lieutenant and security officer positions. After a year training in intelligence school, was sent to work in Pakistan under diplomatic cover.
In 1962, Shebarshin was invited to join the First Chief Directorate, where he began a new career in the rank of second lieutenant and security officer. After a year of training at an intelligence school, he was sent to work in Pakistan under diplomatic cover.


The importance of Pakistan for intelligence at the time determined by the participation of the country's military-political blocs [[Baghdad Pact|CENTO]] and [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]], close [[Pakistan–United States relations|ties with the United States]], the [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|conflict relations with neighboring India]], and rapprochement with China. Extraordinary interest is the large American colony in India: military advisers, diplomats, spies, journalists, etc. Acquisition sources in U.S. facilities was the most important task of all foreign residencies of the KGB.
At the time, Pakistan's participation in military-political blocs [[Baghdad Pact|CENTO]] and [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]], its close [[Pakistan–United States relations|ties with the United States]], conflict with [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|neighboring India]], and [[rapprochement]] with China made the Pakistan branch important for the Soviet intelligence. The acquisition of sources in U.S. facilities around Pakistan was of utmost importance to the KGB. At the time, the region was a large American colony in India, hosting military advisers, diplomats, spies, journalists, and other important operators.


At the initiative of the Soviet Union, leaders of the warring parties, Pakistani President [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] met in January 1966 in [[Tashkent Declaration|Tashkent]] to end the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. This was a major diplomatic success of the Soviet side, and presided at her Kosygin. For contribution to the preparation of the conference, LV Shebarshin was promoted to the post. In the service characteristics indicated that LV Shebarshin "achieved concrete results in the recruiting work." The clerical language means buying agents in the intelligence penetration of objects.
At the initiative of the Soviet Union, Pakistani President [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] met in January 1966 in [[Tashkent Declaration|Tashkent]] to end the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. This was a major diplomatic success for the Soviet delegation, headed by [[Alexei Kosygin]]. Shebarshin was promoted for contributing to the preparation for the negotiations. Shebarshin's supervisors later stated that he "achieved concrete results in the recruiting work," hinting that he bribed intelligence agents and acquired information.


==India==
==India==
In 1968, Shebarshin returned to Moscow and took a year-long training course to improve managerial staff. In early 1971, he was sent as a deputy KGB resident in India, and in 1975, he was appointed a resident.
In 1968, Shebarshin returned to Moscow and took a year-long training course for managerial staff. In early 1971, he was sent by the KGB to India, and in 1975, he was appointed as [[resident spy|''rezident'']].


During the trip, there was [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|another Indo-Pakistani War]], which ended with the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|division of Pakistan]] and the secession of [[East Pakistan]] as [[Bangladesh]], along with a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency in India]]. Close attention required activities of American representatives in India; for decades, the United States remained the main opponent of the Soviet Union and the main object of the aspirations of Soviet intelligence. Great importance in that period was India's relations with China. Job residency on the key areas were assessed positively by the center and the political leadership of the USSR.
While Shebarshin was on the trip, there was [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|another Indo-Pakistani War]], which ended with the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|division of Pakistan]] and the secession of [[East Pakistan]] as [[Bangladesh]], along with a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency in India]]. Activities of American representatives in India required the close attention of the Soviet intelligence team; for decades, the United States remained the main opponent of the Soviet Union. India's relations with China were also important during that period. Shebarshin's residency in the key areas was assessed positively by the political leadership of the USSR.


==Iran==
==Iran==
In April 1977, Shebarshin's six-year trip to India ended. In late 1978 he received orders to prepare to work in [[Pahlavi Iran]], and he arrived in May 1979. By this time, Soviet intelligence connections with Iranian officials had degraded, due in part to counterintelligence operations carried out by [[SAVAK]], the secret police of the Iranian monarchy.<ref name= "Asinovsky">{{cite journal |last1=Asinovskiy |first1=Dmitry |title="A Priest does not consider the toppling of the Shah as an option" The KGB and the revolution in Iran |journal=Iranian Studies |date=October 2022 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=929–951 |doi=10.1017/irn.2022.23 |s2cid=249294121 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/priest-does-not-consider-the-toppling-of-the-shah-as-an-option-the-kgb-and-the-revolution-in-iran/AA4B1304FF407BAA401A17F5BDCA9851 |access-date=17 August 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref>
In April 1977, a six-year trip to India ended, and in late 1978, he received orders to prepare to work in [[Pahlavi Iran]]. Intelligence predicting the fall of the monarchy in Iran came true when the Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], in January 1979, ran for the border. The spiritual leader of the opposition, [[Ayatollah Khomeini]], returned to Iran and received national recognition the title of "Imam". The [[Iranian Revolution]] marked an unprecedented intensification of the internal political struggle, degenerated into armed clashes and numerous acts of terror, undertaken by all contending parties.


Shebarshin eventually arrived after the fall of the monarchy in Iran, when the [[Shah]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], fled the country in January 1979. The spiritual leader of the opposition, [[Ayatollah Khomeini]], returned to Iran and received national recognition with the title of [[Imam]]. The [[Iranian Revolution]] marked an unprecedented intensification of the internal political turmoil, which degenerated into armed clashes and numerous acts of terror, undertaken by all contending parties.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reid |first1=Robert |title=AP WAS THERE: Shah leaves Iran as 1979 revolution looms |url=https://apnews.com/article/343d87fdb960424e9ec0f4a90dc64fcb |website=AP News |access-date=17 August 2023 |language=en |date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104015721/https://apnews.com/article/343d87fdb960424e9ec0f4a90dc64fcb}}</ref>
⚫
Losing a loyal ally and client, the Shah, he tried to regain its position in Iran, the United States, stepped up the opponents and supporters of the Soviet Union. In November 1979, students, the followers of Khomeini took "[[Iran hostage crisis|by storm the U.S. Embassy and hostage-taking of American diplomats]], Iran's relationship with the U.S. are broken. These, however, does not mean changing the situation in favor of the USSR. The Iranian leadership was determined to prevent the growing influence of its northern neighbor. The [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] in December 1979 has led to a noticeable cooling of the Iranian-Soviet relations and the reason for the repeated attacks on the Soviet embassy."


Soviet reactions to these events were mixed. They lost an ally and customer in the Shah, but the early stages of the revolution were seen as an opportunity to form a progressive coalition in the resulting power vacuum. The KGB quietly supported the communist [[Tudeh Party of Iran]], and covertly communicated with the opposition groups [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]] and [[Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas]]. Initially, the USSR and Tudeh supported the religious leaders who came to power in Iran, hoping that their rule might give way to a more progressive movement afterwards.<ref name="Asinovsky" />
The residency suffered losses, the conditions for work with sources being extremely complex. Still, Moscow has received accurate and timely intelligence information. In 1982 was the worst event in the life of Shebarshin, treason. He escaped through Turkey to the West on a false British passport residency officer, [[Vladimir Kuzichkin]] (as it turned out later that the traitor was recruited by British intelligence in the Shah's time, and, panicked by the danger of exposure, ran). The consequences of betrayal was partly contained. A few sources, which could tell the traitor, were withdrawn from the blow, but the moral and political damage was great. Whatever the causes and circumstances of incidents, the resident is fully responsible for everything that happens at the station. On the flight AK was reported to Brezhnev. "Well," said Leonid Ilyich, "is a war and a war without the loss does not happen."


⚫
In November 1979, the [[Iran hostage crisis]] began, and Iran's ties with the U.S. were broken. This, however, did not mean changing the situation in Iran in favor of the USSR. Iranian leadership was determined to prevent the growing influence of its northern neighbor. The [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] in December 1979 led to a further cooling of Iranian-Soviet relations and prompted repeated attacks on the Soviet embassy. Soviet intelligence operations suffered, with the conditions for work with sources being extremely complex.
⚫
==Later life==
⚫
In 1983, Shebarshin returned to Moscow for a few months in the headquarters unit under the chief of the PGU [[Vladimir Kryuchkov]] and was appointed deputy chief of information-analytical department of intelligence. In 1984 Shebarshin, accompanying Kryuchkov, went on mission in Kabul belligerent. Until mid-1991, he had to commit more than 20 missions in the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] to become intimately familiar, with the leaders of the country [[Babrak Karmal]], [[Mohammad Najibullah]], and [[Sultan Ali Keshtmand]]. In 1987, Shebarshin appointed deputy chief of PGU KGB and manages intelligence operations in the Middle East and Africa. In February 1989, he replaced Kryuchkov as vice president and he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.


In 1982, the Soviet residence in Tehran was thrown into turmoil by the defection of [[Vladimir Kuzichkin]], one of Shebarshin's subordinates. Kuzichkin defected by going to the British interests department at the Swedish embassy in Tehran. He shared numerous Soviet secrets with the British, who would share them further with the [[CIA]] as well as the Khomeini regime. Kuzichkin and British officials claim that his defection was spontaneous, but Shebarshin believed the British recruited him for some time.<ref name="Asinovsky" />
In September 1991, as a result of differences with the new leadership of the KGB submits a report on the resignation and dismissed from military service.

The fiasco caused great shame for Shebarshin and may have been part of the reason he was recalled to Moscow in 1983. Shebarshin claimed he was recalled to avoid being expelled by the Iranians, who were in the process of cracking down on Soviet agents and Iranian leftists.<ref name="Asinovsky" />

Shebarshin left Iran in February 1983. The Iranian regime had begun arresting opposition group leaders, including leader of the Tudeh party, [[Noureddin Kianouri]], who, among many others in the party, was forced to publicly confess to spying for the USSR.<ref name="Asinovsky" />

⚫
==Later life==
⚫
In 1983, Shebarshin returned to Moscow headquarters for a few months under the chief of the PGU KGB, [[Vladimir Kryuchkov]]. Shebarshin was appointed deputy chief of the information-analytical department of intelligence. In 1984 Shebarshin, accompanying Kryuchkov, went on a mission in Kabul. Through mid-1991, he had to join more than 20 missions in the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]], in attempts to become intimately familiar with the leaders of the country: [[Babrak Karmal]], [[Mohammad Najibullah]], and [[Sultan Ali Keshtmand]]. In 1987, Shebarshin was appointed deputy chief of PGU KGB, second in command after Kryuchkov, and managed intelligence operations in the Middle East and Africa. In February 1989, he replaced Kryuchkov as head of the First Chief Directorate and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.


In August 1991, Shebarshin played a secondary role when KGB Chief Kryuchkov launched an [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|unsuccessful coup]] against [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. He followed Kryuchkov's orders to activate FCD agents and paramilitary units in Moscow, but instructed them to only take orders directly from Shebarshin himself. A few days into the coup, Shebarshin realized it had no chance of success, and stopped coordinating with the plotters. In under a week, the coup was over, with Kryuchkov and other members of the [[Gang of Eight (Soviet Union)|Gang of Eight]] in custody. Shebarshin met with Gorbachev, and was appointed the new head of the KGB.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bearden |first1=Milton |author-link=Milton Bearden |title=Requiem for a Russian Spy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/06/18/requiem-for-a-russian-spy/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230802104321/https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/06/18/requiem-for-a-russian-spy/}}</ref>
At the end of that year, together with his colleagues and friends – former chief of analytical department of the KGB, Lieutenant-General Leonov and former vice-president – Head of the Main Directorate of the KGB in Moscow and Moscow region, Lieutenant-General V. Prilukovym establish AO Russia national office of economic security."


⚫
He served for a single day. [[RSFSR]] President [[Boris Yeltsin]] objected to the appointment and demanded a new candidate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marples |first=David R. |title=The Collapse of the Soviet Union: 1985-1991 |publisher=Pearson |year=2004 |isbn=1-4058-9857-7 |edition=1 |location=Harlow, England |pages=87 |language=en |hdl=2027/mdp.39015059113335 |oclc=607381176 |ref=none}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Vadim Bakatin]], whose job was essentially to dismantle the KGB. Shebarshin returned to his post as FCD head until Bakatin announced a new FCD deputy director, [[Vladimir Rozhkov]], without consulting him. Shebarshin resigned from his post on 20 September 1991.
LV Shebarshin awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1981), Red Star (1970), the medal "For Military Merit" (1967), a "honorary member of the State Security" (1972). His name is immortalized in the museum's Foreign Intelligence Service.


Shebarshin was awarded the [[Order of the Red Banner]] (1981) and the [[Order of the Red Star]] (1970). He also earned badges "For Service of Intelligence" (1967) and "Honorary State Security Officer" (1972).<ref>{{cite web |title=SHEBARSHIN LEONID VLADIMIROVICH |url=http://svr.gov.ru/history/person/sheb.htm |publisher=Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation |access-date=17 August 2023 |language=Russian}}</ref>
⚫
When KGB Chief Kryuchkov was arrested following the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|unsuccessful August 1991 coup]] against [[Mikhail Gorbachev]], Shebarshin became head of the KGB for two days. RSFSR President [[Boris Yeltsin]] objected to the appointment and demanded a new candidate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marples |first=David R. |title=The Collapse of the Soviet Union: 1985-1991 |publisher=Pearson |year=2004 |isbn=1-4058-9857-7 |edition=1 |location=Harlow, England |pages=87 |language=en |hdl=2027/mdp.39015059113335 |oclc=607381176 |ref=none}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Vadim Bakatin]], whose job was essentially to dismantle the KGB. Shebarshin returned to his post as FCD head until Bakatin announced a new FCD deputy director, [[Vladimir Rozhkov]], without consulting him. Shebarshin resigned his post on 20 September 1991.


With his friend, [[Nikolai Leonov]], Shebarshin founded a consulting firm in 1991, the Russian National Economic Security Service (RNESS) ({{lang-ru|Российской национальной службы экономической безопасности (РНСЭБ)}}), which is based in Moscow and was part of the structures associated with [[Alex Konanykhin]] during its first year of existence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Казанская |first=Ольга (Kazanskaya, Olga) |url=http://www.profil.orc.ru/archive/n53/hero.html |title=Герой: Его обласкали в кремлевских кабинетах. В свои неполные тридцать он руководит одним из крупнейших в России банков и добивается для него всех степеней уполномоченности. Он финансирует предвыборную кампанию Бориса Ельцина. Контролирующие органы бессильны перед его детищем -- валютными аукционами. Это не Владимир Потанин и не ОНЭКСИМбанк. Речь идет об Александре Конаныхине и Всероссийском биржевом банке, а события датированы 1991-1992 годами. Нынешним летом Конаныхин вышел из американской тюрьмы. Свое первое за много лет затворничества интервью он дал "Профилю" в США. |trans-title=Hero: He was treated kindly in the Kremlin offices. At just under thirty, he runs one of the largest banks in Russia and achieves all degrees of authority for it. He finances Boris Yeltsin's election campaign. The regulatory authorities are powerless in the face of his brainchild - currency auctions. This is not Vladimir Potanin or ONEXIMbank. We are talking about Alexander Konanykhin and the All-Russian Exchange Bank, and the events date back to 1991-1992. This summer, Konanykhin was released from an American prison. He gave his first interview to Profile in the USA after many years of seclusion. |language=ru |work=[[:ru:Профиль (журнал)|"Профиль"]] (www.profil.ocr.ru) |date=1997 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=1 October 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991001113943/http://www.profil.orc.ru/archive/n53/hero.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Снегирев |first=Владимир (Snegirev, Vladimir) |url=https://rg.ru/2012/03/31/cherta-site.html |title=Владимир Снегирев: Леонид Шебаршин был правильным человеком: Из жизни разведчика |trans-title=Vladimir Snegirev: Leonid Shebarshin was the right person: From the life of a scout |language=ru |work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|«Российская газета»]] (rg.ru) |date=1 April 2012 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104011729/https://rg.ru/2012/03/31/cherta-site.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ria.ru/20120330/610284987.html |title=Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин. Биографическая справка |trans-title=Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin. Curriculum Vitae |language=ru |work=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=30 March 2012 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104011552/https://ria.ru/20120330/610284987.html}}</ref>
With his friend, [[Nikolai Leonov]], Shebarshin founded a consulting firm, the Russian National Economic Security Service (RNESS), which is based in Moscow.


He committed suicide in [[Moscow]] by shooting himself with his own gun.<ref name="Death"/> He was 77.<ref name=reu30march>{{cite news|title=Former Soviet KGB spy chief commits suicide|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-spy-suicide-idUSBRE82T0WZ20120330|access-date=31 March 2013|agency=Reuters|date=30 March 2012|author=Alexei Anishchuk|author2=Steve Gutterman|location=Moscow}}</ref> By that time, he had survived a stroke which led to complete blindness. According to his friends and colleagues, he suffered from hard depression and lost a lot of weight, which was caused by a serious illness.<ref>''[http://www.rosbalt.ru/moscow/2012/04/02/964515.html An Illness Could Be The Only Cause of the Suicide Committed by the Ex-Director of the Soviet Foreign Intelligence Service]'' // Rosbalt, 2012-04-02 (in Russian)</ref><ref>Sergei Smirnov, ''[http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2012/03/30_a_4113669.shtml The Last Soviet Intelligence Officer]'' // [[Gazeta.ru]], 2012-03-30 (in Russian)</ref>
At the age of 77, Shebarshin took his own life by shooting himself at his home in Moscow.<ref name=reu30march>{{cite news|title=Former Soviet KGB spy chief commits suicide|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-spy-suicide-idUSBRE82T0WZ20120330|access-date=31 March 2013|work=Reuters|date=30 March 2012|author=Alexei Anishchuk|author2=Steve Gutterman|location=Moscow}}</ref> By that time, he had survived a stroke which led to complete blindness. According to his friends and colleagues, he suffered serious illnesses, which may have motivated his suicide.<ref>''[http://www.rosbalt.ru/moscow/2012/04/02/964515.html An Illness Could Be The Only Cause of the Suicide Committed by the Ex-Director of the Soviet Foreign Intelligence Service]'' // Rosbalt, 2012-04-02 (in Russian)</ref><ref>Sergei Smirnov, ''[http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2012/03/30_a_4113669.shtml The Last Soviet Intelligence Officer]'' // [[Gazeta.ru]], 2012-03-30 (in Russian)</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
Line 86: Line 94:
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2012 suicides]]
[[Category:2012 suicides]]
[[Category:People from Moscow]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Moscow]]
[[Category:KGB chairmen]]
[[Category:KGB chairmen]]
[[Category:KGB officers]]
[[Category:KGB officers]]

Latest revision as of 18:01, 10 July 2024

In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Vladimirovich and the family name is Shebarshin.
Leonid Shebarshin
Леонид Шебаршин
Acting Chairman of the Committee for State Security
In office
22 August 1991 – 23 August 1991
PremierVitaly Doguzhiyev (аcting)
Preceded byVladimir Kryuchkov
Succeeded byVadim Bakatin
The head of the foreign intelligence service of the KGB USSR
In office
6 February 1989 – 22 September 1991
Preceded byVladimir Kryuchkov
Succeeded byYevgeny Primakov
Personal details
Born(1935-03-24)24 March 1935
Moscow, Soviet Union
Died30 March 2012(2012-03-30) (aged 77)
Moscow, Russia
Resting placeTroyekurovskoye Cemetery, Moscow
NationalitySoviet and Russian
Political partyCommunist Party of the Soviet Union

Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin (Russian: Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин; 24 March 1935 – 30 March 2012) was an intelligence officer and spy for the Soviet Union. He served in the First Chief Directorate (FCD), the foreign intelligence arm of the KGB.[1] In January 1989, he was promoted to the head of the FCD when his former boss, Vladimir Kryuchkov, was promoted to KGB chief. Prior to that Shebarshin had served as Kryuchkov's deputy from April 1987.[2]

Early life

[edit]

After graduating in 1952 from high school with a silver medal, Shebarshin entered the Department of Indian Languages at the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies. In 1954, the institute was integrated with the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, also known as MGIMO. It was there that Shebarshin continued his studies.

In 1957, he married a classmate, Nina Vassilyevna Pushkina, a student of Chinese languages. Upon graduation, in October 1958, he was assigned to work at the Soviet embassy in Pakistan. In 1962, he was promoted to the post of third secretary of the embassy and got a position at the department of South-East Asian Affairs of the USSR.

Pakistan

[edit]

In 1962, Shebarshin was invited to join the First Chief Directorate, where he began a new career in the rank of second lieutenant and security officer. After a year of training at an intelligence school, he was sent to work in Pakistan under diplomatic cover.

At the time, Pakistan's participation in military-political blocs CENTO and SEATO, its close ties with the United States, conflict with neighboring India, and rapprochement with China made the Pakistan branch important for the Soviet intelligence. The acquisition of sources in U.S. facilities around Pakistan was of utmost importance to the KGB. At the time, the region was a large American colony in India, hosting military advisers, diplomats, spies, journalists, and other important operators.

At the initiative of the Soviet Union, Pakistani President Ayub Khan and Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri met in January 1966 in Tashkent to end the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. This was a major diplomatic success for the Soviet delegation, headed by Alexei Kosygin. Shebarshin was promoted for contributing to the preparation for the negotiations. Shebarshin's supervisors later stated that he "achieved concrete results in the recruiting work," hinting that he bribed intelligence agents and acquired information.

Indien

[edit]

In 1968, Shebarshin returned to Moscow and took a year-long training course for managerial staff. In early 1971, he was sent by the KGB to India, and in 1975, he was appointed as rezident.

While Shebarshin was on the trip, there was another Indo-Pakistani War, which ended with the division of Pakistan and the secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh, along with a state of emergency in India. Activities of American representatives in India required the close attention of the Soviet intelligence team; for decades, the United States remained the main opponent of the Soviet Union. India's relations with China were also important during that period. Shebarshin's residency in the key areas was assessed positively by the political leadership of the USSR.

Iran

[edit]

In April 1977, Shebarshin's six-year trip to India ended. In late 1978 he received orders to prepare to work in Pahlavi Iran, and he arrived in May 1979. By this time, Soviet intelligence connections with Iranian officials had degraded, due in part to counterintelligence operations carried out by SAVAK, the secret police of the Iranian monarchy.[3]

Shebarshin eventually arrived after the fall of the monarchy in Iran, when the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, fled the country in January 1979. The spiritual leader of the opposition, Ayatollah Khomeini, returned to Iran and received national recognition with the title of Imam. The Iranian Revolution marked an unprecedented intensification of the internal political turmoil, which degenerated into armed clashes and numerous acts of terror, undertaken by all contending parties.[4]

Soviet reactions to these events were mixed. They lost an ally and customer in the Shah, but the early stages of the revolution were seen as an opportunity to form a progressive coalition in the resulting power vacuum. The KGB quietly supported the communist Tudeh Party of Iran, and covertly communicated with the opposition groups People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran and Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas. Initially, the USSR and Tudeh supported the religious leaders who came to power in Iran, hoping that their rule might give way to a more progressive movement afterwards.[3]

In November 1979, the Iran hostage crisis began, and Iran's ties with the U.S. were broken. This, however, did not mean changing the situation in Iran in favor of the USSR. Iranian leadership was determined to prevent the growing influence of its northern neighbor. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 led to a further cooling of Iranian-Soviet relations and prompted repeated attacks on the Soviet embassy. Soviet intelligence operations suffered, with the conditions for work with sources being extremely complex.

In 1982, the Soviet residence in Tehran was thrown into turmoil by the defection of Vladimir Kuzichkin, one of Shebarshin's subordinates. Kuzichkin defected by going to the British interests department at the Swedish embassy in Tehran. He shared numerous Soviet secrets with the British, who would share them further with the CIA as well as the Khomeini regime. Kuzichkin and British officials claim that his defection was spontaneous, but Shebarshin believed the British recruited him for some time.[3]

The fiasco caused great shame for Shebarshin and may have been part of the reason he was recalled to Moscow in 1983. Shebarshin claimed he was recalled to avoid being expelled by the Iranians, who were in the process of cracking down on Soviet agents and Iranian leftists.[3]

Shebarshin left Iran in February 1983. The Iranian regime had begun arresting opposition group leaders, including leader of the Tudeh party, Noureddin Kianouri, who, among many others in the party, was forced to publicly confess to spying for the USSR.[3]

Later life

[edit]

In 1983, Shebarshin returned to Moscow headquarters for a few months under the chief of the PGU KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov. Shebarshin was appointed deputy chief of the information-analytical department of intelligence. In 1984 Shebarshin, accompanying Kryuchkov, went on a mission in Kabul. Through mid-1991, he had to join more than 20 missions in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, in attempts to become intimately familiar with the leaders of the country: Babrak Karmal, Mohammad Najibullah, and Sultan Ali Keshtmand. In 1987, Shebarshin was appointed deputy chief of PGU KGB, second in command after Kryuchkov, and managed intelligence operations in the Middle East and Africa. In February 1989, he replaced Kryuchkov as head of the First Chief Directorate and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.

In August 1991, Shebarshin played a secondary role when KGB Chief Kryuchkov launched an unsuccessful coup against Mikhail Gorbachev. He followed Kryuchkov's orders to activate FCD agents and paramilitary units in Moscow, but instructed them to only take orders directly from Shebarshin himself. A few days into the coup, Shebarshin realized it had no chance of success, and stopped coordinating with the plotters. In under a week, the coup was over, with Kryuchkov and other members of the Gang of Eight in custody. Shebarshin met with Gorbachev, and was appointed the new head of the KGB.[5]

He served for a single day. RSFSR President Boris Yeltsin objected to the appointment and demanded a new candidate.[6] He was replaced by Vadim Bakatin, whose job was essentially to dismantle the KGB. Shebarshin returned to his post as FCD head until Bakatin announced a new FCD deputy director, Vladimir Rozhkov, without consulting him. Shebarshin resigned from his post on 20 September 1991.

Shebarshin was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1981) and the Order of the Red Star (1970). He also earned badges "For Service of Intelligence" (1967) and "Honorary State Security Officer" (1972).[7]

With his friend, Nikolai Leonov, Shebarshin founded a consulting firm in 1991, the Russian National Economic Security Service (RNESS) (Russian: Российской национальной службы экономической безопасности (РНСЭБ)), which is based in Moscow and was part of the structures associated with Alex Konanykhin during its first year of existence.[8][9][10]

At the age of 77, Shebarshin took his own life by shooting himself at his home in Moscow.[11] By that time, he had survived a stroke which led to complete blindness. According to his friends and colleagues, he suffered serious illnesses, which may have motivated his suicide.[12][13]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Blagov, Sergei (2 April 2003). "Russia warns of Iraqi fallout". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2003. Retrieved 11 February 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  2. ^ "Soviet ex-KGB chief Leonid Shebarshin 'kills himself'". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
  3. ^ a b c d e Asinovskiy, Dmitry (October 2022). ""A Priest does not consider the toppling of the Shah as an option" The KGB and the revolution in Iran". Iranian Studies. 55 (4): 929–951. doi:10.1017/irn.2022.23. S2CID 249294121. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  4. ^ Reid, Robert (16 January 2019). "AP WAS THERE: Shah leaves Iran as 1979 revolution looms". AP News. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  5. ^ Bearden, Milton. "Requiem for a Russian Spy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  6. ^ Marples, David R. (2004). The Collapse of the Soviet Union: 1985-1991 (1 ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson. p. 87. hdl:2027/mdp.39015059113335. ISBN 1-4058-9857-7. OCLC 607381176.
  7. ^ "SHEBARSHIN LEONID VLADIMIROVICH" (in Russian). Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  8. ^ Казанская, Ольга (Kazanskaya, Olga) (1997). "Герой: Его обласкали в кремлевских кабинетах. В свои неполные тридцать он руководит одним из крупнейших в России банков и добивается для него всех степеней уполномоченности. Он финансирует предвыборную кампанию Бориса Ельцина. Контролирующие органы бессильны перед его детищем -- валютными аукционами. Это не Владимир Потанин и не ОНЭКСИМбанк. Речь идет об Александре Конаныхине и Всероссийском биржевом банке, а события датированы 1991-1992 годами. Нынешним летом Конаныхин вышел из американской тюрьмы. Свое первое за много лет затворничества интервью он дал "Профилю" в США" [Hero: He was treated kindly in the Kremlin offices. At just under thirty, he runs one of the largest banks in Russia and achieves all degrees of authority for it. He finances Boris Yeltsin's election campaign. The regulatory authorities are powerless in the face of his brainchild - currency auctions. This is not Vladimir Potanin or ONEXIMbank. We are talking about Alexander Konanykhin and the All-Russian Exchange Bank, and the events date back to 1991-1992. This summer, Konanykhin was released from an American prison. He gave his first interview to Profile in the USA after many years of seclusion.]. "Профиль" (www.profil.ocr.ru) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 1 October 1999. Retrieved 3 November 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Снегирев, Владимир (Snegirev, Vladimir) (1 April 2012). "Владимир Снегирев: Леонид Шебаршин был правильным человеком: Из жизни разведчика" [Vladimir Snegirev: Leonid Shebarshin was the right person: From the life of a scout]. «Российская газета» (rg.ru) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ "Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин. Биографическая справка" [Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin. Curriculum Vitae]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  11. ^ Alexei Anishchuk; Steve Gutterman (30 March 2012). "Former Soviet KGB spy chief commits suicide". Reuters. Moscow. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
  12. ^ An Illness Could Be The Only Cause of the Suicide Committed by the Ex-Director of the Soviet Foreign Intelligence Service // Rosbalt, 2012-04-02 (in Russian)
  13. ^ Sergei Smirnov, The Last Soviet Intelligence Officer // Gazeta.ru, 2012-03-30 (in Russian)
[edit]
Government offices
Preceded by Head of Soviet Committee of State Security
1991 		Succeeded by
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leonid_Shebarshin&oldid=1233749794"