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{{short description|Soviet intelligence chairman}} |
{{short description|Soviet intelligence chairman}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}} |
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{{family name hatnote|Vladimirovich|Shebarshin|lang=Eastern Slavic}} |
{{family name hatnote|Vladimirovich|Shebarshin|lang=Eastern Slavic}} |
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{{Infobox officeholder |
{{Infobox officeholder |
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| name = Leonid Shebarshin |
| name = Leonid Shebarshin |
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| native_name = {{nobold|Леонид Шебаршин}} |
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| image = |
| image = Leonid Shebarshin.jpg |
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| nationality = [[Soviet people|Soviet]] and [[Russians|Russian]] |
| nationality = [[Soviet people|Soviet]] and [[Russians|Russian]] |
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| office = Acting [[List of Chairmen of the KGB|Chairman]] of the [[KGB (USSR)|Committee for State Security]] |
| office = Acting [[List of Chairmen of the KGB|Chairman]] of the [[KGB (USSR)|Committee for State Security]] |
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| term_end2 = 22 September 1991 |
| term_end2 = 22 September 1991 |
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}} |
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'''Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin''' ({{lang-ru|Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин}}; 24 March 1935 – 30 March 2012) |
'''Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin''' ({{lang-ru|Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин}}; 24 March 1935 – 30 March 2012) was an [[foreign intelligence|intelligence]] officer and spy for the [[Soviet Union]]. He served in the [[First Chief Directorate]] (FCD), the foreign intelligence arm of the [[KGB]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/ED02Ag01.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030416135512/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/ED02Ag01.html|url-status=unfit|archive-date=16 April 2003|title=Russia warns of Iraqi fallout|last=Blagov|first=Sergei|date=2 April 2003|newspaper=Asia Times|access-date=11 February 2011}}</ref> In January 1989, he was promoted to the head of the FCD when his former boss, [[Vladimir Kryuchkov]], was promoted to KGB chief. Prior to that Shebarshin had served as Kryuchkov's deputy from April 1987.<ref name="Death">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17565104|title=Soviet ex-KGB chief Leonid Shebarshin 'kills himself'|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=30 March 2012|archive-date=4 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104015427/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-17565104}}</ref> |
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==Early life== |
==Early life== |
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After graduating in 1952 from high school with a silver medal, Shebarshin entered the Indian |
After graduating in 1952 from high school with a silver medal, Shebarshin entered the Department of Indian Languages at the [[Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies]]. In 1954, the institute was integrated with the [[Moscow State Institute of International Relations]], also known as MGIMO. It was there that Shebarshin continued his studies. |
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In 1957, he married a classmate, a student of |
In 1957, he married a classmate, Nina Vassilyevna Pushkina, a student of Chinese languages. Upon graduation, in October 1958, he was assigned to work at the Soviet embassy in [[Pakistan]]. In 1962, he was promoted to the post of third secretary of the embassy and got a position at the department of South-East Asian Affairs of the USSR. |
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==Pakistan== |
==Pakistan== |
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In 1962, Shebarshin was invited to join the First Chief Directorate, where he began a new career in the rank of second lieutenant and security officer. After a year of training at an intelligence school, he was sent to work in Pakistan under diplomatic cover. |
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At the time, Pakistan's participation in military-political blocs [[Baghdad Pact|CENTO]] and [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]], close [[Pakistan–United States relations|ties with the United States]], |
At the time, Pakistan's participation in military-political blocs [[Baghdad Pact|CENTO]] and [[Southeast Asia Treaty Organization|SEATO]], its close [[Pakistan–United States relations|ties with the United States]], conflict with [[Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts|neighboring India]], and [[rapprochement]] with China made the Pakistan branch important for the Soviet intelligence. The acquisition of sources in U.S. facilities around Pakistan was of utmost importance to the KGB. At the time, the region was a large American colony in India, hosting military advisers, diplomats, spies, journalists, and other important operators. |
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At the initiative of the Soviet Union |
At the initiative of the Soviet Union, Pakistani President [[Ayub Khan (general)|Ayub Khan]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] met in January 1966 in [[Tashkent Declaration|Tashkent]] to end the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]. This was a major diplomatic success for the Soviet delegation, headed by [[Alexei Kosygin]]. Shebarshin was promoted for contributing to the preparation for the negotiations. Shebarshin's supervisors later stated that he "achieved concrete results in the recruiting work," hinting that he bribed intelligence agents and acquired information. |
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==India== |
==India== |
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In 1968, Shebarshin returned to Moscow and took a year-long training course |
In 1968, Shebarshin returned to Moscow and took a year-long training course for managerial staff. In early 1971, he was sent by the KGB to India, and in 1975, he was appointed as [[resident spy|''rezident'']]. |
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While Shebarshin was on the trip, there was [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|another Indo-Pakistani War]], which ended with the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|division of Pakistan]] and the secession of [[East Pakistan]] as [[Bangladesh]], along with a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency in India]]. Activities of American representatives in India required the close attention of the Soviet intelligence team; for decades, the United States remained the main opponent of the Soviet Union |
While Shebarshin was on the trip, there was [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|another Indo-Pakistani War]], which ended with the [[Bangladesh Liberation War|division of Pakistan]] and the secession of [[East Pakistan]] as [[Bangladesh]], along with a [[The Emergency (India)|state of emergency in India]]. Activities of American representatives in India required the close attention of the Soviet intelligence team; for decades, the United States remained the main opponent of the Soviet Union. India's relations with China were also important during that period. Shebarshin's residency in the key areas was assessed positively by the political leadership of the USSR. |
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==Iran== |
==Iran== |
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In April 1977, Shebarshin's six-year trip to India ended. In late 1978 he received orders to prepare to work in [[Pahlavi Iran]], and he arrived in May 1979. By this time, Soviet intelligence connections with Iranian officials had degraded, due in part to counterintelligence operations carried out by [[SAVAK]], the secret police of the Iranian monarchy.<ref name= "Asinovsky">{{cite journal |last1=Asinovskiy |first1=Dmitry |title="A Priest does not consider the toppling of the Shah as an option" The KGB and the revolution in Iran |journal=Iranian Studies |date=October 2022 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=929–951 |doi=10.1017/irn.2022.23 |s2cid=249294121 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/iranian-studies/article/priest-does-not-consider-the-toppling-of-the-shah-as-an-option-the-kgb-and-the-revolution-in-iran/AA4B1304FF407BAA401A17F5BDCA9851 |access-date=17 August 2023|doi-access=free }}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | Shebarshin eventually arrived after the fall of the monarchy in Iran, when the [[Shah]], [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], fled the country in January 1979. The spiritual leader of the opposition, [[Ayatollah Khomeini]], returned to Iran and received national recognition with the title of [[Imam]]. The [[Iranian Revolution]] marked an unprecedented intensification of the internal political turmoil, which degenerated into armed clashes and numerous acts of terror, undertaken by all contending parties.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reid |first1=Robert |title=AP WAS THERE: Shah leaves Iran as 1979 revolution looms |url=https://apnews.com/article/343d87fdb960424e9ec0f4a90dc64fcb |website=AP News |access-date=17 August 2023 |language=en |date=16 January 2019 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104015721/https://apnews.com/article/343d87fdb960424e9ec0f4a90dc64fcb}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
Soviet reactions to these events were mixed. They lost an ally and customer in the Shah, but the early stages of the revolution were seen as an opportunity to form a progressive coalition in the resulting power vacuum. The KGB quietly supported the communist [[Tudeh Party of Iran]], and covertly communicated with the opposition groups [[People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran]] and [[Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas]]. Initially, the USSR and Tudeh supported the religious leaders who came to power in Iran, hoping that their rule might give way to a more progressive movement afterwards.<ref name="Asinovsky" /> |
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The residency suffered losses, the conditions for work with sources being extremely complex. Still, Moscow has received accurate and timely intelligence information. In 1982 was the worst event in the life of Shebarshin, treason. He escaped through Turkey to the West on a false British passport residency officer, [[Vladimir Kuzichkin]] (as it turned out later that the traitor was recruited by British intelligence in Shah's time, and, panicked by the danger of exposure, ran). The consequences of betrayal was partly contained. A few sources, which could tell the traitor, were withdrawn from the blow, but the moral and political damage was great. Whatever the causes and circumstances of incidents, the resident is fully responsible for everything that happens at the station. On the flight, AK was reported to Brezhnev. "Well," said Leonid Ilyich, "is a war and a war without the loss does not happen." |
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⚫ | In November 1979, the [[Iran hostage crisis]] began, and Iran's ties with the U.S. were broken. This, however, did not mean changing the situation in Iran in favor of the USSR. Iranian leadership was determined to prevent the growing influence of its northern neighbor. The [[Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet invasion of Afghanistan]] in December 1979 led to a further cooling of Iranian-Soviet relations and prompted repeated attacks on the Soviet embassy. Soviet intelligence operations suffered, with the conditions for work with sources being extremely complex. |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | In 1983, Shebarshin returned to Moscow for a few months |
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In 1982, the Soviet residence in Tehran was thrown into turmoil by the defection of [[Vladimir Kuzichkin]], one of Shebarshin's subordinates. Kuzichkin defected by going to the British interests department at the Swedish embassy in Tehran. He shared numerous Soviet secrets with the British, who would share them further with the [[CIA]] as well as the Khomeini regime. Kuzichkin and British officials claim that his defection was spontaneous, but Shebarshin believed the British recruited him for some time.<ref name="Asinovsky" /> |
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In September 1991, as a result of differences with the new leadership of the KGB, he submits a report on his resignation and dismissal from military service.{{fact|date=January 2023}} |
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The fiasco caused great shame for Shebarshin and may have been part of the reason he was recalled to Moscow in 1983. Shebarshin claimed he was recalled to avoid being expelled by the Iranians, who were in the process of cracking down on Soviet agents and Iranian leftists.<ref name="Asinovsky" /> |
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Shebarshin left Iran in February 1983. The Iranian regime had begun arresting opposition group leaders, including leader of the Tudeh party, [[Noureddin Kianouri]], who, among many others in the party, was forced to publicly confess to spying for the USSR.<ref name="Asinovsky" /> |
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⚫ | |||
⚫ | In 1983, Shebarshin returned to Moscow headquarters for a few months under the chief of the PGU KGB, [[Vladimir Kryuchkov]]. Shebarshin was appointed deputy chief of the information-analytical department of intelligence. In 1984 Shebarshin, accompanying Kryuchkov, went on a mission in Kabul. Through mid-1991, he had to join more than 20 missions in the [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]], in attempts to become intimately familiar with the leaders of the country: [[Babrak Karmal]], [[Mohammad Najibullah]], and [[Sultan Ali Keshtmand]]. In 1987, Shebarshin was appointed deputy chief of PGU KGB, second in command after Kryuchkov, and managed intelligence operations in the Middle East and Africa. In February 1989, he replaced Kryuchkov as head of the First Chief Directorate and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. |
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In August 1991, Shebarshin played a secondary role when KGB Chief Kryuchkov launched an [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|unsuccessful coup]] against [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]. He followed Kryuchkov's orders to activate FCD agents and paramilitary units in Moscow, but instructed them to only take orders directly from Shebarshin himself. A few days into the coup, Shebarshin realized it had no chance of success, and stopped coordinating with the plotters. In under a week, the coup was over, with Kryuchkov and other members of the [[Gang of Eight (Soviet Union)|Gang of Eight]] in custody. Shebarshin met with Gorbachev, and was appointed the new head of the KGB.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bearden |first1=Milton |author-link=Milton Bearden |title=Requiem for a Russian Spy |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/06/18/requiem-for-a-russian-spy/ |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=17 August 2023 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230802104321/https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/06/18/requiem-for-a-russian-spy/}}</ref> |
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At the end of that year, together with his colleagues and friends – former chief of the analytical department of the KGB, Lieutenant-General Leonov and former vice-president – Head of the Main Directorate of the KGB in Moscow and Moscow region, Lieutenant-General V. Prilukovym establish AO Russia national office of economic security." |
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⚫ | He served for a single day. [[RSFSR]] President [[Boris Yeltsin]] objected to the appointment and demanded a new candidate.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marples |first=David R. |title=The Collapse of the Soviet Union: 1985-1991 |publisher=Pearson |year=2004 |isbn=1-4058-9857-7 |edition=1 |location=Harlow, England |pages=87 |language=en |hdl=2027/mdp.39015059113335 |oclc=607381176 |ref=none}}</ref> He was replaced by [[Vadim Bakatin]], whose job was essentially to dismantle the KGB. Shebarshin returned to his post as FCD head until Bakatin announced a new FCD deputy director, [[Vladimir Rozhkov]], without consulting him. Shebarshin resigned from his post on 20 September 1991. |
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LV Shebarshin was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1981), Red Star (1970), the medal "For Military Merit" (1967), and an "honorary member of the State Security" (1972). His name is immortalized in the museum's Foreign Intelligence Service. |
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Shebarshin was awarded the [[Order of the Red Banner]] (1981) and the [[Order of the Red Star]] (1970). He also earned badges "For Service of Intelligence" (1967) and "Honorary State Security Officer" (1972).<ref>{{cite web |title=SHEBARSHIN LEONID VLADIMIROVICH |url=http://svr.gov.ru/history/person/sheb.htm |publisher=Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation |access-date=17 August 2023 |language=Russian}}</ref> |
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⚫ | |||
With his friend, [[Nikolai Leonov]], Shebarshin founded a consulting firm in 1991, the Russian National Economic Security Service (RNESS) ({{lang-ru|Российской национальной службы экономической безопасности (РНСЭБ)}}), which is based in Moscow and was part of the structures associated with [[Alex Konanykhin]] during its first year of existence.<ref>{{cite news |last=Казанская |first=Ольга (Kazanskaya, Olga) |url=http://www.profil.orc.ru/archive/n53/hero.html |title=Герой: Его обласкали в кремлевских кабинетах. В свои неполные тридцать он руководит одним из крупнейших в России банков и добивается для него всех степеней уполномоченности. Он финансирует предвыборную кампанию Бориса Ельцина. Контролирующие органы бессильны перед его детищем -- валютными аукционами. Это не Владимир Потанин и не ОНЭКСИМбанк. Речь идет об Александре Конаныхине и Всероссийском биржевом банке, а события датированы 1991-1992 годами. Нынешним летом Конаныхин вышел из американской тюрьмы. Свое первое за много лет затворничества интервью он дал "Профилю" в США. |trans-title=Hero: He was treated kindly in the Kremlin offices. At just under thirty, he runs one of the largest banks in Russia and achieves all degrees of authority for it. He finances Boris Yeltsin's election campaign. The regulatory authorities are powerless in the face of his brainchild - currency auctions. This is not Vladimir Potanin or ONEXIMbank. We are talking about Alexander Konanykhin and the All-Russian Exchange Bank, and the events date back to 1991-1992. This summer, Konanykhin was released from an American prison. He gave his first interview to Profile in the USA after many years of seclusion. |language=ru |work=[[:ru:Профиль (журнал)|"Профиль"]] (www.profil.ocr.ru) |date=1997 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=1 October 1999 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991001113943/http://www.profil.orc.ru/archive/n53/hero.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Снегирев |first=Владимир (Snegirev, Vladimir) |url=https://rg.ru/2012/03/31/cherta-site.html |title=Владимир Снегирев: Леонид Шебаршин был правильным человеком: Из жизни разведчика |trans-title=Vladimir Snegirev: Leonid Shebarshin was the right person: From the life of a scout |language=ru |work=[[Rossiyskaya Gazeta|«Российская газета»]] (rg.ru) |date=1 April 2012 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104011729/https://rg.ru/2012/03/31/cherta-site.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ria.ru/20120330/610284987.html |title=Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин. Биографическая справка |trans-title=Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin. Curriculum Vitae |language=ru |work=[[RIA Novosti]] |date=30 March 2012 |access-date=3 November 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104011552/https://ria.ru/20120330/610284987.html}}</ref> |
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With his friend, [[Nikolai Leonov]], Shebarshin founded a consulting firm, the Russian National Economic Security Service (RNESS), which is based in Moscow. |
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At the age of 77, Shebarshin took his own life by shooting himself at his home in Moscow.<ref name=reu30march>{{cite news|title=Former Soviet KGB spy chief commits suicide|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-spy-suicide-idUSBRE82T0WZ20120330|access-date=31 March 2013|work=Reuters|date=30 March 2012|author=Alexei Anishchuk|author2=Steve Gutterman|location=Moscow}}</ref> By that time, he had survived a stroke which led to complete blindness. According to his friends and colleagues, he suffered serious illnesses, which may have motivated his suicide.<ref>''[http://www.rosbalt.ru/moscow/2012/04/02/964515.html An Illness Could Be The Only Cause of the Suicide Committed by the Ex-Director of the Soviet Foreign Intelligence Service]'' // Rosbalt, 2012-04-02 (in Russian)</ref><ref>Sergei Smirnov, ''[http://www.gazeta.ru/politics/2012/03/30_a_4113669.shtml The Last Soviet Intelligence Officer]'' // [[Gazeta.ru]], 2012-03-30 (in Russian)</ref> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
Latest revision as of 18:01, 10 July 2024
Leonid Shebarshin | |
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Леонид Шебаршин | |
![]() | |
Acting Chairman of the Committee for State Security | |
In office 22 August 1991 – 23 August 1991 | |
Premier | Vitaly Doguzhiyev (аcting) |
Preceded by | Vladimir Kryuchkov |
Succeeded by | Vadim Bakatin |
The head of the foreign intelligence service of the KGB USSR | |
In office 6 February 1989 – 22 September 1991 | |
Preceded by | Vladimir Kryuchkov |
Succeeded by | Yevgeny Primakov |
Personal details | |
Born | Moscow, Soviet Union | 24 March 1935
Died | 30 March 2012 Moscow, Russia | (aged 77)
Resting place | Troyekurovskoye Cemetery, Moscow |
Nationality | Soviet and Russian |
Political party | Communist Party of the Soviet Union |
Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin (Russian: Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин; 24 March 1935 – 30 March 2012) was an intelligence officer and spy for the Soviet Union. He served in the First Chief Directorate (FCD), the foreign intelligence arm of the KGB.[1] In January 1989, he was promoted to the head of the FCD when his former boss, Vladimir Kryuchkov, was promoted to KGB chief. Prior to that Shebarshin had served as Kryuchkov's deputy from April 1987.[2]
Early life
[edit]After graduating in 1952 from high school with a silver medal, Shebarshin entered the Department of Indian Languages at the Moscow Institute of Oriental Studies. In 1954, the institute was integrated with the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, also known as MGIMO. It was there that Shebarshin continued his studies.
In 1957, he married a classmate, Nina Vassilyevna Pushkina, a student of Chinese languages. Upon graduation, in October 1958, he was assigned to work at the Soviet embassy in Pakistan. In 1962, he was promoted to the post of third secretary of the embassy and got a position at the department of South-East Asian Affairs of the USSR.
Pakistan
[edit]In 1962, Shebarshin was invited to join the First Chief Directorate, where he began a new career in the rank of second lieutenant and security officer. After a year of training at an intelligence school, he was sent to work in Pakistan under diplomatic cover.
At the time, Pakistan's participation in military-political blocs CENTO and SEATO, its close ties with the United States, conflict with neighboring India, and rapprochement with China made the Pakistan branch important for the Soviet intelligence. The acquisition of sources in U.S. facilities around Pakistan was of utmost importance to the KGB. At the time, the region was a large American colony in India, hosting military advisers, diplomats, spies, journalists, and other important operators.
At the initiative of the Soviet Union, Pakistani President Ayub Khan and Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri met in January 1966 in Tashkent to end the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. This was a major diplomatic success for the Soviet delegation, headed by Alexei Kosygin. Shebarshin was promoted for contributing to the preparation for the negotiations. Shebarshin's supervisors later stated that he "achieved concrete results in the recruiting work," hinting that he bribed intelligence agents and acquired information.
Indien
[edit]In 1968, Shebarshin returned to Moscow and took a year-long training course for managerial staff. In early 1971, he was sent by the KGB to India, and in 1975, he was appointed as rezident.
While Shebarshin was on the trip, there was another Indo-Pakistani War, which ended with the division of Pakistan and the secession of East Pakistan as Bangladesh, along with a state of emergency in India. Activities of American representatives in India required the close attention of the Soviet intelligence team; for decades, the United States remained the main opponent of the Soviet Union. India's relations with China were also important during that period. Shebarshin's residency in the key areas was assessed positively by the political leadership of the USSR.
Iran
[edit]In April 1977, Shebarshin's six-year trip to India ended. In late 1978 he received orders to prepare to work in Pahlavi Iran, and he arrived in May 1979. By this time, Soviet intelligence connections with Iranian officials had degraded, due in part to counterintelligence operations carried out by SAVAK, the secret police of the Iranian monarchy.[3]
Shebarshin eventually arrived after the fall of the monarchy in Iran, when the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, fled the country in January 1979. The spiritual leader of the opposition, Ayatollah Khomeini, returned to Iran and received national recognition with the title of Imam. The Iranian Revolution marked an unprecedented intensification of the internal political turmoil, which degenerated into armed clashes and numerous acts of terror, undertaken by all contending parties.[4]
Soviet reactions to these events were mixed. They lost an ally and customer in the Shah, but the early stages of the revolution were seen as an opportunity to form a progressive coalition in the resulting power vacuum. The KGB quietly supported the communist Tudeh Party of Iran, and covertly communicated with the opposition groups People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran and Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas. Initially, the USSR and Tudeh supported the religious leaders who came to power in Iran, hoping that their rule might give way to a more progressive movement afterwards.[3]
In November 1979, the Iran hostage crisis began, and Iran's ties with the U.S. were broken. This, however, did not mean changing the situation in Iran in favor of the USSR. Iranian leadership was determined to prevent the growing influence of its northern neighbor. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 led to a further cooling of Iranian-Soviet relations and prompted repeated attacks on the Soviet embassy. Soviet intelligence operations suffered, with the conditions for work with sources being extremely complex.
In 1982, the Soviet residence in Tehran was thrown into turmoil by the defection of Vladimir Kuzichkin, one of Shebarshin's subordinates. Kuzichkin defected by going to the British interests department at the Swedish embassy in Tehran. He shared numerous Soviet secrets with the British, who would share them further with the CIA as well as the Khomeini regime. Kuzichkin and British officials claim that his defection was spontaneous, but Shebarshin believed the British recruited him for some time.[3]
The fiasco caused great shame for Shebarshin and may have been part of the reason he was recalled to Moscow in 1983. Shebarshin claimed he was recalled to avoid being expelled by the Iranians, who were in the process of cracking down on Soviet agents and Iranian leftists.[3]
Shebarshin left Iran in February 1983. The Iranian regime had begun arresting opposition group leaders, including leader of the Tudeh party, Noureddin Kianouri, who, among many others in the party, was forced to publicly confess to spying for the USSR.[3]
Later life
[edit]In 1983, Shebarshin returned to Moscow headquarters for a few months under the chief of the PGU KGB, Vladimir Kryuchkov. Shebarshin was appointed deputy chief of the information-analytical department of intelligence. In 1984 Shebarshin, accompanying Kryuchkov, went on a mission in Kabul. Through mid-1991, he had to join more than 20 missions in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, in attempts to become intimately familiar with the leaders of the country: Babrak Karmal, Mohammad Najibullah, and Sultan Ali Keshtmand. In 1987, Shebarshin was appointed deputy chief of PGU KGB, second in command after Kryuchkov, and managed intelligence operations in the Middle East and Africa. In February 1989, he replaced Kryuchkov as head of the First Chief Directorate and was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general.
In August 1991, Shebarshin played a secondary role when KGB Chief Kryuchkov launched an unsuccessful coup against Mikhail Gorbachev. He followed Kryuchkov's orders to activate FCD agents and paramilitary units in Moscow, but instructed them to only take orders directly from Shebarshin himself. A few days into the coup, Shebarshin realized it had no chance of success, and stopped coordinating with the plotters. In under a week, the coup was over, with Kryuchkov and other members of the Gang of Eight in custody. Shebarshin met with Gorbachev, and was appointed the new head of the KGB.[5]
He served for a single day. RSFSR President Boris Yeltsin objected to the appointment and demanded a new candidate.[6] He was replaced by Vadim Bakatin, whose job was essentially to dismantle the KGB. Shebarshin returned to his post as FCD head until Bakatin announced a new FCD deputy director, Vladimir Rozhkov, without consulting him. Shebarshin resigned from his post on 20 September 1991.
Shebarshin was awarded the Order of the Red Banner (1981) and the Order of the Red Star (1970). He also earned badges "For Service of Intelligence" (1967) and "Honorary State Security Officer" (1972).[7]
With his friend, Nikolai Leonov, Shebarshin founded a consulting firm in 1991, the Russian National Economic Security Service (RNESS) (Russian: Российской национальной службы экономической безопасности (РНСЭБ)), which is based in Moscow and was part of the structures associated with Alex Konanykhin during its first year of existence.[8][9][10]
At the age of 77, Shebarshin took his own life by shooting himself at his home in Moscow.[11] By that time, he had survived a stroke which led to complete blindness. According to his friends and colleagues, he suffered serious illnesses, which may have motivated his suicide.[12][13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Blagov, Sergei (2 April 2003). "Russia warns of Iraqi fallout". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 16 April 2003. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "Soviet ex-KGB chief Leonid Shebarshin 'kills himself'". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Asinovskiy, Dmitry (October 2022). ""A Priest does not consider the toppling of the Shah as an option" The KGB and the revolution in Iran". Iranian Studies. 55 (4): 929–951. doi:10.1017/irn.2022.23. S2CID 249294121. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ Reid, Robert (16 January 2019). "AP WAS THERE: Shah leaves Iran as 1979 revolution looms". AP News. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ Bearden, Milton. "Requiem for a Russian Spy". Foreign Policy. Archived from the original on 2 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ Marples, David R. (2004). The Collapse of the Soviet Union: 1985-1991 (1 ed.). Harlow, England: Pearson. p. 87. hdl:2027/mdp.39015059113335. ISBN 1-4058-9857-7. OCLC 607381176.
- ^ "SHEBARSHIN LEONID VLADIMIROVICH" (in Russian). Foreign Intelligence Service of the Russian Federation. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ Казанская, Ольга (Kazanskaya, Olga) (1997). "Герой: Его обласкали в кремлевских кабинетах. В свои неполные тридцать он руководит одним из крупнейших в России банков и добивается для него всех степеней уполномоченности. Он финансирует предвыборную кампанию Бориса Ельцина. Контролирующие органы бессильны перед его детищем -- валютными аукционами. Это не Владимир Потанин и не ОНЭКСИМбанк. Речь идет об Александре Конаныхине и Всероссийском биржевом банке, а события датированы 1991-1992 годами. Нынешним летом Конаныхин вышел из американской тюрьмы. Свое первое за много лет затворничества интервью он дал "Профилю" в США" [Hero: He was treated kindly in the Kremlin offices. At just under thirty, he runs one of the largest banks in Russia and achieves all degrees of authority for it. He finances Boris Yeltsin's election campaign. The regulatory authorities are powerless in the face of his brainchild - currency auctions. This is not Vladimir Potanin or ONEXIMbank. We are talking about Alexander Konanykhin and the All-Russian Exchange Bank, and the events date back to 1991-1992. This summer, Konanykhin was released from an American prison. He gave his first interview to Profile in the USA after many years of seclusion.]. "Профиль" (www.profil.ocr.ru) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 1 October 1999. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Снегирев, Владимир (Snegirev, Vladimir) (1 April 2012). "Владимир Снегирев: Леонид Шебаршин был правильным человеком: Из жизни разведчика" [Vladimir Snegirev: Leonid Shebarshin was the right person: From the life of a scout]. «Российская газета» (rg.ru) (in Russian). Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Леонид Владимирович Шебаршин. Биографическая справка" [Leonid Vladimirovich Shebarshin. Curriculum Vitae]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 30 March 2012. Archived from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
- ^ Alexei Anishchuk; Steve Gutterman (30 March 2012). "Former Soviet KGB spy chief commits suicide". Reuters. Moscow. Retrieved 31 March 2013.
- ^ An Illness Could Be The Only Cause of the Suicide Committed by the Ex-Director of the Soviet Foreign Intelligence Service // Rosbalt, 2012-04-02 (in Russian)
- ^ Sergei Smirnov, The Last Soviet Intelligence Officer // Gazeta.ru, 2012-03-30 (in Russian)
External links
[edit]- Последний бой КГБ (The Last Battle of the KGB) Leonid Shebarshin memories, Moscow (2013), 256 p (in Russian) – ISBN 9785443803364