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Ceramics from the late [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] eras have been found here.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 648</ref> |
Ceramics from the late [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] eras have been found here.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 648</ref> |
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In the [[Crusader states|Crusader era]] it was known as ''Cassie'', and in 1183 it was noted that ''[[Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus#Chamberlain|Godfrey de Tor]]'' sold the land of the village to [[Joscelin III, Count of Edessa|Joscelin III]].<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n31/mode/1up 15]-16, No. 16; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n171/mode/1up 125], No. 624; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 257, 264</ref> In 1220 Jocelyn III's daughter [[Beatrix de Courtenay]] and her husband [[Otto von Botenlauben]], [[House of Henneberg|Count of Henneberg]], sold their land, including ''Cassie'', to the [[Teutonic Knights]].<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n59/mode/1up 43]- 44, No. 53; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n254/mode/1up 248], No. 934; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 257, 264.</ref> |
In the [[Crusader states|Crusader era]] it was known as ''Cassie'', and in 1183 it was noted that ''[[Officers of the Kingdom of Cyprus#Chamberlain|Godfrey de Tor]]'' sold the land of the village to [[Joscelin III, Count of Edessa|Joscelin III]].<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n31/mode/1up 15]-16, No. 16; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n171/mode/1up 125], No. 624; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 257, 264</ref> In 1220 Jocelyn III's daughter [[Beatrix de Courtenay]] and her husband [[Otto von Botenlauben]], [[House of Henneberg|Count of Henneberg]], sold their land, including ''Cassie'' and the nearby ''Roeis'' ([[Tel Rosh|Khirbet Tell ‘er-Ruwesah/Tel Rosh]]), to the [[Teutonic Knights]].<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n59/mode/1up 43]- 44, No. 53; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n254/mode/1up 248], No. 934; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 257, 264.</ref> |
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Remains from the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] era have been found in the area.<ref>Lerer, 2011, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1668&mag_id=118 Elqosh] |
Remains from the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] era have been found in the area.<ref>Lerer, 2011, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1668&mag_id=118 Elqosh] |
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</ref> |
</ref> |
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===Ottoman |
===Ottoman Empire=== |
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Dayr al-Qassi was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517 and it belonged to the ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict) of ''Jira'', part of the [[Safad Sanjak]] (District of Safed). In the 1596 [[Defter|tax records]] Dayr al-Qassi had a population of 24 [[Muslim]] household; an estimated 132 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rated of 25% on a number of crops, including [[wheat]] and [[barley]], as well as on goats and beehives; a total of 345 [[akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 177. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 12</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9</ref> |
Dayr al-Qassi was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1517 and it belonged to the ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict) of ''Jira'', part of the [[Safad Sanjak]] (District of Safed). In the 1596 [[Defter|tax records]] Dayr al-Qassi had a population of 24 [[Muslim]] household; an estimated 132 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rated of 25% on a number of crops, including [[wheat]] and [[barley]], as well as on goats and beehives; a total of 345 [[akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 177. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 12</ref><ref>Note that Rhode, 1979, p. [https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century 6] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420031504/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |date=2019-04-20 }} writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9</ref> |
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In the early 18th century, Dayr al-Qassi was a fortified village controlled by a local [[sheikh]] (chief) named Abd al-Khaliq Salih. In 1740, Sheikh [[Zahir al-Umar]], an Arab ''[[mutasallim]]'' (tax collector) from the [[al-Zayadina]] clan whose strength was growing throughout the [[Galilee]], struggled to gain control of Dayr al-Qassi. Later that year, he made the village part of his domain by marrying Sheikh Salih's daughter, thereby sealing an alliance with the latter's clan.<ref>Joudah, 1987, p. 24.</ref> In late 1767, Zahir's son Ali of Safad requested control of Dayr al-Qassi from his father after his request for [[Deir Hanna|Dayr Hanna]] was rejected. Zahir refused and the two entered into an armed conflict, which Zahir won. Nonetheless, Zahir pardoned Ali and ultimately ceded the village to him.<ref>Joudah, 1987, p. 53.</ref> |
In the early 18th century, Dayr al-Qassi was a fortified village controlled by a local [[sheikh]] (chief) named Abd al-Khaliq Salih. In 1740, Sheikh [[Zahir al-Umar]], an Arab ''[[mutasallim]]'' (tax collector) from the [[al-Zayadina]] clan whose strength was growing throughout the [[Galilee]], struggled to gain control of Dayr al-Qassi. Later that year, he made the village part of his domain by marrying Sheikh Salih's daughter, thereby sealing an alliance with the latter's clan.<ref>Joudah, 1987, p. 24.</ref> In late 1767, Zahir's son Ali of Safad requested control of Dayr al-Qassi from his father after his request for [[Deir Hanna|Dayr Hanna]] was rejected. Zahir refused and the two entered into an armed conflict, which Zahir won. Nonetheless, Zahir pardoned Ali and ultimately ceded the village to him.<ref>Joudah, 1987, p. 53.</ref> |
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A population list from about 1887 showed ''Deir el Kasy'' to have about 945 inhabitants, all Muslims.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n215/mode/1up 190]</ref> |
A population list from about 1887 showed ''Deir el Kasy'' to have about 945 inhabitants, all Muslims.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n215/mode/1up 190]</ref> |
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===British Mandate |
===British Mandate=== |
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[[Image:Dayr al-Qasi1937.jpg|250px|thumb|Two women from Dayr al-Qassi, 1937]] |
[[Image:Dayr al-Qasi1937.jpg|250px|thumb|Two women from Dayr al-Qassi, 1937]] |
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At the time of the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[ |
At the time of the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted by the [[Mandate for Palestine|British Mandate]], ''Dair Wal Qasi'' had a population of 663, all Muslims,<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n43/mode/1up 41]</ref> increasing in the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]], when ''Deir el Qasi'' had a population of 865, still all Muslims, living in a total of 169 houses.<ref name="Census1931">Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 106].</ref> |
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Later, Dayr al-Qassi was mostly Muslim but had a large [[Palestinian Christian]] minority. According to the [[Village Statistics, 1945| 1945 census]] it had 1,250 inhabitants; 370 Christians and 880 Muslims.<ref name=1945p4/><ref name=1945data>[http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf ''Village Statistics April 1945,'' The Palestine Government] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143136/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf |date=June 9, 2012 }}, p. 2</ref> Together with the two villages of [[Fassuta]] (existent) and [[al-Mansura, Acre|al-Mansura]], the population was 2,300 and their total land area was 34,011 dunums.<ref name=Hadawip40>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Acre/Page-040.jpg 40]</ref> 1,607 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 6,475 used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Acre/Page-080.jpg 80]</ref> while 247 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Acre/Page-130.jpg 130]</ref> |
Later, Dayr al-Qassi was mostly Muslim but had a large [[Palestinian Christian]] minority. According to the [[Village Statistics, 1945| 1945 census]] it had 1,250 inhabitants; 370 Christians and 880 Muslims.<ref name=1945p4/><ref name=1945data>[http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf ''Village Statistics April 1945,'' The Palestine Government] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120609143136/http://domino.un.org/pdfs/AAC25ComTech7Add1.pdf |date=June 9, 2012 }}, p. 2</ref> Together with the two villages of [[Fassuta]] (existent) and [[al-Mansura, Acre|al-Mansura]], the population was 2,300 and their total land area was 34,011 dunums.<ref name=Hadawip40>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Acre/Page-040.jpg 40]</ref> 1,607 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 6,475 used for cereals,<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Acre/Page-080.jpg 80]</ref> while 247 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Acre/Page-130.jpg 130]</ref> |
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===Israel=== |
===Israel=== |
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During the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] Dayr al-Qassi was defended by the [[Arab Liberation Army]] but the village was |
During the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] Dayr al-Qassi was defended by the [[Arab Liberation Army]] but the village was occupied by the [[Israel Defense Forces|Israeli Army]] during its offensive [[Operation Hiram]] on October 30, 1948.<ref name=Khalidi13/> At the same time, Dayr al-Qassi was bombed by the Israelis, apparently "by mistake", and 7 residents were killed.<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13531042.2014.886833 | doi=10.1080/13531042.2014.886833 | title=Oral testimonies, archival sources, and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War: A close look at the occupation of a Galilean village | year=2014 | last1=Peled | first1=Kobi | journal=Journal of Israeli History | volume=33 | pages=41–61 | s2cid=159504045 }}</ref> |
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In December, 1948, there was a suggestion of sending new Jewish immigrants to settle [[Al-Bassa]], Dayr al-Qassi and [[Tarshiha]], but [[Aharon Zisling|Cisling]] objected to sending military untrained new immigrants there.<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA394 394]; note [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA413 #332]</ref> |
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However, in January, 1949, the [[Provisional government of Israel|Cabinet]] voted to "encourage introducing ‘[[olim]] into all the abandoned villages in the Galilee".<ref>Morris, 2004, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA394 394]; note [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA413 #333]</ref> The village's residents were (again) expelled on 27 May 1949 and most migrated north into [[Lebanon]].<ref name=Khalidi13/> |
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By June, 1949, it was reported that the whole northern area had been "Judaised", including [[Tarshiha]], [[Suhmata]], Dayr al-Qassi, [[Tarbikha]], [[Meiron]], [[Al-Sammu'i]], [[Safsaf]] and [[Al-Ras al-Ahmar]].<ref>Morris, 2004, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA381 381]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA382 382]; note [https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C&pg=PA409 #226]</ref> |
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The Palestinian historian, [[Walid Khalidi]], described the remaining structures on the village land in 1992: "A few stone houses still are used as residences or warehouses by the inhabitants of Elqosh. The debris of destroyed houses is strewn over the site. The school building stands deserted. Fig and olive trees and cactuses grow on the site."<ref name=Khalidi13/> In 2004, some of the remains of the village were removed by mechanical equipment during excavations by the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]].<ref>Braun, 2004, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=73&mag_id=108 Elqosh Archive Report- Final Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518120938/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=73&mag_id=108 |date=2013-05-18 }}</ref> |
The Palestinian historian, [[Walid Khalidi]], described the remaining structures on the village land in 1992: "A few stone houses still are used as residences or warehouses by the inhabitants of Elqosh. The debris of destroyed houses is strewn over the site. The school building stands deserted. Fig and olive trees and cactuses grow on the site."<ref name=Khalidi13/> In 2004, some of the remains of the village were removed by mechanical equipment during excavations by the [[Israel Antiquities Authority]].<ref>Braun, 2004, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=73&mag_id=108 Elqosh Archive Report- Final Report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518120938/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=73&mag_id=108 |date=2013-05-18 }}</ref> |
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In 2000, a book about the village history was published by Ibrahim Khalil Uthman.<ref>Davis, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC&pg=PA285 285]</ref> |
In 2000, a book about the village history was published by Ibrahim Khalil Uthman.<ref>Davis, 2011, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC&pg=PA285 285]</ref> |
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==Notable people== |
==Notable people== |
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*[[Nabil Marouf]], Palestinian Ambassador to Canada, born in Dayr al-Qassi in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |
*[[Nabil Marouf]], ([[:ar:نبيل_معروف|ar]]) Palestinian Ambassador to Canada, born in Dayr al-Qassi in 1946.<ref>{{cite web |title=Palestinian General Delegation in Canada |url=http://www.palgd.ca/ar/ambassador-bio/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515165323/http://www.palgd.ca/ar/ambassador-bio/ |access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=2021-05-15 }}</ref> |
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== Galleryي == |
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<gallery> |
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File:Elkosh Western Galilee6.jpg |
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File:Elkosh Western Galilee1.jpg |
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File:Elkosh Western Galilee5.jpg |
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File:Elkosh Western Galilee7.jpg |
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</gallery> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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*[[Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel]] |
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*[[List of Arab towns and villages depopulated during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War]] |
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==Notes== |
==Notes== |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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*{{cite book | editor =Barron, |
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J. B. | title =Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 | url =https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 | publisher =Government of Palestine | year =1923 }} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Braun |first=Eliot |date=2004-06-09 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=73&mag_id=108 |title=Elqosh Archive Report- Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=116 |access-date=2020-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025211817/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=73&mag_id=108|archive-date=2014-10-25 |
*{{cite journal |last=Braun |first=Eliot |date=2004-06-09 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=73&mag_id=108 |title=Elqosh Archive Report- Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=116 |access-date=2020-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025211817/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=73&mag_id=108 |archive-date=2014-10-25 }} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.| |
*{{cite book|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=1}} |
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*{{cite book | last= Dauphin |first = Claudine | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ |volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford|language = |
*{{cite book | last = Dauphin | first = C. | author-link = Claudine Dauphin | title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ | volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress | location = Oxford | language = fr | isbn = 0-860549-05-4 }} |
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*{{cite book|last=Davis |
*{{cite book|last=Davis|first=Rochelle|year=2011|title=Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wlKjZwMwz0wC|location=Stanford|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-7313-3}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Department of Statistics|year=1945|publisher=Government of Palestine}} |
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*{{cite journal | first1=Rafael | last1=Frankel | title=Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period | journal= [[Israel Exploration Journal]] | volume=38 | number= 4 | year=1988 | pages= 249–272}} |
*{{cite journal | first1=Rafael | last1=Frankel | title=Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period | journal= [[Israel Exploration Journal]] | volume=38 | number= 4 | year=1988 | pages= 249–272}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.| |
*{{cite book|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr00gugoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 2|year=1880|publisher=L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} |
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*{{cite book |
*{{cite book|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi|year=1970|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}} |
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*{{cite book | |
*{{cite book |last1=Hütteroth |first1=Wolf-Dieter |first2=Kamal |last2=Abdulfattah |title=Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ |year=1977 |publisher=Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft |isbn=3-920405-41-2 }} |
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*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ |
*{{cite book|title=All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_By7AAAAIAAJ|first=W.|last=Khalidi|author-link=Walid Khalidi|year=1992|location=[[Washington D.C.]]|publisher=[[Institute for Palestine Studies]]|isbn=0-88728-224-5}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Joudah|first=Ahmad Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books? |
*{{cite book|last=Joudah|first=Ahmad Hasan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISBN9780940670112|title=Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar|year=1987|publisher=Kingston Press|isbn=9780940670112}} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Lerer|first=Yoav|date=2011-04-13 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1668&mag_id=118 |
*{{cite journal |last=Lerer |first=Yoav |date=2011-04-13 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1668&mag_id=118 |title=Elqosh - Final Report |publisher=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=123 |access-date=2020-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025175522/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1668&mag_id=118 |archive-date=2014-10-25 }} |
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*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. |
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas | url = https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932 }} |
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*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=B. |last=Morris | |
*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uM_kFX6edX8C |first=B. |last=Morris |author-link=Benny Morris |year=2004 |title=The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited |isbn=978-0-521-00967-6 |publisher=Cambridge University Press }} |
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*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.| |
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E. H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}} |
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*{{cite thesis|type=PhD |last=Rhode |first=H.| |
*{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Rhode |first=H. |author-link=Harold Rhode |date=1979 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2026845 |title=Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University]] |access-date=2017-11-03 |archive-date=2020-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301141739/https://www.academia.edu/2026845/The_Administration_and_Population_of_the_Sancak_of_Safed_in_the_Sixteenth_Century |url-status=dead }} |
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*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.| |
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=E.|author-link1=Edward Robinson (scholar)|last2=Smith|first2=E.|author-link2=Eli Smith|year=1841|url=http://archive.org/details/biblicalresearch03robiuoft|title=Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838|location=Boston|publisher=[[Crocker & Brewster]]|volume=3}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R. |
*{{cite book|last=Röhricht|first=R.|author-link=Reinhold Röhricht|title=(RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin|language=la}} |
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*{{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first =G.| |
*{{cite journal | last = Schumacher | first = G. | author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka | journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191 | url = https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888 }} |
||
*{{cite book|editor=Strehlke, E.| |
*{{cite book|editor=Strehlke, E.|editor-link=:de:Ernst Strehlke|title=Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum|url=https://archive.org/details/tabulaeordinist00stregoog|year=1869|publisher=Weidmanns|location=Berlin}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Uthman|first=Ibrahim Khalil |title=Dayr al-Qasi: Zanbaqa Khalil al-awsat al-gharbi|location=Tyre, Lebanon, n.p.}} |
*{{cite book|last=Uthman|first=Ibrahim Khalil |title=Dayr al-Qasi: Zanbaqa Khalil al-awsat al-gharbi|location=Tyre, Lebanon, n.p.}} |
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[[Category:District of Acre]] |
[[Category:District of Acre]] |
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[[Category:Arab villages depopulated after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]] |
[[Category:Arab villages depopulated after the 1948 Arab–Israeli War]] |
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[[Category:Forcibly depopulated communities of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] |
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[[Category:1948 disestablishments in Israel]] |
[[Category:1948 disestablishments in Israel]] |
Latest revision as of 17:11, 13 July 2024
Dayr al-Qassi
دير القاسي | |
---|---|
Etymology: The convent of Wady el Kasy[3] | |
Location within Mandatory Palestine | |
Coordinates: 33°02′07″N 35°19′30″E / 33.03528°N 35.32500°E | |
Palestine grid | 181/271 |
Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
Subdistrict | Acre |
Date of depopulation | 30 October 1948[1] |
Area | |
• Total | 34,011 dunams (34.0 km2 or 13.1 sq mi) |
Population (1945) | |
• Total | 1,250[4] |
Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault by Yishuv forces |
Current Localities | Mattat,[5] Elkosh,[5][6] Abirim,[5] Netu'a[5] |
Dayr al-Qassi or Deir el-Qasi (Arabic: دير القاسي), was a Palestinian Arab village located 26 km northeast of the city of Acre, which was depopulated during 1948 Arab-Israeli war.
Geography
The village was located 26 km northeast of the city of Acre, on a rocky hill about 5 km south of the Lebanese border. It was linked by a paved road to Fassuta in the north and Tarshiha in the southwest. The road divided the town into an eastern and one western quarter, or haras, the eastern quarter being higher up.[7]
History
The first part of the village name, Dayr ("monastery") suggest that the village might have had a monastery and a Christian population. However, in modern times the population was Muslim. According to the residents of the village, ancient artifacts from the Canaanite, Israelite and Roman period were unearthed in the Ottoman and British Mandate period.[7]
Ceramics from the late Roman and the Byzantine eras have been found here.[8]
In the Crusader era it was known as Cassie, and in 1183 it was noted that Godfrey de Tor sold the land of the village to Joscelin III.[9] In 1220 Jocelyn III's daughter Beatrix de Courtenay and her husband Otto von Botenlauben, Count of Henneberg, sold their land, including Cassie and the nearby Roeis (Khirbet Tell ‘er-Ruwesah/Tel Rosh), to the Teutonic Knights.[10]
Remains from the Mamluk era have been found in the area.[11]
Ottoman Empire
Dayr al-Qassi was incorporated into the Ottoman Empire in 1517 and it belonged to the nahiya (subdistrict) of Jira, part of the Safad Sanjak (District of Safed). In the 1596 tax records Dayr al-Qassi had a population of 24 Muslim household; an estimated 132 persons. The villagers paid a fixed tax-rated of 25% on a number of crops, including wheat and barley, as well as on goats and beehives; a total of 345 akçe.[12][13]
In the early 18th century, Dayr al-Qassi was a fortified village controlled by a local sheikh (chief) named Abd al-Khaliq Salih. In 1740, Sheikh Zahir al-Umar, an Arab mutasallim (tax collector) from the al-Zayadina clan whose strength was growing throughout the Galilee, struggled to gain control of Dayr al-Qassi. Later that year, he made the village part of his domain by marrying Sheikh Salih's daughter, thereby sealing an alliance with the latter's clan.[14] In late 1767, Zahir's son Ali of Safad requested control of Dayr al-Qassi from his father after his request for Dayr Hanna was rejected. Zahir refused and the two entered into an armed conflict, which Zahir won. Nonetheless, Zahir pardoned Ali and ultimately ceded the village to him.[15]
In 1838, Deir el-Kasy was noted as a Muslim village in the El Jebel district, located west of Safad.[16]
Victor Guérin visited Dayr al-Qassi in 1875, and he estimated that the village had 350 Muslim inhabitants.[2] In 1881, Dayr al-Qassi was described in the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) as being situated on a ridge, encircled by fig trees, olive trees and arable land. It then had a population of about 200.[17]
A population list from about 1887 showed Deir el Kasy to have about 945 inhabitants, all Muslims.[18]
British Mandate
At the time of the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate, Dair Wal Qasi had a population of 663, all Muslims,[19] increasing in the 1931 census, when Deir el Qasi had a population of 865, still all Muslims, living in a total of 169 houses.[20]
Later, Dayr al-Qassi was mostly Muslim but had a large Palestinian Christian minority. According to the 1945 census it had 1,250 inhabitants; 370 Christians and 880 Muslims.[4][21] Together with the two villages of Fassuta (existent) and al-Mansura, the population was 2,300 and their total land area was 34,011 dunums.[22] 1,607 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 6,475 used for cereals,[23] while 247 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[24]
Israel
During the 1948 Arab-Israeli War Dayr al-Qassi was defended by the Arab Liberation Army but the village was occupied by the Israeli Army during its offensive Operation Hiram on October 30, 1948.[5] At the same time, Dayr al-Qassi was bombed by the Israelis, apparently "by mistake", and 7 residents were killed.[25] In December, 1948, there was a suggestion of sending new Jewish immigrants to settle Al-Bassa, Dayr al-Qassi and Tarshiha, but Cisling objected to sending military untrained new immigrants there.[26]
However, in January, 1949, the Cabinet voted to "encourage introducing ‘olim into all the abandoned villages in the Galilee".[27] The village's residents were (again) expelled on 27 May 1949 and most migrated north into Lebanon.[5] By June, 1949, it was reported that the whole northern area had been "Judaised", including Tarshiha, Suhmata, Dayr al-Qassi, Tarbikha, Meiron, Al-Sammu'i, Safsaf and Al-Ras al-Ahmar.[28]
Elkosh was established in 1949, and occupies part of the village site. Netu'a, founded in 1966, Mattat, founded in 1979 and Abirim, founded in 1980, are also on village land. Netu'a is near the neighboring village of al-Mansura.[5]
The Palestinian historian, Walid Khalidi, described the remaining structures on the village land in 1992: "A few stone houses still are used as residences or warehouses by the inhabitants of Elqosh. The debris of destroyed houses is strewn over the site. The school building stands deserted. Fig and olive trees and cactuses grow on the site."[5] In 2004, some of the remains of the village were removed by mechanical equipment during excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority.[29]
In 2000, a book about the village history was published by Ibrahim Khalil Uthman.[30]
Notable people
- Nabil Marouf, (ar) Palestinian Ambassador to Canada, born in Dayr al-Qassi in 1946.[31]
Galleryي
See also
Notes
- ^ a b Morris, 2004, p. xvii, village #63. Also gives cause of depopulation.
- ^ a b Guérin, 1880, p. 71
- ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 71
- ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 4
- ^ a b c d e f g h Khalidi, 1992, p. 13
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. xxii, settlement #182
- ^ a b Khalidi, 1992, p. 12
- ^ Dauphin, 1998, p. 648
- ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 15-16, No. 16; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 125, No. 624; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 257, 264
- ^ Strehlke, 1869, pp. 43- 44, No. 53; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RRH, p. 248, No. 934; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 257, 264.
- ^ Lerer, 2011, Elqosh
- ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 177. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 12
- ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9
- ^ Joudah, 1987, p. 24.
- ^ Joudah, 1987, p. 53.
- ^ Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. 133
- ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p.197. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 12
- ^ Schumacher, 1888, p. 190
- ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41
- ^ Mills, 1932, p. 106.
- ^ Village Statistics April 1945, The Palestine Government Archived June 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine, p. 2
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 40
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 80
- ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 130
- ^ Peled, Kobi (2014). "Oral testimonies, archival sources, and the 1948 Arab-Israeli War: A close look at the occupation of a Galilean village". Journal of Israeli History. 33: 41–61. doi:10.1080/13531042.2014.886833. S2CID 159504045.
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 394; note #332
- ^ Morris, 2004, p. 394; note #333
- ^ Morris, 2004, pp. 381-382; note #226
- ^ Braun, 2004, Elqosh Archive Report- Final Report Archived 2013-05-18 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Davis, 2011, p. 285
- ^ "Palestinian General Delegation in Canada". Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 15 May 2021.
Bibliography
- Barron, J. B., ed. (1923). Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922. Government of Palestine.
- Braun, Eliot (2004-06-09). "Elqosh Archive Report- Final Report" (116). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Conder, C.R.; Kitchener, H.H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Dauphin, C. (1998). La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations. BAR International Series 726 (in French). Vol. III : Catalogue. Oxford: Archeopress. ISBN 0-860549-05-4.
- Davis, Rochelle (2011). Palestinian Village Histories: Geographies of the Displaced. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-7313-3.
- Department of Statistics (1945). Village Statistics, April, 1945. Government of Palestine.
- Frankel, Rafael (1988). "Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period". Israel Exploration Journal. 38 (4): 249–272.
- Guérin, V. (1880). Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale.
- Hadawi, S. (1970). Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine. Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center.
- Hütteroth, Wolf-Dieter; Abdulfattah, Kamal (1977). Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century. Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft. ISBN 3-920405-41-2.
- Khalidi, W. (1992). All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. ISBN 0-88728-224-5.
- Joudah, Ahmad Hasan (1987). Revolt in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: The Era of Shaykh Zahir Al-ʻUmar. Kingston Press. ISBN 9780940670112.
- Lerer, Yoav (2011-04-13). "Elqosh - Final Report" (123). Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel. Archived from the original on 2014-10-25. Retrieved 2020-02-20.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
(help) - Mills, E., ed. (1932). Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas. Jerusalem: Government of Palestine.
- Morris, B. (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
- Palmer, E. H. (1881). The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer. Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund.
- Rhode, H. (1979). Administration and Population of the Sancak of Safed in the Sixteenth Century (PhD). Columbia University. Archived from the original on 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2017-11-03.
- Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the year 1838. Vol. 3. Boston: Crocker & Brewster.
- Röhricht, R. (1893). (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI) (in Latin). Berlin: Libraria Academica Wageriana.
- Schumacher, G. (1888). "Population list of the Liwa of Akka". Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund. 20: 169–191.
- Strehlke, E. [in German], ed. (1869). Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum. Berlin: Weidmanns.
- Uthman, Ibrahim Khalil. Dayr al-Qasi: Zanbaqa Khalil al-awsat al-gharbi. Tyre, Lebanon, n.p.
External links
- Palestine Remembered - Dayr al-Qasi
- Dayr al-Qasi, Zochrot
- Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: IAA, Wikimedia commons
- Dayr Al-Qasi from the Khalil Sakakini Cultural Center
- Der al-Qasi, from Dr. Moslih Kanaaneh