Jump to content

1982: Difference between revisions

Edit links
Page protected with pending changes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
[accepted revision][accepted revision]
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
m Reverting possible vandalism by 45.62.189.174 to version by Dgpop. Report False Positive? Thanks, ClueBot NG. (4334857) (Bot)
(43 intermediate revisions by 32 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{pp-pc1}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Year dab|1982}}
{{About year|1982}}
{{Events by month|1982}}
{{Events by month|1982}}
[[File:1982 Events Collage.jpg|300x300px|thumb|Clockwise from top-left: the [[Syrian Arab Army]] and the [[Defense Companies]] [[1982 Hama massacre|besieged]] the city of [[Hama]] killing 350-400 civilians; the [[compact disc]] (CD) is introduced; during the filming of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]'', a [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois]] helicopter [[Twilight Zone accident|crashed]] at [[Indian Dunes]] killing actor [[Vic Morrow]] and child actors Myca Dinh Le and Renee Shin-Yi Chen; [[Steven Spielberg]] release ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' which became the highest grossing film of the decade; a [[Brazil|Brazilian]] stamp post that depicts the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] which was held in [[Spain]] and is won by [[Italy]]; [[Michael Jackson]] release his sixth studio album ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'' which became the [[List of best-selling albums|best selling album of all time]]; Israel [[1982 Lebanon War|invades]] Lebanon again; [[Argentina]] invades [[Falkland Islands]] which starting the [[Falklands War]].]]
[[File:1982 Events Collage.jpg|300x300px|thumb|Clockwise from top-left: the [[Syrian Arab Army]] and the [[Defense Companies]] [[1982 Hama massacre|besiege]] the city of [[Hama]], killing 350–400 civilians; the [[compact disc]] (CD) is introduced; during the filming of ''[[Twilight Zone: The Movie]]'', a [[Bell UH-1 Iroquois]] helicopter [[Twilight Zone accident|crashes]] at [[Indian Dunes]], killing actor [[Vic Morrow]] and child actors Myca Dinh Le and Renee Shin-Yi Chen; [[Steven Spielberg]] releases ''[[E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial]]'' which becomes the highest-grossing film of the decade; the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] is held in [[Spain]] and is won by [[Italy]]; [[Michael Jackson]] releases his sixth studio album, ''[[Thriller (album)|Thriller]]'', which becomes the [[List of best-selling albums|best-selling album of all time]]; Israel [[1982 Lebanon War|invades]] Lebanon again; [[Argentina]] invades [[Falkland Islands]], which starts the [[Falklands War]].]]
{{Year nav|1982}}
{{Year nav|1982}}
{{C20 year in topic}}
{{C20 year in topic}}
Line 19: Line 19:
** [[Mauno Koivisto]] is elected [[President of Finland]].
** [[Mauno Koivisto]] is elected [[President of Finland]].
** [[Unemployment]] in the United Kingdom increases by 129,918 to 3,070,621, a post-war record number.
** [[Unemployment]] in the United Kingdom increases by 129,918 to 3,070,621, a post-war record number.
* [[January 27]] – The [[Garret FitzGerald]] government of the [[Republic of Ireland]] is defeated 82–81 on its budget; the [[Members of the 22nd Dáil|22nd Dáil Éireann]] is dissolved.
* [[January 27]] – The government of [[Garret FitzGerald]] in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] is defeated 82–81 on its budget; the [[22nd Dáil]] is dissolved.
* [[January 30]] – The first [[computer virus]], the [[Elk Cloner]], written by 15-year old [[Rich Skrenta]], is found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci989616,00.html|title=Elk Cloner|work=SearchSecurity |access-date=2012-01-28 |date=June 2004}}</ref> It infects [[Apple II]] computers via [[floppy disk]].
* [[January 30]] – The first [[computer virus]], the [[Elk Cloner]], written by 15-year old [[Rich Skrenta]], is found.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci989616,00.html|title=Elk Cloner|work=SearchSecurity |access-date=2012-01-28 |date=June 2004}}</ref> It infects [[Apple II]] computers via [[floppy disk]].


===February===
===February===
* [[February 1]] – [[Senegal]] and [[The Gambia]] form a loose [[Senegambia Confederation]].
* [[February 1]] – [[Senegal]] and [[The Gambia]] form a loose [[Senegambia Confederation]].
* [[February 2]] – The [[Hama massacre]] begins in [[Syria]].
* [[February 2]] – The [[1982 Hama massacre|Hama massacre]] begins in [[Syria]].
* [[February 3]] – [[Syria]]n president [[Hafez al-Assad]] orders the army to purge the city of [[Harran]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].
* [[February 3]] – [[Syria]]n president [[Hafez al-Assad]] orders the army to purge the city of [[Harran]] of the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].
* [[February 5]] – London-based [[Laker Airways]] collapses, leaving 6,000 stranded passengers and debts of $270 million.
* [[February 5]] – London-based [[Laker Airways]] collapses, leaving 6,000 stranded passengers and debts of $270 million.
Line 30: Line 30:
* [[February 9]] – [[Japan Airlines Flight 350]] crashes in [[Tokyo Bay]] due to [[thrust reversal]] on approach to [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]], killing 24 among the 174 people on board.
* [[February 9]] – [[Japan Airlines Flight 350]] crashes in [[Tokyo Bay]] due to [[thrust reversal]] on approach to [[Haneda Airport|Tokyo International Airport]], killing 24 among the 174 people on board.
* [[February 15]] – The [[oil platform]] ''[[Ocean Ranger]]'' sinks during a storm off the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], killing all 84 rig workers aboard.
* [[February 15]] – The [[oil platform]] ''[[Ocean Ranger]]'' sinks during a storm off the coast of [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], killing all 84 rig workers aboard.
* [[February 18]] – The [[February 1982 Irish general election|Republic of Ireland general election]] gives a boost to [[Fianna Fáil]].
* [[February 18]] – The [[February 1982 Irish general election|Ireland general election]] gives a boost to [[Fianna Fáil]].
* [[February 24]] – In South Africa, 22 [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] MPs led by [[Andries Treurnicht]] vote for no confidence in [[P. W. Botha]].
* [[February 24]] – In South Africa, 22 [[National Party (South Africa)|National Party]] MPs, led by [[Andries Treurnicht]], vote for no confidence in [[P. W. Botha]].
* [[February 25]] – The [[European Court of Human Rights]] rules that teachers who cane, belt or tawse children against the wishes of their parents are in breach of the Human Rights Convention.<ref>{{cite book|title=Human Rights Law Journal: HRLJ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkYvAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=N.P. Engel|page=221}}</ref>
* [[February 25]] – The [[European Court of Human Rights]] rules that teachers who cane, belt or tawse children against the wishes of their parents are in breach of the Human Rights Convention.<ref>{{cite book|title=Human Rights Law Journal: HRLJ.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkYvAQAAIAAJ|year=1982|publisher=N.P. Engel|page=221}}</ref>


=== March ===
=== March ===
* [[March 2]] – [[Decentralisation in France]]: Law of Decentralisation creates the administrative [[regions of France]] (''régions'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Montricher|first=Nicole|date=July 1995|title=Decentralization in France|journal=Governance |volume=8|issue=3|pages=405–418|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00217.x}}</ref>
* [[March 2]] – [[Decentralisation in France]]: the Law of Decentralisation creates the administrative [[regions of France]] (''régions'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Montricher|first=Nicole|date=July 1995|title=Decentralization in France|journal=Governance |volume=8|issue=3|pages=405–418|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00217.x}}</ref>
* [[March 9]] – [[Charles Haughey]] becomes [[Taoiseach]] of the [[Republic of Ireland]].
* [[March 9]] – [[Charles Haughey]] becomes [[Taoiseach]] of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]].
* [[March 10]]
* [[March 10]]
** The United States places an [[embargo]] on [[Libya]]n [[petroleum|oil]] imports, alleging Libyan [[state-sponsored terrorism]].
** The United States places an [[embargo]] on [[Libya]]n [[petroleum|oil]] imports, alleging Libyan [[state-sponsored terrorism]].
Line 47: Line 47:
** [[Royal Assent]] is given to the [[Canada Act 1982]], setting the stage for the repatriation of the [[Canadian Constitution]] on [[April 17]].
** [[Royal Assent]] is given to the [[Canada Act 1982]], setting the stage for the repatriation of the [[Canadian Constitution]] on [[April 17]].
** The [[54th Academy Awards]], hosted by [[Johnny Carson]], are held at the [[Dorothy Chandler Pavilion]] in [[Los Angeles]]. ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'' wins [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and 3 other [[Academy Awards]].
** The [[54th Academy Awards]], hosted by [[Johnny Carson]], are held at the [[Dorothy Chandler Pavilion]] in [[Los Angeles]]. ''[[Chariots of Fire]]'' wins [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] and 3 other [[Academy Awards]].
* [[March 30]] – [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']] ends an eight-day mission, [[STS-3]], by landing at [[White Sands Space Harbor]] near [[Alamogordo, New Mexico]]. It was the only time a Space Shuttle has landed at White Sands. The orbiter was forced to land at White Sands due to flooding at its originally planned landing site, [[Edwards Air Force Base]] in California.


===April===
===April===
Line 63: Line 64:
* [[May 2]]
* [[May 2]]
** [[Falklands War]]: The British nuclear submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}} sinks the Argentine cruiser ''[[ARA General Belgrano|General Belgrano]]'', killing 323 sailors.<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web |url=http://web.knoxnews.com/advertising/worldsfair/timeline.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101212405/http://web.knoxnews.com/advertising/worldsfair/timeline.html |archive-date=1 January 2010 |title=20th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair |department=Timeline |year=2002 |publisher=The Knoxville News-Sentinel Co. |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Golowanow">{{cite web |url=https://www.konflikty.pl/historia/czasy-najnowsze/pocisk-ktory-nie-wybuchl-zatopienie-hms-sheffield/ |last=Golowanow |first=Łukasz |title=Pocisk, który nie wybuchł – czyli zatopienie HMS Sheffield |trans-title=The missile that did not explode – the sinking of HMS Sheffield |date=4 May 2012 |website=Konflikty.pl |language=pl |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> [[Operation Algeciras]], an attempt to destroy a [[Royal Navy]] warship in [[Gibraltar]], fails.
** [[Falklands War]]: The British nuclear submarine {{HMS|Conqueror|S48|6}} sinks the Argentine cruiser ''[[ARA General Belgrano|General Belgrano]]'', killing 323 sailors.<ref name="Timeline">{{cite web |url=http://web.knoxnews.com/advertising/worldsfair/timeline.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100101212405/http://web.knoxnews.com/advertising/worldsfair/timeline.html |archive-date=1 January 2010 |title=20th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair |department=Timeline |year=2002 |publisher=The Knoxville News-Sentinel Co. |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Golowanow">{{cite web |url=https://www.konflikty.pl/historia/czasy-najnowsze/pocisk-ktory-nie-wybuchl-zatopienie-hms-sheffield/ |last=Golowanow |first=Łukasz |title=Pocisk, który nie wybuchł – czyli zatopienie HMS Sheffield |trans-title=The missile that did not explode – the sinking of HMS Sheffield |date=4 May 2012 |website=Konflikty.pl |language=pl |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> [[Operation Algeciras]], an attempt to destroy a [[Royal Navy]] warship in [[Gibraltar]], fails.
** [[The Weather Channel]] airs on [[cable television]] in the United States as the first 24-hour all weather network.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weatherboy.com/weather-channel-celebrates-38th-birthday/ |author=Weatherboy Team Meteorologist |title=Weather Channel Celebrates 38th Birthday |date=2 May 2020 |website=Weatherboy |publisher=Isarithm LLC |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
** [[The Weather Channel]] airs on [[cable television]] in the United States as the first 24-hour all-weather network.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://weatherboy.com/weather-channel-celebrates-38th-birthday/ |author=Weatherboy Team Meteorologist |title=Weather Channel Celebrates 38th Birthday |date=2 May 2020 |website=Weatherboy |publisher=Isarithm LLC |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[May 4]] – [[Falklands War]]: {{HMS|Sheffield|D80|6}} is hit by an Argentine [[Exocet]] missile and burns out of control; 20 sailors are killed.<ref name="Golowanow"/><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC ON THIS DAY <nowiki>|</nowiki> 4 <nowiki>|</nowiki> 1982: Argentines destroy HMS Sheffield |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/4/newsid_2504000/2504155.stm |year=2008 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> The ship sinks on [[May 10]].<ref name="Golowanow"/>
* [[May 4]] – [[Falklands War]]: {{HMS|Sheffield|D80|6}} is hit by an Argentine [[Exocet]] missile and burns out of control; 20 sailors are killed.<ref name="Golowanow"/><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC ON THIS DAY <nowiki>|</nowiki> 4 <nowiki>|</nowiki> 1982: Argentines destroy HMS Sheffield |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/may/4/newsid_2504000/2504155.stm |year=2008 |publisher=[[BBC]] |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref> The ship sinks on [[May 10]].<ref name="Golowanow"/>
* [[May 8]] – French-Canadian racing driver [[Gilles Villeneuve]] is killed during qualifying for the [[1982 Belgian Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/09/The-horrifying-crash-that-snapped-the-life-from-race/4136389764800/ |title=The horrifying crash that snapped the life from race... |date=9 May 1982 |publisher=[[United Press International, Inc.]] |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[May 8]] – French-Canadian racing driver [[Gilles Villeneuve]] is killed during qualifying for the [[1982 Belgian Grand Prix]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/05/09/The-horrifying-crash-that-snapped-the-life-from-race/4136389764800/ |title=The horrifying crash that snapped the life from race... |date=9 May 1982 |publisher=[[United Press International, Inc.]] |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
Line 70: Line 71:
* [[May 18]] – [[Falklands War]]: The British [[Special Air Service]] launches [[Operation Plum Duff]], a reconnaissance mission preliminary to [[Operation Mikado]], which is planned to destroy three Argentinean [[Exocet]] [[missile]]s and five [[Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard|Super Étendard]] [[fighter-bomber]]s. Both Operation Plum Duff and Operation Mikado are called off after the Plum Duff insertion is revealed by a helicopter landing in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eliteukforces.info/articles/sas-versus-exocets.php#prof |title=The SAS vs The Exocets |website=Elite UK Forces |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Alastair |last=Finlan |title=Special Forces, Strategy and the War on Terror: Warfare By Other Means |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uefXyZuZNwC&pg=PA41 |date=16 October 2009 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-18043-1 |page=41 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[May 18]] – [[Falklands War]]: The British [[Special Air Service]] launches [[Operation Plum Duff]], a reconnaissance mission preliminary to [[Operation Mikado]], which is planned to destroy three Argentinean [[Exocet]] [[missile]]s and five [[Dassault-Breguet Super Étendard|Super Étendard]] [[fighter-bomber]]s. Both Operation Plum Duff and Operation Mikado are called off after the Plum Duff insertion is revealed by a helicopter landing in [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eliteukforces.info/articles/sas-versus-exocets.php#prof |title=The SAS vs The Exocets |website=Elite UK Forces |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Alastair |last=Finlan |title=Special Forces, Strategy and the War on Terror: Warfare By Other Means |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_uefXyZuZNwC&pg=PA41 |date=16 October 2009 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-18043-1 |page=41 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[May 21]]
* [[May 21]]
** [[Falklands War]]: {{HMS|Ardent|F184|6}} is sunk by Argentine aircraft, killing 22 sailors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rna-10-area.co.uk/files/boi_hms_ardent.pdf |title=REPORT OF THE BOARD OF INQUIRY INTO THE LOSS OF HMS ARDENT |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010132324/http://www.rna-10-area.co.uk/files/boi_hms_ardent.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2015 |date=6 August 1982 |pages=3–4 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmsardent.org.uk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050407213506/http://www.hmsardent.org.uk/ |archive-date=7 April 2005 |title=HMS Ardent Association |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
** [[Falklands War]]: {{HMS|Ardent|F184|6}} is sunk by Argentine aircraft, killing 22 sailors.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rna-10-area.co.uk/files/boi_hms_ardent.pdf |title=Report of the Board of Inquiry Into the Loss of HMS Ardent |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151010132324/http://www.rna-10-area.co.uk/files/boi_hms_ardent.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2015 |date=6 August 1982 |pages=3–4 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hmsardent.org.uk/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050407213506/http://www.hmsardent.org.uk/ |archive-date=7 April 2005 |title=HMS Ardent Association |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
** The [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) is established.
** The [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) is established.
* [[May 23]] – Falklands War: {{HMS|Antelope|F170|6}} is lost.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rna-10-area.net/files/boi_hms_antelope.pdf |title=LOSS OF HMS ANTELOPE - BOARD OF INQUIRY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724042320/http://www.rna-10-area.net/files/boi_hms_antelope.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |date=11 August 1982 |pages=2–3 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[May 23]] – Falklands War: {{HMS|Antelope|F170|6}} is lost.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rna-10-area.net/files/boi_hms_antelope.pdf |title=LOSS OF HMS ANTELOPE - BOARD OF INQUIRY |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724042320/http://www.rna-10-area.net/files/boi_hms_antelope.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |date=11 August 1982 |pages=2–3 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
Line 78: Line 79:
* [[May 25]] – British ships {{HMS|Coventry|D118|6}} and {{SS|Atlantic Conveyor}} are sunk during the [[Falklands War]]; ''Coventry'' by two [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk|A-4C Skyhawks]] and ''Atlantic Conveyor'' by two [[Exocet]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Burke |first=Damien |title=25th May 1982 |url=https://www.hmscoventry.co.uk/d118/25th-may-1982/ |website=HMS Coventry D118 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/EC14467A-DFAF-4030-BDFB-9E1AAF00205E/0/boi_atlanticconveyorpt1.pdf |title=Board of Inquiry (REPORT): Loss of SS Atlantic Conveyor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012134301/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/EC14467A-DFAF-4030-BDFB-9E1AAF00205E/0/boi_atlanticconveyorpt1.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2012 |date=21 July 1982 |pages =1 - 5-2 - 5 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[May 25]] – British ships {{HMS|Coventry|D118|6}} and {{SS|Atlantic Conveyor}} are sunk during the [[Falklands War]]; ''Coventry'' by two [[Douglas A-4 Skyhawk|A-4C Skyhawks]] and ''Atlantic Conveyor'' by two [[Exocet]]s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Burke |first=Damien |title=25th May 1982 |url=https://www.hmscoventry.co.uk/d118/25th-may-1982/ |website=HMS Coventry D118 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/EC14467A-DFAF-4030-BDFB-9E1AAF00205E/0/boi_atlanticconveyorpt1.pdf |title=Board of Inquiry (REPORT): Loss of SS Atlantic Conveyor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012134301/http://www.mod.uk/NR/rdonlyres/EC14467A-DFAF-4030-BDFB-9E1AAF00205E/0/boi_atlanticconveyorpt1.pdf |archive-date=12 October 2012 |date=21 July 1982 |pages =1 - 5-2 - 5 |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[May 26]] – [[Aston Villa F.C.]] wins the [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]], beating [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] 1–0 after a 69th-minute goal by [[Peter Withe]] in [[Rotterdam]].
* [[May 26]] – [[Aston Villa F.C.]] wins the [[UEFA Champions League|European Cup]], beating [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] 1–0 after a 69th-minute goal by [[Peter Withe]] in [[Rotterdam]].
* [[May 28]] – [[May 29|29]] – [[Falklands War]]: [[Battle of Goose Green]]: British forces defeat a larger Argentine force.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1991/LVR.htm |last=Leone |first=Vincent R. Jr. |title=The Falkland Islands War: Winning With Infantry |year=1991 |publisher=[[GlobalSecurity.org]] |access-date=10 September 2021}}</ref>
* [[May 28]]–[[May 29|29]] – [[Falklands War]]: [[Battle of Goose Green]]: British forces defeat a larger Argentine force.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Roberts |first1=Maj. Brice |title=Mission Command During the Falklands War: Opportunities and Limitations |date=2016 |publisher=Defense Technical Information Center |pages=27–31 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD1022241.pdf |access-date=21 September 2023}}</ref>
* [[May 30]]
* [[May 30]]
** Spain becomes the 16th member of [[NATO]]<ref name="Timeline"/> and the first nation to enter the alliance since West Germany's admission in [[1955]].
** Spain becomes the 16th member of [[NATO]]<ref name="Timeline"/> and the first nation to enter the alliance since West Germany's admission in [[1955]].
Line 88: Line 89:
** [[Falklands War]]: British supply ship [[RFA Sir Galahad (1966)|RFA ''Sir Galahad'']] is destroyed during the [[Bluff Cove Air Attacks]]
** [[Falklands War]]: British supply ship [[RFA Sir Galahad (1966)|RFA ''Sir Galahad'']] is destroyed during the [[Bluff Cove Air Attacks]]
** [[VASP Flight 168]], a [[Boeing 727]] passenger jet, crashes into a forest hillside in [[Fortaleza]] in Brazil, killing 137.
** [[VASP Flight 168]], a [[Boeing 727]] passenger jet, crashes into a forest hillside in [[Fortaleza]] in Brazil, killing 137.
**The [[Los Angeles Lakers]] defeats the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] in six games to win the [[1982 NBA Finals]].
**The [[Los Angeles Lakers]] defeat the [[Philadelphia 76ers]] in six games to win the [[1982 NBA Finals]].
* [[June 11]] – ''[[E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial]]'' is released in the United States; this will become the biggest box-office hit for the next 11 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/greatfilmssummary.html|title=Top Films of All-Time|work=filmsite.org|access-date=2018-06-16}}</ref>
* [[June 11]] – ''[[E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial]]'' is released in the United States; this will become the biggest box-office hit for the next 11 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/greatfilmssummary.html|title=Top Films of All-Time|work=filmsite.org|access-date=2018-06-16}}</ref>
* [[June 12]] – The Nuclear Disarmament Rally, an event against [[nuclear weapon]] proliferation, draws 750,000 to New York City's [[Central Park]]. [[Jackson Browne]], [[James Taylor]], [[Bruce Springsteen]] and [[Linda Ronstadt]] attend. An international convocation at the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] features prominent peace activists from around the world and afterward participants march on Fifth Avenue to Central Park for the rally.
* [[June 12]] – The Nuclear Disarmament Rally, an event against [[nuclear weapon]] proliferation, draws 750,000 to New York City's [[Central Park]]. Performers included [[Jackson Browne]], [[James Taylor]], [[Bruce Springsteen]] and [[Linda Ronstadt]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Montgomery |first1=Paul L. |title=THRONGS FILL MANHATTAN TO PROTEST NUCLEAR WEAPONS |work=The New York Times |date=June 13, 1982 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/13/world/throngs-fill-manhattan-to-protest-nuclear-weapons.html |access-date=2 November 2023}}</ref> An international convocation at the [[Cathedral of St. John the Divine]] features prominent peace activists from around the world and afterward participants march on Fifth Avenue to Central Park for the rally.
* [[June 13]]
* [[June 13]]
** The [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] begins in Spain.
** The [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] begins in Spain.
Line 113: Line 114:


=== August ===
=== August ===
[[File:Lapset odottavat saapuvaa metrojunaa Hakaniemen metroasemalla - DHKL-147 - hkm.HKMS000005-km0025rm.jpg|thumb|[[Helsinki Metro]]'s train in 1982]]
[[File:Lapset odottavat saapuvaa metrojunaa Hakaniemen metroasemalla - DHKL-147 - hkm.HKMS000005-km0025rm.jpg|thumb|[[Helsinki Metro]] train in 1982]]
* [[August 1]] – [[1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt|Attempted coup]] against government of [[Daniel Arap Moi]] in [[Kenya]].
* [[August 1]] – [[1982 Kenyan coup d'état attempt|Attempted coup]] against the government of [[Daniel Arap Moi]] in [[Kenya]].
* [[August 2]] – The [[Helsinki Metro]], the first [[rapid transit]] system of Finland, was opened to the general public.<ref>{{cite book | author = Tapio Tolmunen | title= Mutkatonta matkaa vuodesta 1982. Raka spår från år 1982 | year= 2002 | pages= 43–44 | location= Helsinki | publisher= Helsingin kaupungin liikennelaitos | isbn= 951-8926-84-0 | language= fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hel.fi/hki/HKL/en/About+HKL/History/History+of+metro+transport |title=Helsinki City Transport - About HKL - History - A brief history of the metro |publisher=Helsinki City Transport |date=19 March 2012 |access-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512153035/http://www.hel.fi/hki/HKL/en/About%2BHKL/History/History%2Bof%2Bmetro%2Btransport |archive-date=12 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[August 2]] – The [[Helsinki Metro]], the first [[rapid transit]] system in Finland, opens to the general public.<ref>{{cite book | author = Tapio Tolmunen | title= Mutkatonta matkaa vuodesta 1982. Raka spår från år 1982 | year= 2002 | pages= 43–44 | location= Helsinki | publisher= Helsingin kaupungin liikennelaitos | isbn= 951-8926-84-0 | language= fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hel.fi/hki/HKL/en/About+HKL/History/History+of+metro+transport |title=Helsinki City Transport - About HKL - History - A brief history of the metro |publisher=Helsinki City Transport |date=19 March 2012 |access-date=21 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512153035/http://www.hel.fi/hki/HKL/en/About%2BHKL/History/History%2Bof%2Bmetro%2Btransport |archive-date=12 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[August 4]] – The [[United Nations Security Council]] votes to [[censure]] Israel because its troops are still in Lebanon.
* [[August 4]] – The [[United Nations Security Council]] votes to [[censure]] Israel because its troops are still in Lebanon.
* [[August 7]] – Italian Prime Minister [[Giovanni Spadolini]] resigns.
* [[August 7]] – Italian Prime Minister [[Giovanni Spadolini]] resigns.
Line 128: Line 129:
** [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace of Monaco]] dies after having suffered a car crash a few days previously.
** [[Grace Kelly|Princess Grace of Monaco]] dies after having suffered a car crash a few days previously.
* [[September 18]]
* [[September 18]]
**A Lebanese Christian militia (the [[Kataeb|Phalange]]) [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|kill thousands of Palestinians]] in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in West Beirut, the massacre is a response to the assassination of the president-elect, Bachir Gemayel four days earlier.
**A Lebanese Christian militia (the [[Kataeb|Phalange]]) [[Sabra and Shatila massacre|kill thousands of Palestinians]] in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps in West Beirut; the massacre is a response to the assassination of the president-elect, Bachir Gemayel, four days earlier.
**The [[funeral of Princess Grace of Monaco]] takes place
**The [[funeral of Princess Grace of Monaco]] takes place
* [[September 19]] – The first [[emoticon]]s are posted by [[Scott Fahlman]].
* [[September 19]] – The first [[emoticon]]s are posted by [[Scott Fahlman]].
Line 138: Line 139:
* [[September 25]] – In Israel, 400,000 marchers demand the resignation of Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]].
* [[September 25]] – In Israel, 400,000 marchers demand the resignation of Prime Minister [[Menachem Begin]].
* [[September 26]] – [[Thermal]]s take Australian parachutist Rich Collins up to {{convert|2800|m|ft}} during a jump; he almost blacks out due to lack of oxygen. He releases his main [[parachute]] to fall to a lower altitude and lands by his reserve parachute.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Meteorology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXMdAQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Artetech International|page=284}}</ref>
* [[September 26]] – [[Thermal]]s take Australian parachutist Rich Collins up to {{convert|2800|m|ft}} during a jump; he almost blacks out due to lack of oxygen. He releases his main [[parachute]] to fall to a lower altitude and lands by his reserve parachute.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Meteorology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXMdAQAAIAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Artetech International|page=284}}</ref>
* [[September 29]] The [[Chicago Tylenol murders]] occur when an unknown killer laced Tylenol with Potassium Cyanide that kills seven in Chicago, Illinois.
* [[September 29]] The [[Chicago Tylenol murders]] occur when an unknown killer laces Tylenol with Potassium Cyanide that kills seven in Chicago, Illinois.


=== October ===
=== October ===
Line 146: Line 147:
* [[October 8]]
* [[October 8]]
** Poland bans the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] trade union after having suspended it on December 13, 1981.
** Poland bans the [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] trade union after having suspended it on December 13, 1981.
** After six years in opposition, Social Democrat [[Olof Palme]] becomes once again [[Prime Minister of Sweden]].
** After six years in opposition, Social Democrat [[Olof Palme]] becomes [[Prime Minister of Sweden]] once again.
* [[October 11]] – The ''[[Mary Rose]]'', flagship of [[Henry VIII of England]] that sank in [[1545]], is raised from the [[Solent]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Margaret Rule|author2=Mary Rose Trust|title=The Mary Rose: A Guide to the Exhibition and Ship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbQ87eG9J3EC|year=1993|publisher=Mary Rose Trust|isbn=978-0-9511747-2-2|page=6}}</ref>
* [[October 11]] – The ''[[Mary Rose]]'', flagship of [[Henry VIII of England]] that sank in [[1545]], is raised from the [[Solent]].<ref>{{cite book|author1=Margaret Rule|author2=Mary Rose Trust|title=The Mary Rose: A Guide to the Exhibition and Ship|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PbQ87eG9J3EC|year=1993|publisher=Mary Rose Trust|isbn=978-0-9511747-2-2|page=6}}</ref>
* [[October 20]] – [[Luzhniki disaster]]: During the [[UEFA Cup]] match between [[FC Spartak Moscow]] and [[HFC Haarlem]], 66 people are crushed to death.
* [[October 20]] – [[Luzhniki disaster]]: During the [[UEFA Cup]] match between [[FC Spartak Moscow]] and [[HFC Haarlem]], 66 people are crushed to death.
Line 154: Line 155:
=== November ===
=== November ===
* [[November 3]]
* [[November 3]]
** A gasoline or petrol tanker explodes in the [[Salang Tunnel]] in [[Afghanistan]], killing at least 176 people.
** A gasoline (petrol) tanker explodes in the [[Salang Tunnel]] in [[Afghanistan]], killing at least 176 people.
** The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] surges 43.41 points, or 4.25%, to close at 1,065.49, its first all-time high in more than 9 years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marotta |first1=David John |title=Volker's Bear: The Bear Market Of 1982 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidmarotta/2017/10/11/volkers-bear-the-bear-market-of-1982/?sh=6335dc0e5a29 |website=Forbes |date=11 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Merrill |title=Dow Industrials Soar to a Record of 1,065.49 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1982/11/04/dow-industrials-soar-to-a-record-of-106549/7e04d522-a607-4104-ad06-0851c3bcea4b/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=4 November 1982}}</ref>
** The [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]] surges 43.41 points, or 4.25%, to close at 1,065.49, its first all-time high in more than 9 years.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Marotta |first1=David John |title=Volker's Bear: The Bear Market Of 1982 |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidmarotta/2017/10/11/volkers-bear-the-bear-market-of-1982/?sh=6335dc0e5a29 |website=Forbes |date=11 October 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Merrill |title=Dow Industrials Soar to a Record of 1,065.49 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1982/11/04/dow-industrials-soar-to-a-record-of-106549/7e04d522-a607-4104-ad06-0851c3bcea4b/ |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=4 November 1982}}</ref>
* [[November 6]] – [[Cameroon]] president [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] resigns, replaced by [[Paul Biya]] who has ruled Cameroon ever since.
* [[November 6]] – [[Cameroon]] president [[Ahmadou Ahidjo]] resigns, replaced by [[Paul Biya]] who has ruled Cameroon ever since.
Line 167: Line 168:
* [[November 27]] – [[Yasuhiro Nakasone]] becomes Prime Minister of Japan.
* [[November 27]] – [[Yasuhiro Nakasone]] becomes Prime Minister of Japan.
* [[November 28]]
* [[November 28]]
** The [[Edmonton Eskimos]] win an unprecedented 5th [[consecutive]] [[Grey Cup]]; a feat yet unaccomplished by any professional football franchise to win the [[70th Grey Cup]] defeating the [[Toronto Argonauts]] 32–16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfl.ca/page/his_greycup_recap1982|title=1982 – Edmonton Eskimos 32, Toronto Argonauts 16|access-date=August 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231143927/http://www.cfl.ca/page/his_greycup_recap1982|archive-date=December 31, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** The [[Edmonton Eskimos]] win an unprecedented 5th [[consecutive]] [[Grey Cup]] – a feat yet unaccomplished by any professional football franchise – to win the [[70th Grey Cup]], defeating the [[Toronto Argonauts]] 32–16.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cfl.ca/page/his_greycup_recap1982|title=1982 – Edmonton Eskimos 32, Toronto Argonauts 16|access-date=August 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231143927/http://www.cfl.ca/page/his_greycup_recap1982|archive-date=December 31, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Al Ahly SC won the African Cup of Champions club (today known as the CAF Champions League) for the first time after defeating Ghanaian Asante Kotoko
** Al Ahly SC won the African Cup of Champions club (today known as the CAF Champions League) for the first time after defeating Ghanaian Asante Kotoko
* [[November 30]] – [[Michael Jackson]] releases his sixth studio album, ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'', in the United States, which will go on to be the best selling album of all time at 110 million units sold worldwide.
* [[November 29]] – [[Michael Jackson]] releases his sixth studio album, ''[[Thriller (Michael Jackson album)|Thriller]]'', in the United States, which will go on to be the best-selling album of all time at 110 million units sold worldwide.


=== December ===
=== December ===
Line 209: Line 210:
*[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/14/Chronology-of-major-events-1982/1005408690000/ Chronology of major events — 1982 - UPI Archives - UPI.com]
*[https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/12/14/Chronology-of-major-events-1982/1005408690000/ Chronology of major events — 1982 - UPI Archives - UPI.com]
{{Portal|1980s}}
{{Portal|1980s}}
{{Events by month links}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


Revision as of 18:06, 10 July 2024

This article is about the year 1982. For other uses, see 1982 (disambiguation).
Clockwise from top-left: the Syrian Arab Army and the Defense Companies besiege the city of Hama, killing 350–400 civilians; the compact disc (CD) is introduced; during the filming of Twilight Zone: The Movie, a Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopter crashes at Indian Dunes, killing actor Vic Morrow and child actors Myca Dinh Le and Renee Shin-Yi Chen; Steven Spielberg releases E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial which becomes the highest-grossing film of the decade; the 1982 FIFA World Cup is held in Spain and is won by Italy; Michael Jackson releases his sixth studio album, Thriller, which becomes the best-selling album of all time; Israel invades Lebanon again; Argentina invades Falkland Islands, which starts the Falklands War.
Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1982 by topic
Subject
By country
Lists of leaders
Birth and death categories
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Works category
1982 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1982
MCMLXXXII
Ab urbe condita2735
Armenian calendar1431
ԹՎ ՌՆԼԱ
Assyrian calendar6732
Baháʼí calendar138–139
Balinese saka calendar1903–1904
Bengali calendar1389
Berber calendar2932
British Regnal year30 Eliz. 2 – 31 Eliz. 2
Buddhist calendar2526
Burmese calendar1344
Byzantine calendar7490–7491
Chinese calendar辛酉年 (Metal Rooster)
4679 or 4472
    — to —
壬戌年 (Water Dog)
4680 or 4473
Coptic calendar1698–1699
Discordian calendar3148
Ethiopian calendar1974–1975
Hebrew calendar5742–5743
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat2038–2039
 - Shaka Samvat1903–1904
 - Kali Yuga5082–5083
Holocene calendar11982
Igbo calendar982–983
Iranian calendar1360–1361
Islamic calendar1402–1403
Japanese calendarShōwa 57
(昭和５７年)
Javanese calendar1914–1915
Juche calendar71
Julian calendarGregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar4315
Minguo calendarROC 71
民國71年
Nanakshahi calendar514
Thai solar calendar2525
Tibetan calendar阴金鸡年
(female Iron-Rooster)
2108 or 1727 or 955
    — to —
阳水狗年
(male Water-Dog)
2109 or 1728 or 956
Unix time378691200 – 410227199
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1982.

1982 (MCMLXXXII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1982nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 982nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 82nd year of the 20th century, and the 3rd year of the 1980s decade.

Events

January

February

March

April

May

Main article: May 1982

June

July

August

Helsinki Metro train in 1982

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Births and deaths

Main pages: Category:1982 births and Deaths in 1982

Nobel Prizes

Fields Medal

References

  1. ^ Trivers, R. L. & Newton, H. P. "The crash of flight 90: doomed by self-deception?" Science Digest (November 1982): pp. 66–67, 111.
  2. ^ "Elk Cloner". SearchSecurity. June 2004. Retrieved January 28, 2012.
  3. ^ Human Rights Law Journal: HRLJ. N.P. Engel. 1982. p. 221.
  4. ^ De Montricher, Nicole (July 1995). "Decentralization in France". Governance. 8 (3): 405–418. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0491.1995.tb00217.x.
  5. ^ The Jupiter Effect.
  6. ^ Noguchi, Thomas T. (1985). Coroner at Large. Simon and Schuster. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-671-54462-1.
  7. ^ "1982: Judge halts 'obscenity' trial". BBC News. March 18, 1982. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
  8. ^ Brenton, Howard (January 28, 2006). "Look back in anger". The Guardian. London. Retrieved November 30, 2007.
  9. ^ U.S. Library of Congress. "Bangladesh - THE ERSHAD PERIOD". Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  10. ^ Moreno, Isidoro J Ruiz (1987). Comandos en acción (in Spanish). Emecé editores. p. 21.
  11. ^ Freedman, Lawrence (2005). The Official History of the Falklands Campaign: The origins of the Falklands war. Routledge. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0-7146-5206-7.
  12. ^ Keith Sullivan (January 1, 1998). Education and Change in the Pacific Rim: meeting the challenges. Symposium Books Ltd. pp. 60–. ISBN 978-1-873927-33-5.
  13. ^ Kurt Pätzold; Manfred Weissbecker (2002). Schlagwörter und Schlachtrufe: aus zwei Jahrhunderten deutscher Geschichte (in German). Militzke. p. 136. ISBN 978-3-86189-270-0.
  14. ^ J.B.A Bailey (September 2, 2003). Field Artillery And Fire Power. Routledge. p. 149. ISBN 1-135-47811-2.
  15. ^ The Illustrated Weekly of India. Published for the proprietors, Bennett, Coleman & Company, Limited, at the Times of India Press. 1985. p. 14.
  16. ^ East Tennessee Historical Society (2002). "20th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair". The Knoxville News-Sentinel Co. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
  17. ^ "20th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair". History. The Knoxville News-Sentinel Co. 2002. Archived from the original on December 5, 2009. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
  18. ^ Wheeler, W Bruce (March 1, 2018). "Knoxville World's Fair of 1982". Tennessee Encyclopedia. Tennessee Historical Society. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
  19. ^ a b c d e "20th Anniversary of the 1982 World's Fair". Timeline. The Knoxville News-Sentinel Co. 2002. Archived from the original on January 1, 2010. Retrieved September 9, 2021.
  20. ^ a b c Golowanow, Łukasz (May 4, 2012). "Pocisk, który nie wybuchł – czyli zatopienie HMS Sheffield" [The missile that did not explode – the sinking of HMS Sheffield]. Konflikty.pl (in Polish). Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  21. ^ Weatherboy Team Meteorologist (May 2, 2020). "Weather Channel Celebrates 38th Birthday". Weatherboy. Isarithm LLC. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  22. ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY | 4 | 1982: Argentines destroy HMS Sheffield". BBC. 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  23. ^ "The horrifying crash that snapped the life from race..." United Press International, Inc. May 9, 1982. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  24. ^ "Pope John Paul 'wounded' in 1982". Europe. BBC News. October 16, 2008. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  25. ^ Diamond, Dan, ed. (2008). "This Date in Stanley Cup History". Total Stanley Cup: 2008 Playoff Media Guide (PDF). Dan Diamond and Associates, Inc. p. 95. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 26, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  26. ^ "The SAS vs The Exocets". Elite UK Forces. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  27. ^ Finlan, Alastair (October 16, 2009). Special Forces, Strategy and the War on Terror: Warfare By Other Means. Routledge. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-134-18043-1. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  28. ^ "Report of the Board of Inquiry Into the Loss of HMS Ardent" (PDF). August 6, 1982. pp. 3–4. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  29. ^ "HMS Ardent Association". Archived from the original on April 7, 2005. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  30. ^ "LOSS OF HMS ANTELOPE - BOARD OF INQUIRY" (PDF). August 11, 1982. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2011. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  31. ^ "Iran celebrates anniversary of liberating Khorramshahr". Alalam News Network. May 24, 2014. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  32. ^ Temko, Ned (December 30, 1982). "From Brezhnev to Andropov: why the transition has been so smooth". The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  33. ^ Burke, Damien. "25th May 1982". HMS Coventry D118. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  34. ^ "Board of Inquiry (REPORT): Loss of SS Atlantic Conveyor" (PDF). July 21, 1982. pp. 1 - 5-2 - 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 12, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2021.
  35. ^ Roberts, Maj. Brice (2016). Mission Command During the Falklands War: Opportunities and Limitations (PDF) (Report). Defense Technical Information Center. pp. 27–31. Retrieved September 21, 2023.
  36. ^ Howard Morley Sachar (1988). A History of Israel: Volume II: from the Aftermath of the Yom Kippur War. Oxford University Press. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-19-504623-6.
  37. ^ "Top Films of All-Time". filmsite.org. Retrieved June 16, 2018.
  38. ^ Montgomery, Paul L. (June 13, 1982). "THRONGS FILL MANHATTAN TO PROTEST NUCLEAR WEAPONS". The New York Times. Retrieved November 2, 2023.
  39. ^ Kerri McCaffety; Lynn Powers (1999). Obituary Cocktail: The Great Saloons of New Orleans. Winter Books. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-9653145-9-6.
  40. ^ Tapio Tolmunen (2002). Mutkatonta matkaa vuodesta 1982. Raka spår från år 1982 (in Finnish). Helsinki: Helsingin kaupungin liikennelaitos. pp. 43–44. ISBN 951-8926-84-0.
  41. ^ "Helsinki City Transport - About HKL - History - A brief history of the metro". Helsinki City Transport. March 19, 2012. Archived from the original on May 12, 2015. Retrieved September 21, 2013.
  42. ^ Clarence Tsui, South China Morning Post, 12/12/99, "From ads to ashes." (Archive)
  43. ^ Journal of Meteorology. Artetech International. 2002. p. 284.
  44. ^ Michael Curtis (1993). Introduction to Comparative Government. HarperCollins College Publishers. p. 209. ISBN 978-0-06-500552-3.
  45. ^ Margaret Rule; Mary Rose Trust (1993). The Mary Rose: A Guide to the Exhibition and Ship. Mary Rose Trust. p. 6. ISBN 978-0-9511747-2-2.
  46. ^ Marotta, David John (October 11, 2017). "Volker's Bear: The Bear Market Of 1982". Forbes.
  47. ^ Brown, Merrill (November 4, 1982). "Dow Industrials Soar to a Record of 1,065.49". The Washington Post.
  48. ^ Radio Free Europe Research. Radio Free Europe. 1983. p. 3.
  49. ^ "1982 – Edmonton Eskimos 32, Toronto Argonauts 16". Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved August 23, 2017.
  50. ^ "Bombs Rock I.B.M. Building And Airline Office". The New York Times. December 17, 1982.
  51. ^ "Terrorist Claim Bombing of IBM Building". Schenectady Gazette. March 21, 1984.
  52. ^ China Trade News. National Council for US-China Trade. 1983. p. 10.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1982&oldid=1233750482"