Emperor Suzaku: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|61st Emperor of Japan (r. 930–946)}} |
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| succession = [[Emperor of Japan]] |
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| reign = October 16, 930 – May 23, 946 |
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| coronation = December 14, 930 |
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| successor = [[Emperor Murakami|Murakami]] |
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| cor-type = Japan |
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* Princess Hiroko |
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* Fujiwara no Yoshiko}} |
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| posthumous name = ''[[Tsuigō]]'': {{awrap|Emperor Suzaku ({{lang|ja|朱雀院}} or {{lang|ja|朱雀天皇}})}} |
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| issue = [[Princess Masako (Reizei)|Princess Masako]] |
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| issue = [[Princess Masako (Reizei)|Empress Masako]] |
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| royal house = [[Imperial House of Japan]] |
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| father = [[Emperor Daigo]] |
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| birth_date = September 7, 921 |
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| birth_date = September 7, 921 |
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| death_date |
| death_date = {{death date and age|952|9|6|921|9|7}} |
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| death_place = Heian Kyō (Kyōto) |
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| burial_place = ''Daigo no misasagi'' (醍醐陵) (Kyōto) |
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}} |
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{{nihongo|'''Emperor Suzaku'''|{{ruby-ja|朱雀天皇|すざくてんのう}}|Suzaku-[[tennō]]|September 7, 921 – September 6, 952}} was the 61st [[emperor |
{{nihongo|'''Emperor Suzaku'''|{{ruby-ja|朱雀天皇|すざくてんのう}}|Suzaku-[[tennō]]|September 7, 921 – September 6, 952}} was the 61st [[emperor of Japan]],<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/061/index.html 朱雀天皇 (61)]</ref> according to the traditional [[List of emperors of Japan|order of succession]].<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). ''The Imperial House of Japan,'' pp. 69–70.</ref> |
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Suzaku's reign spanned the years from 930 through 946.<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ |
Suzaku's reign spanned the years from 930 through 946.<ref>Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 134–139]; Brown, Delmer. (1879). ''Gukanshō,'' pp. 294–295; Varley, H. Paul (1980) ''Jinnō Shōtōki,'' pp. 181–183.</ref> |
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Before |
Before he ascended the [[Chrysanthemum Throne]], his personal name (''[[imina]]'')<ref>Brown, p. 264; before [[Emperor Jomei]], the personal names of the emperors were very long, and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.</ref> was Hiroakira''-shinnō''.<ref name="t134v181">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 134]; Varley, p. 181.</ref> He was also known as {{nihongo|Yutaakira''-shinnō''|{{ruby-ja|寛明親王|ゆたあきらしんのう}}}}.<ref name="b294">Brown, p. 294.</ref> |
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Hiroakira''-shinnō'' was the 11th son of [[Emperor Daigo]] and Empress Consort Onshi, a daughter of the regent and great minister of the council of state, [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]].<ref>Varley, p. 181.</ref> |
Hiroakira''-shinnō'' was the 11th son of [[Emperor Daigo]] and Empress Consort Onshi, a daughter of the regent and great minister of the council of state, [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]].<ref>Varley, p. 181.</ref> |
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Suzaku's older brother died unexpectedly young, as did his brother's son. These untimely deaths opened the way for Suzaku to accede to the throne. |
Suzaku's older brother died unexpectedly young, as did his brother's son. These untimely deaths opened the way for Suzaku to accede to the throne. |
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* '''October 16, 930''' (''[[Enchō]] 8, 22nd day of the 9th month'')<!-- [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm NengoCalc] 延長八年九月二十二日 -->: In the 33rd year of the reign of Daigo-tennō (醍醐天皇三十三年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (the ''senso'') was received by his eleventh son, Hiroakira''-shinnō''<ref name="t134v181"/> (also known as Yutaakira''-shinnō'').<ref>Brown, p. 295 |
* '''October 16, 930''' (''[[Enchō]] 8, 22nd day of the 9th month'')<!-- [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm NengoCalc] 延長八年九月二十二日 -->: In the 33rd year of the reign of Daigo-tennō (醍醐天皇三十三年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (the ''senso'') was received by his eleventh son, Hiroakira''-shinnō''<ref name="t134v181"/> (also known as Yutaakira''-shinnō'').<ref>Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of ''senso'' is unrecognized before [[Emperor Tenji]]; and all sovereigns except [[Empress Jitō|Jitō]], [[Emperor Yōzei|Yōzei]], [[Emperor Go-Toba|Go-Toba]], and [[Emperor Fushimi|Fushimi]] have ''senso'' and ''sokui'' in the same year until the reign of [[Emperor Go-Murakami]].</ref> |
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* '''December 14, 930''' (''Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 11th month''): Emperor Suzaku, who was only |
* '''December 14, 930''' (''Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 11th month''): Emperor Suzaku, who was only eight years old, acceded to the throne (the ''sokui'').<ref name="t134v181"/> |
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* '''May 16, 931''' (''Enchō 9, 26th day of the 4th month'')<!-- 延長九年四月二十六日 -->: The era name was changed to mark the beginning of the new emperor's reign.<ref>Brown, p. 295; Varley, |
* '''May 16, 931''' (''Enchō 9, 26th day of the 4th month'')<!-- 延長九年四月二十六日 -->: The era name was changed to mark the beginning of the new emperor's reign.<ref>Brown, p. 295; Varley, pp. 181–182.</ref> |
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* '''August 5, 931''' (''[[Jōhei]] 1, 19th day of the 7th month'')<!-- 承平一年六月十九日 -->: The former-[[Emperor Uda]] (867–931) died at the age of 65.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ |
* '''August 5, 931''' (''[[Jōhei]] 1, 19th day of the 7th month'')<!-- 承平一年六月十九日 -->: The former-[[Emperor Uda]] (867–931) died at the age of 65.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 135]; Brown, p. 295.</ref> |
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* '''932''' (''Jōhei 2, 8th month''): The ''[[udaijin]]'' (Minister of the Right) [[Fujiwara no Sadakata]] (873–932) died at the age of 65.<ref name="t135">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ |
* '''932''' (''Jōhei 2, 8th month''): The ''[[udaijin]]'' (Minister of the Right) [[Fujiwara no Sadakata]] (873–932) died at the age of 65.<ref name="t135">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 135.]</ref> |
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* '''933''' (''Jōhei 3, 8th month''): The ''[[dainagon]]'' (Counselor) Fujiwara no Nakahira is named ''udaijin.'' Nakahira is the brother of ''[[sesshō]]'' (regent) Fujiwara Tadahira.<ref name="t135b294">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ |
* '''933''' (''Jōhei 3, 8th month''): The ''[[dainagon]]'' (Counselor) Fujiwara no Nakahira is named ''udaijin.'' Nakahira is the brother of ''[[sesshō]]'' (regent) Fujiwara Tadahira.<ref name="t135b294">Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 135]; Brown, p. 294.</ref> |
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* '''933''' (''Jōhei 3, 12th month''): Ten of the chief dignitaries of the empire went falcon-hunting together in [[Owari Province]]. Each of them was magnificent in his formal hunting attire.<ref name="t135"/> |
* '''933''' (''Jōhei 3, 12th month''): Ten of the chief dignitaries of the empire went falcon-hunting together in [[Owari Province]]. Each of them was magnificent in his formal hunting attire.<ref name="t135"/> |
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* '''935''' (''Jōhei 5''): The Great Fundamental Central Hall (''kompon chūdō'') on [[Mt. Hiei]] burned down.<ref name="b295"/> |
* '''935''' (''Jōhei 5''): The Great Fundamental Central Hall (''kompon chūdō'') on [[Mt. Hiei]] burned down.<ref name="b295"/> |
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* '''September 7, 936''' (''Jōhei 6, 19th day of the 8th month'')<!-- 承平六年八月十九日 -->: [[Fujiwara no Tadahira]] was named ''daijō-daijin'' (Prime Minister); and in this same period, [[Fujiwara no Nakahira]] was named ''sadaijin'' (Minister of the Left), and [[Fujiwara no Tsunesuke]] was named ''udaijin''.<ref name="t135"/> |
* '''September 7, 936''' (''Jōhei 6, 19th day of the 8th month'')<!-- 承平六年八月十九日 -->: [[Fujiwara no Tadahira]] was named ''daijō-daijin'' (Prime Minister); and in this same period, [[Fujiwara no Nakahira]] was named ''sadaijin'' (Minister of the Left), and [[Fujiwara no Tsunesuke]] was named ''udaijin''.<ref name="t135"/> |
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* '''937''' (''Jōhei 7, 12th month''): The former-[[Emperor Yōzei]] celebrated his 70th birthday.<ref name="t135"/> |
* '''937''' (''Jōhei 7, 12th month''): The former-[[Emperor Yōzei]] celebrated his 70th birthday.<ref name="t135"/> |
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* '''938''' (''Jōhei 8, 4th month''): Serial intermittent ground-tremors were felt in [[Heian-kyō]] from the 10th through the 29th days of this month.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ |
* '''938''' (''Jōhei 8, 4th month''): Serial intermittent ground-tremors were felt in [[Heian-kyō]] from the 10th through the 29th days of this month.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 136.]</ref> |
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* '''940''' (''[[Tengyō]] 3''): During his reign [[Taira no Masakado]] raised a great insurrection in the [[Kantō region]] and declared himself the "New Emperor" (新皇) |
* '''940''' (''[[Tengyō]] 3''): During his reign, [[Taira no Masakado]] raised a great insurrection in the [[Kantō region]] and declared himself the "New Emperor" (新皇). Still, his forces were defeated by [[Fujiwara no Hidesato]] and [[Taira no Sadamori]], and he was decapitated.<ref name="b295"/> |
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* '''941''' (''Tengyō 4''): [[Fujiwara no Sumitomo]] staged a rebellion, having made a secret agreement with Taira no Masakado, but his army was defeated by Tachibana Tōyasu.<ref name="b295"/> |
* '''941''' (''Tengyō 4''): [[Fujiwara no Sumitomo]] staged a rebellion, having made a secret agreement with Taira no Masakado, but his army was defeated by Tachibana Tōyasu.<ref name="b295"/> |
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* '''May 23, 946''' (''Tengyō 9, 20th day of the 4th month''): Suzaku [[abdication|abdicates]], having ruled for 16 years.<ref name="b295v130">Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 130.</ref> The emperor was succeeded by his younger brother, who would become [[Emperor Murakami]]. |
* '''May 23, 946''' (''Tengyō 9, 20th day of the 4th month''): Suzaku [[abdication|abdicates]], having ruled for 16 years.<ref name="b295v130">Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 130.</ref> The emperor was succeeded by his younger brother, who would become [[Emperor Murakami]]. |
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{{nihongo|''[[Kugyō]]''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.<ref>Furugosho: [http://www.furugosho.com/moyenage/empereur-g2.htm ''Kugyō'' of Suzaku''-tennō.'']</ref> |
{{nihongo|''[[Kugyō]]''|公卿}} is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras.<ref>Furugosho: [http://www.furugosho.com/moyenage/empereur-g2.htm ''Kugyō'' of Suzaku''-tennō.'']</ref> |
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This elite group generally included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background had brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Suzaku's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included: |
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* ''[[Sesshō]]'', [[Fujiwara no Tadahira]], 880–949.<ref name="b294"/> |
* ''[[Sesshō]]'', [[Fujiwara no Tadahira]], 880–949.<ref name="b294"/> |
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* ''[[Kampaku]]'', Fujiwara no Tadahira.<ref name="b294"/> |
* ''[[Kampaku]]'', Fujiwara no Tadahira.<ref name="b294"/> |
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==Eras of Suzaku's reign== |
==Eras of Suzaku's reign== |
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[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] |
[[File:Imperial Seal of Japan.svg|thumb|right|120px|[[Imperial Seal of Japan|Japanese Imperial kamon]] – a stylised [[chrysanthemum]] blossom]] |
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The years of Suzaku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ |
The years of Suzaku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one [[Japanese era names|era name]] or ''[[nengō]]''.<ref>Titsingh, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran&pg=PP9 p. 134.]</ref> |
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* ''[[Enchō]]'' (923–931) |
* ''[[Enchō]]'' (923–931) |
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* ''[[Jōhei]]'' (931–938) |
* ''[[Jōhei]]'' (931–938) |
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* ''[[Tengyō]]'' (938–947) |
* ''[[Tengyō]]'' (938–947) |
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==Consorts and children== |
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Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Princess Hiroko/''Kishi'' (熙子女王; d. 950), Imperial crown Prince Yasuakira's daughter ([[Emperor Daigo]]’s son) |
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*First Daughter: [[Princess Masako (Reizei)|Imperial Princess Masako]] ({{lang|ja|昌子内親王}}) later Kanon'in taigō (観音院太后), married [[Emperor Reizei]] |
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Consort ([[Kōkyū|Nyōgo]]): Fujiwara no Yoshiko (藤原慶子; d. 951), Fujiwara no Saneyori's daughter |
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==Ancestry== |
==Ancestry== |
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{{ahnentafel |
{{ahnentafel |
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|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp061|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|access-date= |
|collapsed=yes |align=center |ref=<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp061|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=April 30, 2010 |access-date=February 14, 2018|language=ja}}</ref> |
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|1= 1. '''Emperor Suzaku''' |
|1= 1. '''Emperor Suzaku''' |
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|2= 2. [[Emperor Daigo]] ( |
|2= 2. [[Emperor Daigo]] (885–930) |
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|3= 3. [[Fujiwara no Onshi]] ( |
|3= 3. [[Fujiwara no Onshi]] (885–954) |
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|4= 4. [[Emperor Uda]] ( |
|4= 4. [[Emperor Uda]] (867–931) |
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|5= 5. [[:ja:藤原胤子|Fujiwara no Inshi]] (d. 896) |
|5= 5. [[:ja:藤原胤子|Fujiwara no Inshi]] (d. 896) |
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|6= 6. [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]] ( |
|6= 6. [[Fujiwara no Mototsune]] (836–891) |
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|7= 7. Princess Sōshi |
|7= 7. Princess Sōshi |
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|8= 8. [[Emperor Kōkō]] ( |
|8= 8. [[Emperor Kōkō]] (830–867) |
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|9= 9. [[:ja:班子女王|Princess Hanshi]] ( |
|9= 9. [[:ja:班子女王|Princess Hanshi]] (833–900) |
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|10=10. [[Fujiwara no Takafuji]] ( |
|10=10. [[Fujiwara no Takafuji]] (838–900) |
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|11=11. Miyaji no Tsurako |
|11=11. Miyaji no Tsurako |
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|12=12. [[Fujiwara no Nagara]] ( |
|12=12. [[Fujiwara no Nagara]] (802–856) |
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|13=13. Fujiwara no Otoharu |
|13=13. Fujiwara no Otoharu |
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|14=14. [[:ja:人康親王|Prince Saneyasu]] ( |
|14=14. [[:ja:人康親王|Prince Saneyasu]] (831–872) |
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|15= |
|15= |
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|16=16. [[Emperor Ninmyō]] (808-850) |
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|17=17. [[:ja:藤原沢子|Fujiwara no Takushi]] (d. 839) |
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|18=18. [[:ja:仲野親王|Prince Nakano]] (792-867) |
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|19=19. Tōsō |
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|21=21. Takada no Haruko |
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|22=22. Miyaji no Iyamasu |
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|23= |
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|24=24. [[Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu]] (775-826) |
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|25=25. [[:ja:藤原美都子|Fujiwara no Mitsuko]] (781-828) |
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|26=26. [[:ja:藤原総継|Fujiwara no Fusatsugu]] |
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|27= |
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|28=28. [[Emperor Ninmyō]] (808-850) |
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|29=29. [[:ja:藤原沢子|Fujiwara no Takushi]] (d. 839) |
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|30= |
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|31= |
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}} |
}} |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC& |
* Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&q=Gukansho ''Gukanshō: The Future and the Past''.] Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-03460-0}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/251325323 OCLC 251325323] |
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* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan |
* [[Richard Ponsonby-Fane|Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon]]. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SLAeAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Imperial+House+of+Japan ''The Imperial House of Japan''.] Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. [http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/194887 OCLC 194887] |
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* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ& |
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon''.] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691] |
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* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ |
* [[H. Paul Varley|Varley, H. Paul]]. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=tVv6OAAACAAJ ''Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns.''] New York: Columbia University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-231-04940-5}}; [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/59145842 OCLC 59145842] |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Suzaku}} |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Suzaku}} |
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[[Category: |
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]] |
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[[Category:921 births]] |
[[Category:921 births]] |
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[[Category:952 deaths]] |
[[Category:952 deaths]] |
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[[Category:People of Heian-period Japan]] |
[[Category:People of Heian-period Japan]] |
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[[Category:10th-century Japanese monarchs]] |
[[Category:10th-century Japanese monarchs]] |
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[[Category:Heian period Buddhist |
[[Category:Heian period Buddhist clergy]] |
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[[Category:Shingon Buddhist monks]] |
[[Category:Shingon Buddhist monks]] |
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[[Category:Japanese Buddhist monarchs]] |
[[Category:Japanese Buddhist monarchs]] |
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[[Category:Japanese emperors who abdicated]] |
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[[Category:People from Kyoto]] |
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[[Category:Sons of Japanese emperors]] |
Latest revision as of 13:48, 12 July 2024
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Emperor of Japan | |||||
Reign | October 16, 930 – May 23, 946 | ||||
Enthronement | December 14, 930 | ||||
Predecessor | Daigo | ||||
Successor | Murakami | ||||
Born | September 7, 921 Heian Kyō (Kyōto) | ||||
Died | September 6, 952 Heian Kyō (Kyōto) | (aged 30)||||
Burial | Daigo no misasagi (醍醐陵) (Kyōto) | ||||
Issue | Empress Masako | ||||
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House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
Father | Emperor Daigo | ||||
Mother | Fujiwara no Onshi |
Emperor Suzaku (朱雀天皇, Suzaku-tennō, September 7, 921 – September 6, 952) was the 61st emperor of Japan,[1] according to the traditional order of succession.[2]
Suzaku's reign spanned the years from 930 through 946.[3]
Biography
[edit]Before he ascended the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina)[4] was Hiroakira-shinnō.[5] He was also known as Yutaakira-shinnō (寛明親王).[6]
Hiroakira-shinnō was the 11th son of Emperor Daigo and Empress Consort Onshi, a daughter of the regent and great minister of the council of state, Fujiwara no Mototsune.[7]
Suzaku had two Empresses or consorts and one Imperial daughter.[8]
Events of Suzaku's life
[edit]Suzaku's older brother died unexpectedly young, as did his brother's son. These untimely deaths opened the way for Suzaku to accede to the throne.
- October 16, 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 9th month): In the 33rd year of the reign of Daigo-tennō (醍醐天皇三十三年), the emperor abdicated; and the succession (the senso) was received by his eleventh son, Hiroakira-shinnō[5] (also known as Yutaakira-shinnō).[9]
- December 14, 930 (Enchō 8, 22nd day of the 11th month): Emperor Suzaku, who was only eight years old, acceded to the throne (the sokui).[5]
- May 16, 931 (Enchō 9, 26th day of the 4th month): The era name was changed to mark the beginning of the new emperor's reign.[10]
- August 5, 931 (Jōhei 1, 19th day of the 7th month): The former-Emperor Uda (867–931) died at the age of 65.[11]
- 932 (Jōhei 2, 8th month): The udaijin (Minister of the Right) Fujiwara no Sadakata (873–932) died at the age of 65.[12]
- 933 (Jōhei 3, 8th month): The dainagon (Counselor) Fujiwara no Nakahira is named udaijin. Nakahira is the brother of sesshō (regent) Fujiwara Tadahira.[13]
- 933 (Jōhei 3, 12th month): Ten of the chief dignitaries of the empire went falcon-hunting together in Owari Province. Each of them was magnificent in his formal hunting attire.[12]
- 935 (Jōhei 5): The Great Fundamental Central Hall (kompon chūdō) on Mt. Hiei burned down.[8]
- September 7, 936 (Jōhei 6, 19th day of the 8th month): Fujiwara no Tadahira was named daijō-daijin (Prime Minister); and in this same period, Fujiwara no Nakahira was named sadaijin (Minister of the Left), and Fujiwara no Tsunesuke was named udaijin.[12]
- 937 (Jōhei 7, 12th month): The former-Emperor Yōzei celebrated his 70th birthday.[12]
- 938 (Jōhei 8, 4th month): Serial intermittent ground-tremors were felt in Heian-kyō from the 10th through the 29th days of this month.[14]
- 940 (Tengyō 3): During his reign, Taira no Masakado raised a great insurrection in the Kantō region and declared himself the "New Emperor" (新皇). Still, his forces were defeated by Fujiwara no Hidesato and Taira no Sadamori, and he was decapitated.[8]
- 941 (Tengyō 4): Fujiwara no Sumitomo staged a rebellion, having made a secret agreement with Taira no Masakado, but his army was defeated by Tachibana Tōyasu.[8]
- May 23, 946 (Tengyō 9, 20th day of the 4th month): Suzaku abdicates, having ruled for 16 years.[15] The emperor was succeeded by his younger brother, who would become Emperor Murakami.
- 952 (Tenryaku 6): Suzaku took ordination as a Buddhist monk at Ninna-ji.
- September 6, 952 (Tenryaku 6, 15th day of the 8th month): Suzaku died at the age of 30.[15]
The actual site of Suzaku's grave is known.[1] This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine (misasagi) at Kyoto.
The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Suzaku's mausoleum. It is formally named Daigo no misasagi[16] in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto near the Buddhist temple, Daigo-ji.
Kugyō
[edit]Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras.[17]
This elite group generally included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background had brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Suzaku's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:
- Sesshō, Fujiwara no Tadahira, 880–949.[6]
- Kampaku, Fujiwara no Tadahira.[6]
- Daijō-daijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira.[6]
- Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Tadahira .[18]
- Sadaijin, Fujiwara no Nakahira.[12]
- Udaijin, Fujiwara no Sadakata (藤原定方).[12]
- Udaijin, Fujiwara no Nakahira.[13]
- Udaijin, Fujiwara no Tsunesuke (藤原恒佐).[12]
- Udaijin, Fujiwara no Saneyori, 900–970.[8]
- Naidaijin
- Dainagon, Fujiwara no Nakahira.[12]
Eras of Suzaku's reign
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png)
The years of Suzaku's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō.[19]
Ancestry
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Notes
[edit]- ^ a b Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 朱雀天皇 (61)
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan, pp. 69–70.
- ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 134–139; Brown, Delmer. (1879). Gukanshō, pp. 294–295; Varley, H. Paul (1980) Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 181–183.
- ^ Brown, p. 264; before Emperor Jomei, the personal names of the emperors were very long, and people did not generally use them. The number of characters in each name diminished after Jomei's reign.
- ^ a b c Titsingh, p. 134; Varley, p. 181.
- ^ a b c d Brown, p. 294.
- ^ Varley, p. 181.
- ^ a b c d e Brown, p. 295
- ^ Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 44; a distinct act of senso is unrecognized before Emperor Tenji; and all sovereigns except Jitō, Yōzei, Go-Toba, and Fushimi have senso and sokui in the same year until the reign of Emperor Go-Murakami.
- ^ Brown, p. 295; Varley, pp. 181–182.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 135; Brown, p. 295.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Titsingh, p. 135.
- ^ a b Titsingh, p. 135; Brown, p. 294.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 136.
- ^ a b Brown, p. 295; Varley, p. 130.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 420.
- ^ Furugosho: Kugyō of Suzaku-tennō.
- ^ Brown, p. 291.
- ^ Titsingh, p. 134.
- ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). April 30, 2010. Retrieved February 14, 2018.
References
[edit]- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842