Franz von Bayern: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox royalty |
{{Infobox royalty |
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| name = Franz von Bayern |
| name = Franz von Bayern |
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| title = Duke of Bavaria |
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| image = Franz von Bayern 2023.jpg |
| image = Franz von Bayern 2023.jpg |
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| caption = |
| caption = Franz in 2023 |
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| birth_name = Franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria |
| birth_name = Franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria Prinz von Bayern |
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| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|7|14|df=y}} |
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1933|7|14|df=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Munich]], Germany |
| birth_place = [[Munich]], Germany |
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| religion = [[Catholicism]] |
| religion = [[Catholicism]] |
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| predecessor = [[Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria|Albrecht]] |
| predecessor = [[Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria|Albrecht]] |
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| successor = [[Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria| |
| successor = [[Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria|Max-Emanuel]] |
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| suc-type = [[Heir presumptive]] |
| suc-type = [[Heir presumptive]] |
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}} |
}} |
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After the war, Franz was a student at the [[University of Munich]] and became a collector of [[modern art]]. Franz succeeded as head of the House of Wittelsbach, and as [[pretender]] to the Bavarian throne, on the death of his father in 1996. He lives at [[Nymphenburg Palace]] in Munich and [[Berg Palace (Bavaria)|Berg Palace]].<ref>{{cite news|date=25 July 2013|title=The blue-blooded Bavarian Duke|work=www.thelocal.de|agency=[[The Local]]|url=https://www.thelocal.de/20130725/51057|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> |
After the war, Franz was a student at the [[University of Munich]] and became a collector of [[modern art]]. Franz succeeded as head of the House of Wittelsbach, and as [[pretender]] to the Bavarian throne, on the death of his father in 1996. He lives at [[Nymphenburg Palace]] in Munich and [[Berg Palace (Bavaria)|Berg Palace]].<ref>{{cite news|date=25 July 2013|title=The blue-blooded Bavarian Duke|work=www.thelocal.de|agency=[[The Local]]|url=https://www.thelocal.de/20130725/51057|access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref> |
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==Birth, |
==Birth, exile, captivity, and education== |
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Franz was born on 14 July 1933 in [[Munich]], as the third child and elder son of [[Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria]], and his first wife, Countess Maria (Marita) Draskovich of Trakostjan, member of the [[House of Drašković]], an old [[Croatian nobility|Croatian noble family]]. As Maria's family didn't belong to the small circle of [[Sovereign|reigning]] or [[Mediatised Houses|former reigning families]], his parents' marriage was initially considered [[Morganatic marriage|morganatic]]. But, on 18 May 1949, when Franz was 15, his grandfather [[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria|Crown Prince Rupprecht]] recognised the marriage of Franz's parents as [[Non-dynastic|dynastic]], and Franz became a successor to the headship of the house. |
Franz was born on 14 July 1933 in [[Munich]], as the third child and elder son of [[Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria]], and his first wife, Countess Maria (Marita) Draskovich of Trakostjan, member of the [[House of Drašković]], an old [[Croatian nobility|Croatian noble family]]. As Maria's family didn't belong to the small circle of [[Sovereign|reigning]] or [[Mediatised Houses|former reigning families]], his parents' marriage was initially considered [[Morganatic marriage|morganatic]]. But, on 18 May 1949, when Franz was 15, his grandfather [[Rupprecht, Crown Prince of Bavaria|Crown Prince Rupprecht]] recognised the marriage of Franz's parents as [[Non-dynastic|dynastic]], and Franz became a successor to the headship of the house.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}} |
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The Wittelsbach dynasty were opposed to the [[Nazism|Nazi]] regime in Germany. The former Crown Prince Rupprecht earned Hitler's enmity by opposing the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] in 1923. In 1933, shortly after [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power]], he sent his son Albrecht to President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] with a protest letter strongly objecting to the appointment of governors at the head of the federal states and thus the de facto abolition of German federalism. In July 1934, Prince Albrecht emigrated to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] with his family. From 1935 to 1939 the family returned to Bavaria and lived in seclusion in [[Kreuth]], but former crown prince Rupprecht emigrated to Italy in 1939 and his son Albrecht and his family moved back to [[Budapest]], where they stayed in a rented apartment in the [[Castle Quarter (Budapest)|Castle Quarter]]. They often visited Princess Marita's Hungarian and Croatian relatives in the countryside. The children received private lessons after a visit to the German school failed after a few weeks because it was dominated by Nazi supporters.<ref> |
The Wittelsbach dynasty were opposed to the [[Nazism|Nazi]] regime in Germany. The former Crown Prince Rupprecht earned Hitler's enmity by opposing the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] in 1923. In 1933, shortly after [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power]], he sent his son Albrecht to President [[Paul von Hindenburg]] with a protest letter strongly objecting to the appointment of governors at the head of the federal states and thus the de facto abolition of German federalism. In July 1934, Prince Albrecht emigrated to [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] with his family. From 1935 to 1939 the family returned to Bavaria and lived in seclusion in [[Kreuth]], but former crown prince Rupprecht emigrated to Italy in 1939 and his son Albrecht and his family moved back to [[Budapest]], where they stayed in a rented apartment in the [[Castle Quarter (Budapest)|Castle Quarter]]. They often visited Princess Marita's Hungarian and Croatian relatives in the countryside. The children received private lessons after a visit to the German school failed after a few weeks because it was dominated by Nazi supporters.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bayern |first= Franz von|title=Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen |year= 2023|isbn=978-3-406-79710-1 |publisher= C.H. Beck|pages=5–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHSxEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> |
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In March 1944, [[Nazi Germany]] [[Operation Margarethe|occupied]] Hungary, and on 6 October 1944 the entire family, including the 11-year-old Franz, were arrested by the [[Gestapo]]. They were sent to a series of [[Nazi concentration camps]], including [[Oranienburg concentration camp|Oranienburg]], [[Flossenbürg concentration camp|Flossenbürg]] and [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]]. As special prisoners, they were allowed to stay together and were locked in separate buildings. Franz remembers that they only received one slice of bread, often moldy, per person per day as food. Badly hit by hunger and disease, the family barely survived.<ref> |
In March 1944, [[Nazi Germany]] [[Operation Margarethe|occupied]] Hungary, and on 6 October 1944 the entire family, including the 11-year-old Franz, were arrested by the [[Gestapo]]. They were sent to a series of [[Nazi concentration camps]], including [[Oranienburg concentration camp|Oranienburg]], [[Flossenbürg concentration camp|Flossenbürg]] and [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]]. As special prisoners, they were allowed to stay together and were locked in separate buildings. Franz remembers that they only received one slice of bread, often moldy, per person per day as food. Badly hit by hunger and disease, the family barely survived.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bayern |first= Franz von|title=Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen |year= 2023|isbn=978-3-406-79710-1 |publisher= C.H. Beck|pages=5–28|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHSxEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> At the end of April 1945, they were liberated by the [[United States Third Army]].<ref name=Record>{{cite news|last=Hamilton|first=Tom|title=German Duke could claim Scots throne|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/uk-world-news/german-duke-could-clame-scots-973563|access-date=23 November 2013|newspaper=The Daily Record|date=8 April 2008}}</ref> |
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After the war, Franz received his secondary education at the Benedictine [[Ettal Abbey|Abbey of Ettal]]. He then studied business management at the [[University of Munich]] and in [[ |
After the war, Franz received his secondary education at the Benedictine [[Ettal Abbey|Abbey of Ettal]]. He then studied business management at the [[University of Munich]] and in [[Zürich]]. With his father and a sister, he took part in the ship tours organized by King [[Paul of Greece]] and [[Frederica of Hanover|Queen Frederica]] in 1954 and 1956, which became known as the "[[Cruise of the Kings]]" and were attended by over 100 royals from all over Europe.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bayern |first= Franz von|title=Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen |year= 2023|isbn=978-3-406-79710-1 |publisher= C.H. Beck|pages=128–132|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHSxEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> |
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==Patron of modern art== |
==Patron of modern art== |
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Franz developed a passion for [[modern art]] and started to collect contemporary German art. He brought his own important art collection with early works by [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Georg Baselitz]] and [[Blinky Palermo]] as well as numerous contemporary German painters such as [[Jörg Immendorff]] and [[Sigmar Polke]] on permanent loan to the [[Pinakothek der Moderne]] in [[Munich]],<ref>Carla Schulz-Hoffmann and Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Deutsche Kunst seit 1960 aus der Sammlung Prinz Franz von Bayern'' (München: Prestel-Verlag, 1985).</ref> which he had worked to found for decades, as well as to the [[Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München|Munich State Graphic Collection]]. He is chairman of the Association for the Promotion of the [[Alte Pinakothek]], co-founder and deputy chairman of the Munich Gallery Association, member of the board of trustees of the Association of Friends and Supporters of the [[Glyptothek]] and the Bavarian [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen|state collections of antiquities]] and honorary president of the Friends of the [[Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst|Egyptian Collection Munich]]. In 2009, he left his extensive private library of 20th and 21st century art to the [[Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte|Central Institute for Art History]] in Munich. |
Franz developed a passion for [[modern art]] and started to collect contemporary German art. He brought his own important art collection with early works by [[Joseph Beuys]], [[Georg Baselitz]] and [[Blinky Palermo]] as well as numerous contemporary German painters such as [[Jörg Immendorff]] and [[Sigmar Polke]] on permanent loan to the [[Pinakothek der Moderne]] in [[Munich]],<ref>Carla Schulz-Hoffmann and Peter-Klaus Schuster, ''Deutsche Kunst seit 1960 aus der Sammlung Prinz Franz von Bayern'' (München: Prestel-Verlag, 1985).</ref> which he had worked to found for decades, as well as to the [[Staatliche Graphische Sammlung München|Munich State Graphic Collection]]. He is chairman of the Association for the Promotion of the [[Alte Pinakothek]], co-founder and deputy chairman of the Munich Gallery Association, member of the board of trustees of the Association of Friends and Supporters of the [[Glyptothek]] and the Bavarian [[Staatliche Antikensammlungen|state collections of antiquities]] and honorary president of the Friends of the [[Staatliche Sammlung für Ägyptische Kunst|Egyptian Collection Munich]]. In 2009, he left his extensive private library of 20th and 21st century art to the [[Zentralinstitut für Kunstgeschichte|Central Institute for Art History]] in Munich. |
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Because of his good connections in the [[New York City]] art scene, his understanding of art, his international connections as well as his fate during the Nazi era, Franz von Bayern was the first German to be elected to the International Council of the [[Museum of Modern Art]],<ref name="NYT"/> where numerous Jewish emigrants set the tone. Only after him were other Germans elected to the advisory committee. He eventually became chairman of the International Council for 16 years and worked closely with the museum's president, [[Blanchette Rockefeller]], in expanding the collection in the 1980s.<ref> |
Because of his good connections in the [[New York City]] art scene, his understanding of art, his international connections as well as his fate during the Nazi era, Franz von Bayern was the first German to be elected to the International Council of the [[Museum of Modern Art]],<ref name="NYT"/> where numerous Jewish emigrants set the tone. Only after him were other Germans elected to the advisory committee. He eventually became chairman of the International Council for 16 years and worked closely with the museum's president, [[Blanchette Rockefeller]], in expanding the collection in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bayern |first= Franz von|title=Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen |year= 2023|isbn=978-3-406-79710-1 |publisher= C.H. Beck|pages=92–104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHSxEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> Despite his friendship with American artists such as [[Jasper Johns]], [[Robert Rauschenberg]], [[Andy Warhol]] and [[Dan Flavin]], he privately collected mostly contemporary German art: "American art was always one step ahead of my financial possibilities."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bayern |first= Franz von|title=Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen |year= 2023|isbn=978-3-406-79710-1 |publisher= C.H. Beck|page=112|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHSxEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> |
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In 2003, for his decades of support work, he was the first European to receive the ''Duncan Phillips Award'' from the Washington art museum [[Phillips Collection]], which has been awarded to collectors and donors who support museums since 1999. |
In 2003, for his decades of support work, he was the first European to receive the ''Duncan Phillips Award'' from the Washington art museum [[Phillips Collection]], which has been awarded to collectors and donors who support museums since 1999. |
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==Further activities== |
==Further activities== |
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The respective head of the House of Wittelsbach appoints the board of directors of the foundation ''Wittelsbach Compensation Fund'', into which most of the possessions from the former ''Wittelsbach House Property Fund'' were transferred in 1923, including art treasures and collections (in particular the art collection of King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]], today mostly in the museums [[Alte Pinakothek]] and [[Neue Pinakothek]] and in the [[Glyptothek]] in Munich), the ''Secret House Archives'' (today a department of the Bavarian State Archives) and the former royal |
The respective head of the House of Wittelsbach appoints the board of directors of the foundation ''Wittelsbach Compensation Fund'', into which most of the possessions from the former ''Wittelsbach House Property Fund'' were transferred in 1923, including art treasures and collections (in particular the art collection of King [[Ludwig I of Bavaria|Ludwig I]], today mostly in the museums [[Alte Pinakothek]] and [[Neue Pinakothek]] and in the [[Glyptothek]] in Munich), the ''Secret House Archives'' (today a department of the Bavarian State Archives) and the former royal palaces of [[Berg Palace (Bavaria)|Berg]], [[Hohenschwangau Castle|Hohenschwangau]] (including the ''Museum of the Bavarian Kings''), [[Berchtesgaden]] as well as Grünau hunting lodge. He also appoints one of the board members of the ''Wittelsbach State Foundation for Art and Science'', into which the Wittelsbach art treasures acquired before 1800 were brought in in 1923. Since then, this foundation has owned a large part of the holdings of the Munich museums. The former Bavarian Royal Family receives around 14 million Euros in payments annually from the proceeds of the ''Wittelsbach Compensation Fund''. The respective head of the family decides on their distribution and use.<ref>[https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bayern/wittelsbacher-erben-der-bayerischen-koenige-kassieren-immer-noch-millionen-1.2852054 Heirs of the Bavarian kings still collect millions] (German article in [[Süddeutsche Zeitung]], 6 February 2016)</ref> |
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[[File:Franz Herzog von Bayern.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Franz von Bayern in the regalia of the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] (Munich, 2012)]] |
[[File:Franz Herzog von Bayern.jpg|thumb|upright=0.6|Franz von Bayern in the regalia of the [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] (Munich, 2012)]] |
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As head of the House of Wittelsbach, Franz is also Grand Master of the Wittelsbach [[Dynastic order|House Orders]], the [[Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception|Order of Saint George]], the [[Order of Saint Hubert (Bavarian)|Order of St. Hubert]] and the [[Order of Theresa]]. Furthermore he is president of the Bavarian Order Provinces of the Knights' [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] of Jerusalem and of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]. |
As head of the House of Wittelsbach, Franz is also Grand Master of the Wittelsbach [[Dynastic order|House Orders]], the [[Royal Order of Saint George for the Defense of the Immaculate Conception|Order of Saint George]], the [[Order of Saint Hubert (Bavarian)|Order of St. Hubert]] and the [[Order of Theresa]]. Furthermore, he is president of the Bavarian Order Provinces of the Knights' [[Order of the Holy Sepulchre]] of Jerusalem and of the [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta]]. |
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In addition to modern art and contemporary music, Franz' interest lies in the sciences, where he supported the development and expansion of the Bavarian research landscape. He was a member of the board of trustees of the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]], the [[Technical University of Munich]], the [[Munich School of Philosophy]], the [[Deutsches Museum]] and the Institute for Bavarian History. As a patron, he heads numerous other organizations, such as the Bavarian Sports Shooting Association.<ref> |
In addition to modern art and contemporary music, Franz' interest lies in the sciences, where he supported the development and expansion of the Bavarian research landscape. He was a member of the board of trustees of the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]], the [[Technical University of Munich]], the [[Munich School of Philosophy]], the [[Deutsches Museum]] and the Institute for Bavarian History. As a patron, he heads numerous other organizations, such as the Bavarian Sports Shooting Association.<ref name="Bayern 2023 158–164">{{cite book |last=Bayern |first= Franz von|title=Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen |year= 2023|isbn=978-3-406-79710-1 |publisher= C.H. Beck|pages=158–164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHSxEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> |
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There is traditionally a close connection between the House of Wittelsbach and the [[Roman Catholic Church]], especially with the respective [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Archbishop of Munich]], but also with various orders such as the [[Benedictines]] and [[Franciscans]]. Franz worked voluntarily for many years in the management of the ''Catholic Academy in Bavaria''. He expanded these relationships through contacts with the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria]] and the Jewish communities in Bavaria. In 2007 he institutionalized this network as co-founder of the ''Nymphenburg Talks'', a platform for [[Intercultural dialogue|intercultural]] and [[ |
There is traditionally a close connection between the House of Wittelsbach and the [[Roman Catholic Church]], especially with the respective [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Munich and Freising|Archbishop of Munich]], but also with various orders such as the [[Benedictines]] and [[Franciscans]]. Franz worked voluntarily for many years in the management of the ''Catholic Academy in Bavaria''. He expanded these relationships through contacts with the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria]] and the Jewish communities in Bavaria. In 2007 he institutionalized this network as co-founder of the ''Nymphenburg Talks'', a platform for [[Intercultural dialogue|intercultural]] and [[interfaith dialogue]] that also includes Muslim representatives.<ref name="Bayern 2023 158–164"/> |
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[[File:Aerial image of Schloss Nymphenburg.jpg|upright=0.6|thumb|[[Nymphenburg Palace]]]] |
[[File:Aerial image of Schloss Nymphenburg.jpg|upright=0.6|thumb|[[Nymphenburg Palace]]]] |
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Franz maintained the tradition founded by his father of holding a large annual reception with a sit-down dinner at [[Nymphenburg Palace]] where he lives in a side-wing. Around 1,500 mostly changing guests from state politics, municipalities, churches and sciences, art and medicine as well as friends and relatives are invited.<ref> |
Franz maintained the tradition founded by his father of holding a large annual reception with a sit-down dinner at [[Nymphenburg Palace]] where he lives in a side-wing. Around 1,500 mostly changing guests from state politics, municipalities, churches and sciences, art and medicine as well as friends and relatives are invited.<ref>{{cite book |last=Bayern |first= Franz von|title=Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen |year= 2023|isbn=978-3-406-79710-1 |publisher= C.H. Beck|pages=178–181|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHSxEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> He also invites smaller groups of changing guests to Berchtesgaden Palace to discuss specific topics that are important to him. |
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His 80th birthday party, in 2013, was held at the [[Schleissheim Palace]] near Munich. The party was attended by 2,500 guests,<ref name=Local>{{cite web|title=The blue-blooded Bavarian Duke|url=http://www.thelocal.de/20130725/51057|publisher=the local.de|date=25 July 2013}}</ref> including the then-incumbent [[Minister-President of Bavaria]], [[Horst Seehofer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Party fit for a king|date=25 July 2013|url=http://www.thelocal.de/galleries/culture/1909/0/|publisher=The Local.de|access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> |
His 80th birthday party, in 2013, was held at the [[Schleissheim Palace]] near Munich. The party was attended by 2,500 guests,<ref name=Local>{{cite web|title=The blue-blooded Bavarian Duke|url=http://www.thelocal.de/20130725/51057|publisher=the local.de|date=25 July 2013}}</ref> including the then-incumbent [[Minister-President of Bavaria]], [[Horst Seehofer]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Party fit for a king|date=25 July 2013|url=http://www.thelocal.de/galleries/culture/1909/0/|publisher=The Local.de|access-date=23 November 2013}}</ref> |
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In 2016, he became the donor of the project of restoration of the [[Statue of St. John of Nepomuk in Divina]], [[Slovakia]], realised under auspices of the Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany in Slovakia. The project was honoured by patronage of [[Norodom Sihamoni]], the king of [[Cambodia]] and [[Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha|Simeon II]], the last tsar of [[Bulgaria]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Príbeh svätojánsky, Socha sv. Jána Nepomuckého v Divine / The Story of St. John, Statue of St. John of Nepomuk in Divina / ដំណើររឿងរបស់ St. John, រូបចម្លាក់ St. John Nepomuk នៅក្រុង Divina / Die Johannisgeschichte, Die Staute des hl. Johannes Nepomuk in Divina / Историята на св. Ян, Статуята на св. Ян Непомуцки в Дивина|last=Sobola|first=Marek|publisher=Servare et Manere, o. z. & Kysucké múzeum v Čadci|year=2017|isbn=978-80-972614-3-6|location=Slovakia}}</ref> The project was completed in the year 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tkkbs.sk/view.php?cisloclanku=20170605024|title=Biskup Galis požehnal obnovenú sochu sv. Jána Nepomuckého v Divine|last=www.tkkbs.sk|website=www.tkkbs.sk|access-date=2017-08-06}}</ref> |
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== Personal life and succession == |
== Personal life and succession == |
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Franz has a life partner since 1980, Thomas Greinwald, although they have never married.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is the Duke of Bavaria, the pioneering German prince who could have been a King of England? |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/who-is-the-duke-of-bavaria-the-german-prince-with-a-dashing-partner-who-could-have-been-a-king-of-england |website=Tatler |date=7 August 2023 |access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref> In August 2011, the duke appeared at [[Georg Friedrich Prinz von Preussen|Prince George Frederick of Prussia's]] wedding, accompanied by Greinwald and his first cousin once removed |
Franz has had a life partner since 1980, Thomas Greinwald, although they have never married.<ref>{{cite web |title=Who is the Duke of Bavaria, the pioneering German prince who could have been a King of England? |url=https://www.tatler.com/article/who-is-the-duke-of-bavaria-the-german-prince-with-a-dashing-partner-who-could-have-been-a-king-of-england |website=Tatler |date=7 August 2023 |access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref> In August 2011, the duke appeared at [[Georg Friedrich Prinz von Preussen|Prince George Frederick of Prussia's]] wedding, accompanied by Greinwald and his first cousin once removed – and future heir – Prince Ludwig. They first appeared publicly as a couple in Munich in 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rp-online.de/panorama/deutschland/franz-herzog-von-bayern-coming-out-mit-89_aid-88909197|title=''Franz Herzog von Bayern stellt seinen Lebenspartner vor – nach 43 Jahren'' (Franz Duke of Bavaria introduces his life partner - after 43 years)|date=20 April 2023|accessdate=21 April 2023|language=de|last=Guyton|first=Patrick|website=Rheinische Post}}</ref> The [[heir presumptive]] to the headship of the [[House of Wittelsbach]] is his brother [[Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria]]. Because Max has five daughters but no sons, he is followed in the Bavarian line of succession by his and Franz's first cousin (second cousin in the [[agnatic|male line]]) [[Prince Luitpold of Bavaria (b.1951)|Prince Luitpold]]<ref>''Genealogie des Hauses Wittelsbach''. München: Verwaltung des Herzogs von Bayern, 2000.<!-- ISSN/ISBN, page(s) needed --></ref> and, in the next generation, by the latter's son Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (born 1982). |
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Franz is a descendant of the [[House of Stuart]]. Were it not for the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], [[Jacobite succession|Franz would be the successor to the English, Scottish, and Irish crowns of the Stuart kings]].<ref name="Alleyne">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/07/nking107.xml|title=Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland|last1=Alleyne|first1=Richard|date=7 April 2008|archive-date=17 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617000215/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584184/Act-repeal-could-make-Franz-Herzog-von-Bayern-new-King-of-England-and-Scotland.html|access-date=22 June 2008|last2=de Quetteville|first2=Harry|url-status=dead|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Franz' spokesman has, however, made it clear that this is a purely "hypothetical issue", "an entirely British question which does not concern him" and not a claim that he pursues.<ref name=Alleyne/> In his memoirs, Franz describes this claim to the British throne as a "charming historical curiosity."<ref>{{cite book |last=Bayern |first= Franz von|title=Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen |year= 2023|isbn=978-3-406-79710-1 |publisher= C.H. Beck|pages=125–128|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IHSxEAAAQBAJ}}</ref> |
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===Link to the Stuarts=== |
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{{See also|Jacobite succession}} |
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Franz is a direct descendant of the [[House of Stuart]]. Were it not for the [[Act of Settlement 1701]], Franz would be the successor to the British and Irish crowns of the Stuart kings.<ref name="Alleyne">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2008/04/07/nking107.xml|title=Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland|last1=Alleyne|first1=Richard|date=7 April 2008|archive-date=17 June 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080617000215/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1584184/Act-repeal-could-make-Franz-Herzog-von-Bayern-new-King-of-England-and-Scotland.html|access-date=22 June 2008|last2=de Quetteville|first2=Harry|url-status=dead|work=[[Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> His spokesman has, however, made it clear that this is a purely "hypothetical issue",<ref name=Alleyne/> not a claim that he pursues. Franz [[Reactions to the death of Elizabeth II|personally offered his condolences]] to the British royal family on the death of [[Queen Elizabeth II]].<ref name=Alleyne/><ref>{{cite web|author=Andrew Neather|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/london-life/rip-gb-what-will-happen-if-scotland-votes-yes-in-the-referendum-on-independence-9723394.html|title=R.I.P. GB: what happens if Scotland votes Yes in next week's independence referendum?|work=Evening Standard|date=10 September 2014|access-date=23 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Douglas|first=Jason|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/scotland-ponders-in-independence-referendum-to-leave-or-not-to-leave-1408389397|title=Scottish Independence: Scots Ponder Secession Question in Referendum|work=WSJ|date=19 August 2014|access-date=23 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Huggler|first=Justin|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scottish-independence/11102182/Could-the-Duke-of-Bavaria-be-the-next-King-of-Scotland.html|title=Could the Duke of Bavaria be the next King of Scotland?|work=Daily Telegraph|date=17 September 2014|access-date=23 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Mudie|first=Keir|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/politics/independence-referendum-duke-bavaria-line-4280699|title=Independence referendum: Duke of Bavaria in line to be next King of Scotland? |date=18 September 2014|publisher=Daily Record|access-date=23 August 2016}}</ref> |
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==Titles, styles and honours== |
==Titles, styles and honours== |
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* [[Jacobitism|History of Jacobite Pretenders]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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[[Category:Jacobite pretenders|Francis 2]] |
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Revision as of 19:58, 11 July 2024
| Franz von Bayern | |
|---|---|
 Franz in 2023 | |
| Head of the House of Wittelsbach | |
| Tenure | 8 July 1996 – present |
| Predecessor | Albrecht |
| Heir presumptive | Max-Emanuel |
| Born | Franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria Prinz von Bayern 14 July 1933 Munich, Germany |
| House | Wittelsbach |
| Father | Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria |
| Mother | Countess Maria Draskovich of Trakostjan |
| Religion | Catholicism |
Franz Bonaventura Adalbert Maria Herzog von Bayern (born 14 July 1933), commonly known by the courtesy title Duke of Bavaria, is the head of the House of Wittelsbach, the former ruling family of the Kingdom of Bavaria. His great-grandfather King Ludwig III was the last ruling monarch of Bavaria, being deposed in 1918.
Franz was born in Munich. During the Second World War, the Wittelsbachs were anti-Nazi.[1] The family initially left Nazi Germany for Hungary but were eventually arrested when Germany invaded the country in 1944. Franz was 11 at the time. He spent time in several Nazi concentration camps, including Sachsenhausen, then Flossenbürg and finally Dachau.[1]
After the war, Franz was a student at the University of Munich and became a collector of modern art. Franz succeeded as head of the House of Wittelsbach, and as pretender to the Bavarian throne, on the death of his father in 1996. He lives at Nymphenburg Palace in Munich and Berg Palace.[2]
Birth, exile, captivity, and education
Franz was born on 14 July 1933 in Munich, as the third child and elder son of Albrecht, Duke of Bavaria, and his first wife, Countess Maria (Marita) Draskovich of Trakostjan, member of the House of Drašković, an old Croatian noble family. As Maria's family didn't belong to the small circle of reigning or former reigning families, his parents' marriage was initially considered morganatic. But, on 18 May 1949, when Franz was 15, his grandfather Crown Prince Rupprecht recognised the marriage of Franz's parents as dynastic, and Franz became a successor to the headship of the house.[citation needed]
The Wittelsbach dynasty were opposed to the Nazi regime in Germany. The former Crown Prince Rupprecht earned Hitler's enmity by opposing the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. In 1933, shortly after Adolf Hitler's rise to power, he sent his son Albrecht to President Paul von Hindenburg with a protest letter strongly objecting to the appointment of governors at the head of the federal states and thus the de facto abolition of German federalism. In July 1934, Prince Albrecht emigrated to Hungary with his family. From 1935 to 1939 the family returned to Bavaria and lived in seclusion in Kreuth, but former crown prince Rupprecht emigrated to Italy in 1939 and his son Albrecht and his family moved back to Budapest, where they stayed in a rented apartment in the Castle Quarter. They often visited Princess Marita's Hungarian and Croatian relatives in the countryside. The children received private lessons after a visit to the German school failed after a few weeks because it was dominated by Nazi supporters.[3]
In March 1944, Nazi Germany occupied Hungary, and on 6 October 1944 the entire family, including the 11-year-old Franz, were arrested by the Gestapo. They were sent to a series of Nazi concentration camps, including Oranienburg, Flossenbürg and Dachau. As special prisoners, they were allowed to stay together and were locked in separate buildings. Franz remembers that they only received one slice of bread, often moldy, per person per day as food. Badly hit by hunger and disease, the family barely survived.[4] At the end of April 1945, they were liberated by the United States Third Army.[5]
After the war, Franz received his secondary education at the Benedictine Abbey of Ettal. He then studied business management at the University of Munich and in Zürich. With his father and a sister, he took part in the ship tours organized by King Paul of Greece and Queen Frederica in 1954 and 1956, which became known as the "Cruise of the Kings" and were attended by over 100 royals from all over Europe.[6]
Patron of modern art
Franz developed a passion for modern art and started to collect contemporary German art. He brought his own important art collection with early works by Joseph Beuys, Georg Baselitz and Blinky Palermo as well as numerous contemporary German painters such as Jörg Immendorff and Sigmar Polke on permanent loan to the Pinakothek der Moderne in Munich,[7] which he had worked to found for decades, as well as to the Munich State Graphic Collection. He is chairman of the Association for the Promotion of the Alte Pinakothek, co-founder and deputy chairman of the Munich Gallery Association, member of the board of trustees of the Association of Friends and Supporters of the Glyptothek and the Bavarian state collections of antiquities and honorary president of the Friends of the Egyptian Collection Munich. In 2009, he left his extensive private library of 20th and 21st century art to the Central Institute for Art History in Munich.
Because of his good connections in the New York City art scene, his understanding of art, his international connections as well as his fate during the Nazi era, Franz von Bayern was the first German to be elected to the International Council of the Museum of Modern Art,[1] where numerous Jewish emigrants set the tone. Only after him were other Germans elected to the advisory committee. He eventually became chairman of the International Council for 16 years and worked closely with the museum's president, Blanchette Rockefeller, in expanding the collection in the 1980s.[8] Despite his friendship with American artists such as Jasper Johns, Robert Rauschenberg, Andy Warhol and Dan Flavin, he privately collected mostly contemporary German art: "American art was always one step ahead of my financial possibilities."[9]
In 2003, for his decades of support work, he was the first European to receive the Duncan Phillips Award from the Washington art museum Phillips Collection, which has been awarded to collectors and donors who support museums since 1999.
Further activities
The respective head of the House of Wittelsbach appoints the board of directors of the foundation Wittelsbach Compensation Fund, into which most of the possessions from the former Wittelsbach House Property Fund were transferred in 1923, including art treasures and collections (in particular the art collection of King Ludwig I, today mostly in the museums Alte Pinakothek and Neue Pinakothek and in the Glyptothek in Munich), the Secret House Archives (today a department of the Bavarian State Archives) and the former royal palaces of Berg, Hohenschwangau (including the Museum of the Bavarian Kings), Berchtesgaden as well as Grünau hunting lodge. He also appoints one of the board members of the Wittelsbach State Foundation for Art and Science, into which the Wittelsbach art treasures acquired before 1800 were brought in in 1923. Since then, this foundation has owned a large part of the holdings of the Munich museums. The former Bavarian Royal Family receives around 14 million Euros in payments annually from the proceeds of the Wittelsbach Compensation Fund. The respective head of the family decides on their distribution and use.[10]
As head of the House of Wittelsbach, Franz is also Grand Master of the Wittelsbach House Orders, the Order of Saint George, the Order of St. Hubert and the Order of Theresa. Furthermore, he is president of the Bavarian Order Provinces of the Knights' Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem and of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta.
In addition to modern art and contemporary music, Franz' interest lies in the sciences, where he supported the development and expansion of the Bavarian research landscape. He was a member of the board of trustees of the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, the Technical University of Munich, the Munich School of Philosophy, the Deutsches Museum and the Institute for Bavarian History. As a patron, he heads numerous other organizations, such as the Bavarian Sports Shooting Association.[11]
There is traditionally a close connection between the House of Wittelsbach and the Roman Catholic Church, especially with the respective Archbishop of Munich, but also with various orders such as the Benedictines and Franciscans. Franz worked voluntarily for many years in the management of the Catholic Academy in Bavaria. He expanded these relationships through contacts with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Bavaria and the Jewish communities in Bavaria. In 2007 he institutionalized this network as co-founder of the Nymphenburg Talks, a platform for intercultural and interfaith dialogue that also includes Muslim representatives.[11]
Franz maintained the tradition founded by his father of holding a large annual reception with a sit-down dinner at Nymphenburg Palace where he lives in a side-wing. Around 1,500 mostly changing guests from state politics, municipalities, churches and sciences, art and medicine as well as friends and relatives are invited.[12] He also invites smaller groups of changing guests to Berchtesgaden Palace to discuss specific topics that are important to him.
His 80th birthday party, in 2013, was held at the Schleissheim Palace near Munich. The party was attended by 2,500 guests,[13] including the then-incumbent Minister-President of Bavaria, Horst Seehofer.[14]
Personal life and succession
Franz has had a life partner since 1980, Thomas Greinwald, although they have never married.[15] In August 2011, the duke appeared at Prince George Frederick of Prussia's wedding, accompanied by Greinwald and his first cousin once removed – and future heir – Prince Ludwig. They first appeared publicly as a couple in Munich in 2023.[16] The heir presumptive to the headship of the House of Wittelsbach is his brother Prince Max, Duke in Bavaria. Because Max has five daughters but no sons, he is followed in the Bavarian line of succession by his and Franz's first cousin (second cousin in the male line) Prince Luitpold[17] and, in the next generation, by the latter's son Prince Ludwig of Bavaria (born 1982).
Franz is a descendant of the House of Stuart. Were it not for the Act of Settlement 1701, Franz would be the successor to the English, Scottish, and Irish crowns of the Stuart kings.[18] Franz' spokesman has, however, made it clear that this is a purely "hypothetical issue", "an entirely British question which does not concern him" and not a claim that he pursues.[18] In his memoirs, Franz describes this claim to the British throne as a "charming historical curiosity."[19]
Titles, styles and honours
Titles and styles
Franz is traditionally styled as His Royal Highness the Duke of Bavaria, of Franconia and in Swabia,[20] Count Palatine of the Rhine.[21][13] [22] [23]
Franz was styled Prinz von Bayern at birth.[24] In 1996, after the death of his father, he changed his style to Herzog von Bayern ('Duke of Bavaria').[25]
Honours
Deutschland: Commander's cross (Großes Verdienstkreuz) of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany[26][27][28]
Vatikan: Knight Grand Cross with Collar of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre
Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Protector Bailiff Knight Grand Cross of Obedience of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta, 1st Class- Sovereign Military Order of Malta: Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit
Rumänien: Knight Grand Cross of the National Order of Merit[29][30]- House of Habsburg: Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1960[31]
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Franz, Duke of Bavaria.
References
- ^ a b c Cowell, Alan (11 July 1996). "Duke Albrecht Is Dead at 91; Pretender to Bavarian Throne". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
- ^ "The blue-blooded Bavarian Duke". www.thelocal.de. The Local. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
- ^ Bayern, Franz von (2023). Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen. C.H. Beck. pp. 5–10. ISBN 978-3-406-79710-1.
- ^ Bayern, Franz von (2023). Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen. C.H. Beck. pp. 5–28. ISBN 978-3-406-79710-1.
- ^ Hamilton, Tom (8 April 2008). "German Duke could claim Scots throne". The Daily Record. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
- ^ Bayern, Franz von (2023). Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen. C.H. Beck. pp. 128–132. ISBN 978-3-406-79710-1.
- ^ Carla Schulz-Hoffmann and Peter-Klaus Schuster, Deutsche Kunst seit 1960 aus der Sammlung Prinz Franz von Bayern (München: Prestel-Verlag, 1985).
- ^ Bayern, Franz von (2023). Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen. C.H. Beck. pp. 92–104. ISBN 978-3-406-79710-1.
- ^ Bayern, Franz von (2023). Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen. C.H. Beck. p. 112. ISBN 978-3-406-79710-1.
- ^ Heirs of the Bavarian kings still collect millions (German article in Süddeutsche Zeitung, 6 February 2016)
- ^ a b Bayern, Franz von (2023). Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen. C.H. Beck. pp. 158–164. ISBN 978-3-406-79710-1.
- ^ Bayern, Franz von (2023). Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen. C.H. Beck. pp. 178–181. ISBN 978-3-406-79710-1.
- ^ a b "The blue-blooded Bavarian Duke". the local.de. 25 July 2013.
- ^ "Party fit for a king". The Local.de. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
- ^ "Who is the Duke of Bavaria, the pioneering German prince who could have been a King of England?". Tatler. 7 August 2023. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
- ^ Guyton, Patrick (20 April 2023). "Franz Herzog von Bayern stellt seinen Lebenspartner vor – nach 43 Jahren (Franz Duke of Bavaria introduces his life partner - after 43 years)". Rheinische Post (in German). Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ^ Genealogie des Hauses Wittelsbach. München: Verwaltung des Herzogs von Bayern, 2000.
- ^ a b Alleyne, Richard; de Quetteville, Harry (7 April 2008). "Act repeal could make Franz Herzog von Bayern new King of England and Scotland". Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
- ^ Bayern, Franz von (2023). Zuschauer in der ersten Reihe: Erinnerungen. C.H. Beck. pp. 125–128. ISBN 978-3-406-79710-1.
- ^ The title assumed by the Kings of Bavaria was Duke in Swabia, with the in indicating that only parts of the Swabian territory was ruled by them, while the larger parts of Swabia were part of the Kingdom of Württemberg. Unlike their other title Duke of Franconia which made clear that the whole of Franconia had become part of the Bavarian kingdom.
- ^ Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Band 50, Fürstliche Häuser, Band IX, Limburg an der Lahn 1971, S. 7
- ^ "Hilpoltstein-Botschafter-des-Landkreises". Donaukurier. 20 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
- ^ "Musikalisches-Geschlecht". Die Welt. 3 November 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2013.
- ^ Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Band 50, Fürstliche Häuser Band IX. Limburg an der Lahn: C. A. Starke, 1971, page 7.
- ^ Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Band 141, Fürstliche Häuser Band XVIII. Limburg an der Lahn: C. A. Starke, 2007, page 2.
- ^ "Der Bundespräsident / Terminkalender / Ordensverleihung an Franz Herzog von Bayern". Bundespraesident.de (in German). Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Photographic image" (JPG). Merkur.de. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ "Verleihung des Verdienstordens von Rumänien an Herzog Franz von Bayern | BOTSCHAFT VON RUMÄNIEN in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland". Berlin.mae.ro. 18 July 2017. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ "Photographic image" (JPG). Berlin.mae.ro. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
- ^ Boettger, T. F. "Chevaliers de la Toisón d'Or - Knights of the Golden Fleece". La Confrérie Amicale. Archived from the original on 29 July 2018. Retrieved 25 June 2019.
Bibliography
- Adalbert, Prinz von Bayern. Die Wittelsbacher: Geschichte unserer Familie. München: Prestel, 1979.
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Kategorien:
- 1933 births
- Living people
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- Jacobite pretenders
- Pretenders
- Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
- Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
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