Henry Addington: Difference between revisions
No edit summary |
|||
(16 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown) | |||
Line 78: | Line 78: | ||
| predecessor9 = [[William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville|William Grenville]] |
| predecessor9 = [[William Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville|William Grenville]] |
||
| successor9 = ''Office abolished'' |
| successor9 = ''Office abolished'' |
||
| office10 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br/>for [[Devizes (UK Parliament constituency)|Devizes]] |
| office10 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]<br />for [[Devizes (UK Parliament constituency)|Devizes]] |
||
| term_start10 = 1784 |
| term_start10 = 1784 |
||
| term_end10 = 1805 |
| term_end10 = 1805 |
||
Line 91: | Line 91: | ||
| party = [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] ({{wt|en|Addingtonian}}) |
| party = [[Tories (British political party)|Tory]] ({{wt|en|Addingtonian}}) |
||
| spouse = {{plainlist}} |
| spouse = {{plainlist}} |
||
*{{marriage|Ursula Hammond|19 September 1781|28 June 1811|reason=died}} |
* {{marriage|[[Ursula Addington|Ursula Hammond]]|19 September 1781|28 June 1811|reason=died}} |
||
*{{marriage|Marianne Townsend |
* {{marriage|Marianne Townsend|1823}} |
||
{{endplainlist}} |
{{endplainlist}} |
||
| children = 8 (by Hammond) |
| children = 8 (by Hammond) |
||
Line 104: | Line 104: | ||
| footnotes = {{notelist}} |
| footnotes = {{notelist}} |
||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|PC}} (30 May 1757{{spaced ndash}}15 February 1844) was a [[British Tory]] statesman who served as [[prime minister of the United Kingdom]] from 1801 to 1804. |
'''Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|size=100%|PC}} (30 May 1757{{spaced ndash}}15 February 1844) was a [[British Tory]] statesman who served as [[prime minister of the United Kingdom]] from 1801 to 1804 and as [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]] from 1789 to 1801. |
||
Addington is best known for obtaining the [[Treaty of Amiens]] in 1802, an unfavourable peace with [[First French Empire|Napoleonic France]] which marked the end of the [[War of the Second Coalition|Second Coalition]] during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. When that treaty broke down, Addington resumed the war without allies. He conducted relatively weak defensive hostilities, ahead of what would become the [[War of the Third Coalition]]. He was forced from office in favour of [[William Pitt the Younger]], who had preceded Addington as Prime Minister. Addington is also known for his [[reactionary]] crackdown on advocates of [[democratic reform]]s during a ten-year spell as [[Home Secretary]] from 1812 to 1822. He is the longest continuously serving holder of that office since it was created in 1782. |
Addington is best known for obtaining the [[Treaty of Amiens]] in 1802, an unfavourable peace with [[First French Empire|Napoleonic France]] which marked the end of the [[War of the Second Coalition|Second Coalition]] during the [[French Revolutionary Wars]]. When that treaty broke down, Addington resumed the war without allies. He conducted relatively weak defensive hostilities, ahead of what would become the [[War of the Third Coalition]]. He was forced from office in favour of [[William Pitt the Younger]], who had preceded Addington as Prime Minister. Addington is also known for his [[reactionary]] crackdown on advocates of [[democratic reform]]s during a ten-year spell as [[Home Secretary]] from 1812 to 1822. He is the longest continuously serving holder of that office since it was created in 1782. |
||
==Family== |
==Family== |
||
⚫ | Henry Addington was the son of [[Anthony Addington]], [[Pitt the Elder]]'s physician; and Mary Addington, the daughter of the Rev. Haviland John Hiley, headmaster of [[Reading School]]. As a consequence of his father's position, Addington was a childhood friend of [[William Pitt the Younger]]. Addington studied at [[Reading School]], [[Winchester College|Winchester]], and [[Brasenose College, Oxford]], and then studied law at [[Lincoln's Inn]]. |
||
{{Unreferenced section|date=January 2023}} |
|||
⚫ | Henry Addington was the son of [[Anthony Addington]], [[Pitt the Elder]]'s physician; and Mary Addington, the daughter of the Rev. Haviland John Hiley, headmaster of [[Reading School]]. As a consequence of his father's position, Addington was a childhood friend of [[William Pitt the Younger]]. Addington studied at [[Reading School]], [[Winchester College|Winchester]], and [[Brasenose College, Oxford]], and then studied law at [[Lincoln's Inn |
||
He married [[Ursula Addington|Ursula Mary Hammond]] in 1791; she brought an income of £1,000 a year into the marriage. The couple had eight children, of whom six survived to adulthood. Ursula Addington died in 1823. Afterwards, he married a widow, Marianne Townsend, daughter of [[William Scott, 1st Baron Stowell]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Parker |first1=Robert J. |title=British Prime Ministers |date=2013 |publisher=Amberley Publishing |isbn=978-1445610214 |page=44 |url=https://archive.org/details/britishprimemini0000park_m3s3/page/44/mode/1up}}</ref> |
|||
==Political career== |
==Political career== |
||
He was elected to the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]] in 1784 as one of the Members of Parliament for [[Devizes (UK Parliament constituency)|Devizes]], and became [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]] in 1789. In March 1801, [[William Pitt the Younger]] resigned from office, ostensibly over the refusal of King [[George III]] to remove some of the existing political restrictions on Roman Catholics in Ireland ([[Catholic Emancipation]]), but poor health, failure in war, economic collapse, alarming levels of [[social unrest]] due to [[famine]], and irreconcilable divisions within the Cabinet also played a role. Both Pitt and the King insisted that Addington take over as Prime Minister, despite his own objections, and his failed attempts to reconcile the King and Pitt.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} |
He was elected to the [[House of Commons of Great Britain|House of Commons]] in 1784 as one of the Members of Parliament for [[Devizes (UK Parliament constituency)|Devizes]], and became [[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons]] in 1789. In March 1801, [[William Pitt the Younger]] resigned from office, ostensibly over the refusal of King [[George III]] to remove some of the existing political restrictions on Roman Catholics in Ireland ([[Catholic Emancipation]]), but poor health, failure in war, economic collapse, alarming levels of [[social unrest]] due to [[famine]], and irreconcilable divisions within the Cabinet also played a role. Both Pitt and the King insisted that Addington take over as Prime Minister, despite his own objections, and his failed attempts to reconcile the King and Pitt.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} |
||
==Prime Minister<span class="anchor" id="Premiership"></span><!-- linked from redirects [[Premiership of Henry Addington]], [[Prime ministership of Henry Addington]] -->== |
|||
{{further|Addington ministry}} |
{{further|Addington ministry}} |
||
{{see also|United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars}} |
{{see also|United Kingdom in the Napoleonic Wars}} |
||
Foreign policy was the centrepiece of his term in office. Some historians have been highly critical and said that it was ignorant and indifferent to Britain's greatest needs. However, Thomas Goldsmith argues that Addington and Hawkesbury conducted a logical, consistent and eurocentric balance-of-power policy, rooted in rules and assumptions governing their conduct, rather than a chaotic free-for-all approach.{{sfn|Goldsmith|2016}} |
Foreign policy was the centrepiece of his term in office. Some historians have been highly critical and said that it was ignorant and indifferent to Britain's greatest needs. However, Thomas Goldsmith argues that Addington and Hawkesbury conducted a logical, consistent and [[eurocentric]] [[Balance of power (international relations)|balance-of-power]] policy, rooted in rules and assumptions governing their conduct, rather than a chaotic free-for-all approach.{{sfn|Goldsmith|2016}} |
||
Addington's domestic reforms doubled the efficiency of the [[income tax]]. In foreign affairs, he secured the [[Treaty of Amiens]] in 1802. While the treaty's terms were the bare minimum that the British government could accept, [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte would not have agreed to any terms more favourable to the British, and the British government had reached a state of financial collapse from war expenditure, the loss of Continental markets for British goods and two successive failed harvests that had led to widespread famine and social unrest, rendering peace a necessity.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} |
Addington's domestic reforms doubled the efficiency of the [[income tax]]. In foreign affairs, he secured the [[Treaty of Amiens]] in 1802. While the treaty's terms were the bare minimum that the British government could accept, [[Napoleon]] Bonaparte would not have agreed to any terms more favourable to the British, and the British government had reached a state of financial collapse from war expenditure, the loss of Continental markets for British goods and two successive failed harvests that had led to widespread famine and social unrest, rendering peace a necessity.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} |
||
Line 124: | Line 125: | ||
By early 1803, Britain's financial and diplomatic positions had recovered sufficiently to allow Addington to declare war on France, when it became clear that the French would not allow a settlement for the defences of Malta that would have been secure enough to fend off a French invasion that appeared imminent.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} |
By early 1803, Britain's financial and diplomatic positions had recovered sufficiently to allow Addington to declare war on France, when it became clear that the French would not allow a settlement for the defences of Malta that would have been secure enough to fend off a French invasion that appeared imminent.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} |
||
At the time and ever since, Addington has been criticised for his lacklustre conduct of the war and his defensive posture. However, without allies, Britain's options were limited to defence. He increased the forces, provided a tax base that could finance an enlarged war and seized several French possessions. To gain allies, Addington cultivated better relations with |
At the time and ever since, Addington has been criticised for his lacklustre conduct of the war and his defensive posture. However, without allies, Britain's options were limited to defence. He increased the forces, provided a tax base that could finance an enlarged war and seized several French possessions. To gain allies, Addington cultivated better relations with the [[Russian Empire]],{{sfn|Feldbæk|1978}} the [[Austrian Empire]], and the [[Kingdom of Prussia]]. These relations culminated in the [[Third Coalition]] shortly after Addington left office. Addington also strengthened British defences against a French invasion through the building of [[Martello tower]]s on the [[Southern England|south coast]] and the raising of more than 600,000 men at arms.{{sfn|Hall|1988}} |
||
=== |
=== Foundling Hospital === |
||
In 1802, Addington accepted an honorary position as vice-president for life on the Court of Governors of London's [[Foundling Hospital]] for abandoned babies. |
In 1802, Addington accepted an honorary position as vice-president for life on the Court of Governors of London's [[Foundling Hospital]] for abandoned babies. |
||
=== |
=== Loss of office === |
||
[[File:Britannia-between-Death-and-the-Doctors-Gillray.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|In ''Britannia between Death and the Doctor's'' (1804), [[James Gillray]] caricatured Pitt as a doctor kicking Addington (the previous doctor) out of Britannia's sickroom.]] |
[[File:Britannia-between-Death-and-the-Doctors-Gillray.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|In ''Britannia between Death and the Doctor's'' (1804), [[James Gillray]] caricatured Pitt as a doctor kicking Addington (the previous doctor) out of Britannia's sickroom.]] |
||
Although the King stood by him, it was not enough, because Addington did not have a strong enough hold on both Houses of Parliament. By May 1804, partisan criticism of Addington's war policies provided the pretext for a parliamentary putsch by the three major factions ([[William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville|Grenvillites]], [[Charles James Fox|Foxites]], and Pittites), who had decided that they should replace Addington's ministry. Addington's greatest failing was his inability to manage a parliamentary majority by cultivating the loyal support of MPs beyond his own circle and the friends of the King. That, combined with his mediocre speaking ability, left him vulnerable to Pitt's mastery of parliamentary management and his unparallelled oratory skills. Pitt's parliamentary assault against Addington in March 1804 led to the slimming of his parliamentary majority to the point that defeat in the House of Commons was imminent.{{sfn|McCahill|1987}} |
Although the King stood by him, it was not enough, because Addington did not have a strong enough hold on both Houses of Parliament. By May 1804, partisan criticism of Addington's war policies provided the pretext for a parliamentary putsch by the three major factions ([[William Wyndham Grenville, 1st Baron Grenville|Grenvillites]], [[Charles James Fox|Foxites]], and Pittites), who had decided that they should replace Addington's ministry. Addington's greatest failing was his inability to manage a parliamentary majority by cultivating the loyal support of MPs beyond his own circle and the friends of the King. That, combined with his mediocre speaking ability, left him vulnerable to Pitt's mastery of parliamentary management and his unparallelled oratory skills. Pitt's parliamentary assault against Addington in March 1804 led to the slimming of his parliamentary majority to the point that defeat in the House of Commons was imminent.{{sfn|McCahill|1987}} |
||
==Lord President and Lord Privy Seal== |
|||
Addington remained an important political figure because he had gained a large following of MPs who supported him loyally in the Commons. He was reconciled with Pitt in December 1804, with the help of [[Lord Hawkesbury]] as an intermediary. As a result, Pitt arranged for him to join the Cabinet as [[Lord President of the Council]] in January 1805 |
Addington remained an important political figure because he had gained a large following of MPs who supported him loyally in the Commons. He was reconciled with Pitt in December 1804, with the help of [[Lord Hawkesbury]] as an intermediary. As a result, Pitt arranged for him to join the Cabinet as [[Lord President of the Council]] in January 1805. Pitt insisted for Addington to accept a [[peerage]] to avoid the inconvenience of them sitting together in the Commons. Addington was created [[Viscount Sidmouth]], of [[Sidmouth]] in the [[Devon|County of Devon]] on 12 January 1805.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=15770 |date=12 January 1805 |page=46}}</ref> |
||
In return for the support of the government by Addington's loyal supporters, Pitt agreed to include |
In return for the support of the government by Addington's loyal supporters, Pitt agreed to include [[Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire]], Addington's colleague, as [[Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster]] with a promise to elevate him to the first vacancy of a more senior position in the Cabinet. However, when [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville|Melville]] resigned as [[First Lord of the Admiralty]] in July 1805, Pitt broke his promise by having [[Sir Charles Middleton]] appointed instead of Buckinghamshire. As a result of the betrayal, Addington and Buckinghamshire resigned and took all of their supporters into opposition. Addington was appointed [[Lord Privy Seal]] in 1806 in the [[Ministry of All the Talents]] that succeeded Pitt. Later that year he returned to the position of Lord President to 1807. His resignation precipitated the fall of the Talents Ministry. Addington was opposed to a limited measure of Catholic Emancipation, which the Cabinet was considering despite the opposition of [[King George III]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}} |
||
==Home Secretary== |
|||
He returned to government again as Lord President in March 1812, and, in June of the same year, became [[Home Secretary]]. As Home Secretary, Addington countered revolutionary opposition, being responsible for the temporary [[Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1817|suspension]] of ''[[habeas corpus]]'' in 1817 and the passage of the [[Six Acts]] in 1819. His tenure also saw the [[Peterloo Massacre]] of 1819. He left office in 1822, succeeded as Home Secretary by Sir [[Robert Peel]] |
He returned to government again as Lord President in March 1812, and, in June of the same year, became [[Home Secretary]]. As Home Secretary, Addington countered revolutionary opposition, being responsible for the temporary [[Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1817|suspension]] of ''[[habeas corpus]]'' in 1817 and the passage of the [[Six Acts]] in 1819. His tenure also saw the [[Peterloo Massacre]] of 1819. He left office in 1822, succeeded as Home Secretary by Sir [[Robert Peel]]. |
||
Addington remained in the Cabinet as [[Minister without portfolio (United Kingdom)|Minister without Portfolio]] for the next two years, opposing, along with [[Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington]], other members of Cabinet, and [[King George IV]], British recognition of the South American republics. He remained active in the [[House of Lords]] for the next few years, making his final speech in opposition to Catholic Emancipation in 1829 and casting his final vote against the [[Reform Act 1832]]. |
|||
==Residences and land== |
==Residences and land== |
||
Line 236: | Line 239: | ||
| doi = 10.1080/03468757808578936 |
| doi = 10.1080/03468757808578936 |
||
}} |
}} |
||
*{{cite journal |
* {{cite journal |
||
| last = Goldsmith |
| last = Goldsmith |
||
| first = Thomas |
| first = Thomas |
||
Line 259: | Line 262: | ||
| doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2281.1988.tb01069.x |
| doi = 10.1111/j.1468-2281.1988.tb01069.x |
||
}} |
}} |
||
* {{cite DNB |wstitle=Addington, Henry (1757-1844) |display=Addington, Henry ( |
* {{cite DNB |wstitle=Addington, Henry (1757-1844) |display=Addington, Henry (1757–1844)|last=Hunt|first=William |author-link=William Hunt (priest)|volume=01}} |
||
* {{cite book |
* {{cite book |
||
| last = Kagan |
| last = Kagan |
||
Line 322: | Line 325: | ||
{{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain]]|years=1789–1800}} |
{{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain]]|years=1789–1800}} |
||
{{s-non|reason = [[Acts of Union 1800]] | reason2=[[First Parliament of the United Kingdom]]}} |
{{s-non|reason = [[Acts of Union 1800]] | reason2=[[First Parliament of the United Kingdom]]}} |
||
<!--{{s-bef|before=Himself (as Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain)<br/>[[John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel|John Foster]] (as [[Speaker of the Irish House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons of Ireland]])}}-->{{s-new | first }} |
<!--{{s-bef|before=Himself (as Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain)<br />[[John Foster, 1st Baron Oriel|John Foster]] (as [[Speaker of the Irish House of Commons|Speaker of the House of Commons of Ireland]])}}-->{{s-new | first }} |
||
{{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|years=1801}} |
{{s-ttl|title=[[Speaker of the House of Commons (United Kingdom)|Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom]]|years=1801}} |
||
{{s-aft|after=[[John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale|Sir John Mitford]]}} |
{{s-aft|after=[[John Freeman-Mitford, 1st Baron Redesdale|Sir John Mitford]]}} |
||
Line 370: | Line 373: | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Addington, Henry}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Addington, Henry}} |
||
[[Category:Henry Addington| ]] |
|||
[[Category:1757 births]] |
[[Category:1757 births]] |
||
[[Category:1844 deaths]] |
[[Category:1844 deaths]] |
||
Line 377: | Line 381: | ||
[[Category:British MPs 1790–1796]] |
[[Category:British MPs 1790–1796]] |
||
[[Category:British MPs 1796–1800]] |
[[Category:British MPs 1796–1800]] |
||
[[Category: |
[[Category:Secretaries of State for the Home Department]] |
||
[[Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain]] |
[[Category:Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain]] |
||
[[Category:English Anglicans]] |
[[Category:English Anglicans]] |
||
Line 402: | Line 406: | ||
[[Category:Residents of White Lodge, Richmond Park]] |
[[Category:Residents of White Lodge, Richmond Park]] |
||
[[Category:People educated at Cheam School]] |
[[Category:People educated at Cheam School]] |
||
[[Category:British people of the Napoleonic Wars]] |
|||
[[Category:Deaths from influenza in the United Kingdom]] |
Revision as of 11:20, 11 July 2024
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (November 2020) |
The Viscount Sidmouth | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Prime Minister of the United Kingdom | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 17 March 1801 – 10 May 1804 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monarch | George III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | William Pitt the Younger | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | William Pitt the Younger | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom[a] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 1 January 1801 – 10 February 1801 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monarch | George III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Minister | William Pitt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Office established | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Sir John Mitford | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Speaker of the House of Commons of Great Britain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 8 June 1789 – 31 January 1800 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Monarch | George III | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Prime Minister | William Pitt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | William Grenville | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Office abolished | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Member of Parliament for Devizes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
In office 1784–1805 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Preceded by | Henry Jones | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Succeeded by | Thomas Grimston Estcourt | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Personal details | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Born | Holborn, Middlesex, England | 30 May 1757||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Died | 15 February 1844 White Lodge, Surrey, England | (aged 86)||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Resting place | St Mary the Virgin, Mortlake | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Political party | Tory (Addingtonian) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Spouses | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Children | 8 (by Hammond) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent | Anthony Addington (father) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Relatives |
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Bildung | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Alma mater | Brasenose College, Oxford | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Cabinet | § Cabinet | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Signature | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth, PC (30 May 1757 – 15 February 1844) was a British Tory statesman who served as prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1804 and as Speaker of the House of Commons from 1789 to 1801.
Addington is best known for obtaining the Treaty of Amiens in 1802, an unfavourable peace with Napoleonic France which marked the end of the Second Coalition during the French Revolutionary Wars. When that treaty broke down, Addington resumed the war without allies. He conducted relatively weak defensive hostilities, ahead of what would become the War of the Third Coalition. He was forced from office in favour of William Pitt the Younger, who had preceded Addington as Prime Minister. Addington is also known for his reactionary crackdown on advocates of democratic reforms during a ten-year spell as Home Secretary from 1812 to 1822. He is the longest continuously serving holder of that office since it was created in 1782.
Family
Henry Addington was the son of Anthony Addington, Pitt the Elder's physician; and Mary Addington, the daughter of the Rev. Haviland John Hiley, headmaster of Reading School. As a consequence of his father's position, Addington was a childhood friend of William Pitt the Younger. Addington studied at Reading School, Winchester, and Brasenose College, Oxford, and then studied law at Lincoln's Inn.
He married Ursula Mary Hammond in 1791; she brought an income of £1,000 a year into the marriage. The couple had eight children, of whom six survived to adulthood. Ursula Addington died in 1823. Afterwards, he married a widow, Marianne Townsend, daughter of William Scott, 1st Baron Stowell.[1]
Political career
He was elected to the House of Commons in 1784 as one of the Members of Parliament for Devizes, and became Speaker of the House of Commons in 1789. In March 1801, William Pitt the Younger resigned from office, ostensibly over the refusal of King George III to remove some of the existing political restrictions on Roman Catholics in Ireland (Catholic Emancipation), but poor health, failure in war, economic collapse, alarming levels of social unrest due to famine, and irreconcilable divisions within the Cabinet also played a role. Both Pitt and the King insisted that Addington take over as Prime Minister, despite his own objections, and his failed attempts to reconcile the King and Pitt.[citation needed]
Prime Minister
Foreign policy was the centrepiece of his term in office. Some historians have been highly critical and said that it was ignorant and indifferent to Britain's greatest needs. However, Thomas Goldsmith argues that Addington and Hawkesbury conducted a logical, consistent and eurocentric balance-of-power policy, rooted in rules and assumptions governing their conduct, rather than a chaotic free-for-all approach.[2]
Addington's domestic reforms doubled the efficiency of the income tax. In foreign affairs, he secured the Treaty of Amiens in 1802. While the treaty's terms were the bare minimum that the British government could accept, Napoleon Bonaparte would not have agreed to any terms more favourable to the British, and the British government had reached a state of financial collapse from war expenditure, the loss of Continental markets for British goods and two successive failed harvests that had led to widespread famine and social unrest, rendering peace a necessity.[citation needed]
By early 1803, Britain's financial and diplomatic positions had recovered sufficiently to allow Addington to declare war on France, when it became clear that the French would not allow a settlement for the defences of Malta that would have been secure enough to fend off a French invasion that appeared imminent.[citation needed]
At the time and ever since, Addington has been criticised for his lacklustre conduct of the war and his defensive posture. However, without allies, Britain's options were limited to defence. He increased the forces, provided a tax base that could finance an enlarged war and seized several French possessions. To gain allies, Addington cultivated better relations with the Russian Empire,[3] the Austrian Empire, and the Kingdom of Prussia. These relations culminated in the Third Coalition shortly after Addington left office. Addington also strengthened British defences against a French invasion through the building of Martello towers on the south coast and the raising of more than 600,000 men at arms.[4]
Foundling Hospital
In 1802, Addington accepted an honorary position as vice-president for life on the Court of Governors of London's Foundling Hospital for abandoned babies.
Loss of office
Although the King stood by him, it was not enough, because Addington did not have a strong enough hold on both Houses of Parliament. By May 1804, partisan criticism of Addington's war policies provided the pretext for a parliamentary putsch by the three major factions (Grenvillites, Foxites, and Pittites), who had decided that they should replace Addington's ministry. Addington's greatest failing was his inability to manage a parliamentary majority by cultivating the loyal support of MPs beyond his own circle and the friends of the King. That, combined with his mediocre speaking ability, left him vulnerable to Pitt's mastery of parliamentary management and his unparallelled oratory skills. Pitt's parliamentary assault against Addington in March 1804 led to the slimming of his parliamentary majority to the point that defeat in the House of Commons was imminent.[5]
Lord President and Lord Privy Seal
Addington remained an important political figure because he had gained a large following of MPs who supported him loyally in the Commons. He was reconciled with Pitt in December 1804, with the help of Lord Hawkesbury as an intermediary. As a result, Pitt arranged for him to join the Cabinet as Lord President of the Council in January 1805. Pitt insisted for Addington to accept a peerage to avoid the inconvenience of them sitting together in the Commons. Addington was created Viscount Sidmouth, of Sidmouth in the County of Devon on 12 January 1805.[6]
In return for the support of the government by Addington's loyal supporters, Pitt agreed to include Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire, Addington's colleague, as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster with a promise to elevate him to the first vacancy of a more senior position in the Cabinet. However, when Melville resigned as First Lord of the Admiralty in July 1805, Pitt broke his promise by having Sir Charles Middleton appointed instead of Buckinghamshire. As a result of the betrayal, Addington and Buckinghamshire resigned and took all of their supporters into opposition. Addington was appointed Lord Privy Seal in 1806 in the Ministry of All the Talents that succeeded Pitt. Later that year he returned to the position of Lord President to 1807. His resignation precipitated the fall of the Talents Ministry. Addington was opposed to a limited measure of Catholic Emancipation, which the Cabinet was considering despite the opposition of King George III.[citation needed]
Home Secretary
He returned to government again as Lord President in March 1812, and, in June of the same year, became Home Secretary. As Home Secretary, Addington countered revolutionary opposition, being responsible for the temporary suspension of habeas corpus in 1817 and the passage of the Six Acts in 1819. His tenure also saw the Peterloo Massacre of 1819. He left office in 1822, succeeded as Home Secretary by Sir Robert Peel.
Addington remained in the Cabinet as Minister without Portfolio for the next two years, opposing, along with Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, other members of Cabinet, and King George IV, British recognition of the South American republics. He remained active in the House of Lords for the next few years, making his final speech in opposition to Catholic Emancipation in 1829 and casting his final vote against the Reform Act 1832.
Residences and land
Addington maintained homes at Upottery, Devon and Bulmershe Court, in what is now the Reading suburb of Woodley, but moved to the White Lodge in Richmond Park when he became Prime Minister. However, he maintained links with Woodley and the Reading area as commander of the Woodley Yeomanry Cavalry and High Steward of Reading. He also donated to the town of Reading the four acres (1.6 ha) of land that is today the site of the Royal Berkshire Hospital, and his name is commemorated in the town's Sidmouth Street and Addington Road as well as in Sidmouth Street in Devizes and Addington Special School in Woodley, Reading.[citation needed] In Devizes he paid for the new Market Cross, designed by James Wyatt, that was constructed in 1814.[7]
As Speaker of the House of Commons, from 1795 he had a residence in the Palace of Westminster, to the north-east of the House of Commons.[8]
Death
Addington died in London on 15 February 1844 at the age of 86, from influenza, and was buried in the churchyard at St Mary the Virgin, Mortlake on Mortlake High Street, now in Greater London.[9]
Arms
|
Cabinet
Portfolio | Minister | Took office | Left office | Party | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(head of ministry) | 17 March 1801 | 10 May 1804 | Tory | ||
Lord Chancellor | Continued | 14 April 1801 | Independent | ||
14 April 1801 | Continued | Tory | |||
Lord President of the Council | Continued | 30 July 1801 | Independent | ||
30 July 1801 | Continued | Tory | |||
Lord Privy Seal | Continued | Continued | Tory | ||
Secretary of State for the Home Department | Continued | 30 July 1801 | Tory | ||
30 July 1801 | 17 August 1803 | Tory | |||
17 August 1803 | 12 May 1804 | Tory | |||
Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs | Continued | 14 May 1804 | Tory | ||
Secretary of State for War and the Colonies | 17 March 1801 | 12 May 1804 | Tory | ||
First Lord of the Admiralty | Continued | 1804 | Whig | ||
Master-General of the Ordnance | June 1801 | Continued | Independent | ||
President of the Board of Trade | Continued | 7 June 1804 | Independent | ||
President of the Board of Control | May 1801 | July 1802 | Tory | ||
July 1802 | Continued | Tory |
Notes
- ^ Parker, Robert J. (2013). British Prime Ministers. Amberley Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-1445610214.
- ^ Goldsmith 2016.
- ^ Feldbæk 1978.
- ^ Hall 1988.
- ^ McCahill 1987.
- ^ "No. 15770". The London Gazette. 12 January 1805. p. 46.
- ^ Durman, Richard. Classical Buildings of Wiltshire & Bath: A Palladian Quest. Millstream, 2000. p.166
- ^ Cooke 1987, p. 186.
- ^ "First Viscount Sidmouth". Napoleon & Empire. Retrieved 9 April 2016.
References
- "Addington, Henry". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/150. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
- Cooke, Sir Robert (1987). The Palace of Westminster. London: Burton Skira. ISBN 978-0-333-45923-2.
- Cookson, J. E. (1997). The British Armed Nation, 1793–1815. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-820658-5.
- Ehrman, John (1996). The Younger Pitt: The Consuming Struggle. Vol. 3. Constable. ISBN 978-0-8047-2754-9.
- Fedorak, Charles John (2002). Henry Addington, Prime Minister, 1801–1804: Peace, War and Parliamentary Politics. Akron, Ohio: University of Akron Press. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-884836-83-1.
- Fedorak, C. J. (1991). "In search of a necessary ally: Addington, Hawkesbury, and Russia, 1801–1804". International History Review. 13 (2): 221–45. doi:10.1080/07075332.1991.9640579. JSTOR 40106365.
- Feldbæk, Ole (1978). "The Anglo-Russian Rapprochement of 1801: A prelude to the peace of Amiens". Scandinavian Journal of History. 3 (1–4): 205–227. doi:10.1080/03468757808578936.
- Goldsmith, Thomas (2016). "British Diplomatic Attitudes towards Europe, 1801–4: Ignorant and Indifferent?". International History Review. 38 (4): 657–674. doi:10.1080/07075332.2015.1096807. S2CID 155945406.
- Hall, C. D. (October 1988). "Addington at War: Unspectacular but not Unsuccessful". Historical Research. 61 (146): 306–315. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1988.tb01069.x.
- Hunt, William (1885). . In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 01. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
- Kagan, Frederick (2007). The End of the Old Order: Napoleon and Europe, 1801–1805. Hachette Books. ISBN 978-0-306-81645-1.
- McCahill, Michael W. (May 1987). "The House of Lords and the Collapse of Henry Addington's Administration". Parliamentary History. 6 (1): 69–94. doi:10.1111/j.1750-0206.1987.tb00412.x.
- Ziegler, Philip (1965). Addington, A Life of Henry Addington, First Viscount Sidmouth. New York: The John Day Company. p. 478.
External links
- Media related to Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth at Wikimedia Commons
- Works by or about Henry Addington, 1st Viscount Sidmouth at Wikisource
- "Archival material relating to Henry Addington". UK National Archives.
- Henry Addington, Viscount Sidmouth (1757–1844) at David Nash Ford's Royal Berkshire History Website
- Woodley House (Sonning) at David Nash Ford's Royal Berkshire History Website
- Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Mr Henry Addington
- Henry Addington
- 1757 births
- 1844 deaths
- 19th-century prime ministers of the United Kingdom
- Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
- British MPs 1780–1784
- British MPs 1790–1796
- British MPs 1796–1800
- Secretaries of State for the Home Department
- Chancellors of the Exchequer of Great Britain
- English Anglicans
- Lord Presidents of the Council
- Lords Privy Seal
- Members of Lincoln's Inn
- Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for constituencies in Wiltshire
- Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for constituencies in Wiltshire
- Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
- People educated at Winchester College
- People educated at Reading School
- People from Camden Town
- People from Earley
- Speakers of the House of Commons of Great Britain
- Speakers of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
- Tory MPs (pre-1834)
- UK MPs 1801–1802
- UK MPs 1802–1806
- UK MPs who were granted peerages
- Viscounts Sidmouth
- Leaders of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom
- Tory prime ministers of the United Kingdom
- Peers of the United Kingdom created by George III
- Residents of White Lodge, Richmond Park
- People educated at Cheam School
- British people of the Napoleonic Wars
- Deaths from influenza in the United Kingdom