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{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Taxobox
{{Speciesbox
| name = Black-throated green warbler
| name = Black-throated green warbler
| status = LC
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22721689 |title=''Dendroica virens'' |assessors=[[BirdLife International]] |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref>
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Setophaga virens'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22721689A132146396 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721689A132146396.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| image = BlackthroatedGreenWarbler08.jpg
| image = Black-throated green warbler in PP (14050).jpg
| image_caption = [[File:Setophaga virens - Black-throated Green Warbler - XC101293.ogg|centre|thumb|Song]]
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
[[File:Setophaga virens - Black-throated Green Warbler XC138633.ogg|centre|thumb|Song]]
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
⚫
| taxon = Setophaga virens
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
⚫
| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789)
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[New World warbler|Parulidae]]
| genus = ''[[Setophaga]]''
| species = '''''S. virens'''''
⚫
| binomial = ''Setophaga virens''
⚫
| binomial_authority = ([[Johann Friedrich Gmelin|Gmelin]], 1789)
| synonyms = ''Dendroica virens''
| synonyms = ''Dendroica virens''
| range_map = Dendroica virens map.svg
| range_map = Dendroica virens map.svg
| range_map_caption = Range of ''S. virens'' {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Wintering range|outline=gray}}
| range_map_caption = Range of ''S. virens'' (note: missing distribution on [[Hispaniola]] and [[Puerto Rico]]) {{leftlegend|#FFFF00|Breeding range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0000FF|Wintering range|outline=gray}}
}}
}}
⚫
The '''black-throated green warbler''' (''Setophaga virens'') is a small [[songbird]] of the [[New World warbler]] family.


⚫
The '''black-throated green warbler''' ('''''Setophaga virens''''') is a small [[songbird]] of the [[New World warbler]] family.
⚫
It is {{convert|12|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weighs {{convert|9|g|oz|abbr=on}}, and has an olive-green crown, a yellow face with olive markings, a thin pointed bill, white wing bars, an olive-green back and pale underparts with black streaks on the flanks. Adult males have a black throat and upper breast; females have a pale throat and black markings on their breast.

==Description==
⚫
It has an olive-green crown, a yellow face with olive markings, a thin pointed bill, white wing bars, an olive-green back and pale underparts with black streaks on the flanks. Adult males have a black throat and upper breast; females have a pale throat and black markings on their breast.

'''Measurements''':<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black-throated Green Warbler Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology|url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Black-throated_Green_Warbler/id|access-date=2020-09-30|website=www.allaboutbirds.org|language=en}}</ref>

* '''Length''': {{convert|4.3|-|4.7|in|cm|abbr=on}}
* '''Weight''': {{convert|0.3|-|0.4|oz|g|abbr=on}}
* '''Wingspan''': {{convert|6.7|-|7.9|in|cm|abbr=on}}


[[File:Black-throated Green Warbler by Dan Pancamo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Quintana, Texas]] Male]]
[[File:Black-throated Green Warbler by Dan Pancamo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Quintana, Texas]] Male]]
[[File:Black-throated Green Warbler by Dan Pancamo 2.jpg|thumb|left|Female]]
[[File:Black-throated Green Warbler by Dan Pancamo 2.jpg|thumb|left|Female]]
[[File:BlackthroatedGreenWarbler23.jpg|thumb|left|Green warbler with chicks]]
[[File:BlackthroatedGreenWarbler23.jpg|thumb|left|Black-throated green warbler with chicks]]


==Habitat and distribution==
The breeding habitat of the black-throated green warbler is [[conifer]]ous and mixed forests in eastern [[North America]] and western [[Canada]] and [[bald cypress|cypress]] [[swamp]]s on the southern [[Atlantic (ocean)|Atlantic]] coast. These birds' nests are open cups, which are usually situated close to the trunk of a tree.
The breeding habitat of the black-throated green warbler is [[conifer]]ous and mixed forests in eastern [[North America]] and western [[Canada]] and [[bald cypress|cypress]] [[swamp]]s on the southern [[Atlantic (ocean)|Atlantic]] coast, with preference for dense stands of conifers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Robichaud |first1=Isabelle |last2=Villard |first2=Marc-Andre |date=1999 |title=Do black-throated green warblers prefer conifers? Meso- and microhabitat use in a mixedwood forest |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1369989 |journal=The Condor |volume=101 |issue=2 |pages=262–271|doi=10.2307/1369989 |jstor=1369989 }}</ref> These birds' nests are open cups, which are usually situated close to the trunk of a tree.


These birds [[bird migration|migrate]] to [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], the [[West Indies]] and southern [[Florida]]. One destination is to the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatán. Some birds straggle as far as [[South America]], with the southernmost couple of records coming from [[Ecuador]].
These birds [[bird migration|migrate]] to [[Mexico]], [[Central America]], the [[West Indies]] and southern [[Florida]]. One destination is to the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatán. Some birds straggle as far as [[South America]], with the southernmost couple of records coming from [[Ecuador]].

== Hybridization ==
The black-throated green warbler has been reported to hybridize with the congeneric [[Townsend's warbler]] where their range overlaps in the [[Rocky Mountains]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Toews |first1=David P.L. |last2=Brelsford |first2=Alan |last3=Irwin |first3=Darren E. |date=2011 |title=Hybridization between Townsend's Dendroica townsendi and blackt-hroated green warblers D. virens in an avian suture zone |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=434–446 |doi=10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05360.x}}</ref>


==Behavior==
==Behavior==
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Black-throated green warblers forage actively in vegetation, and they sometimes hover ([[gleaning (birds)|gleaning]]), or catch insects in flight ([[hawking (birds)|hawking]]). Insects are the main constituents of these birds' diets, although berries will occasionally be consumed.
Black-throated green warblers forage actively in vegetation, and they sometimes hover ([[gleaning (birds)|gleaning]]), or catch insects in flight ([[hawking (birds)|hawking]]). Insects are the main constituents of these birds' diets, although berries will occasionally be consumed.


The song of this bird is a buzzed ''zee-zee-zee-zooo-zeet'' or ''zoo-zee-zoo-zoo-zeet''. The call is a sharp ''tsip''.
The song of this bird is a buzzed ''{{not a typo|zee-zee-zee-zooo-zeet}}'' or ''{{not a typo|zoo-zee-zoo-zoo-zeet}}''. The call is a sharp ''{{not a typo|tsip}}''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black-throated Green Warbler {{!}} Audubon Field Guide |url=https://www.audubon.org/field-guide/bird/black-throated-green-warbler |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=www.audubon.org |language=en}}</ref>


This bird is vulnerable to nest [[parasite|parasitism]] by the [[brown-headed cowbird]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pitelka |first=Frank A. |date=1940 |title=Breeding Behavior of the Black-throated Green Warbler |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4156892 |journal=The Wilson Bulletin |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=3–18|jstor=4156892 }}</ref><ref>Morse, D. H. 1993. Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). In The Birds of North America, No. 55 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences, Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists’ Union.</ref>
This bird is vulnerable to nest [[parasite|parasitism]] by the [[brown-headed cowbird]].


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}<!-- WilsonBull18:47 (compare to current Ohio checklist http://www.ohiobirds.org/publications/OBRClist.pdf) -->
{{Reflist}}<!-- WilsonBull18:47 (compare to current Ohio checklist http://www.ohiobirds.org/publications/OBRClist.pdf) -->
* {{cite book|last=Curson|first=Jon|last2=Quinn|first2=David|last3=Beadle|first3=David|title=New World Warblers|location=London|year=1994|publisher=Christopher Helm|isbn=0-7136-3932-6|pages=}}
* {{cite book|last1=Curson|first1=Jon|last2=Quinn|first2=David|last3=Beadle|first3=David|title=New World Warblers|location=London|year=1994|publisher=Christopher Helm|isbn=0-7136-3932-6}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stiles |last2= Skutch|title=A guide to the birds of Costa Rica|isbn=0-8014-9600-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stiles |last2= Skutch|title=A guide to the birds of Costa Rica|year= 1989|publisher= Comstock|isbn=0-8014-9600-4}}
* {{cite book|author=World Wildlife Fund|year=2010|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Petenes_mangroves?topic=49597 |chapter=''Petenes'' mangroves|editors=Mark McGinley, C. Michael Hogan and C. Cleveland|title=Encyclopedia of Earth|publisher= National Council for Science and the Environment|location= Washington, DC}}
* {{cite book|author=World Wildlife Fund|year=2010|url=http://www.eoearth.org/article/Petenes_mangroves?topic=49597 |chapter=''Petenes'' mangroves|editor=Mark McGinley|editor2=C. Michael Hogan|editor3=C. Cleveland|title=Encyclopedia of Earth|publisher= National Council for Science and the Environment|location= Washington, DC}}
<!--
<!--
==Further reading==
==Further reading==
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* Jim S and Keith AH. (2000). ''Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests''. [[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]]. vol '''30''', no 8. p. 1281.
* Jim S and Keith AH. (2000). ''Bird communities associated with live residual tree patches within cut blocks and burned habitat in mixedwood boreal forests''. [[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]]. vol '''30''', no 8. p. 1281.
* Kirk DA, Diamond AW, Smith AR, Holland GE and Chytyk P. (1997). ''Population changes in boreal forest birds in Saskatchewan and Manitoba''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''109''', no 1. pp. 1–27.
* Kirk DA, Diamond AW, Smith AR, Holland GE and Chytyk P. (1997). ''Population changes in boreal forest birds in Saskatchewan and Manitoba''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''109''', no 1. pp. 1–27.
* Lacki MJ and Baker MD. (1998). ''Observations of forest-interior bird communities in older-growth forests in eastern Kentucky''. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Science. vol '''59''', no 2. pp. 174–177.
* Lacki MJ and Baker MD. (1998). ''Observations of forest-interior bird communities in older-growth forests in eastern Kentucky''. Journal of the Kentucky Academy of Sciences. vol '''59''', no 2. pp. 174–177.
* Laurent EJ, Shi HJ, Gatziolis D, LeBouton JP, Walters MB and Liu JG. (2005). ''Using the spatial and spectral precision of satellite imagery to predict wildlife occurrence patterns''. Remote Sensing of Environment. vol '''97''', no 2. pp. 249–262.
* Laurent EJ, Shi HJ, Gatziolis D, LeBouton JP, Walters MB and Liu JG. (2005). ''Using the spatial and spectral precision of satellite imagery to predict wildlife occurrence patterns''. Remote Sensing of Environment. vol '''97''', no 2. pp. 249–262.
* Lopez Ornat A and Greenberg R. (1990). ''Sexual Segregation by Habitat in Migratory Warblers in Quintana Roo Mexico''. Auk. vol '''107''', no 3. pp. 539–543.
* Lopez Ornat A and Greenberg R. (1990). ''Sexual Segregation by Habitat in Migratory Warblers in Quintana Roo Mexico''. Auk. vol '''107''', no 3. pp. 539–543.
Line 106: Line 114:
* Rabenold KN. (1978). ''Foraging Strategies Diversity and Seasonality in Bird Communities of Appalachian Spruce Fir Forests''. Ecological Monographs. vol '''48''', no 4. pp. 397–424.
* Rabenold KN. (1978). ''Foraging Strategies Diversity and Seasonality in Bird Communities of Appalachian Spruce Fir Forests''. Ecological Monographs. vol '''48''', no 4. pp. 397–424.
* Rail J-F, Darveau M, Desrochers A and Huot J. (1997). ''Territorial responses of boreal forest birds to habitat gaps''. Condor. vol '''99''', no 4. pp. 976–980.
* Rail J-F, Darveau M, Desrochers A and Huot J. (1997). ''Territorial responses of boreal forest birds to habitat gaps''. Condor. vol '''99''', no 4. pp. 976–980.
* Rappole JH, King DI and Barrow WC, Jr. (1999). ''Winter ecology of the endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler''. Condor. vol '''101''', no 4. pp. 762–770.
* Rappole JH, King DI and Barrow WC Jr. (1999). ''Winter ecology of the endangered Golden-cheeked Warbler''. Condor. vol '''101''', no 4. pp. 762–770.
* Rising JD. (1988). ''Phenetic Relationships among the Warblers in the Dendroica-Virens Complex and a Record of Dendroica-Virens from Sonora Mexico''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''100''', no 2. pp. 312–316.
* Rising JD. (1988). ''Phenetic Relationships among the Warblers in the Dendroica-Virens Complex and a Record of Dendroica-Virens from Sonora Mexico''. Wilson Bulletin. vol '''100''', no 2. pp. 312–316.
* Robichaud I and Villard M-A. (1999). ''Do Black-throated Green Warblers prefer conifers? Meso- and microhabitat use in a mixedwood forest''. Condor. vol '''101''', no 2. pp. 262–271.
* Robichaud I and Villard M-A. (1999). ''Do Black-throated Green Warblers prefer conifers? Meso- and microhabitat use in a mixedwood forest''. Condor. vol '''101''', no 2. pp. 262–271.
Line 126: Line 134:


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commons category|Setophaga virens|the black-throated green warbler}}
{{Commons category|Setophaga virens|the black-throated green warbler}}
{{wikispecies|Setophaga virens}}
{{Wikispecies|Setophaga virens}}
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6670id.html Black-throated green warbler - ''Dendroica virens''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [http://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/id/framlst/i6670id.html Black-throated green warbler - ''Dendroica virens''] - USGS Patuxent Bird Identification InfoCenter
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Black-throated_Green_Warbler.html Black-throated green warbler species account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
* [http://www.birds.cornell.edu/AllAboutBirds/BirdGuide/Black-throated_Green_Warbler.html Black-throated green warbler species account] - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
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<!-- see decent RangeMap/maps, etc at www.natureserve.org(then 'InfoNatura').. with "passage migrant", and "vagrant" regions/countries...(In MEXICO, winters in south and on EAST, (south)west coasts, Not in center of country(Mexican Plateau and southwards)) -->
<!-- see decent RangeMap/maps, etc at www.natureserve.org(then 'InfoNatura').. with "passage migrant", and "vagrant" regions/countries...(In MEXICO, winters in south and on EAST, (south)west coasts, Not in center of country(Mexican Plateau and southwards)) -->


{{Taxonbar|from=Q27075940}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Black-Throated Green Warbler}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Setophaga]]

[[Category:Birds of North America|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Canada|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Setophaga|black-throated green warbler]]
[[Category:Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Canada]]
[[Category:Birds of the United States|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Eastern United States|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Birds of Appalachia (United States)|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Native birds of the Northeastern United States]]
[[Category:Birds of Mexico|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Appalachia (United States)]]
⚫
[[Category:Migratory birds (Western Hemisphere)]]
[[Category:Birds of the Yucatán Peninsula region|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Central America|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1789|black-throated green warbler]]
[[Category:Birds of the Greater Antilles|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Johann Friedrich Gmelin]]
[[Category:Birds of Venezuela|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
[[Category:Birds of Colombia|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]
⚫
[[Category:Migratory birds (Western hemisphere)|Warbler, Black-throated Green]]

Revision as of 07:27, 12 July 2024

Black-throated green warbler
Song
Song
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Family: Parulidae
Genus: Setophaga
Species:
S. virens
Binomial name
Setophaga virens
(Gmelin, 1789)
Range of S. virens (note: missing distribution on Hispaniola and Puerto Rico)
  Breeding range
  Wintering range
Synonyms

Dendroica virens

The black-throated green warbler (Setophaga virens) is a small songbird of the New World warbler family.

Description

It has an olive-green crown, a yellow face with olive markings, a thin pointed bill, white wing bars, an olive-green back and pale underparts with black streaks on the flanks. Adult males have a black throat and upper breast; females have a pale throat and black markings on their breast.

Measurements:[2]

  • Length: 4.3–4.7 in (11–12 cm)
  • Weight: 0.3–0.4 oz (8.5–11.3 g)
  • Wingspan: 6.7–7.9 in (17–20 cm)
Quintana, Texas Male
Female
Black-throated green warbler with chicks

Habitat and distribution

The breeding habitat of the black-throated green warbler is coniferous and mixed forests in eastern North America and western Canada and cypress swamps on the southern Atlantic coast, with preference for dense stands of conifers.[3] These birds' nests are open cups, which are usually situated close to the trunk of a tree.

These birds migrate to Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and southern Florida. One destination is to the Petenes mangroves of the Yucatán. Some birds straggle as far as South America, with the southernmost couple of records coming from Ecuador.

Hybridization

The black-throated green warbler has been reported to hybridize with the congeneric Townsend's warbler where their range overlaps in the Rocky Mountains.[4]

Behavior

Black-throated green warblers forage actively in vegetation, and they sometimes hover (gleaning), or catch insects in flight (hawking). Insects are the main constituents of these birds' diets, although berries will occasionally be consumed.

The song of this bird is a buzzed zee-zee-zee-zooo-zeet or zoo-zee-zoo-zoo-zeet. The call is a sharp tsip.[5]

This bird is vulnerable to nest parasitism by the brown-headed cowbird.[6][7]

References

  1. ^ BirdLife International (2018). "Setophaga virens". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T22721689A132146396. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721689A132146396.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  2. ^ "Black-throated Green Warbler Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology". www.allaboutbirds.org. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  3. ^ Robichaud, Isabelle; Villard, Marc-Andre (1999). "Do black-throated green warblers prefer conifers? Meso- and microhabitat use in a mixedwood forest". The Condor. 101 (2): 262–271. doi:10.2307/1369989. JSTOR 1369989.
  4. ^ Toews, David P.L.; Brelsford, Alan; Irwin, Darren E. (2011). "Hybridization between Townsend's Dendroica townsendi and blackt-hroated green warblers D. virens in an avian suture zone". Journal of Avian Biology. 42 (5): 434–446. doi:10.1111/j.1600-048X.2011.05360.x.
  5. ^ "Black-throated Green Warbler | Audubon Field Guide". www.audubon.org. Retrieved 2024-06-14.
  6. ^ Pitelka, Frank A. (1940). "Breeding Behavior of the Black-throated Green Warbler". The Wilson Bulletin. 52 (1): 3–18. JSTOR 4156892.
  7. ^ Morse, D. H. 1993. Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). In The Birds of North America, No. 55 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). Philadelphia: The Academy of Natural Sciences, Washington, DC: The American Ornithologists’ Union.
  • Curson, Jon; Quinn, David; Beadle, David (1994). New World Warblers. London: Christopher Helm. ISBN 0-7136-3932-6.
  • Stiles; Skutch (1989). A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comstock. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4.
  • World Wildlife Fund (2010). "Petenes mangroves". In Mark McGinley; C. Michael Hogan; C. Cleveland (eds.). Encyclopedia of Earth. Washington, DC: National Council for Science and the Environment.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to the black-throated green warbler.
Wikispecies has information related to Setophaga virens.


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