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{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2023}}
⚫
{{Infobox Monarch
{{Short description|61st Emperor of Japan (r. 930–946)}}
⚫
| name = Emperor Suzaku<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|朱雀天皇}}}}
⚫
{{Infobox Monarch
⚫
| succession = [[Emperor of Japan]]
⚫
| name = {{ubl|Emperor Suzaku|{{nobold|{{lang|ja|朱雀天皇}}}}}}
| image =
| caption =
| succession = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| reign = October 16, 930 – May 23, 946
| image =
| coronation = December 14, 930
| caption =
| reign = October 16, 930 – May 23, 946
⚫
| predecessor = [[Emperor Daigo|Daigo]]
| coronation = December 14, 930
| successor = [[Emperor Murakami|Murakami]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
| cor-type = Japan
⚫
| predecessor = [[Emperor Daigo|Daigo]]
* Princess Hiroko
⚫
| successor = [[Emperor Murakami|Murakami]]
* Fujiwara no Yoshiko}}
| posthumous name = ''[[Tsuigō]]'': {{awrap|Emperor Suzaku ({{lang|ja|朱雀院}} or {{lang|ja|朱雀天皇}})}}
| issue = [[Princess Masako (Reizei)|Princess Masako]]
| royal house = [[Yamato dynasty|Yamato]]
| issue = [[Princess Masako (Reizei)|Empress Masako]]
| father = [[Emperor Daigo]]
| royal house = [[Imperial House of Japan]]
| mother = [[Fujiwara no Onshi]]
| father = [[Emperor Daigo]]
⚫
| mother = [[Fujiwara no Onshi]]
| birth_date = September 7, 921
| birth_place = Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
| birth_date = September 7, 921
⚫
| birth_place = [[Heian Kyō]] (Kyōto)
| death_date = {{death date and age|952|9|6|921|9|7}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|952|9|6|921|9|7}}
⚫
| death_place = Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
| burial_place = ''Daigo no misasagi'' (Kyōto)
| death_place = Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
| burial_place = ''Daigo no misasagi'' (醍醐陵) (Kyōto)
|}}
}}


{{nihongo|'''Emperor Suzaku'''|{{ruby-ja|朱雀天皇|すざくてんのう}}|Suzaku-[[tennō]]|September 7, 921 – September 6, 952}} was the 61st [[emperor]] of [[Japan]],<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/061/index.html 朱雀天皇 (61)]</ref> according to the traditional [[List of Emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 69–70.</ref>
{{nihongo|'''Emperor Suzaku'''|{{ruby-ja|朱雀天皇|すざくてんのう}}|Suzaku-[[tennō]]|September 7, 921 – September 6, 952}} was the 61st [[emperor of Japan]],<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/061/index.html 朱雀天皇 (61)]</ref> according to the traditional [[List of emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 69–70.</ref>


Suzaku's reign spanned the years from 930 through 946.<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA134,M1 ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 134–139]; Brown, Delmer. (1879). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 294–295; Varley, H. Paul (1980) ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' pp. 181–183.</ref>
Suzaku's reign spanned the years from 930 through 946.<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 134–139]; Brown, Delmer. (1879). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 294–295; Varley, H. Paul (1980) ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' pp. 181–183.</ref>


==Biography==
==Biography==
Before his ascension of the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (''[[imina]]'')<ref>Brown, p. 264; prior to [[Emperor Jomei]], the personal names of the emperors were very long and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref> was Hiroakira''-shinnō''.<ref name="t134v181">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA134,M1 p. 134]; Varley, p. 181.</ref> He was also known as {{nihongo|Yutaakira''-shinnō''|{{ruby-ja|寛明親王|ゆたあきらしんのう}}}}.<ref name="b294">Brown, p. 294.</ref>
Before he ascended the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (''[[imina]]'')<ref>Brown, p. 264; before [[Emperor Jomei]], the personal names of the emperors were very long, and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref> was Hiroakira''-shinnō''.<ref name="t134v181">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 134]; Varley, p. 181.</ref> He was also known as {{nihongo|Yutaakira''-shinnō''|{{ruby-ja|寛明親王|ゆたあきらしんのう}}}}.<ref name="b294">Brown, p. 294.</ref>


Hiroakira''-shinnō'' was the 11th son of [[Emperor Daigo]] and Empress Consort Onshi, a daughter of the regent and great minister of the council of state, [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]].<ref>Varley, p. 181.</ref>
Hiroakira''-shinnō'' was the 11th son of [[Emperor Daigo]] and Empress Consort Onshi, a daughter of the regent and great minister of the council of state, [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]].<ref>Varley, p. 181.</ref>
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Suzaku's older brother died unexpectedly young, as did his brother's son. These untimely deaths opened the way for Suzaku to accede to the throne.
Suzaku's older brother died unexpectedly young, as did his brother's son. These untimely deaths opened the way for Suzaku to accede to the throne.


* '''October 16, 930''' (''[[Enchō]] 8, 22nd day of the 9th month'')<!-- [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm NengoCalc] 延長八年九月二十二日 -->: In the 33rd year of the reign of Daigo-tennō (醍醐天皇三十三年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (the ''senso'') was received by his eleventh son, Hiroakira''-shinnō''<ref name="t134v181"/> (also known as Yutaakira''-shinnō'').<ref>Brown, p. 295, Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized prior to [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[Emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami]].</ref>
* '''October 16, 930''' (''[[Enchō]] 8, 22nd day of the 9th month'')<!-- [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm NengoCalc] 延長八年九月二十二日 -->: In the 33rd year of the reign of Daigo-tennō (醍醐天皇三十三年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (the ''senso'') was received by his eleventh son, Hiroakira''-shinnō''<ref name="t134v181"/> (also known as Yutaakira''-shinnō'').<ref>Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized before [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[Emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami]].</ref>
* '''December 14, 930''' (''Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 11th month''): Emperor Suzaku, who was only 8 years old, acceded to the throne (the ''sokui'').<ref name="t134v181"/>
* '''December 14, 930''' (''Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 11th month''): Emperor Suzaku, who was only eight years old, acceded to the throne (the ''sokui'').<ref name="t134v181"/>
* '''May 16, 931''' (''Enchō 9, 26th day of the 4th month'')<!-- 延長九年四月二十六日 -->: The era name was changed to mark the beginning of the new emperor's reign.<ref>Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 181-182.</ref>
* '''May 16, 931''' (''Enchō 9, 26th day of the 4th month'')<!-- 延長九年四月二十六日 -->: The era name was changed to mark the beginning of the new emperor's reign.<ref>Brown, p. 295; Varley, pp. 181–182.</ref>
* '''August 5, 931''' (''[[Jōhei]] 1, 19th day of the 7th month'')<!-- 承平一年六月十九日 -->: The former-[[Emperor Uda]] (867–931) died at the age of 65.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA135,M1 p. 135]; Brown, p. 295.</ref>
* '''August 5, 931''' (''[[Jōhei]] 1, 19th day of the 7th month'')<!-- 承平一年六月十九日 -->: The former-[[Emperor Uda]] (867–931) died at the age of 65.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 135]; Brown, p. 295.</ref>
* '''932''' (''Jōhei 2, 8th month''): The ''[[udaijin]]'' (Minister of the Right) [[Fujiwara no Sadakata]] (873–932) died at the age of 65.<ref name="t135">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA135,M1 p. 135.]</ref>
* '''932''' (''Jōhei 2, 8th month''): The ''[[udaijin]]'' (Minister of the Right) [[Fujiwara no Sadakata]] (873–932) died at the age of 65.<ref name="t135">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 135.]</ref>
* '''933''' (''Jōhei 3, 8th month''): The ''[[dainagon]]'' (Counselor) Fujiwara no Nakahira is named ''udaijin.'' Nakahira is the brother of ''[[sesshō]]'' (regent) Fujiwara Tadahira.<ref name="t135b294">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA135,M1 p. 135]; Brown, p. 294.</ref>
* '''933''' (''Jōhei 3, 8th month''): The ''[[dainagon]]'' (Counselor) Fujiwara no Nakahira is named ''udaijin.'' Nakahira is the brother of ''[[sesshō]]'' (regent) Fujiwara Tadahira.<ref name="t135b294">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 135]; Brown, p. 294.</ref>
* '''933''' (''Jōhei 3, 12th month''): Ten of the chief dignitaries of the empire went falcon-hunting together in [[Owari Province]]. Each of them was magnificent in his formal hunting attire.<ref name="t135"/>
* '''933''' (''Jōhei 3, 12th month''): Ten of the chief dignitaries of the empire went falcon-hunting together in [[Owari Province]]. Each of them was magnificent in his formal hunting attire.<ref name="t135"/>
* '''935''' (''Jōhei 5''): The Great Fundamental Central Hall (''kompon chūdō'') on [[Mt. Hiei]] burned down.<ref name="b295"/>
* '''935''' (''Jōhei 5''): The Great Fundamental Central Hall (''kompon chūdō'') on [[Mt. Hiei]] burned down.<ref name="b295"/>
* '''September 7, 936''' (''Jōhei 6, 19th day of the 8th month'')<!-- 承平六年八月十九日 -->: [[Fujiwara no Tadahira]] was named ''daijō-daijin'' (Prime Minister); and in this same period, [[Fujiwara no Nakahira]] was named ''sadaijin'' (Minister of the Left), and [[Fujiwara no Tsunesuke]] was named ''udaijin''.<ref name="t135"/>
* '''September 7, 936''' (''Jōhei 6, 19th day of the 8th month'')<!-- 承平六年八月十九日 -->: [[Fujiwara no Tadahira]] was named ''daijō-daijin'' (Prime Minister); and in this same period, [[Fujiwara no Nakahira]] was named ''sadaijin'' (Minister of the Left), and [[Fujiwara no Tsunesuke]] was named ''udaijin''.<ref name="t135"/>
* '''937''' (''Jōhei 7, 12th month''): The former-[[Emperor Yōzei]] celebrated his 70th birthday.<ref name="t135"/>
* '''937''' (''Jōhei 7, 12th month''): The former-[[Emperor Yōzei]] celebrated his 70th birthday.<ref name="t135"/>
* '''938''' (''Jōhei 8, 4th month''): Serial intermittent ground-tremors were felt in [[Heian-kyō]] from the 10th through the 29th days of this month.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA134,M1 p. 136.]</ref>
* '''938''' (''Jōhei 8, 4th month''): Serial intermittent ground-tremors were felt in [[Heian-kyō]] from the 10th through the 29th days of this month.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 136.]</ref>
* '''940''' (''[[Tengyō]] 3''): During his reign [[Taira no Masakado]] raised a great insurrection in the [[Kantō region]] and declared himself the "New Emperor" (新皇), but his forces were defeated by [[Fujiwara no Hidesato]] and [[Taira no Sadamori]], and he was decapitated.<ref name="b295"/>
* '''940''' (''[[Tengyō]] 3''): During his reign, [[Taira no Masakado]] raised a great insurrection in the [[Kantō region]] and declared himself the "New Emperor" (新皇). Still, his forces were defeated by [[Fujiwara no Hidesato]] and [[Taira no Sadamori]], and he was decapitated.<ref name="b295"/>
* '''941''' (''Tengyō 4''): [[Fujiwara no Sumitomo]] staged a rebellion, having made a secret agreement with Taira no Masakado, but his army was defeated by Tachibana Tōyasu.<ref name="b295"/>
* '''941''' (''Tengyō 4''): [[Fujiwara no Sumitomo]] staged a rebellion, having made a secret agreement with Taira no Masakado, but his army was defeated by Tachibana Tōyasu.<ref name="b295"/>
* '''May 23, 946''' (''Tengyō 9, 20th day of the 4th month''): Suzaku [[abdication|abdicates]], having ruled for 16 years.<ref name="b295v130">Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 130.</ref> The emperor was succeeded by his younger brother, who would become [[Emperor Murakami]].
* '''May 23, 946''' (''Tengyō 9, 20th day of the 4th month''): Suzaku [[abdication|abdicates]], having ruled for 16 years.<ref name="b295v130">Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 130.</ref> The emperor was succeeded by his younger brother, who would become [[Emperor Murakami]].
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{{nihongo|''[[Kugyō]]''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.<ref>Furugosho: [http://www.furugosho.com/moyenage/empereur-g2.htm ''Kugyō'' of Suzaku''-tennō.'']</ref>
{{nihongo|''[[Kugyō]]''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.<ref>Furugosho: [http://www.furugosho.com/moyenage/empereur-g2.htm ''Kugyō'' of Suzaku''-tennō.'']</ref>


In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Suzaku's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included:
This elite group generally included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background had brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Suzaku's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included:
* ''[[Sesshō]]'', [[Fujiwara no Tadahira]], 880–949.<ref name="b294"/>
* ''[[Sesshō]]'', [[Fujiwara no Tadahira]], 880–949.<ref name="b294"/>
* ''[[Kampaku]]'', Fujiwara no Tadahira.<ref name="b294"/>
* ''[[Kampaku]]'', Fujiwara no Tadahira.<ref name="b294"/>
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==Eras of Suzaku's reign==
==Eras of Suzaku's reign==
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] — a stylised [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] – a stylised [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]]
The years of Suzaku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PP9&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran#PRA1-PA134,M1 p. 134.]</ref>
The years of Suzaku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 134.]</ref>
* ''[[Enchō]]'' (923–931)
* ''[[Enchō]]'' (923–931)
* ''[[Jōhei]]'' (931–938)
* ''[[Jōhei]]'' (931–938)
* ''[[Tengyō]]'' (938–947)
* ''[[Tengyō]]'' (938–947)

==Consorts and children==
Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Princess Hiroko/''Kishi'' (熙子女王; d. 950), Imperial crown Prince Yasuakira's daughter ([[Emperor Daigo]]’s son)
*First Daughter: [[Princess Masako (Reizei)|Imperial Princess Masako]] ({{lang|ja|昌子内親王}}) later Kanon'in taigō (観音院太后), married [[Emperor Reizei]]

Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no Yoshiko (藤原慶子; d. 951), Fujiwara no Saneyori's daughter


==Ancestry==
==Ancestry==
{{ahnentafel
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp061|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|access-date=14 February 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp061|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=April 30, 2010 |access-date=February 14, 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
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|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Emperor Suzaku'''
|1= 1. '''Emperor Suzaku'''
|2= 2. [[Emperor Daigo]] (885-930)
|2= 2. [[Emperor Daigo]] (885–930)
|3= 3. [[Fujiwara no Onshi]] (885-954)
|3= 3. [[Fujiwara no Onshi]] (885–954)
|4= 4. [[Emperor Uda]] (867-931)
|4= 4. [[Emperor Uda]] (867–931)
|5= 5. [[:ja:藤原胤子|Fujiwara no Inshi]] (d. 896)
|5= 5. [[:ja:藤原胤子|Fujiwara no Inshi]] (d. 896)
|6= 6. [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]] (836-891)
|6= 6. [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]] (836–891)
|7= 7. Princess Sōshi
|7= 7. Princess Sōshi
|8= 8. [[Emperor Kōkō]] (830-867)
|8= 8. [[Emperor Kōkō]] (830–867)
|9= 9. [[:ja:班子女王|Princess Hanshi]] (833-900)
|9= 9. [[:ja:班子女王|Princess Hanshi]] (833–900)
|10=10. [[Fujiwara no Takafuji]] (838-900)
|10=10. [[Fujiwara no Takafuji]] (838–900)
|11=11. Miyaji no Tsurako
|11=11. Miyaji no Tsurako
|12=12. [[Fujiwara no Nagara]] (802-856)
|12=12. [[Fujiwara no Nagara]] (802–856)
|13=13. Fujiwara no Otoharu
|13=13. Fujiwara no Otoharu
|14=14. [[:ja:人康親王|Prince Saneyasu]] (831-872)
|14=14. [[:ja:人康親王|Prince Saneyasu]] (831–872)
|15=
|15=
|16=16. [[Emperor Ninmyō]] (808-850)
|17=17. [[:ja:藤原沢子|Fujiwara no Takushi]] (d. 839)
|18=18. [[:ja:仲野親王|Prince Nakano]] (792-867)
|19=19. Tōsō
⚫
|20=20. [[Fujiwara no Yoshikado]]
|21=21. Takada no Haruko
|22=22. Miyaji no Iyamasu
|23=
|24=24. [[Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu]] (775-826)
|25=25. [[:ja:藤原美都子|Fujiwara no Mitsuko]] (781-828)
|26=26. [[:ja:藤原総継|Fujiwara no Fusatsugu]]
|27=
|28=28. [[Emperor Ninmyō]] (808-850)
|29=29. [[:ja:藤原沢子|Fujiwara no Takushi]] (d. 839)
|30=
|31=
}}
}}


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==References==
==References==
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&dq=Gukansho&source=gbs_navlinks_s ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past''.] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/future-and-the-past-a-transl-and-study-of-the-gukansho-an-interpretative-history-of-japan-written-in-1219/oclc/251325323 OCLC 251325323]
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past''.] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251325323 OCLC 251325323]
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan&dq=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan&client=firefox-a&pgis=1 ''The Imperial House of Japan''.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan ''The Imperial House of Japan''.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/nipon-o-dai-itsi-ran-ou-annales-des-empereurs-du-japon/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ&dq= ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.''] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; [http://www.worldcat.org/title/chronicle-of-gods-and-sovereigns-jinno-shotoki-of-kitabatake-chikafusa/oclc/59145842 OCLC 59145842]
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.''] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842 OCLC 59145842]


==See also==
==See also==
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[[Category:Japanese emperors]]
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
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[[Category:921 births]]
[[Category:952 deaths]]
[[Category:952 deaths]]
[[Category:People of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:People of Heian-period Japan]]
[[Category:10th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:10th-century Japanese monarchs]]
[[Category:Heian period Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Heian period Buddhist clergy]]
[[Category:Shingon Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Shingon Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Japanese Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Japanese Buddhist monarchs]]
[[Category:Japanese emperors who abdicated]]
[[Category:People from Kyoto]]
[[Category:Sons of Japanese emperors]]

Latest revision as of 13:48, 12 July 2024

  • Emperor Suzaku
  • 朱雀天皇
Emperor of Japan
ReignOctober 16, 930 – May 23, 946
EnthronementDecember 14, 930
PredecessorDaigo
SuccessorMurakami
BornSeptember 7, 921
Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
DiedSeptember 6, 952(952-09-06) (aged 30)
Heian Kyō (Kyōto)
Burial
Daigo no misasagi (醍醐陵) (Kyōto)
IssueEmpress Masako
Posthumous name
Tsuigō: Emperor Suzaku (朱雀院 or 朱雀天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Daigo
MotherFujiwara no Onshi

Emperor Suzaku (朱雀天皇（すざくてんのう）, Suzaku-tennō, September 7, 921 – September 6, 952) was the 61st emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2]

Suzaku's reign spanned the years from 930 through 946.[3]

Biography

[edit]

Before he ascended the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina)[4] was Hiroakira-shinnō.[5] He was also known as Yutaakira-shinnō (寛明親王（ゆたあきらしんのう）).[6]

Hiroakira-shinnō was the 11th son of Emperor Daigo and Empress Consort Onshi, a daughter of the regent and great minister of the council of state, Fujiwara no Mototsune.[7]

Suzaku had two Empresses or consorts and one Imperial daughter.[8]

Events of Suzaku's life

[edit]

Suzaku's older brother died unexpectedly young, as did his brother's son. These untimely deaths opened the way for Suzaku to accede to the throne.

  • October 16, 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month): In the 33rd year of the reign of Daigo-tennō (醍醐天皇三十三年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (the senso) was received by his eleventh son, Hiroakira-shinnō[5] (also known as Yutaakira-shinnō).[9]
  • December 14, 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 11th month): Emperor Suzaku, who was only eight years old, acceded to the throne (the sokui).[5]
  • May 16, 931 (Enchō 9, 26th day of the 4th month): The era name was changed to mark the beginning of the new emperor's reign.[10]
  • August 5, 931 (Jōhei 1, 19th day of the 7th month): The former-Emperor Uda (867–931) died at the age of 65.[11]
  • 932 (Jōhei 2, 8th month): The udaijin (Minister of the Right) Fujiwara no Sadakata (873–932) died at the age of 65.[12]
  • 933 (Jōhei 3, 8th month): The dainagon (Counselor) Fujiwara no Nakahira is named udaijin. Nakahira is the brother of sesshō (regent) Fujiwara Tadahira.[13]
  • 933 (Jōhei 3, 12th month): Ten of the chief dignitaries of the empire went falcon-hunting together in Owari Province. Each of them was magnificent in his formal hunting attire.[12]
  • 935 (Jōhei 5): The Great Fundamental Central Hall (kompon chūdō) on Mt. Hiei burned down.[8]
  • September 7, 936 (Jōhei 6, 19th day of the 8th month): Fujiwara no Tadahira was named daijō-daijin (Prime Minister); and in this same period, Fujiwara no Nakahira was named sadaijin (Minister of the Left), and Fujiwara no Tsunesuke was named udaijin.[12]
  • 937 (Jōhei 7, 12th month): The former-Emperor Yōzei celebrated his 70th birthday.[12]
  • 938 (Jōhei 8, 4th month): Serial intermittent ground-tremors were felt in Heian-kyō from the 10th through the 29th days of this month.[14]
  • 940 (Tengyō 3): During his reign, Taira no Masakado raised a great insurrection in the Kantō region and declared himself the "New Emperor" (新皇). Still, his forces were defeated by Fujiwara no Hidesato and Taira no Sadamori, and he was decapitated.[8]
  • 941 (Tengyō 4): Fujiwara no Sumitomo staged a rebellion, having made a secret agreement with Taira no Masakado, but his army was defeated by Tachibana Tōyasu.[8]
  • May 23, 946 (Tengyō 9, 20th day of the 4th month): Suzaku abdicates, having ruled for 16 years.[15] The emperor was succeeded by his younger brother, who would become Emperor Murakami.
  • 952 (Tenryaku 6): Suzaku took ordination as a Buddhist monk at Ninna-ji.
  • September 6, 952 (Tenryaku 6, 15th day of the 8th month): Suzaku died at the age of 30.[15]

The actual site of Suzaku's grave is known.[1] This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto.

The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Suzaku's mausoleum. It is formally named Daigo no misasagi[16] in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto near the Buddhist temple, Daigo-ji.

Kugyō

[edit]

Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.[17]

This elite group generally included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background had brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Suzaku's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Eras of Suzaku's reign

[edit]
Japanese Imperial kamon – a stylised chrysanthemum blossom

The years of Suzaku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[19]

Ancestry

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 朱雀天皇 (61)
  2. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 69–70.
  3. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 134–139; Brown, Delmer. (1879). Gukanshō, pp. 294–295; Varley, H. Paul (1980) Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 181–183.
  4. ^ Brown, p. 264; before Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors were very long, and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
  5. ^ a b c Titsingh, p. 134; Varley, p. 181.
  6. ^ a b c d Brown, p. 294.
  7. ^ Varley, p. 181.
  8. ^ a b c d e Brown, p. 295
  9. ^ Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized before Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
  10. ^ Brown, p. 295; Varley, pp. 181–182.
  11. ^ Titsingh, p. 135; Brown, p. 295.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h Titsingh, p. 135.
  13. ^ a b Titsingh, p. 135; Brown, p. 294.
  14. ^ Titsingh, p. 136.
  15. ^ a b Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 130.
  16. ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.
  17. ^ Furugosho: Kugyō of Suzaku-tennō.
  18. ^ Brown, p. 291.
  19. ^ Titsingh, p. 134.
  20. ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). April 30, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2018.

References

[edit]

See also

[edit]
Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Japan:
Suzaku
930–946 		Succeeded by
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