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The Age of Sail is a period in European history that lasted at the latest from the mid-16th (or mid-15th)^[1] to the mid-19th centuries, in which the dominance of sailing ships in global trade and warfare culminated, particularly marked by the introduction of naval artillery, and ultimately reached its highest extent at the advent of the analogue Age of Steam. Enabled by the advances of the related Age of Navigation, it is identified as a distinctive element of the early modern period^[2] and the Age of Discovery. ^[1]

Periodization

Like most periodic eras, defining the age is inexact and serves only as a general description. The term is used differently for warships and merchant vessels.

By the 14th century naval artillery was employed in Europe, documented at the Battle of Arnemuiden (1338). The 15th century saw the Iberian naval ventures all the way along the African Atlantic coast and across the Atlantic Ocean, starting the Age of Discovery.

For warships, the age of sail runs roughly from the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, the last significant engagement in which oar-propelled galleys played a major role, to the development of steam-powered warships.^[3]

Golden Age of Sail

The period between the mid-19th century to the early 20th century, when sailing vessels reached their peak of size and complexity (e.g. clippers and windjammers), is sometimes referred to as the "Golden Age of Sail".^[4]

Decline

The second sea-going steamboat was Richard Wright's first steamboat Experiment, an ex-French lugger; she steamed from Leeds to Yarmouth in July 1813.^[5]^[6] The first iron steamship to go to sea was the 116-ton Aaron Manby, built in 1821 by Aaron Manby at the Horseley Ironworks, and became the first iron-built vessel to put to sea when she crossed the English Channel in 1822, arriving in Paris on 22 June.^[7] She carried passengers and freight to Paris in 1822 at an average speed of 8 knots (9 mph, 14 km/h).

The first purpose-built steam battleship was the 90-gun Napoléon in 1850.^[8] Multiple steam battleships saw action during the Crimean war, especially the Allied (British, French and Ottoman) fleet Bombardment of Sevastopol as part of the Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855). The first ironclad battleship, Gloire, was launched by the French Navy in November 1859.^[9] In the March 1862 Battle of Hampton Roads, the ironclad CSS Virginia fought USS Monitor, making this the first fight between ironclads.

The Suez Canal in the Middle East, which opened in 1869, was more practical for steamships than for sailing ships, achieving a much shorter European-Asian sea route, which coincided with more fuel-efficient steamships, starting with Agamemnon in 1865.^[10]^[a]

By 1873, the Age of Sail for warships had ended,^{[citation needed]} with HMS Devastation commissioned in 1871. Devastation was the first class of ocean-going battleships that did not carry sails.

Sailing ships continued to be an economical way to transport bulk cargo on long voyages into the 1920s and 1930s, though steamships soon pushed them out of those trades as well. Sailing ships do not require fuel or complex engines to be powered; thus they tended to be more independent from sophisticated dedicated support bases on land. Crucially though, steam-powered ships held a speed advantage and were rarely hindered by adverse winds, freeing steam-powered vessels from the necessity of following trade winds. As a result, cargo and supplies could reach a foreign port in a fraction of the time it took a sailing ship.

Sailing vessels were pushed into narrower and narrower economic niches and gradually disappeared from commercial trade. Today, sailing vessels are only economically viable for small-scale coastal fishing, along with recreational uses such as yachting and passenger sail excursion ships.

In recent decades, the commercial shipping industry has been reviving interest in wind assisted ships as a way to conserve fuel in the interest of sustainability.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

A New Age of Sail has been predicted by some experts to occur by 2030, driven by a revolution in energy technology and a desire to reduce carbon emissions from maritime shipping through wind-assisted propulsion.^[13] The book Trade Winds: A Voyage to a Sustainable Future for Shipping discusses the potential of a return to wind propulsion through the firsthand experiences of Christiaan De Beukelaer, who spent five months aboard a sailing cargo ship in 2020.^[14]

Notes

^ The distance from London to Fuzhou via the Cape of Good Hope is 13,358 nmi (24,739 km), compared to 10,120 nmi (18,740 km) via the Suez canal.^[11] Sailing vessels going around the south of Africa would typically sail over 14,000 nmi (26,000 km) as their routes were adjusted to find favourable winds.^[12]^: 31

References

^ ^a ^b Gaynor, Jennifer L. (2013). "Ages of Sail, Ocean Basins, and Southeast Asia". Journal of World History. 24 (2). Project Muse: 309–333. doi:10.1353/jwh.2013.0059. ISSN 1527-8050. S2CID 161330041.
^ "The Age of Sail". HMS Trincomalee. Archived from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 12 April 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "The 74—the Perfect Age-of-Sail Ship". U.S. Naval Institute. 2019-02-01. Retrieved 2022-10-05.
^ "Sailing Ship Rigs" Archived 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine. Maritime Museum of the Atlantic
^ Malster, R (1971), Wherries & Waterways, Lavenham, p. 61{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).
^ Stephen, L. (1894). DNB. Smith, Elder, & Company. p. 399. Retrieved 2017-12-28.
^ "The First Steamboat Services in Europe". The Artist as Witness: Images of Technology. 2002. Archived from the original on 5 November 2004. Retrieved 21 July 2021.
^ Lambert, A. "The Screw Propellor Warship", in Gardiner Steam, Steel and Shellfire pp. 30–44.
^ Sondhaus, Lawrence. Naval Warfare 1815–1914 ISBN 0-415-21478-5, pp. 73–74.
^ Jarvis, Adrian (1993). "9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr Basil (eds.). The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-85177-563-2.
^ maritime data systems. "Sea Routes". m.classic.searoutes.com. Retrieved 18 August 2021.
^ MacGregor, David R. (1983). The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833–1875. Conway Maritime Press Limited. ISBN 0-85177-256-0.
^ "New age of sail looks to slash massive maritime carbon emissions". Mongabay Environmental News. 2021-03-15. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
^ Christiaan De Beukelaer (2023). Trade Winds: A Voyage to a Sustainable Future for Shipping. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-5261-6309-7.

[13] The distance from London to Fuzhou via the Cape of Good Hope is 13,358 nmi (24,739 km), compared to 10,120 nmi (18,740 km) via the Suez canal.^[11] Sailing vessels going around the south of Africa would typically sail over 14,000 nmi (26,000 km) as their routes were adjusted to find favourable winds.^[12]^: 31

[Gaynor_2013-1] Gaynor, Jennifer L. (2013). "Ages of Sail, Ocean Basins, and Southeast Asia". Journal of World History. 24 (2). Project Muse: 309–333. doi:10.1353/jwh.2013.0059. ISSN 1527-8050. S2CID 161330041.

[2] "The Age of Sail". HMS Trincomalee. Archived from the original on 2016-03-16. Retrieved 12 April 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)

[3] "The 74—the Perfect Age-of-Sail Ship". U.S. Naval Institute. 2019-02-01. Retrieved 2022-10-05.

[4] "Sailing Ship Rigs" Archived 2010-12-28 at the Wayback Machine. Maritime Museum of the Atlantic

[5] Malster, R (1971), Wherries & Waterways, Lavenham, p. 61{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link).

[google-6] Stephen, L. (1894). DNB. Smith, Elder, & Company. p. 399. Retrieved 2017-12-28.

[artistaswitness-7] "The First Steamboat Services in Europe". The Artist as Witness: Images of Technology. 2002. Archived from the original on 5 November 2004. Retrieved 21 July 2021.

[Screw-8] Lambert, A. "The Screw Propellor Warship", in Gardiner Steam, Steel and Shellfire pp. 30–44.

[9] Sondhaus, Lawrence. Naval Warfare 1815–1914 ISBN 0-415-21478-5, pp. 73–74.

[Jarvis-10] Jarvis, Adrian (1993). "9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine". In Gardiner, Robert; Greenhill, Dr Basil (eds.). The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900. Conway Maritime Press. pp. 158–159. ISBN 0-85177-563-2.

[maritime_data-11] ritime data systems. "Sea Routes". m.classic.searoutes.com. Retrieved 18 August 2021.

[MacGregor_1983-12] MacGregor, David R. (1983). The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833–1875. Conway Maritime Press Limited. ISBN 0-85177-256-0.

[14] "New age of sail looks to slash massive maritime carbon emissions". Mongabay Environmental News. 2021-03-15. Retrieved 2021-06-07.

[15] Christiaan De Beukelaer (2023). Trade Winds: A Voyage to a Sustainable Future for Shipping. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-5261-6309-7.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Historical era during which sailing ships dominated global trade and warfare}}
+{{Short description|Historical era when sailing ships dominated global trade and warfare}}
-{{For|the video games|Age of Sail (video game)|Age of Sail II}}
+{{For|the video game|Age of Sail (video game){{!}}''Age of Sail'' (video game)}}
-[[File:Battle of Scheveningen (Slag bij Ter Heijde)(Jan Abrahamsz. Beerstraten).jpg|thumb|300px|''The [[Battle of Scheveningen]], 10 August 1653'', painted by [[Jan Abrahamsz Beerstraaten]].]]
+[[File:Battle of Scheveningen (Slag bij Ter Heijde)(Jan Abrahamsz. Beerstraten).jpg|thumb|300px|''The [[Battle of Scheveningen]], 10 August 1653'', painted by [[Jan Abrahamsz Beerstraaten]]]]
-[[Image:Warship diagram orig.jpg|thumb|A ship of war, [[Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|Cyclopaedia 1728]], Vol 2]]
+[[Image:Warship diagram orig.jpg|thumb|A ship of war, [[Cyclopaedia, or an Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences|''Cyclopaedia'' 1728]], Vol 2]]
-The '''Age of Sail''' is a [[periodization|period]] that lasted at the latest from the mid-[[16th century|16th]] (or mid-[[15th century|15th]])<ref name="Gaynor 2013"/> to the mid-[[19th century|19th]] centuries, in which the dominance of [[sailing ship]]s in [[globalization|global trade and warfare]] culminated, particularly marked by the introduction of [[Naval artillery in the Age of Sail|naval artillery]], and ultimately reached its highest extent at the advent of the analogue [[Steam power during the Industrial Revolution|Age of Steam]]. Enabled by the advances of the related [[Maritime history#Age of Navigation|Age of Navigation]], it is identified as a distinctive element of the [[early modern period]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hms-trincomalee.co.uk/history/the-age-of-sail |title=The Age of Sail |website=HMS Trincomalee |access-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316114603/http://www.hms-trincomalee.co.uk/history/the-age-of-sail |archive-date=2016-03-16 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> and the [[Age of Discovery]]. Especially in context of the latter, it refers to a more particular Eurocentric Age of Sail, while generally the Age of Sail is the culminating period of a long intercontinental [[Sailing#History|history of sailing]].<ref name="Gaynor 2013">{{cite journal | last=Gaynor | first=Jennifer L. | title=Ages of Sail, Ocean Basins, and Southeast Asia | journal=Journal of World History | publisher=Project Muse | volume=24 | issue=2 | year=2013 | issn=1527-8050 | doi=10.1353/jwh.2013.0059 | pages=309–333| s2cid=161330041 }}</ref>
+The '''Age of Sail''' is a period in European history that lasted at the latest from the mid-16th (or mid-15th)<ref name="Gaynor 2013"/> to the mid-19th centuries, in which the dominance of [[sailing ship]]s in [[global trade]] and [[warfare]] culminated, particularly marked by the introduction of [[Naval artillery in the Age of Sail|naval artillery]], and ultimately reached its highest extent at the advent of the analogue [[Steam power during the Industrial Revolution|Age of Steam]]. Enabled by the advances of the related [[Maritime history#Age of Navigation|Age of Navigation]], it is identified as a distinctive element of the [[early modern period]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hms-trincomalee.co.uk/history/the-age-of-sail |title=The Age of Sail |website=HMS Trincomalee |access-date=12 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316114603/http://www.hms-trincomalee.co.uk/history/the-age-of-sail |archive-date=2016-03-16 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> and the [[Age of Discovery]]. <ref name="Gaynor 2013">{{cite journal | last=Gaynor | first=Jennifer L. | title=Ages of Sail, Ocean Basins, and Southeast Asia | journal=Journal of World History | publisher=Project Muse | volume=24 | issue=2 | year=2013 | issn=1527-8050 | doi=10.1353/jwh.2013.0059 | pages=309–333| s2cid=161330041 }}</ref>
 ==Periodization==
@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 Like most [[History by period|periodic eras]], [[Periodization|defining the age]] is inexact and serves only as a general description. The term is used differently for warships and merchant vessels.
+By the 14th century [[naval artillery]] was employed in Europe, documented at the [[Battle of Arnemuiden]] (1338). The 15th century saw the [[Iberia]]n naval ventures all the way along the African Atlantic coast and across the Atlantic Ocean, starting the [[Age of Discovery]].
-[[File:Austronesian maritime trade network in the Indian Ocean.png|thumb|left|[[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian]] proto-historic and [[Maritime Silk Road|historic]] maritime [[Indian Ocean trade|trade network in the Indian Ocean]]<ref name="Manguin2016">{{cite book|first1=Pierre-Yves |last1=Manguin|editor1-first=Gwyn |editor1-last=Campbell|title =Early Exchange between Africa and the Wider Indian Ocean World |chapter =Austronesian Shipping in the Indian Ocean: From Outrigger Boats to Trading Ships|publisher =Palgrave Macmillan|year =2016|pages=51–76|isbn =9783319338224|chapter-url =https://books.google.com/books?id=XsvDDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA50}}</ref>]]
+For warships, the age of sail runs roughly from the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571, the last significant engagement in which [[oar]]-propelled [[galley]]s played a major role, to the development of [[Steam-powered vessel|steam-powered]] [[warship]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-01 |title=The 74—the Perfect Age-of-Sail Ship |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2019/february/74-perfect-age-sail-ship |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref>
-Sailing ships are an ancient technology, making far-reaching trade like the ancient [[spice trade]] possible. With the [[Mongol invasion of Java]], cannons started to be used in [[naval warfare]] (e.g. [[Cetbang]] by the [[Majapahit]]),<ref name="Wade 2005 pp. 37–58">{{cite journal | last=Wade | first=Geoff | title=The Zheng He Voyages: A Reassessment | journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society | publisher=Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society | volume=78 | issue=1 (288) | year=2005 | issn=2180-4338 | jstor=41493537 | pages=37–58 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41493537 | access-date=2021-08-18}}</ref> and by the 14th century [[naval artillery]] was employed in Europe, documented at the [[Battle of Arnemuiden]] (1338). The 15th century, besides the established sea powers of the central [[Indian Ocean trade]], such as the [[Thalassocracy|maritime kingdoms]] of [[Austronesia]], saw a rise in the deployment of oceans voyaging fleets (including carrying naval artillery) from the extreme points of the trade, such as the [[Ming treasure voyages]] or the [[Iberia]]n naval ventures all the way along the [[Africa]]n Atlantic coast and across the [[Atlantic Ocean]], starting the [[Age of Discovery]].
-[[File:ZhengHeShips.gif|thumb|Several of [[Zheng He]]'s 15th century [[Chinese treasure ship|ships]] as depicted on a [[woodblock print]], early 17th century]]
-For warships, the age of sail runs roughly from the [[Battle of Lepanto (1571)|Battle of Lepanto]] in 1571, the last significant engagement in which [[oar]]-propelled [[galley]]s played a major role, to the development of [[Steam-powered vessel|steam-powered]] [[warship]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-01 |title=The 74—the Perfect Age-of-Sail Ship |url=https://www.usni.org/magazines/naval-history-magazine/2019/february/74-perfect-age-sail-ship |url-status=live |access-date=2022-10-05 |website=U.S. Naval Institute |language=en}}</ref>
 ===Golden Age of Sail===
@@ Line 22: / Line 18: @@
 ==Decline==
-The second sea-going [[steamboat]] was Richard Wright's first steamboat ''Experiment'', an ex-French [[lugger]]; she steamed from [[Leeds]] to [[Great Yarmouth|Yarmouth]] in July 1813.<ref>{{Citation | first = R | last = Malster | title = Wherries & Waterways | place = Lavenham | year = 1971 | page = 61}}.</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=DNB|author=Stephen, L.|date=1894|publisher=Smith, Elder, & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA399|page=399|access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref><!---could use better citation to prove that there was a canal from Leeds to Yarmouth, but that seems to be the intent of all statements on the subject--> The first iron steamship to go to sea was the 116-ton ''[[Aaron Manby]]'', built in 1821 by [[Aaron Manby (ironmaster)|Aaron Manby]] at the [[Horseley Ironworks]], and became the first iron-built vessel to put to sea when she crossed the [[English Channel]] in 1822, arriving in Paris on 22 June.<ref name="artistaswitness">{{cite web |title=The First Steamboat Services in Europe |url=http://www.artistaswitness.com/Steamships/steamships_dn_07.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105093118/http://www.artistaswitness.com/Steamships/steamships_dn_07.htm |archive-date=5 October 2004 |publisher=The Artist as Witness: Images of Technology |date=2002 |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> She carried passengers and freight to Paris in 1822 at an average speed of 8 knots (9&nbsp;mph, 14&nbsp;km/h).
+The second sea-going [[steamboat]] was Richard Wright's first steamboat ''Experiment'', an ex-French [[lugger]]; she steamed from [[Leeds]] to [[Great Yarmouth|Yarmouth]] in July 1813.<ref>{{Citation | first = R | last = Malster | title = Wherries & Waterways | place = Lavenham | year = 1971 | page = 61}}.</ref><ref name="google">{{cite book|title=DNB|author=Stephen, L.|date=1894|publisher=Smith, Elder, & Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=puApAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA399|page=399|access-date=2017-12-28}}</ref><!---could use better citation to prove that there was a canal from Leeds to Yarmouth, but that seems to be the intent of all statements on the subject--> The first iron steamship to go to sea was the 116-ton ''[[Aaron Manby]]'', built in 1821 by [[Aaron Manby (ironmaster)|Aaron Manby]] at the [[Horseley Ironworks]], and became the first iron-built vessel to put to sea when she crossed the [[English Channel]] in 1822, arriving in [[Paris]] on 22 June.<ref name="artistaswitness">{{cite web |title=The First Steamboat Services in Europe |url=http://www.artistaswitness.com/Steamships/steamships_dn_07.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041105093118/http://www.artistaswitness.com/Steamships/steamships_dn_07.htm |archive-date=5 November 2004 |publisher=The Artist as Witness: Images of Technology |date=2002 |access-date=21 July 2021}}</ref> She carried passengers and freight to Paris in 1822 at an average speed of 8 knots (9&nbsp;mph, 14&nbsp;km/h).
 The first purpose-built steam battleship was the 90-gun {{ship|French ship|Napoléon|1850|2}} in 1850.<ref name = "Screw">Lambert, A. "The Screw Propellor Warship", in Gardiner ''Steam, Steel and Shellfire'' pp. 30–44.</ref> Multiple steam battleships saw action during the [[Crimean war]], especially the Allied (British, French and Ottoman) fleet Bombardment of [[Sevastopol]] as part of the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)]]. The first ironclad battleship, {{ship|French ironclad|Gloire||2}}, was launched by the [[French Navy]] in November 1859.<ref>Sondhaus, Lawrence. ''Naval Warfare 1815–1914'' {{ISBN|0-415-21478-5}}, pp. 73–74.</ref> In the March 1862 [[Battle of Hampton Roads]], the [[ironclad]] {{ship|CSS|Virginia}} fought {{USS|Monitor}}, making this the first fight between ironclads.
-The [[Suez Canal]] in the Middle East, which opened in 1869, was more practical for steamships than for sailing ships, achieving a much shorter [[European-Asian sea route]], which coincided with more fuel-efficient steamships, starting with {{SS|Agamemnon|1865|2}} in 1865.<ref name="Jarvis">{{cite book |last=Jarvis |first=Adrian |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-last= Gardiner |editor2-first=Dr Basil |editor2-last=Greenhill |date=1993 |title=The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |pages=158–159 |chapter=9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine |isbn=0-85177-563-2}}</ref>{{efn|The distance from London to Fuzhou via the Cape of Good Hope is {{convert|13358|nmi|km|abbr=on}}, compared to {{convert|10120|nmi|km|abbr=on}} via the Suez canal.<ref name="maritime data">{{cite web |last1=maritime data systems |title=Sea Routes |url=https://classic.searoutes.com/routing/4294967421/(51.460079193115234,%200.35891589522361755)/4294967865/4294968021?speed=10&panama=true&suez=true&kiel=true&rivers=block&roads=block&avoided-ports=GBLGP |website=m.classic.searoutes.com |access-date=18 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Sailing vessels going around the south of Africa would typically sail over {{convert|14000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} as their routes were adjusted to find favourable winds.<ref name="MacGregor 1983">{{cite book |last=MacGregor |first=David R. |date= 1983|title=The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833-1875 |url= |location= |publisher=Conway Maritime Press Limited |isbn=0-85177-256-0}}</ref>{{rp|31}}}}
+The [[Suez Canal]] in the Middle East, which opened in 1869, was more practical for steamships than for sailing ships, achieving a much shorter [[European-Asian sea route]], which coincided with more fuel-efficient steamships, starting with {{SS|Agamemnon|1865|2}} in 1865.<ref name="Jarvis">{{cite book |last=Jarvis |first=Adrian |editor1-first=Robert |editor1-last= Gardiner |editor2-first=Dr Basil |editor2-last=Greenhill |date=1993 |title=The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900 |publisher=Conway Maritime Press |pages=158–159 |chapter=9: Alfred Holt and the Compound Engine |isbn=0-85177-563-2}}</ref>{{efn|The distance from London to Fuzhou via the Cape of Good Hope is {{convert|13358|nmi|km|abbr=on}}, compared to {{convert|10120|nmi|km|abbr=on}} via the Suez canal.<ref name="maritime data">{{cite web |last1=maritime data systems |title=Sea Routes |url=https://classic.searoutes.com/routing/4294967421/(51.460079193115234,%200.35891589522361755)/4294967865/4294968021?speed=10&panama=true&suez=true&kiel=true&rivers=block&roads=block&avoided-ports=GBLGP |website=m.classic.searoutes.com |access-date=18 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Sailing vessels going around the south of Africa would typically sail over {{convert|14000|nmi|km|abbr=on}} as their routes were adjusted to find favourable winds.<ref name="MacGregor 1983">{{cite book |last=MacGregor |first=David R. |date= 1983|title=The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833–1875 |url= |location= |publisher=Conway Maritime Press Limited |isbn=0-85177-256-0}}</ref>{{rp|31}}}}
 By 1873, the Age of Sail for warships had ended,{{cn|date=March 2021}} with {{HMS|Devastation|1871|6}} commissioned in 1871. ''Devastation'' was the first class of ocean-going battleships that did not carry sails.
@@ Line 36: / Line 32: @@
 Sailing vessels were pushed into narrower and narrower economic niches and gradually disappeared from commercial trade. Today, sailing vessels are only economically viable for small-scale coastal fishing, along with recreational uses such as [[yachting]] and passenger sail excursion ships.
-In recent decades, the commercial shipping industry has been reviving interest in [[wind-assisted propulsion|wind assisted ships]] as a way to conserve fuel in the interest of sustainability.{{cn|date=April 2021}}
+In recent decades, the commercial shipping industry has been reviving interest in [[wind-assisted propulsion|wind assisted ships]] as a way to conserve fuel in the interest of [[sustainability]].{{cn|date=April 2021}}
 == Legacy<!--'New Age of Sail' redirects here--> ==
-A '''New Age of Sail'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> has been predicted by some experts to occur by 2030, driven by a revolution in energy technology and a desire to reduce [[carbon emission]]s from maritime shipping through [[wind-assisted propulsion]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title=New age of sail looks to slash massive maritime carbon emissions|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/new-age-of-sail-looks-to-slash-massive-maritime-carbon-emissions/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}</ref> The book ''Trade Winds: A Voyage to a Sustainable Future for Shipping'' discusses the potential of a return to wind propulsion through the firsthand experiences of [[Christiaan De Beukelaer]], who spent five months aboard a sailing cargo ship in 2020.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526163097/|title=Trade Winds: A Voyage to a Sustainable Future for Shipping|author=Christiaan De Beukelaer|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2023|isbn=978-1-5261-6309-7}}</ref>
+A '''New Age of Sail'''<!--boldface per WP:R#PLA--> has been predicted by some experts to occur by 2030, driven by a revolution in [[energy technology]] and a desire to reduce [[carbon emission]]s from [[maritime shipping]] through [[wind-assisted propulsion]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title=New age of sail looks to slash massive maritime carbon emissions|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/new-age-of-sail-looks-to-slash-massive-maritime-carbon-emissions/|access-date=2021-06-07|website=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US}}</ref> The book ''Trade Winds: A Voyage to a Sustainable Future for Shipping'' discusses the potential of a return to wind propulsion through the firsthand experiences of Christiaan De Beukelaer, who spent five months aboard a sailing cargo ship in 2020.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://manchesteruniversitypress.co.uk/9781526163097/|title=Trade Winds: A Voyage to a Sustainable Future for Shipping|author=Christiaan De Beukelaer|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2023|isbn=978-1-5261-6309-7}}</ref>
 ==See also==