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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Black-throated Green Warbler
| name = Black-throated green warbler
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Setophaga virens'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22721689A132146396 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721689A132146396.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = BlackthroatedGreenWarbler08.jpg
| image = Black-throated green warbler in PP (14050).jpg
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| image_caption = [[File:Setophaga virens - Black-throated Green Warbler - XC101293.ogg|centre|thumb|Song]]
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
[[File:Setophaga virens - Black-throated Green Warbler XC138633.ogg|centre|thumb|Song]]
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| taxon = Setophaga virens
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789)
| familia = [[New World warbler|Parulidae]]
| genus = ''[[Setophaga]]''
| species = '''''S. virens'''''
| binomial = ''Setophaga virens''
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789)
| synonyms = ''Dendroica virens''
| synonyms = ''Dendroica virens''
| range_map = Dendroica virens map.svg
| range_map = Dendroica virens map.svg
| range_map_caption = Range of ''S. virens'' (note: missing distribution on [[Hispaniola]] and [[Puerto Rico]]) {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Wintering range|outline=gray}}
}}
}}
The '''Black-throated Green Warbler''' (''Setophaga virens'') is a small [[songbird]] of the [[New World warbler]] family.


The '''black-throated green warbler''' ('''''Setophaga virens''''') is a small [[songbird]] of the [[New World warbler]] family.
It is 12 cm long and weighs 9 g, and has an olive-green crown, a yellow face with olive markings, a thin pointed bill, white wing bars, an olive-green back and pale underparts with black streaks on the flanks. Adult males have a black throat and upper breast; females have a pale throat and black markings on their breast.

==Description==
It has an olive-green crown, a yellow face with olive markings, a thin pointed bill, white wing bars, an olive-green back and pale underparts with black streaks on the flanks. Adult males have a black throat and upper breast; females have a pale throat and black markings on their breast.

'''Measurements''':<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black-throated Green Warbler Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Black-throated_Green_Warbler/id|access-date=2020-09-30|website=www.allaboutbirds.org|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Length''': {{convert|4.3|-|4.7|in|cm|abbr=on}}
* '''Weight''': {{convert|0.3|-|0.4|oz|g|abbr=on}}
* '''Wingspan''': {{convert|6.7|-|7.9|in|cm|abbr=on}}


[[File:Black-throated Green Warbler by Dan Pancamo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Quintana, Texas]] Male]]
[[File:Black-throated Green Warbler by Dan Pancamo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Quintana, Texas]] Male]]
[[File:Black-throated Green Warbler by Dan Pancamo 2.jpg|thumb|left|Female]]
[[File:Black-throated Green Warbler by Dan Pancamo 2.jpg|thumb|left|Female]]
[[File:BlackthroatedGreenWarbler23.jpg|thumb|left|Green Warbler with chicks]]
[[File:BlackthroatedGreenWarbler23.jpg|thumb|left|Black-throated green warbler with chicks]]


==Habitat and distribution==
The breeding habitat of the Black-throated Green Warbler is [[conifer]]ous and mixed forests in eastern [[North America]] and western [[Canada]] and [[bald cypress|cypress]] [[swamp]]s on the southern [[Atlantic (ocean)|Atlantic]] coast. These birds' nests are open cups, which are usually situated close to the trunk of a tree.
The breeding habitat of the black-throated green warbler is [[conifer]]ous and mixed forests in eastern [[North America]] and western [[Canada]] and [[bald cypress|cypress]] [[swamp]]s on the southern [[Atlantic (ocean)|Atlantic]] coast, with preference for dense stands of conifers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Robichaud |first1=Isabelle |last2=Villard |first2=Marc-Andre |date=1999 |title=Do black-throated green warblers prefer conifers? Meso- and microhabitat use in a mixedwood forest |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1369989 |journal=The Condor |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=262–271|doi=10.2307/1369989 |jstor=1369989 }}</ref> These birds' nests are open cups, which are usually situated close to the trunk of a tree.


These birds [[bird migration|migrate]] to [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], the [[West Indies]] and southern [[Florida]]. One destination is to the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatán. Some birds straggle as far as [[South America]], with the southernmost couple of records coming from [[Ecuador]].
These birds [[bird migration|migrate]] to [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], the [[West Indies]] and southern [[Florida]]. One destination is to the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatán. Some birds straggle as far as [[South America]], with the southernmost couple of records coming from [[Ecuador]].

== Hybridization ==
The black-throated green warbler has been reported to hybridize with the congeneric [[Townsend's warbler]] where their range overlaps in the [[Rocky Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Toews |first1=David P.L. |last2=Brelsford |first2=Alan |last3=Irwin |first3=Darren E. |date=2011 |title=Hybridization between Townsend's Dendroica townsendi and blackt-hroated green warblers D. virens in an avian suture zone |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=434–446 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05360.x}}</ref>


==Behavior==
==Behavior==


Black-throated Green Warblers forage actively in vegetation, and they sometimes hover-([[gleaning (birds)|gleaning]]), or catch insects in flight-([[hawking (birds)|hawking]]). Insects are the main constituents of these birds' diets, although berries will occasionally be consumed.
Black-throated green warblers forage actively in vegetation, and they sometimes hover ([[gleaning (birds)|gleaning]]), or catch insects in flight ([[hawking (birds)|hawking]]). Insects are the main constituents of these birds' diets, although berries will occasionally be consumed.


The song of this bird is a buzzed ''zee-zee-zee-zooo-zeet'' or ''zoo-zee-zoo-zoo-zeet''. The call is a sharp ''tsip''.
The song of this bird is a buzzed ''{{not a typo|zee-zee-zee-zooo-zeet}}'' or ''{{not a typo|zoo-zee-zoo-zoo-zeet}}''. The call is a sharp ''{{not a typo|tsip}}''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black-throated Green Warbler {{!}} Audubon Field Guide |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/black-throated-green-warbler |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=www.audubon.org |language=en}}</ref>


This bird is vulnerable to nest [[parasite|parasitism]] by the [[brown-headed cowbird]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pitelka |first=Frank A. |date=1940 |title=Breeding Behavior of the Black-throated Green Warbler |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4156892 |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=3–18|jstor=4156892 }}</ref><ref>Morse, D. H. 1993. Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). In The Birds of North America, No. 55 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences, Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists’ Union.</ref>
This bird is vulnerable to nest [[parasite|parasitism]] by the [[Brown-headed Cowbird]].


==References==
{{commons|Dendroica virens}}
{{Reflist}}<!-- WilsonBull18:47 (compare to current Ohio checklist http://www.ohiobirds.org/publications/OBRClist.pdf) -->

* {{cite book|last1=Curson|first1=Jon|last2=Quinn|first2=David|last3=Beadle|first3=David|title=New World Warblers|location=London|year=1994|publisher=Christopher Helm|isbn=0-7136-3932-6}}
==References==<!-- WilsonBull18:47 (compare to current Ohio checklist http://www.ohiobirds.org/publications/OBRClist.pdf) -->
* {{cite book|last1=Stiles |last2= Skutch|title=A guide to the birds of Costa Rica|year= 1989|publisher= Comstock|isbn=0-8014-9600-4}}
* {{IUCN|assessors=BirdLife International|year=2009|version=2011.2|id=106009106|title=Dendroica virens|downloaded=31 May 2012}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
* {{cite book|author=World Wildlife Fund|year=2010|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Petenes_mangroves?topic=49597 |chapter=''Petenes'' mangroves|editor=Mark McGinley|editor2=C. Michael Hogan|editor3=C. Cleveland|title=Encyclopedia of Earth|publisher= National Council for Science and the Environment|location= Washington, DC}}
* {{cite book|last=Curson|first=Jon|last2=Quinn|first2=David|last3=Beadle|first3=David|title=New World Warblers|location=London|year=1994|publisher=Christopher Helm|isbn=0-7136-3932-6|pages=}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stiles |last2= Skutch|title=A guide to the birds of Costa Rica|isbn=0-8014-9600-4}}
* {{cite book|author=World Wildlife Fund|year=2010|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Petenes_mangroves?topic=49597 |chaper=''Petenes'' mangroves|editors=Mark McGinley, C. Michael Hogan & C. Cleveland|title=Encyclopedia of Earth|publisher= National Council for Science and the Environment|location= Washington, DC}}
<!--
<!--
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
Line 51: Line 59:
===Reports===
===Reports===


* Cooper JM, Enns KA & Shepard MG. (1997). ''Status of the black-throated green warbler in British Columbia''. Canadian Research Index. p. n/a.
* Cooper JM, Enns KA and Shepard MG. (1997). ''Status of the black-throated green warbler in British Columbia''. Canadian Research Index. p. n/a.

* Norton MR. (1999). ''Status of the black-throated green warbler, Dendroica virens, in Alberta''. Canadian Research Index. p. n/a.
* Norton MR. (1999). ''Status of the black-throated green warbler, Dendroica virens, in Alberta''. Canadian Research Index. p. n/a.


===Thesis===
===Thesis===


* Chmielewski A. M.S. (1992). ''The effects of right-of-way construction through forest interior habitat on bird and small mammal populations and rates of nest predation''. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, United States, New York.
* Chmielewski A. M.S. (1992). ''The effects of right-of-way construction through forest interior habitat on bird and small mammal populations and rates of nest predation''. State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, United States, New York.
* Clarke M. M.Sc. (2005). ''Avian abundance and habitat relationships in a managed forest landscape in eastern Nova Scotia''. Dalhousie University (Canada), Canada.

* Clarke M. M.Sc. (2005). ''Avian abundance and habitat relationships in a managed forest landscape in eastern Nova Scotia''. Dalhousie University (Canada), Canada.
* Collins SL. Ph.D. (1981). ''HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS AND HABITAT VARIABILITY OF THE WOOD WARBLERS (PARULIDAE)''. The University of Oklahoma, United States, Oklahoma.
* Drolet B. M.Sc. (1997). ''Variation des assemblages d'oiseaux chanteurs selon la structure du paysage de la sapiniere boreale exploitee''. Universite Laval (Canada), Canada.

* Collins SL. Ph.D. (1981). ''HABITAT RELATIONSHIPS AND HABITAT VARIABILITY OF THE WOOD WARBLERS (PARULIDAE)''. The University of Oklahoma, United States, Oklahoma.
* Elliott CA. Ph.D. (1987). ''Songbird species diversity and habitat use in relation to vegetation structure and size of forest stands and forest-clearcut edges in north-central Maine''. The University of Maine, United States, Maine.
* Hamady MA. Ph.D. (2000). ''An ecosystem approach to assessing the effects of forest heterogeneity and disturbance on birds of the northern hardwood forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula''. Michigan State University, United States, Michigan.

* Drolet B. M.Sc. (1997). ''Variation des assemblages d'oiseaux chanteurs selon la structure du paysage de la sapiniere boreale exploitee''. Universite Laval (Canada), Canada.
* Hannah TA. M.Sc. (2006). ''Declines in the black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens): From pattern to process''. University of Alberta (Canada), Canada.
* McKinley PS. Ph.D. (2004). ''Tree species selection and use by foraging insectivorous passerines in a forest landscape''. University of New Brunswick (Canada), Canada.

* Rail J-F. M.Sc. (1995). ''Definir la fragmentation de l'habitat des passereaux par l'effet de barriere des discontinuites de l'habitat d'origine humaine''. Universite Laval (Canada), Canada.
* Elliott CA. Ph.D. (1987). ''Songbird species diversity and habitat use in relation to vegetation structure and size of forest stands and forest-clearcut edges in north-central Maine''. The University of Maine, United States, Maine.
* Roloff GJ. Ph.D. (1994). ''Using an ecological classification system and wildlife habitat models in forest planning''. Michigan State University, United States, Michigan.

* Hamady MA. Ph.D. (2000). ''An ecosystem approach to assessing the effects of forest heterogeneity and disturbance on birds of the northern hardwood forest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula''. Michigan State University, United States, Michigan.
* Whelan CJ. Ph.D. (1987). ''Effects of foliage structure on the foraging behavior of insectivorous forest birds''. Dartmouth College, United States, New Hampshire.

* Hannah TA. M.Sc. (2006). ''Declines in the black-throated green warbler (Dendroica virens): From pattern to process''. University of Alberta (Canada), Canada.

* McKinley PS. Ph.D. (2004). ''Tree species selection and use by foraging insectivorous passerines in a forest landscape''. University of New Brunswick (Canada), Canada.

* Rail J-F. M.Sc. (1995). ''Definir la fragmentation de l'habitat des passereaux par l'effet de barriere des discontinuites de l'habitat d'origine humaine''. Universite Laval (Canada), Canada.

* Roloff GJ. Ph.D. (1994). ''Using an ecological classification system and wildlife habitat models in forest planning''. Michigan State University, United States, Michigan.

* Whelan CJ. Ph.D. (1987). ''Effects of foliage structure on the foraging behavior of insectivorous forest birds''. Dartmouth College, United States, New Hampshire.


===Articles===
===Articles===


* Adams DA & Hammond JS. (1991). ''Changes in Forest Vegetation Bird and Small Mammal Populations at Mount Mitchell North Carolina USA 1959-62 and 1985''. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. vol '''107''', no 1. pp. 3–12.
* Adams DA and Hammond JS. (1991). ''Changes in Forest Vegetation Bird and Small Mammal Populations at Mount Mitchell North Carolina USA 1959-62 and 1985''. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. vol '''107''', no 1. pp. 3–12.
* Bermingham E, Rohwer S, Freeman S and Wood C. (1992). ''Vicariance Biogeography in the Pleistocene and Speciation in North American Wood Warblers a Test of Mengel's Model''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. vol '''89''', no 14. pp. 6624–6628.

* Bermingham E, Rohwer S, Freeman S & Wood C. (1992). ''Vicariance Biogeography in the Pleistocene and Speciation in North American Wood Warblers a Test of Mengel's Model''. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. vol '''89''', no 14. pp. 6624–6628.
* Betts MG, Hadley AS and Doran PJ. (2005). ''Avian mobbing response is restricted by territory boundaries: Experimental evidence from two species of forest warblers''. Ethology. vol '''111''', no 9. pp. 821–835.
* Caroline G, Marcel D, Jean-Pierre LS and Jean H. (2004). ''Are temperate mixedwood forests perceived by birds as a distinct forest type?''. [[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]]. vol '''34''', no 9. p. 1895.

* Betts MG, Hadley AS & Doran PJ. (2005). ''Avian mobbing response is restricted by territory boundaries: Experimental evidence from two species of forest warblers''. Ethology. vol '''111''', no 9. pp. 821–835.

* Caroline G, Marcel D, Jean-Pierre LS & Jean H. (2004). ''Are temperate mixedwood forests perceived by birds as a distinct forest type?''. [[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]]. vol '''34''', no 9. p. 1895.

* Collins SL. (1983). ''Geographic Variation in Habitat Structure for the Wood Warblers in Maine and Minnesota USA''. [[Oecologia]]. vol '''59''', no 2-3. pp. 246–252.
* Collins SL. (1983). ''Geographic Variation in Habitat Structure for the Wood Warblers in Maine and Minnesota USA''. [[Oecologia]]. vol '''59''', no 2-3. pp. 246–252.

* Collins SL. (1983). ''Geographic Variation in Habitat Structure of the Black-Throated Green Warbler Dendroica-Virens''. Auk. vol '''100''', no 2. pp. 382–389.
* Collins SL. (1983). ''Geographic Variation in Habitat Structure of the Black-Throated Green Warbler Dendroica-Virens''. Auk. vol '''100''', no 2. pp. 382–389.

* Darveau M, Beauchesne P, Belanger L, Huot J & Larue P. (1995). ''Riparian forest strips as habitat for breeding birds in boreal forest''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''59''', no 1. pp. 67–78.
* Darveau M, Beauchesne P, Belanger L, Huot J & Larue P. (1995). ''Riparian forest strips as habitat for breeding birds in boreal forest''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''59''', no 1. pp. 67–78.
* Desgranges JL and Rondeau G. (1995). ''CHANGES IN THE BIRD COMMUNITIES OF A BALSAM FIR WHITE BIRCH FOREST FOLLOWING AN INSECT PEST EPIDEMIC''. For Chron. vol '''71''', no 2. pp. 201–210.

* Desgranges JL & Rondeau G. (1995). ''CHANGES IN THE BIRD COMMUNITIES OF A BALSAM FIR WHITE BIRCH FOREST FOLLOWING AN INSECT PEST EPIDEMIC''. For Chron. vol '''71''', no 2. pp. 201–210.
* Doyon F, Gagnon D and Giroux J-F. (2005). ''Effects of strip and single-tree selection cutting on birds and their habitat in a Southwestern Quebec northern hardwood forest''. Forest Ecology and Management. vol '''209''', no 1-2. pp. 101–115.

* Doyon F, Gagnon D & Giroux J-F. (2005). ''Effects of strip and single-tree selection cutting on birds and their habitat in a Southwestern Quebec northern hardwood forest''. Forest Ecology & Management. vol '''209''', no 1-2. pp. 101–115.

* Greenberg R, Gonzales CE, Bichier P & Reitsma R. (2001). ''Nonbreeding habitat selection and foraging behavior of the Black-throated Green Warbler complex in Southeastern Mexico''. Condor. vol '''103''', no 1. pp. 31–37.
* Greenberg R, Gonzales CE, Bichier P & Reitsma R. (2001). ''Nonbreeding habitat selection and foraging behavior of the Black-throated Green Warbler complex in Southeastern Mexico''. Condor. vol '''103''', no 1. pp. 31–37.
* Hanowski J, Danz N, Lind J and Niemi G. (2003). ''Breeding bird response to riparian forest harvest and harvest equipment''. Forest Ecology & Management. vol '''174''', no 1-3. pp. 315–328.

* Hanowski J, Danz N, Lind J & Niemi G. (2003). ''Breeding bird response to riparian forest harvest and harvest equipment''. Forest Ecology & Management. vol '''174''', no 1-3. pp. 315–328.
* Hanowski JM, Niemi GJ and Blake JG. (1990). ''Statistical Perspectives and Experimental Design When Counting Birds on Line Transects''. Condor. vol '''92''', no 2. pp. 326–335.

* Hanowski JM, Niemi GJ & Blake JG. (1990). ''Statistical Perspectives and Experimental Design When Counting Birds on Line Transects''. Condor. vol '''92''', no 2. pp. 326–335.

* Heckscher CM. (2000). ''Forest-dependent birds of the Great Cypress (North Pocomoke) Swamp: Species composition and implications for conservation''. Northeastern Naturalist. vol '''7''', no 2. pp. 113–130.
* Heckscher CM. (2000). ''Forest-dependent birds of the Great Cypress (North Pocomoke) Swamp: Species composition and implications for conservation''. Northeastern Naturalist. vol '''7''', no 2. pp. 113–130.
* Hobson KA and Bayne E. (2000). ''Breeding bird communities in boreal forest of western Canada: Consequences of "unmixing" the mixedwoods''. Condor. vol '''102''', no 4. pp. 759–769.

* Hobson KA & Bayne E. (2000). ''Breeding bird communities in boreal forest of western Canada: Consequences of "unmixing" the mixedwoods''. Condor. vol '''102''', no 4. pp. 759–769.
* Hobson KA and Bayne E. (2000). ''Effects of forest fragmentation by agriculture on avian communities in the southern boreal mixedwoods of western Canada''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''112''', no 3. pp. 373–387.
* Holmes RT and Robinson SK. (1981). ''Tree Species Preferences of Foraging Insectivorous Birds in a Northern Hardwoods Forest''. [[Oecologia]]. vol '''48''', no 1. pp. 31–35.

* Hobson KA & Bayne E. (2000). ''Effects of forest fragmentation by agriculture on avian communities in the southern boreal mixedwoods of western Canada''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''112''', no 3. pp. 373–387.
* Holmes RT and Sherry TW. (2001). ''Thirty-year bird population trends in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest: Importance of habitat change''. Auk. vol '''118''', no 3. pp. 589–609.
* Jim S and Keith AH. (2000). ''Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests''. [[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]]. vol '''30''', no 8. p. 1281.

* Holmes RT & Robinson SK. (1981). ''Tree Species Preferences of Foraging Insectivorous Birds in a Northern Hardwoods Forest''. [[Oecologia]]. vol '''48''', no 1. pp. 31–35.
* Kirk DA, Diamond AW, Smith AR, Holland GE and Chytyk P. (1997). ''Population changes in boreal forest birds in Saskatchewan and Manitoba''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''109''', no 1. pp. 1–27.
* Lacki MJ and Baker MD. (1998). ''Observations of forest-interior bird communities in older-growth forests in eastern Kentucky''. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Sciences. vol '''59''', no 2. pp. 174–177.

* Holmes RT & Sherry TW. (2001). ''Thirty-year bird population trends in an unfragmented temperate deciduous forest: Importance of habitat change''. Auk. vol '''118''', no 3. pp. 589–609.
* Laurent EJ, Shi HJ, Gatziolis D, LeBouton JP, Walters MB and Liu JG. (2005). ''Using the spatial and spectral precision of satellite imagery to predict wildlife occurrence patterns''. Remote Sensing of Environment. vol '''97''', no 2. pp. 249–262.
* Lopez Ornat A and Greenberg R. (1990). ''Sexual Segregation by Habitat in Migratory Warblers in Quintana Roo Mexico''. Auk. vol '''107''', no 3. pp. 539–543.

* Jim S & Keith AH. (2000). ''Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests''. [[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]]. vol '''30''', no 8. p. 1281.
* Martin PR, Fotheringham JR and Robertson RJ. (1995). ''A Prairie Warbler with a conspecific and heterospecific song repertoire''. The Auk. vol '''112''', no 3. p. 770.
* Maurer BA and Whitmore RC. (1981). ''Foraging of 5 Bird Species in 2 Forests with Different Vegetation Structure''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''93''', no 4. pp. 478–490.

* Kirk DA, Diamond AW, Smith AR, Holland GE & Chytyk P. (1997). ''Population changes in boreal forest birds in Saskatchewan and Manitoba''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''109''', no 1. pp. 1–27.
* Meiklejohn BA and Hughes JW. (1999). ''Bird communities in riparian buffer strips of industrial forests''. American Midland Naturalist. vol '''141''', no 1. pp. 172–184.
* Merrill SB, Cuthbert FJ and Oehlert G. (1998). ''Residual patches and their contribution to forest-bird diversity on northern Minnesota aspen clearcuts''. Conservation Biology. vol '''12''', no 1. pp. 190–199.

* Lacki MJ & Baker MD. (1998). ''Observations of forest-interior bird communities in older-growth forests in eastern Kentucky''. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. vol '''59''', no 2. pp. 174–177.
* Michael AP and Jutta CB. (1998). ''Spruce budworm outbreaks and the incidence of vagrancy in eastern North American wood-warblers''. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol '''76''', no 3. p. 433.

* Laurent EJ, Shi HJ, Gatziolis D, LeBouton JP, Walters MB & Liu JG. (2005). ''Using the spatial and spectral precision of satellite imagery to predict wildlife occurrence patterns''. Remote Sensing of Environment. vol '''97''', no 2. pp. 249–262.

* Lopez Ornat A & Greenberg R. (1990). ''Sexual Segregation by Habitat in Migratory Warblers in Quintana Roo Mexico''. Auk. vol '''107''', no 3. pp. 539–543.

* Martin PR, Fotheringham JR & Robertson RJ. (1995). ''A Prairie Warbler with a conspecific and heterospecific song repertoire''. The Auk. vol '''112''', no 3. p. 770.

* Maurer BA & Whitmore RC. (1981). ''Foraging of 5 Bird Species in 2 Forests with Different Vegetation Structure''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''93''', no 4. pp. 478–490.

* Meiklejohn BA & Hughes JW. (1999). ''Bird communities in riparian buffer strips of industrial forests''. American Midland Naturalist. vol '''141''', no 1. pp. 172–184.

* Merrill SB, Cuthbert FJ & Oehlert G. (1998). ''Residual patches and their contribution to forest-bird diversity on northern Minnesota aspen clearcuts''. Conservation Biology. vol '''12''', no 1. pp. 190–199.

* Michael AP & Jutta CB. (1998). ''Spruce budworm outbreaks and the incidence of vagrancy in eastern North American wood-warblers''. Canadian Journal of Zoology. vol '''76''', no 3. p. 433.

* Mitchell JM. (1999). ''Habitat relationships of five northern bird species breeding in hemlock ravines in Ohio, USA''. Natural Areas Journal. vol '''19''', no 1. pp. 3–11.
* Mitchell JM. (1999). ''Habitat relationships of five northern bird species breeding in hemlock ravines in Ohio, USA''. Natural Areas Journal. vol '''19''', no 1. pp. 3–11.
* Morgan K and Freedman B. (1985). ''Breeding Bird Communities in a Hardwood Forest Succession in Nova Scotia Canada''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''100''', no 4. pp. 506–519.

* Morgan K & Freedman B. (1985). ''Breeding Bird Communities in a Hardwood Forest Succession in Nova Scotia Canada''. Canadian Field Naturalist. vol '''100''', no 4. pp. 506–519.

* Morse DH. (1977). ''The Occupation of Small Islands by Passerine Birds''. Condor. vol '''79''', no 4. pp. 399–412.
* Morse DH. (1977). ''The Occupation of Small Islands by Passerine Birds''. Condor. vol '''79''', no 4. pp. 399–412.

* Morse DH. (1991). ''Song Types of Black-Throated Green Warblers on Migration''. The Wilson Bulletin. vol '''103''', no 1. p. 93.
* Morse DH. (1991). ''Song Types of Black-Throated Green Warblers on Migration''. The Wilson Bulletin. vol '''103''', no 1. p. 93.

* Parrish JD. (1995). ''Effects of needle architecture on warbler habitat selection in a coastal spruce forest''. Ecology. vol '''76''', no 6. pp. 1813–1820.
* Parrish JD. (1995). ''Effects of needle architecture on warbler habitat selection in a coastal spruce forest''. Ecology. vol '''76''', no 6. pp. 1813–1820.

* Parrish JD. (1995). ''Experimental evidence for intrinsic microhabitat preferences in the black-throated green warbler''. Condor. vol '''97''', no 4. pp. 935–943.
* Parrish JD. (1995). ''Experimental evidence for intrinsic microhabitat preferences in the black-throated green warbler''. Condor. vol '''97''', no 4. pp. 935–943.
* Perry EF and Andersen DE. (2003). ''Advantages of clustered nesting for Least Flycatchers in north-central Minnesota''. Condor. vol '''105''', no 4. pp. 756–770.

* Perry EF & Andersen DE. (2003). ''Advantages of clustered nesting for Least Flycatchers in north-central Minnesota''. Condor. vol '''105''', no 4. pp. 756–770.

* Rabenold KN. (1978). ''Foraging Strategies Diversity and Seasonality in Bird Communities of Appalachian Spruce Fir Forests''. Ecological Monographs. vol '''48''', no 4. pp. 397–424.
* Rabenold KN. (1978). ''Foraging Strategies Diversity and Seasonality in Bird Communities of Appalachian Spruce Fir Forests''. Ecological Monographs. vol '''48''', no 4. pp. 397–424.
* Rail J-F, Darveau M, Desrochers A and Huot J. (1997). ''Territorial responses of boreal forest birds to habitat gaps''. Condor. vol '''99''', no 4. pp. 976–980.

* Rail J-F, Darveau M, Desrochers A & Huot J. (1997). ''Territorial responses of boreal forest birds to habitat gaps''. Condor. vol '''99''', no 4. pp. 976–980.
* Rappole JH, King DI and Barrow WC Jr. (1999). ''Winter ecology of the endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler''. Condor. vol '''101''', no 4. pp. 762–770.

* Rappole JH, King DI & Barrow WC, Jr. (1999). ''Winter ecology of the endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler''. Condor. vol '''101''', no 4. pp. 762–770.

* Rising JD. (1988). ''Phenetic Relationships among the Warblers in the Dendroica-Virens Complex and a Record of Dendroica-Virens from Sonora Mexico''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''100''', no 2. pp. 312–316.
* Rising JD. (1988). ''Phenetic Relationships among the Warblers in the Dendroica-Virens Complex and a Record of Dendroica-Virens from Sonora Mexico''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''100''', no 2. pp. 312–316.
* Robichaud I and Villard M-A. (1999). ''Do Black-throated Green Warblers prefer conifers? Meso- and microhabitat use in a mixedwood forest''. Condor. vol '''101''', no 2. pp. 262–271.

* Robichaud I & Villard M-A. (1999). ''Do Black-throated Green Warblers prefer conifers? Meso- and microhabitat use in a mixedwood forest''. Condor. vol '''101''', no 2. pp. 262–271.
* Robinson SK and Holmes RT. (1982). ''Foraging Behavior of Forest Birds the Relationships among Search Tactics Diet and Habitat Structure''. Ecology. vol '''63''', no 6. pp. 1918–1931.
* Rodewald PG and Brittingham MC. (2002). ''Habitat use and behavior of mixed species landbird flocks during fall migration''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''114''', no 1. pp. 87–98.

* Robinson SK & Holmes RT. (1982). ''Foraging Behavior of Forest Birds the Relationships among Search Tactics Diet and Habitat Structure''. Ecology. vol '''63''', no 6. pp. 1918–1931.
* Ross RM, Redell LA, Bennett RM and Young JA. (2004). ''Mesohabitat use of threatened hemlock forests by breeding birds of the Delaware River basin in northeastern United States''. Natural Areas Journal. vol '''24''', no 4. pp. 307–315.
* Schulte LA, Pidgeon AM and Mladenoff DJ. (2005). ''One hundred fifty years of change in forest bird breeding habitat: Estimates of species distributions''. Conservation Biology. vol '''19''', no 6. pp. 1944–1956.

* Rodewald PG & Brittingham MC. (2002). ''Habitat use and behavior of mixed species landbird flocks during fall migration''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''114''', no 1. pp. 87–98.
* Schulte LS and Niemi GJ. (1998). ''Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''62''', no 4. pp. 1418–1429.
* Smith R and Dallman M. (1996). ''Forest gap use by breeding black-throated green warblers''. The Wilson Bulletin. vol '''108''', no 3. p. 588.

* Ross RM, Redell LA, Bennett RM & Young JA. (2004). ''Mesohabitat use of threatened hemlock forests by breeding birds of the Delaware River basin in northeastern United States''. Natural Areas Journal. vol '''24''', no 4. pp. 307–315.
* Smith R, Hamas M, Dallman M and Ewert D. (1998). ''Spatial variation in foraging of the Black-throated Green warbler along the shoreline of northern Lake Huron''. Condor. vol '''100''', no 3. pp. 474–484.
* Smith RJ, Moore FR and May CA. (2007). ''Stopover habitat along the shoreline of northern Lake Huron, Michigan: Emergent aquatic insects as a food resource for spring migrating landbirds''. Auk. vol '''124''', no 1. pp. 107–121.

* Schulte LA, Pidgeon AM & Mladenoff DJ. (2005). ''One hundred fifty years of change in forest bird breeding habitat: Estimates of species distributions''. Conservation Biology. vol '''19''', no 6. pp. 1944–1956.

* Schulte LS & Niemi GJ. (1998). ''Bird communities of early-successional burned and logged forest''. Journal of Wildlife Management. vol '''62''', no 4. pp. 1418–1429.

* Smith R & Dallman M. (1996). ''Forest gap use by breeding black-throated green warblers''. The Wilson Bulletin. vol '''108''', no 3. p. 588.

* Smith R, Hamas M, Dallman M & Ewert D. (1998). ''Spatial variation in foraging of the Black-throated Green warbler along the shoreline of northern Lake Huron''. Condor. vol '''100''', no 3. pp. 474–484.

* Smith RJ, Moore FR & May CA. (2007). ''Stopover habitat along the shoreline of northern Lake Huron, Michigan: Emergent aquatic insects as a food resource for spring migrating landbirds''. Auk. vol '''124''', no 1. pp. 107–121.

* Stewart PA. (1986). ''Fall Migration of Twelve Species of Wood Warblers through Coastal Virginia USA''. North American Bird Bander. vol '''11''', no 3. pp. 83–88.
* Stewart PA. (1986). ''Fall Migration of Twelve Species of Wood Warblers through Coastal Virginia USA''. North American Bird Bander. vol '''11''', no 3. pp. 83–88.
* Tingley MW, Orwig DA, Field R and Motzkin G. (2002). ''Avian response to removal of a forest dominant: Consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid infestations''. Journal of Biogeography. vol '''29''', no 10-11. pp. 1505–1516.

* Tingley MW, Orwig DA, Field R & Motzkin G. (2002). ''Avian response to removal of a forest dominant: Consequences of hemlock woolly adelgid infestations''. Journal of Biogeography. vol '''29''', no 10-11. pp. 1505–1516.
* Venier LA and Pearce JL. (2005). ''Boreal bird community response to jack pine forest succession''. Forest Ecology & Management. vol '''217''', no 1. pp. 19–36.

* Venier LA & Pearce JL. (2005). ''Boreal bird community response to jack pine forest succession''. Forest Ecology & Management. vol '''217''', no 1. pp. 19–36.

* Whelan CJ. (1989). ''Avian foliage structure preferences for foraging and the effect of prey biomass''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''38''', no 5. p. 839.
* Whelan CJ. (1989). ''Avian foliage structure preferences for foraging and the effect of prey biomass''. Animal Behaviour. vol '''38''', no 5. p. 839.

* Whelan CJ. (2001). ''Foliage structure influences foraging of insectivorous forest birds: An experimental study''. Ecology. vol '''82''', no 1. pp. 219–231.
* Whelan CJ. (2001). ''Foliage structure influences foraging of insectivorous forest birds: An experimental study''. Ecology. vol '''82''', no 1. pp. 219–231.


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== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Setophaga virens|the black-throated green warbler}}
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6670id.html Black-throated Green Warbler - ''Dendroica virens''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
{{Wikispecies|Setophaga virens}}
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Black-throated_Green_Warbler.html Black-throated Green Warbler Species Account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* [http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=8965 Black-throated Green Warbler videos] on the Internet Bird Collection
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6670id.html Black-throated green warbler - ''Dendroica virens''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Black-throated_Green_Warbler.html Black-throated green warbler species account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* {{InternetBirdCollection|black-throated-green-warbler-dendroica-virens|Black-throated green warbler}}
* {{VIREO|Black-throated+Green+Warbler|Black-throated green warbler}}


<!-- see decent RangeMap/maps, etc at www.natureserve.org(then 'InfoNatura').. with "passage migrant", and "vagrant" regions/countries...(In MEXICO, winters in south and on EAST, (south)west coasts, Not in center of country(Mexican Plateau and southwards)) -->
<!-- see decent RangeMap/maps, etc at www.natureserve.org(then 'InfoNatura').. with "passage migrant", and "vagrant" regions/countries...(In MEXICO, winters in south and on EAST, (south)west coasts, Not in center of country(Mexican Plateau and southwards)) -->


{{Taxonbar|from=Q27075940}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Black-Throated Green Warbler}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Setophaga]]
[[Category:Birds of North America|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Canada|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of the United States|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Eastern United States|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Appalachia (United States)|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Mexico|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula region|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Central America|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of the Greater Antilles|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Venezuela|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Colombia|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Migratory birds (Western hemisphere)|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]


[[Category:Setophaga|black-throated green warbler]]
[[de:Grünwaldsänger]]
[[Category:Birds of Canada]]
[[es:Dendroica virens]]
[[Category:Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]
[[eo:Flavvanga parulio]]
[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
[[eu:Setophaga virens]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Northeastern United States]]
[[fr:Paruline à gorge noire]]
[[Category:Birds of Appalachia (United States)]]
[[hu:Feketetorkú lombjáró]]
[[Category:Migratory birds (Western Hemisphere)]]
[[pl:Lasówka czarnogardła]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1789|black-throated green warbler]]
[[ru:Зелёный лесной певун]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin]]

Revision as of 07:27, 12 July 2024

Black-throated green warbler
Song
Song
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Setophaga
Species:
S. virens
Binomial name
Setophaga virens
(Gmelin, 1789)
Range of S. virens (note: missing distribution on Hispaniola and Puerto Rico)
  Breeding range
  Wintering range
Synonyms

Dendroica virens

The black-throated green warbler (Setophaga virens) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.

Description

It has an olive-green crown, a yellow face with olive markings, a thin pointed bill, white wing bars, an olive-green back and pale underparts with black streaks on the flanks. Adult males have a black throat and upper breast; females have a pale throat and black markings on their breast.

Measurements:[2]

  • Length: 4.3–4.7 in (11–12 cm)
  • Weight: 0.3–0.4 oz (8.5–11.3 g)
  • Wingspan: 6.7–7.9 in (17–20 cm)
Quintana, Texas Male
Female
Black-throated green warbler with chicks

Habitat and distribution

The breeding habitat of the black-throated green warbler is coniferous and mixed forests in eastern North America and western Canada and cypress swamps on the southern Atlantic coast, with preference for dense stands of conifers.[3] These birds' nests are open cups, which are usually situated close to the trunk of a tree.

These birds migrate to Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and southern Florida. One destination is to the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatán. Some birds straggle as far as South America, with the southernmost couple of records coming from Ecuador.

Hybridization

The black-throated green warbler has been reported to hybridize with the congeneric Townsend's warbler where their range overlaps in the Rocky Mountains.[4]

Behavior

Black-throated green warblers forage actively in vegetation, and they sometimes hover (gleaning), or catch insects in flight (hawking). Insects are the main constituents of these birds' diets, although berries will occasionally be consumed.

The song of this bird is a buzzed zee-zee-zee-zooo-zeet or zoo-zee-zoo-zoo-zeet. The call is a sharp tsip.[5]

This bird is vulnerable to nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird.[6][7]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Setophaga virens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22721689A132146396. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721689A132146396.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Black-throated Green Warbler Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  3. ^ Robichaud, Isabelle; Villard, Marc-Andre (1999). "Do black-throated green warblers prefer conifers? Meso- and microhabitat use in a mixedwood forest". The Condor. 101 (2): 262–271. doi:10.2307/1369989. JSTOR 1369989.
  4. ^ Toews, David P.L.; Brelsford, Alan; Irwin, Darren E. (2011). "Hybridization between Townsend's Dendroica townsendi and blackt-hroated green warblers D. virens in an avian suture zone". Journal of Avian Biology. 42 (5): 434–446. doi:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05360.x.
  5. ^ "Black-throated Green Warbler | Audubon Field Guide". www.audubon.org. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  6. ^ Pitelka, Frank A. (1940). "Breeding Behavior of the Black-throated Green Warbler". The Wilson Bulletin. 52 (1): 3–18. JSTOR 4156892.
  7. ^ Morse, D. H. 1993. Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). In The Birds of North America, No. 55 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences, Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists’ Union.
  • Curson, Jon; Quinn, David; Beadle, David (1994). New World Warblers. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6.
  • Stiles; Skutch (1989). A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comstock. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4.
  • World Wildlife Fund (2010). "Petenes mangroves". In Mark McGinley; C. Michael Hogan; C. Cleveland (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to the black-throated green warbler.
Wikispecies has information related to Setophaga virens.


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