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Coordinates: 53°40′43″N 23°49′29″E / 53.6786°N 23.8246°E / 53.6786; 23.8246
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{{Short description|Synagogue in Grodno, Belarus}}
{{for|similarly named synagogues|Great Synagogue (disambiguation){{!}}Great Synagogue}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox religious building
{{Infobox religious building
|building_name= Great Synagogue (Hrodna)
| name = Great Synagogue of Grodno
| native_name = {{lang-be|Харальная сінагога, Горадня}}
|image=Главная синагога Гродно Харальная сінагога y Горадні 2.jpg
| native_name_lang =
|caption=
| image = Grodno Wielka Synagoga 03.jpg
|location={{flagicon|Belarus}} Vialikaja Trajeckaja<br/>Street 59a,<br/>[[Hrodna]], [[Belarus]]
| image_upright = 1.4
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|religious_affiliation=[[Orthodox Judaism]]
| caption = The synagogue, in 2019
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|architect= Iya Frunkin
| rite = [[Hasidic Judaism]]
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| location = Vialikaja Trajeckaja Street 59a, [[Grodno]] 230023
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| architect = Iya Frunkin
| architecture_type = [[Synagogue architecture]]
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The '''Great Synagogue of Hrodna''', ({{lang-be|Харальная сінагога, Горадня}}, {{lang-ru|''Большая Хоральная синагога, Гродно''}}) located in [[Hrodna]], [[Belarus]], dates from the XVI century and is a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]].
The '''Great Synagogue of Grodno''' ({{lang-be|Харальная сінагога, Горадня}}, {{lang-ru|Большая Хоральная синагога, Гродно}}), also known as the '''New Synagogue''' or the '''Choral Synagogue''', is an [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] [[Judaism|Jewish]] [[synagogue]], located on Vialikaja Trajeckaja Street, in [[Grodno]] (or Hrodna), [[Belarus]]. The building dates from the 16th century and was nominated for [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site|World Heritage]] listing in 2007.<ref>{{cite web |date= |title=Иудейская религиозная община г. Гродно] |url=http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/180/region.htm |access-date= |language=be}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Great Synagogue of Grodno |url=https://vetliva.com/belarus/what-to-see/glavnaya-sinagoga-v-grodno/ |website=Vetliva |access-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Great Synagogue of Grodno (also known as the "New" or "Choral" Synagogue) |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/g/1057-grodno/112-synagogues-houses-of-prayer-and-others/84678-great-synagogue-grodno-also-known-new-or-choral-synagogue |website=Wirtualny Sztetl |access-date=April 16, 2024}}</ref>


==History==
==History==
The Great Synagogue of Hrodna was built from 1576 to 1580 by Santi Gucci, who designed a [[Wooden synagogue]] at Rabbi Mordechai Yaffe's invitation. In 1887, the Hrodna Jews owned 88% of the commercial enterprises, 76% of the factories and workshops, and over 65% of the real estate in the city. Their property was estimated at 842,000 roubles at a time when the total sum of the city's properties was 1,202,000 roubles. In 1898, one of the first savings and loan cooperatives in Russia was founded in Grodno.


The Great Synagogue of Grodno was built from 1576 to 1580 by Santi Gucci, who designed a [[wooden synagogue]] at Rabbi [[Mordechai Yoffe]]'s invitation. However, this building burnt down in 1617.<ref name=POLIN>{{cite web |author= |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/g/1057-grodno/112-synagogues-houses-of-prayer-and-others/84678-great-synagogue-grodno-also-known-new-or-choral-synagogue |title=The Great Synagogue of Grodno (also known as the "New" or "Choral" Synagogue |work=Virtual Shtetl |publisher=POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews |location=Warsaw, Poland |date=n.d. |access-date=23 March 2024 }}</ref>
The synagogue burned down in 1902. Under the supervision of Iya Frunkin, the Jewish community built another synagogue in the eclectic and moorish style from 1902 to 1905. By 1907, the city boasted a state Jewish school, a girls' school, a craft shelter, a Talmud-Yeshiva, 107 Jewish primary schools, and 5 elementary schools for girls. This was unique in Russia.


The second synagogue was also burnt down in 1899.<ref name="POLIN" /> The Jewish community built another synagogue in the [[Eclecticism|eclectic]] and [[Moors|Moorish]] style from 1902 to 1905.<ref name=":0" /> By 1907, the city boasted a state Jewish school, a girls' school, a craft shelter, a Talmud-Yeshiva, 107 Jewish primary schools, and 5 elementary schools for girls. There were also two Jewish libraries and several Jewish charitable organizations working in the city.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sobolewska |first=Olga |title=Virtual Shtetl - History of Grodno |url=https://sztetl.org.pl/en/towns/g/1057-grodno/99-history/137341-history-of-community |access-date=21 June 2024 |website=Virtual Shtetl}}</ref>
There were also two Jewish libraries and several Jewish charitable organizations working in the city.


Jews played a very significant role in city life as industrialists, merchants, craftsmen, owners of printing houses, doctors, and teachers. There was said to be a special "Hrodna Aura," created by its cultured and intelligent population. For this reason Grodno was considered to be one of the Jewish intellectual capitals of Europe.
Jews played a very significant role in city life as industrialists, merchants, craftsmen, owners of printing houses, doctors, and teachers. There was said to be a special "Grodno Aura," created by its cultured and intelligent population. For this reason Grodno was considered to be one of the Jewish intellectual capitals of Europe.<ref name=":1" />


The interior of the synagogue was vandalized in 1941 by Nazis. Soviet authorities closed the synagogue in 1944. The synagogue was returned to the Jewish community in 1991; and was subsequently restored<ref name="POLIN" /><ref>{{cite web |url=https://thesanetravel.com/travels/belarus/great-choral-synagogue-grodno |title=Great Choral Synagogue Grodno |work=The Sane Travel |date=2023 |access-date=23 March 2024}}</ref> under the direction of Rabbi Yitzchok Kofman. However, in 2013, the synagogue was again destroyed by fire.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |author=Margolin, Dovid |url=https://www.chabad.org/news/article_cdo/aid/2461981/jewish/Grodnos-Great-Synagogue-Again-to-Rebuild-From-the-Ashes.htm |title=Grodno's Great Synagogue Again to Rebuild From the Ashes |work=Chabad News |date=15 January 2014 |access-date=23 March 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/fire-ravages-belarus-oldest-functioning-synagogue/ |title=Fire ravages Belarus' oldest functioning synagogue |work=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=29 November 2013 |access-date=23 March 2024 |via=[[Jewish Telegraph Agency]] }}</ref> The synagogue has since been restored and is in use.
The Jews of Hrodna became known around the world including such luminaries as:


== Notable members ==
artist [[Léon Bakst]]<br />
* [[Léon Bakst]], an artist<ref>{{Cite web |title=Léon Bakst {{!}} Contemporary Arts Center |url=https://www.contemporaryartscenter.org/artists/lon-bakst |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.contemporaryartscenter.org |language=en-US}}</ref>
sculptor [[:ru:Гинцбург, Илья Яковлевич|Ilya Gintsburg]]<br />
* [[:ru:Гинцбург, Илья Яковлевич|Ilya Gintsburg]], a sculptor<ref>{{Cite web |title=Russian Art Gallery: Free Valuation and Attribution |url=http://russianartgallery.org/inventory/ilya_ginzburg |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=russianartgallery.org}}</ref>
the founder of [[Esperanto]] [[L. L. Zamenhof]]<br />
* [[L. L. Zamenhof]], the founder of [[Esperanto]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=YIVO {{!}} Zamenhof, Ludwik |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Zamenhof_Ludwik |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=yivoencyclopedia.org}}</ref>
the composer of Papirossen Herman Yablokoff (born Chaim Yablonik)]]<br />
* [[Herman Yablokoff]] (born Chaim Yablonik), the composer of [[Papirosn|Papirossen]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mount Hebron Cemetery |url=https://www.mounthebroncemetery.com/legacy/stories/view/?id=40 |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=www.mounthebroncemetery.com}}</ref>
the Hebrew translator Avram-Shalom Friedberg (''Авроом-Шолом Фридберг'').
* Avram-Shalom Friedberg (''Авроом-Шолом Фридберг''), a Hebrew translator<ref>{{Cite web |title=YIVO {{!}} Friedberg, Avraham Shalom |url=https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/friedberg_avraham_shalom |access-date=2024-06-21 |website=yivoencyclopedia.org}}</ref>

The interior of the synagogue was vandalized in 1941 by Nazis. Soviet authorities closed the synagogue in 1944. The synagogue was returned to the Jewish community in 1991; however, it remains in disrepair.


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
image:Great sinagoga Grodno 1a.jpg
image:Будынак былой сінагогі 6.jpg
image:Главная синагога Гродно_Харальная сінагога y Горадні.jpg
image:Главная синагога Гродно_Харальная сінагога y Горадні.jpg
image:Главная синагога Гродно_Харальная сінагога y Горадні_1.jpg
image:Главная синагога Гродно_Харальная сінагога y Горадні_1.jpg
image:Главная синагога Гродно_Харальная сінагога y Горадні_2.jpg
image:Главная синагога Гродно_Харальная сінагога y Горадні_3.jpg
image:Главная синагога Гродно_Харальная сінагога y Горадні_3.jpg
image:Главная синагога Гродно_Харальная сінагога y Горадні_4.jpg
image:Главная синагога Гродно_Харальная сінагога y Горадні_4.jpg
Line 55: Line 125:
</gallery>
</gallery>


==See also==
==References==
{{reflist}}
*[[Synagogue on Socialist Street]] (''синагога на ул. Социалистической'')
*[[Synagogue on Antonova Street]], (formerly Jerusalem Street, Grodno) (''синагоги на ул. Антонова, бывшей Иерусалимской'')


==External links==
==External links==
{{commonscat|Great Synagogue in Grodno|Great Synagogue in Grodno}}
{{Commons category|Great Synagogue in Grodno}}
* [http://www.jewishgrodno.com The official site of the Great Synagogue of Hrodna]
* {{official website|http://www.jewishgrodno.com}}
* [http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/180/region.htm Great Synagogue (Hrodna)]
* [http://www.lechaim.ru/ARHIV/180/region.htm Great Synagogue (Grodno)]
* {{YouTube|4C5jmwf0kdo}}


{{Jewish Belarusian history|state=collapsed}}
{{coord missing|Belarus}}


[[Category:1576 establishments in Belarus]]
[[Category:20th-century synagogues in Europe]]
[[Category:20th-century attacks on synagogues and Jewish communal organizations]]
[[Category:Attacks on religious buildings and structures during World War II]]
[[Category:Building and structure fires in Europe]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Grodno Region]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival architecture in Belarus]]
[[Category:Gothic Revival synagogues]]
[[Category:Hasidic synagogues]]
[[Category:Jewish organizations established in 1576]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Grodno]]
[[Category:Moorish Revival architecture in Belarus]]
[[Category:Moorish Revival synagogues]]
[[Category:Orthodox Judaism in Belarus]]
[[Category:Orthodox synagogues in Europe]]
[[Category:Synagogues completed in 1905]]
[[Category:Synagogues in Belarus]]
[[Category:Synagogues in Belarus]]
[[Category:Grodno]]

{{Synagogue-stub}}
{{Belarus-struct-stub}}

[[be-x-old:Харальная сынагога (Горадня)]]
[[he:בית הכנסת בהורדנה]]
[[pl:Wielka Synagoga w Grodnie]]
[[ru:Большая хоральная синагога (Гродно)]]

Latest revision as of 19:00, 12 July 2024

For similarly named synagogues, see Great Synagogue.

Great Synagogue of Grodno
Belarusian: Харальная сінагога, Горадня
The synagogue, in 2019
Religion
AffiliationOrthodox Judaism
RiteHasidic Judaism
Ecclesiastical or organisational statusSynagogue
StatusActive
Standort
StandortVialikaja Trajeckaja Street 59a, Grodno 230023
LandWeißrussland
Great Synagogue (Grodno) is located in Belarus
Great Synagogue (Grodno)
Location in Belarus
Geographic coordinates53°40′43″N 23°49′29″E / 53.6786°N 23.8246°E / 53.6786; 23.8246
Architecture
Architect(s)Iya Frunkin
TypSynagogue architecture
Style
Date established1576 (as a congregation)
Completed1905
Website
jewishgrodno.com

The Great Synagogue of Grodno (Belarusian: Харальная сінагога, Горадня, Russian: Большая Хоральная синагога, Гродно), also known as the New Synagogue or the Choral Synagogue, is an Orthodox Hasidic Jewish synagogue, located on Vialikaja Trajeckaja Street, in Grodno (or Hrodna), Belarus. The building dates from the 16th century and was nominated for UNESCO World Heritage listing in 2007.[1][2][3]

History

[edit]

The Great Synagogue of Grodno was built from 1576 to 1580 by Santi Gucci, who designed a wooden synagogue at Rabbi Mordechai Yoffe's invitation. However, this building burnt down in 1617.[4]

The second synagogue was also burnt down in 1899.[4] The Jewish community built another synagogue in the eclectic and Moorish style from 1902 to 1905.[5] By 1907, the city boasted a state Jewish school, a girls' school, a craft shelter, a Talmud-Yeshiva, 107 Jewish primary schools, and 5 elementary schools for girls. There were also two Jewish libraries and several Jewish charitable organizations working in the city.[6]

Jews played a very significant role in city life as industrialists, merchants, craftsmen, owners of printing houses, doctors, and teachers. There was said to be a special "Grodno Aura," created by its cultured and intelligent population. For this reason Grodno was considered to be one of the Jewish intellectual capitals of Europe.[6]

The interior of the synagogue was vandalized in 1941 by Nazis. Soviet authorities closed the synagogue in 1944. The synagogue was returned to the Jewish community in 1991; and was subsequently restored[4][7] under the direction of Rabbi Yitzchok Kofman. However, in 2013, the synagogue was again destroyed by fire.[5][8] The synagogue has since been restored and is in use.

Notable members

[edit]
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Иудейская религиозная община г. Гродно]" (in Belarusian).
  2. ^ "Great Synagogue of Grodno". Vetliva. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  3. ^ "The Great Synagogue of Grodno (also known as the "New" or "Choral" Synagogue)". Wirtualny Sztetl. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  4. ^ a b c "The Great Synagogue of Grodno (also known as the "New" or "Choral" Synagogue". Virtual Shtetl. Warsaw, Poland: POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews. n.d. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  5. ^ a b Margolin, Dovid (15 January 2014). "Grodno's Great Synagogue Again to Rebuild From the Ashes". Chabad News. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  6. ^ a b Sobolewska, Olga. "Virtual Shtetl - History of Grodno". Virtual Shtetl. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  7. ^ "Great Choral Synagogue Grodno". The Sane Travel. 2023. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  8. ^ "Fire ravages Belarus' oldest functioning synagogue". The Times of Israel. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 23 March 2024 – via Jewish Telegraph Agency.
  9. ^ "Léon Bakst | Contemporary Arts Center". www.contemporaryartscenter.org. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  10. ^ "Russian Art Gallery: Free Valuation and Attribution". russianartgallery.org. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  11. ^ "YIVO | Zamenhof, Ludwik". yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  12. ^ "Mount Hebron Cemetery". www.mounthebroncemetery.com. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
  13. ^ "YIVO | Friedberg, Avraham Shalom". yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved 21 June 2024.
[edit]
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