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|caption= RAF Marylands c. 1941
|caption= RAF Marylands c. 1941
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
}}{{Infobox aircraft type
|type= Light bomber
|type = Light bomber<ref name="history"/>
|national origin= United States
|national origin = United States
|manufacturer= [[Glenn L. Martin Company|Martin]]
|manufacturer = [[Glenn L. Martin Company|Martin]]
|designer=
|designer =
|first flight= 14 March 1939
|first flight = 14 March 1939
|introduced= 1940
|introduced = 1940
|retired= 1945
|retired = 1945
|status=
|status =
|primary user= [[Royal Air Force]]
|primary user = [[Royal Air Force]]
|more users= [[South African Air Force]]<br /> [[French Air Force]]<br />[[French Navy]]
|more users = {{ubl|[[South African Air Force]]| [[French Air Force]]|[[French Navy]]}}
|produced=
|produced =
|number built= 450
|number built = 450
|developed from= [[Martin Baltimore]]
|developed into = [[Martin Baltimore]]
|variants with their own articles=
}}
}}
|}
|}


The '''Martin Model 167 Maryland''' was an [[United States|American]]-designed [[light bomber]] that first flew in 1939. It saw action in [[World War II]] with [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom]].
The '''Martin Model 167 Maryland''' was an American [[light bomber]]<ref name="history">[http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_martin_maryland.html Martin Maryland] Military History Encyclopedia on the Web</ref> that first flew in 1939. It saw action in [[World War II]] with France and the United Kingdom.


==Design and development==
==Design and development==


In response to a [[United States Army Air Corps]] light bomber requirement issued in 1938, the [[Glenn L. Martin Company]] produced its '''Model 167''', which was given the official designation '''XA-22'''. Martin's design was a twin-engine all-metal monoplane, capable of around 310 mph (500 km/h) with a crew of three. The XA-22 was not adopted for operational service in the U.S., as the contract was won by the [[Douglas A-20 Havoc|Douglas DB-7]], which became the A-20 Havoc, but Martin received foreign orders, and about 450 of these fast, twin-engined bombers were built.
In response to a December 1937 [[United States Army Air Corps]] requirement for an attack aircraft capable of carrying a bombload of {{convert|1200|lb|kg|abbr=on}} over a range of {{convert|1200|mi|nmi km|abbr=on}} at a speed of {{convert|200|mph|kn km/h|abbr=on}}{{#tag:ref|in fact all the competitors for the requirement were much faster, with speeds ranging from {{convert|260|mph|kn km/h|abbr=on}} to {{convert|310|mph|kn km/h|abbr=on}}.{{sfn|Francillon|1982|p=7}}|group=lower-alpha}}, the [[Glenn L. Martin Company]] produced its '''Model 167''', which was given the official designation '''XA-22''', competing with designs from [[Bell Aircraft]] (the Model 9), [[Douglas Aircraft Company|Douglas]] (the [[Douglas A-20 Havoc|Douglas DB-7]]), [[North American Aviation|North American]] (the [[North American NA-40|NA-40]]) and [[Stearman Aircraft|Stearman]] (the [[Stearman XA-21]]).{{sfn|Francillon|1982|p=7}}{{sfn|Dorr|1996|p=124}} Martin's design was a twin-engine all-metal monoplane, capable of around 310&nbsp;mph (500&nbsp;km/h) with a crew of three. The XA-22 was not adopted for operational service in the U.S., because the contract was won by the [[Douglas A-20 Havoc|Douglas DB-7]], which became the A-20 Havoc, but Martin received foreign orders, and about 450 of the fast, twin-engined bombers were built.


The prototype Model 167W was powered by twin-row [[Pratt & Whitney]] [[Pratt & Whitney R-1830|R-1830-37 Twin Wasp]] engines, which were replaced in French production aircraft by single-row nine-cylinder [[Wright R-1820 Cyclone]] engines, although the Twin Wasps were then restored for the British Maryland. All versions of the Model 167 were armed with six machine guns, four fixed guns in the wings (mainly for ground-attack), one dorsal gun and one ventral gun. In the prototype, these guns were all 0.30 in [[Browning Model 1919 machine gun|Browning machine guns]]. The dorsal gun was mounted in a fully retractable turret. The French aircraft used license-built Belgian [[Fabrique Nationale]] FN-Brownings, and used a lighter semi-retractable dorsal turret. The weight saved helped to increase the top speed to {{convert|288|mph|abbr=on}}.
The prototype Model 167W was powered by twin-row [[Pratt & Whitney]] [[Pratt & Whitney R-1830|R-1830-37 Twin Wasp]] engines, which were replaced in French production aircraft by single-row nine-cylinder [[Wright R-1820 Cyclone]] engines, although the Twin Wasps were then restored for the British Maryland. All versions of the Model 167 were armed with six machine guns, four fixed guns in the wings (mainly for ground-attack), one dorsal gun and one ventral gun. In the prototype, these guns were all 0.30 in [[Browning Model 1919 machine gun|Browning machine guns]]. The dorsal gun was mounted in a fully retractable turret. The French aircraft used license-built Belgian [[Fabrique Nationale]] FN-Brownings, and used a lighter semi-retractable dorsal turret. The weight saved helped to increase the top speed to {{convert|288|mph|abbr=on}}.


[[File:Martin XA-22 13 April 1939.jpg|thumb|Martin XA-22, 13 April 1939]]
[[File:Martin XA-22 13 April 1939.jpg|thumb|Martin XA-22, 13 April 1939]]

The Model 167 was a fairly typical twin-engined bomber of the period. The most unusual feature of the Model 167 was the very narrow fuselage, although it was shared with a number of late prewar contemporaries. The crew of three was carried in two isolated compartments: the [[Bombardier (air force)|bombardier]] sat in the nose below the pilot and the gunner was in the mid-upper twin-[[machine gun]] turret in a separate rear compartment, isolated by a bulkhead.
The Model 167 was a fairly typical twin-engined bomber of the period. The most unusual feature of the Model 167 was the very narrow fuselage, although it was shared with a number of late prewar contemporaries. The crew of three was carried in two isolated compartments: the [[Bombardier (air force)|bombardier]] sat in the nose below the pilot and the gunner was in the mid-upper twin-[[machine gun]] turret in a separate rear compartment, isolated by a bulkhead.


[[Glenn L. Martin]] doubled the size of the Baltimore factory, and built all 115 aircraft in six months, but they were then prevented from delivering them by a US government [[arms embargo]]. Despite this the French placed an order for an additional 100 aircraft. The embargo was lifted in October 1939, and the 115 aircraft from the first order were delivered by late November 1939. Deliveries then slowed, and only 25 of the second batch reached France before the [[Armistice of 22 June 1940]].
[[Glenn L. Martin]] doubled the size of the Baltimore factory, and built all 115 aircraft in six months, but they were prevented from delivering them by a US government [[arms embargo]]. Despite that, the French placed an order for an additional 100 aircraft. The embargo was lifted in October 1939, and the 115 aircraft from the first order were delivered by late November 1939. Deliveries then slowed, and only 25 of the second batch reached France before the [[Armistice of 22 June 1940|French surrender to the Germans]].


==Operational history==
==Operational history==
Line 41: Line 41:
Facing a massive [[Nazi Germany|German]] arms buildup and desperate for modern aircraft, the [[French Air Force]] purchased U.S. aircraft of numerous types in the late 1930s. Martin received an order for more than 200 '''167 F'''s which incorporated French equipment such as metric instruments. French officials expected deliveries to begin in January 1939 but the type, locally called the '''Glenn Martin 167 A-3''' entered service only in early 1940.
Facing a massive [[Nazi Germany|German]] arms buildup and desperate for modern aircraft, the [[French Air Force]] purchased U.S. aircraft of numerous types in the late 1930s. Martin received an order for more than 200 '''167 F'''s which incorporated French equipment such as metric instruments. French officials expected deliveries to begin in January 1939 but the type, locally called the '''Glenn Martin 167 A-3''' entered service only in early 1940.


Because of the U.S. embargo on arms exports after the beginning of the war, many aircraft were impounded for two months before being shipped to [[Europe]]. When the [[Battle of France]] began, there were only four ''Groupes de bombardement'' (bomber squadrons) equipped. The ''Glenns'' were quickly sent to the front lines where they performed well with their adequate speed and excellent manoeuvrability for an aircraft in this class.<ref>[http://www.marylandaviationmuseum.org/news/05_fall/time_capsule.html "The Martin Maryland goes to war, 23 October 1941." :Fr] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005010233/http://www.marylandaviationmuseum.org/news/05_fall/time_capsule.html |date=5 October 2012 }} ''Maryland Aviation Museum''. Retrieved: 2 July 2012/</ref> In about 400 sorties, they suffered a 4 per cent loss rate, much better than the 16 per cent endured by [[LeO 451]] crews against similar targets.
Because of the U.S. embargo on arms exports after the beginning of the war, many aircraft were impounded for two months before being shipped to Europe. When the [[Battle of France]] began, there were only four ''Groupes de bombardement'' (bomber squadrons) equipped. The ''Glenns'' were quickly sent to the front lines where they performed well with their adequate speed and excellent manoeuvrability for an aircraft in this class.<ref>[http://www.marylandaviationmuseum.org/news/05_fall/time_capsule.html "The Martin Maryland goes to war, 23 October 1941." :Fr] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005010233/http://www.marylandaviationmuseum.org/news/05_fall/time_capsule.html |date=5 October 2012 }} ''Maryland Aviation Museum''. Retrieved: 2 July 2012/</ref> In about 400 sorties, they suffered a 4 per cent loss rate, much better than the 16 per cent endured by [[LeO 451]] crews against similar targets.


Immediately before the [[Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)|June 1940 Armistice]], units flying the Glenn Martin 167 were evacuated to [[French North Africa]] to avoid capture by the Germans. One of them landed in Spain and was interned, being tested by the [[Spanish Air Force]]. {{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} Some examples were transferred to the [[Aviation Navale|Aéronautique Navale]]. During [[Vichy France|Vichy rule]] of the [[French colonial empires|French empire]], French Martins bombed [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth forces]], most notably during the [[Syria-Lebanon campaign]] of 1941.<ref>Documented in the memoirs of [[Roald Dahl]] and [[John Masters]] (''The Road Past Mandalay'') (1961.)</ref> Following [[Operation Torch]] in 1943, M.167s were replaced with more modern Allied types, including the [[Martin B-26 Marauder]]. Approximately 215 Martin 167s were delivered to France.
Immediately before the [[Armistice with France (Second Compiègne)|June 1940 Armistice]], units flying the Glenn Martin 167 were evacuated to [[French North Africa]] to avoid capture by the Germans. One of them landed in Spain and was interned, being tested by the [[Spanish Air Force]]. {{Citation needed|date=December 2007}} Some examples were transferred to the [[Aviation Navale|Aéronautique Navale]]. During [[Vichy France|Vichy rule]] of the [[French colonial empires|French empire]], French Martins bombed [[Commonwealth of Nations|British Commonwealth forces]], most notably during the [[Syria–Lebanon campaign]] of 1941.<ref>Documented in the memoirs of [[Roald Dahl]] and [[John Masters]] (''The Road Past Mandalay'') (1961.)</ref> Following [[Operation Torch]] in 1943, M.167s were replaced with more modern Allied types, including the [[Martin B-26 Marauder]]. Approximately 215 Martin 167s were delivered to France.


===British service===
===British service===
[[File:Martin Maryland bombers in NAfrica 1941.jpg|thumb|left|Martin Maryland bombers fly past in formation, North Africa 1941]]
[[File:Martin Maryland bombers in NAfrica 1941.jpg|thumb|right|Martin Maryland bombers fly past in formation, North Africa 1941]]

Just before the [[Second Armistice at Compiègne|Franco-German Armistice]], the remaining 75 aircraft on the French order were signed over to the United Kingdom; 32 Marylands had been completed to French specifications and were converted to British requirements in the UK. Engines were changed from the [[Wright R-1820|Cyclone 9]] to the [[Pratt and Whitney Twin Wasp]] and various weapons and instruments were replaced. The last 43 of the order were completed as required by Glenn Martin. All these aircraft became the '''Maryland Mk.I'''. A further 150 aircraft had been ordered directly by Britain with two-speed [[supercharger]]s on their Twin Wasps as the '''Maryland Mk.II'''.<ref>[http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/weapons_martin_maryland.html Martin Maryland] Military History Encyclopedia on the Web</ref>
Just before the [[Second Armistice at Compiègne|Franco-German Armistice]], the remaining 75 aircraft on the French order were signed over to the United Kingdom; 32 Marylands had been completed to French specifications and were converted to British requirements in the UK. Engines were changed from the [[Wright R-1820|Cyclone 9]] to the [[Pratt and Whitney Twin Wasp]] and various weapons and instruments were replaced. The last 43 of the order were completed as required by Glenn Martin. All these aircraft became the '''Maryland Mk.I'''. A further 150 aircraft had been ordered directly by Britain with two-speed [[supercharger]]s on their Twin Wasps as the '''Maryland Mk.II'''.<ref name="history"/>


Many of the aircraft were shipped to [[Egypt]] and [[Malta]] in time for the 1941 fighting there. The RAF used the aircraft mainly for photo-reconnaissance operations in [[North Africa|North]] and East Africa, it being faster than the [[Bristol Blenheim]]. A Maryland bomber photographed the Italian fleet before and after the [[Battle of Taranto]] on 11 November 1940.<ref>Bishop 2004, pp. 90–91.</ref> The pilot, [[Adrian Warburton]], scored his five confirmed kills with the Maryland's forward-firing guns.
Many of the aircraft were shipped to [[Egypt]] and [[Malta]] in time for the 1941 fighting there. The RAF used the aircraft mainly for photo-reconnaissance operations in [[North Africa|North]] and East Africa, it being faster than the [[Bristol Blenheim]]. A Maryland bomber photographed the Italian fleet before and after the [[Battle of Taranto]] on 11 November 1940.<ref>Bishop 2004, pp. 90–91.</ref> The pilot, [[Adrian Warburton]], scored his five confirmed kills with the Maryland's forward-firing guns.


Three Maryland Mk.Is were transferred to the British [[Fleet Air Arm]]<ref>Joe Baugher [http://www.joebaugher.com/usattack/a22_2.html Martin Maryland] Martin Maryland] August 20, 2000. American Military Aircraft </ref> and were mainly used for [[target tug|target towing]] duties.<ref>Mondey 2006, p. 175.</ref> On 22 May 1941, a Maryland of [[771 Naval Air Squadron]] based at [[Hatston]] in the [[Orkney Islands]], reported that the German [[battleship]] [[German battleship Bismarck|''Bismarck'']] had left [[Bergen]], confirming that she was breaking out into the Atlantic.{{sfn|Shores|1971|p=220}}
Seven Maryland Mk.Is were transferred to the British [[Fleet Air Arm]]{{sfn|Sturtivant|Burrow|1995|p=311}} and were mainly used for [[target tug|target towing]] duties.<ref>Mondey 2006, p. 175.</ref> On 22 May 1941, a Maryland of [[771 Naval Air Squadron]] based at [[Hatston]] in the [[Orkney Islands]], reported that the German [[battleship]] [[German battleship Bismarck|''Bismarck'']] had left [[Bergen]], confirming that she was breaking out into the Atlantic.{{sfn|Shores|1971|p=220}}


==Operators==
==Operators==
Line 58: Line 59:
* ''[[Aéronavale]]''
* ''[[Aéronavale]]''
* [[Free French Air Force]]
* [[Free French Air Force]]
;{{Flag|Vichy France}}
* [[Vichy French Air Force]]
* [[Vichy French Air Force]]
;{{flag|South Africa|1928}}
;{{flag|South Africa|1928}}
Line 72: Line 74:
** [[No. 223 Squadron RAF]]
** [[No. 223 Squadron RAF]]
* [[Fleet Air Arm]]
* [[Fleet Air Arm]]
** [[771 Naval Air Squadron]]
** [[771 Naval Air Squadron]]{{sfn|Sturtivant|Ballance|1994|pp=89, 362}}


==Specifications (Maryland Mk I)==
==Specifications (Maryland Mk I)==
{{Aircraft specs
{{Aircraft specs
|prime units?=imp
|prime units?=imp
|ref={{cn|date=February 2021}}
|ref={{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
|crew= three (pilot, navigator/bomb aimer/gunner, and radio operator/gunner)
|crew= three (pilot, navigator/bomb aimer/gunner, and radio operator/gunner)
|length ft=46
|length ft=46
|length in=8
|length in=8
|length m=14.2
|length m=14.2
|span ft=61
|span ft=61
|span in=4
|span in=4
|span m=18.7
|span m=18.7
|height ft=16
|height ft=16
|height in=3
|height in=3
|height m=5.0
|height m=5.0
|wing area sqft=537
|wing area sqft=537
|wing area sqm=49.9
|wing area sqm=49.9
|empty weight lb=10,586
|empty weight lb=10,586
|empty weight kg=4,802
|empty weight kg=4,802
|gross weight lb=15,297
|gross weight lb=15,297
|gross weight kg=6,939
|gross weight kg=6,939
|max takeoff weight lb=16,809
|max takeoff weight lb=16,809
|max takeoff weight kg=7,624
|max takeoff weight kg=7,624
|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney R-1830]]-S1C3-G "Twin Wasp"
|eng1 name=[[Pratt & Whitney R-1830]]-S1C3-G "Twin Wasp"
|eng1 type=[[radial engine]]
|eng1 type=[[radial engine]]
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 number=2
|eng1 hp=1,050
|eng1 hp=1,050
|eng1 kw=783
|eng1 kw=783
|prop blade number=3
|prop blade number=3
|prop name=[[Hamilton Standard]] 3T50 constant-speed metal propellers
|prop name=[[Hamilton Standard]] 3T50 constant-speed metal propellers
|prop dia ft=10
|prop dia ft=10
|prop dia in=11
|prop dia in=11
|prop dia m=3.3
|prop dia m=3.3
Line 109: Line 111:
|fuel capacity=514 imperial gallons (2,336 litres)
|fuel capacity=514 imperial gallons (2,336 litres)
|max speed mph=304
|max speed mph=304
|max speed kmh=489
|max speed kmh=489
|max speed note=at 13,000 ft (3,962 m)
|max speed note=at 13,000 ft (3,962 m)
|cruise speed mph=248
|cruise speed mph=248
|cruise speed kmh=399
|cruise speed kmh=399
|range miles=1,300
|range miles=1,300
|range km=2,100
|range km=2,100
|ceiling ft=29,500
|ceiling ft=29,500
|ceiling m=8,991
|ceiling m=8,991
|climb rate ftmin=2,400
|climb rate ftmin=2,400
|climb rate ms=12
|climb rate ms=12
|wing loading lb/sqft=28.5
|wing loading lb/sqft=28.5
|wing loading kg/m2=139.1
|wing loading kg/m2=139.1
|power/mass=0.157 hp/lb (259 W/kg)
|power/mass=0.157 hp/lb (259 W/kg)
|guns=<br>
|guns={{ubl
**4 x .303 in (7.7 mm) [[Browning Model 1919 machine gun|Browning Mk II]] machine guns in outer wings with 750 rpg
|4 x .303 in (7.7 mm) [[Browning Model 1919 machine gun|Browning Mk II]] machine guns in outer wings with 750 rpg
**1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) [[Vickers K machine gun]] in a dorsal step position with 5 x 97-round magazines
|1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) [[Vickers K machine gun]] in a dorsal step position with 5 x 97-round magazines
**1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) [[Vickers K machine gun]] in a ventral step position with 5 x 97-round magazines
|1 × .303 in (7.7 mm) [[Vickers K machine gun]] in a ventral step position with 5 x 97-round magazines
}}
|bombs=2,000 lb (907 kg) internally; (usually 4 x 500 lb (227 kg) bombs)
|bombs=2,000 lb (907 kg) internally; (usually 4 x 500 lb (227 kg) bombs)
}}
}}
Line 147: Line 150:
}}
}}


==References==
==Notes==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
;Notes

{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


;Bibliography
==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* Bishop, Chris. ''The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare''. London: Amber Books Ltd, 2004. {{ISBN|1-904687-26-1}}.
* Bishop, Chris. ''The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare''. London: Amber Books Ltd, 2004. {{ISBN|1-904687-26-1}}.
* Cuny, Jean. "Glenn Martin 167 in French Service". ''Journal of American Aviation Historical Society.'' Volume 10, No. 1, Spring 1965.
* Cuny, Jean. "Glenn Martin 167 in French Service". ''Journal of American Aviation Historical Society.'' Volume 10, No. 1, Spring 1965.
*{{cite journal |last1=Cuny|first1=Jean|last2=Danel|first2=Raymond|title=Les "Glenn" de la Marine nationale: Le Glenn Martin 167|journal=Le Fana de l'Aviation |date=May 1983 |issue=162|pages=30–37 |issn=0757-4169 |language=fr|trans-title=The "Glenns" of the French Navy: The Glenn Martin 167|name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Dorr |first=Robert F |title=North American B-25 Variant Briefing |magazine=Wings of Fame |volume=3 |year=1996 |pages=118–141 |location=London |publisher=Aerospace Publishing |isbn=1-874023-70-0 |issn=1361-2034}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Francillon |first=René J |title=Le Martin XA-22: La Genese des "Glenn" |magazine=Le fanatique de l'Aviation |date=December 1982 |issue=157 |pages=4–11 |issn=0337-8861 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book |last = Lawrence |first = Joseph |title = The Observer's Book Of Airplanes |location = London and New York |publisher = Frederick Warne & Co |year = 1945}}
* Mondey, David. ''American Aircraft of World War II'' (Hamlyn Concise Guide). London: Bounty Books, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-7537-1461-4}}.
* Mondey, David. ''American Aircraft of World War II'' (Hamlyn Concise Guide). London: Bounty Books, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-7537-1461-4}}.
* Munson, Kenneth. ''Fighters and Bombers of World War II: 1939–45''. London: Blandford Press Ltd, 1969. {{ISBN|0-9637110-4-0}}.
* Munson, Kenneth. ''Fighters and Bombers of World War II: 1939–45''. London: Blandford Press Ltd, 1969. {{ISBN|0-9637110-4-0}}.
* {{cite book |last=Shores |first=Christopher F. |title=Martin Maryland and Baltimore Variants |series=Aircraft in Profile |volume=XI |location=Windsor |publisher=Profile Publications |year=1971 |pages=217–230 |oclc=223756773 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shores |first=Christopher F. |title=Martin Maryland and Baltimore Variants |series=Aircraft in Profile |volume=XI |location=Windsor |publisher=Profile Publications |year=1971 |pages=217–230 |oclc=223756773 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Sturtivant |first1=Ray |last2=Ballance |first2=Theo |title=The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm |year=1994 |location=Tonbridge, Kent, UK |publisher=Air Britain (Historians) Ltd |isbn=0-85130-223-8}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sturtivant |first1=Ray |last2=Burrow |first2=Mick |title=Fleet Air Arm Aircraft 1939 to 1945 |year=1995 |location=Tunbridge Wells, UK |publisher=Air Britain (Historians) Ltd |isbn=0-85130-232-7}}
* Wagner, Ray. "American Combat Planes, Third Enlarged Edition". New York: Doubleday & Company, 1982, pp.&nbsp;178–179. {{ISBN|978-0-3851-3120-9}}.
* Wagner, Ray. "American Combat Planes, Third Enlarged Edition". New York: Doubleday & Company, 1982, pp.&nbsp;178–179. {{ISBN|978-0-3851-3120-9}}.
{{refend}}


==External links==
==External links==

Latest revision as of 08:34, 13 July 2024

Model 167 Maryland
RAF Marylands c. 1941
Role Light bomber[1]
National origin Vereinigte Staaten
Manufacturer Martin
First flight 14 March 1939
Einführung 1940
Retired 1945
Primary users Royal Air Force
Number built 450
Developed into Martin Baltimore

The Martin Model 167 Maryland was an American light bomber[1] that first flew in 1939. It saw action in World War II with France and the United Kingdom.

Design and development

[edit]

In response to a December 1937 United States Army Air Corps requirement for an attack aircraft capable of carrying a bombload of 1,200 lb (540 kg) over a range of 1,200 mi (1,000 nmi; 1,900 km) at a speed of 200 mph (170 kn; 320 km/h)[a], the Glenn L. Martin Company produced its Model 167, which was given the official designation XA-22, competing with designs from Bell Aircraft (the Model 9), Douglas (the Douglas DB-7), North American (the NA-40) and Stearman (the Stearman XA-21).[2][3] Martin's design was a twin-engine all-metal monoplane, capable of around 310 mph (500 km/h) with a crew of three. The XA-22 was not adopted for operational service in the U.S., because the contract was won by the Douglas DB-7, which became the A-20 Havoc, but Martin received foreign orders, and about 450 of the fast, twin-engined bombers were built.

The prototype Model 167W was powered by twin-row Pratt & Whitney R-1830-37 Twin Wasp engines, which were replaced in French production aircraft by single-row nine-cylinder Wright R-1820 Cyclone engines, although the Twin Wasps were then restored for the British Maryland. All versions of the Model 167 were armed with six machine guns, four fixed guns in the wings (mainly for ground-attack), one dorsal gun and one ventral gun. In the prototype, these guns were all 0.30 in Browning machine guns. The dorsal gun was mounted in a fully retractable turret. The French aircraft used license-built Belgian Fabrique Nationale FN-Brownings, and used a lighter semi-retractable dorsal turret. The weight saved helped to increase the top speed to 288 mph (463 km/h).

Martin XA-22, 13 April 1939

The Model 167 was a fairly typical twin-engined bomber of the period. The most unusual feature of the Model 167 was the very narrow fuselage, although it was shared with a number of late prewar contemporaries. The crew of three was carried in two isolated compartments: the bombardier sat in the nose below the pilot and the gunner was in the mid-upper twin-machine gun turret in a separate rear compartment, isolated by a bulkhead.

Glenn L. Martin doubled the size of the Baltimore factory, and built all 115 aircraft in six months, but they were prevented from delivering them by a US government arms embargo. Despite that, the French placed an order for an additional 100 aircraft. The embargo was lifted in October 1939, and the 115 aircraft from the first order were delivered by late November 1939. Deliveries then slowed, and only 25 of the second batch reached France before the French surrender to the Germans.

Operational history

[edit]

French service

[edit]
A captured French Martin 167F at Aleppo, Syria, in 1941.

Facing a massive German arms buildup and desperate for modern aircraft, the French Air Force purchased U.S. aircraft of numerous types in the late 1930s. Martin received an order for more than 200 167 Fs which incorporated French equipment such as metric instruments. French officials expected deliveries to begin in January 1939 but the type, locally called the Glenn Martin 167 A-3 entered service only in early 1940.

Because of the U.S. embargo on arms exports after the beginning of the war, many aircraft were impounded for two months before being shipped to Europe. When the Battle of France began, there were only four Groupes de bombardement (bomber squadrons) equipped. The Glenns were quickly sent to the front lines where they performed well with their adequate speed and excellent manoeuvrability for an aircraft in this class.[4] In about 400 sorties, they suffered a 4 per cent loss rate, much better than the 16 per cent endured by LeO 451 crews against similar targets.

Immediately before the June 1940 Armistice, units flying the Glenn Martin 167 were evacuated to French North Africa to avoid capture by the Germans. One of them landed in Spain and was interned, being tested by the Spanish Air Force. [citation needed] Some examples were transferred to the Aéronautique Navale. During Vichy rule of the French empire, French Martins bombed British Commonwealth forces, most notably during the Syria–Lebanon campaign of 1941.[5] Following Operation Torch in 1943, M.167s were replaced with more modern Allied types, including the Martin B-26 Marauder. Approximately 215 Martin 167s were delivered to France.

British service

[edit]
Martin Maryland bombers fly past in formation, North Africa 1941

Just before the Franco-German Armistice, the remaining 75 aircraft on the French order were signed over to the United Kingdom; 32 Marylands had been completed to French specifications and were converted to British requirements in the UK. Engines were changed from the Cyclone 9 to the Pratt and Whitney Twin Wasp and various weapons and instruments were replaced. The last 43 of the order were completed as required by Glenn Martin. All these aircraft became the Maryland Mk.I. A further 150 aircraft had been ordered directly by Britain with two-speed superchargers on their Twin Wasps as the Maryland Mk.II.[1]

Many of the aircraft were shipped to Egypt and Malta in time for the 1941 fighting there. The RAF used the aircraft mainly for photo-reconnaissance operations in North and East Africa, it being faster than the Bristol Blenheim. A Maryland bomber photographed the Italian fleet before and after the Battle of Taranto on 11 November 1940.[6] The pilot, Adrian Warburton, scored his five confirmed kills with the Maryland's forward-firing guns.

Seven Maryland Mk.Is were transferred to the British Fleet Air Arm[7] and were mainly used for target towing duties.[8] On 22 May 1941, a Maryland of 771 Naval Air Squadron based at Hatston in the Orkney Islands, reported that the German battleship Bismarck had left Bergen, confirming that she was breaking out into the Atlantic.[9]

Operators

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 Frankreich
 Vichy France
 Südafrika
 Vereinigtes Königreich

Specifications (Maryland Mk I)

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Data from [citation needed]

General characteristics

  • Crew: three (pilot, navigator/bomb aimer/gunner, and radio operator/gunner)
  • Length: 46 ft 8 in (14.2 m)
  • Wingspan: 61 ft 4 in (18.7 m)
  • Height: 16 ft 3 in (5.0 m)
  • Wing area: 537 sq ft (49.9 m2)
  • Empty weight: 10,586 lb (4,802 kg)
  • Gross weight: 15,297 lb (6,939 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight: 16,809 lb (7,624 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 514 imperial gallons (2,336 litres)
  • Powerplant: 2 × Pratt & Whitney R-1830-S1C3-G "Twin Wasp" radial engine, 1,050 hp (783 kW) each
  • Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton Standard 3T50 constant-speed metal propellers, 10 ft 11 in (3.3 m) diameter

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 304 mph (489 km/h, 264 kn) at 13,000 ft (3,962 m)
  • Cruise speed: 248 mph (399 km/h, 216 kn)
  • Range: 1,300 mi (2,100 km, 1,100 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 29,500 ft (8,991 m)
  • Rate of climb: 2,400 ft/min (12 m/s)
  • Wing loading: 28.5 lb/sq ft (139.1 kg/m2)
  • Power/mass: 0.157 hp/lb (259 W/kg)

Armament

  • Guns:
  • Bombs: 2,000 lb (907 kg) internally; (usually 4 x 500 lb (227 kg) bombs)

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Notes

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  1. ^ in fact all the competitors for the requirement were much faster, with speeds ranging from 260 mph (230 kn; 420 km/h) to 310 mph (270 kn; 500 km/h).[2]
  1. ^ a b c Martin Maryland Military History Encyclopedia on the Web
  2. ^ a b Francillon 1982, p. 7.
  3. ^ Dorr 1996, p. 124.
  4. ^ "The Martin Maryland goes to war, 23 October 1941." :Fr Archived 5 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine Maryland Aviation Museum. Retrieved: 2 July 2012/
  5. ^ Documented in the memoirs of Roald Dahl and John Masters (The Road Past Mandalay) (1961.)
  6. ^ Bishop 2004, pp. 90–91.
  7. ^ Sturtivant & Burrow 1995, p. 311.
  8. ^ Mondey 2006, p. 175.
  9. ^ Shores 1971, p. 220.
  10. ^ Sturtivant & Ballance 1994, pp. 89, 362.

Bibliography

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  • Bishop, Chris. The Encyclopedia of 20th Century Air Warfare. London: Amber Books Ltd, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-26-1.
  • Cuny, Jean. "Glenn Martin 167 in French Service". Journal of American Aviation Historical Society. Volume 10, No. 1, Spring 1965.
  • Cuny, Jean & Danel, Raymond (May 1983). "Les "Glenn" de la Marine nationale: Le Glenn Martin 167" [The "Glenns" of the French Navy: The Glenn Martin 167]. Le Fana de l'Aviation (in French) (162): 30–37. ISSN 0757-4169.
  • Dorr, Robert F (1996). "North American B-25 Variant Briefing". Wings of Fame. Vol. 3. London: Aerospace Publishing. pp. 118–141. ISBN 1-874023-70-0. ISSN 1361-2034.
  • Francillon, René J (December 1982). "Le Martin XA-22: La Genese des "Glenn"". Le fanatique de l'Aviation (in French). No. 157. pp. 4–11. ISSN 0337-8861.
  • Lawrence, Joseph (1945). The Observer's Book Of Airplanes. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co.
  • Mondey, David. American Aircraft of World War II (Hamlyn Concise Guide). London: Bounty Books, 2006. ISBN 978-0-7537-1461-4.
  • Munson, Kenneth. Fighters and Bombers of World War II: 1939–45. London: Blandford Press Ltd, 1969. ISBN 0-9637110-4-0.
  • Shores, Christopher F. (1971). Martin Maryland and Baltimore Variants. Aircraft in Profile. Vol. XI. Windsor: Profile Publications. pp. 217–230. OCLC 223756773.
  • Sturtivant, Ray; Ballance, Theo (1994). The Squadrons of the Fleet Air Arm. Tonbridge, Kent, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-223-8.
  • Sturtivant, Ray; Burrow, Mick (1995). Fleet Air Arm Aircraft 1939 to 1945. Tunbridge Wells, UK: Air Britain (Historians) Ltd. ISBN 0-85130-232-7.
  • Wagner, Ray. "American Combat Planes, Third Enlarged Edition". New York: Doubleday & Company, 1982, pp. 178–179. ISBN 978-0-3851-3120-9.
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