Snakehead (fish): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Family of fishes}} |
{{Short description|Family of fishes}} |
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{{Automatic taxobox |
{{Automatic taxobox |
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| fossil_range = [[Eocene]] to recent, {{fossil range|48.6|0}} |
| fossil_range = [[Eocene]] to recent, {{fossil range|48.6|0}} |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The Channidae are well represented in the fossil record and known from numerous specimens. They likely originated in the south Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day northern India and eastern Pakistan) at least 50 million years ago (Mya), during the [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]] epoch. Two of the earliest known species, ''[[Eochanna chorlakkiensis]]'' <!-- <small>Roe 1991</small> --> and ''Anchichanna kuldanensis'' <!-- <small>Murray & Thewissen, 2008</small> -->, have both been found in the [[Middle Eocene]] of Pakistan.<ref name=Murray2008>{{cite journal |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[41:EAFFPW]2.0.CO;2 |year=2008 |volume=28 |pages=41–52 |title=Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan, with the description of a new genus and species of channid (channiformes) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |last1=Murray |first1=A. M. |last2=Thewissen |first2=J. G. M. }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roe |first1=L. J. |year=1991 |hdl=2027.42/48541 |title=Phylogenetic and Ecological Significance of Channidae (Osteichthyes Teleostei) from the Early Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Pakistan |journal = Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=93–100 }}</ref> By 17 Mya, during the [[Burdigalian|Early Miocene]], Channidae had spread into western and central Eurasia, and by 8 Mya, during the late [[Tortonian]], they existed throughout Africa and East Asia.<ref name="Böhme">{{cite journal |doi=10.1130/G20316.1 |title=Migration history of air-breathing fishes reveals Neogene atmospheric circulation patterns |journal=Geology |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=393 |year=2004 |last1=Böhme |first1=M. |bibcode=2004Geo....32..393B }}</ref> As Channidae are adapted to climates of high precipitation with mean temperatures of 20 °C (68 °F), their migrations into Europe and Asia correspond to the development of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]], which increased air humidity, and the intensification of the [[East Asian monsoon]]. Both weather patterns emerged due to greater vertical growth of the [[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]], and [[Himalayas]], which affected Eurasian climatic patterns.<ref name="Böhme"/> |
The Channidae are well represented in the fossil record and known from numerous specimens. They likely originated in the south Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day northern India and eastern Pakistan) at least 50 million years ago (Mya), during the [[Ypresian|Early Eocene]] epoch. Two of the earliest known species, ''[[Eochanna chorlakkiensis]]'' <!-- <small>Roe 1991</small> --> and ''Anchichanna kuldanensis'' <!-- <small>Murray & Thewissen, 2008</small> -->, have both been found in the [[Middle Eocene]] of Pakistan.<ref name=Murray2008>{{cite journal |doi=10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[41:EAFFPW]2.0.CO;2 |year=2008 |volume=28 |pages=41–52 |title=Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan, with the description of a new genus and species of channid (channiformes) |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |last1=Murray |first1=A. M. |last2=Thewissen |first2=J. G. M. |s2cid=85925173 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Roe |first1=L. J. |year=1991 |hdl=2027.42/48541 |title=Phylogenetic and Ecological Significance of Channidae (Osteichthyes Teleostei) from the Early Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Pakistan |journal = Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=93–100 }}</ref> By 17 Mya, during the [[Burdigalian|Early Miocene]], Channidae had spread into western and central Eurasia, and by 8 Mya, during the late [[Tortonian]], they existed throughout Africa and East Asia.<ref name="Böhme">{{cite journal |doi=10.1130/G20316.1 |title=Migration history of air-breathing fishes reveals Neogene atmospheric circulation patterns |journal=Geology |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=393 |year=2004 |last1=Böhme |first1=M. |bibcode=2004Geo....32..393B }}</ref> As Channidae are adapted to climates of high precipitation with mean temperatures of 20 °C (68 °F), their migrations into Europe and Asia correspond to the development of the [[Intertropical Convergence Zone]], which increased air humidity, and the intensification of the [[East Asian monsoon]]. Both weather patterns emerged due to greater vertical growth of the [[Alps]], [[Pyrenees]], and [[Himalayas]], which affected Eurasian climatic patterns.<ref name="Böhme"/> |
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==Ecological concerns== |
==Ecological concerns== |
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[[File:Gabus 070909 0242 rwg.jpg|thumb|right|Snakehead murrel, ''[[Channa striata]]'', Java, Indonesia]] |
[[File:Gabus 070909 0242 rwg.jpg|thumb|right|Snakehead murrel, ''[[Channa striata]]'', Java, Indonesia]] |
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Snakeheads can become invasive species and cause [[Ecosystem health|ecological damage]] because, in many areas to which they are not native, the absence of natural enemies makes them an [[apex predator]]. Not only can they breathe air, but they can also survive on land for up to |
Snakeheads can become invasive species and cause [[Ecosystem health|ecological damage]] because, in many areas to which they are not native, the absence of natural enemies makes them an [[apex predator]]. Not only can they breathe air, but they can also survive on land for up to four days, provided they are wet, and are known to migrate up to 400 m (1/4 mi) on wet land to other bodies of water by wriggling with their bodies and fins. |
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[[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|''National Geographic'']] has referred to snakeheads as "fishzilla"<ref name="natgeo-1">{{cite web|url=http://ngcblog.nationalgeographic.com/ngcblog/2007/12/snakehead_frenzy.html |title=Snakehead Frenzy! |work=NGC Blog |publisher=[[National Geographic Channel]] |date=2007-12-03 |first=Elena |last=Cruz}}</ref> and the [[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|National Geographic Channel]] reported the "northern snakehead reaches sexual maturity by age two or three. Each spawning-age female can release up to 15,000 eggs at once. Snakeheads can mate as often as five times a year. This means in just two years, a single female can release up to 150,000 eggs."<ref name="natgeo-2">{{cite web|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/wild/3449/Overview#tab-Videos/03181_10 |title=Fishzilla: Snakehead Invasion |work=Wild |publisher=[[National Geographic Channel]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515220447/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/wild/3449/Overview |archive-date=2008-05-15 }} Video clip titled: "The Northern Snakehead fish wreaks havoc".</ref> |
[[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|''National Geographic'']] has referred to snakeheads as "fishzilla"<ref name="natgeo-1">{{cite web|url=http://ngcblog.nationalgeographic.com/ngcblog/2007/12/snakehead_frenzy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208013918/http://ngcblog.nationalgeographic.com/ngcblog/2007/12/snakehead_frenzy.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 8, 2007 |title=Snakehead Frenzy! |work=NGC Blog |publisher=[[National Geographic Channel]] |date=2007-12-03 |first=Elena |last=Cruz}}</ref> and the [[National Geographic (U.S. TV channel)|National Geographic Channel]] reported the "northern snakehead reaches sexual maturity by age two or three. Each spawning-age female can release up to 15,000 eggs at once. Snakeheads can mate as often as five times a year. This means in just two years, a single female can release up to 150,000 eggs."<ref name="natgeo-2">{{cite web|url=http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/wild/3449/Overview#tab-Videos/03181_10 |title=Fishzilla: Snakehead Invasion |work=Wild |publisher=[[National Geographic Channel]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515220447/http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/series/wild/3449/Overview |archive-date=2008-05-15 }} Video clip titled: "The Northern Snakehead fish wreaks havoc".</ref> |
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"Since 2002, it has been illegal to possess a live snakehead in many |
"Since 2002, it has been illegal to possess a live snakehead in many U.S. states, where they are considered a destructive invasive species."<ref name=usgs2004 /> Virginia has criminalized the "introduction" of snakeheads into the state without specific authorization, although the relevant statute does not explain whether mere importation is sufficient to constitute "introduction into the Commonwealth" or whether instead release into the environment is required.<ref>[http://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title18.2/chapter7/section18.2-313.2/ Code of Virginia § 18.2-313.2]: "Any person who knowingly introduces into the Commonwealth any snakehead fish of the family Channidae[...] without a permit from the Director of Game and Inland Fisheries [...] is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor [punishable by up to twelve months in jail and/or a fine of up to $2,500]."</ref> |
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===Intentional introductions=== |
===Intentional introductions=== |
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Humans have been introducing snakeheads to nonindigenous waters for over 100 years. In parts of Asia and Africa, the snakehead is considered a valuable food fish since the flesh is very tender, and is produced in [[fish farming|aquacultures]] (fisheries motivation) or by accidental release (as was the case in [[Crofton, Maryland]]). |
Humans have been introducing snakeheads to nonindigenous waters for over 100 years. In parts of Asia and Africa, the snakehead is considered a valuable food fish since the flesh is very tender, and is produced in [[fish farming|aquacultures]] (fisheries motivation) or by accidental release (as was the case in [[Crofton, Maryland]]).<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Fields |first=Helen |date=February 2005 |title=Invasion of the Snakeheads |at=Science |magazine=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]] |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/invasion-of-the-snakeheads-85051261/ }}</ref> Examples of the introduction of snakeheads to nonindigenous waters include: |
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* ''[[Channa maculata]]'' was introduced to Madagascar and to Hawaii around the end of the 19th century. It can still be found there today. |
* ''[[Channa maculata]]'' was introduced to Madagascar and to Hawaii around the end of the 19th century. It can still be found there today. |
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* ''[[Channa striata]]'' was introduced to islands east of the [[Wallace line]] by governmental programs in the latter half of the 20th century. In Fiji, the introduction failed. |
* ''[[Channa striata]]'' was introduced to islands east of the [[Wallace line]] by governmental programs in the latter half of the 20th century. In Fiji, the introduction failed. |
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Snakeheads became a national news topic in the United States because of the appearance of ''C. argus'', commonly known as [[northern snakehead]]s, spawning in a Crofton, Maryland, pond in 2002.<ref name="usgs2004">Courtenay, Jr., Walter R. and James D. Williams. |
Snakeheads became a national news topic in the United States because of the appearance of ''C. argus'', commonly known as [[northern snakehead]]s, spawning in a Crofton, Maryland, pond in 2002.<ref name="usgs2004">Courtenay, Jr., Walter R. and James D. Williams. |
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[https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1251 USGS Circular 1251: Snakeheads (Pisces, Chinnidae) - A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey]. 2004-04-01. Retrieved 2021-07-05.</ref> Northern snakeheads became permanently established in the [[Potomac River]] around 2004 |
[https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/cir1251 USGS Circular 1251: Snakeheads (Pisces, Chinnidae) - A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey]. 2004-04-01. Retrieved 2021-07-05.</ref> Northern snakeheads became permanently established in the [[Potomac River]] around 2004,<ref name="baltsun">[http://www.baltimoresun.com/sports/outdoors/bal-md.snakeheads27apr27,0,6241227.story Potomac snakeheads not related to others] Associated Press, ''Baltimore Sun'', 27 April 2007.</ref> and possibly established in [[Florida]].<ref name="usgs2004" /> In about {{convert|120|mi|abbr=on}} of river, the population has surpassed 21,000 individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160317-snakeheads-potomac-river-chesapeake-bay-invasive-species-fish/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319141417/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/03/160317-snakeheads-potomac-river-chesapeake-bay-invasive-species-fish/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 19, 2016|title=Fishermen Battle Invasive 'Frankenfish' Snakeheads|first=Brian |last=Clark Howard |website=National Geographic News|access-date=2016-03-18|date=2016-03-17}}</ref> |
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According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, snakeheads have also been spotted in <!-- DO NOT ADD STATES UNLESS YOU ADD A REF SUPPORTING THE CLAIM, OR IT WILL BE DELETED. -->[[California]], [[Delaware]], Florida, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Maine]], Maryland, [[Massachusetts]], [[Virginia]], and [[Rhode Island]].<ref name="EPA">"History of introduction in the United States: Four species of snakeheads (''Channa argus, C. marulius, C. micropeltes,'' and'' C. striata'') have been recorded from open waters of the United States (California, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island), and two have become established as reproducing populations." [http://www.epa.gov/EPA-IMPACT/2002/October/Day-04/i25337.htm Injurious Wildlife Species; Snakeheads] Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2008.</ref> Snakeheads have also been spotted in [[New York (state)|New York State]] according to the state's Department of Environmental Conservation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Invasive Northern Snakehead - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/45470.html |website=NYS DEC |publisher=New York State |access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref> Snakeheads have been caught in New Jersey since at least 2008 and according to the New Jersey Department of environmental protection the snakehead population appears to be growing and expanding its distribution. Due to the extensive |
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, snakeheads have also been spotted in <!-- DO NOT ADD STATES UNLESS YOU ADD A REF SUPPORTING THE CLAIM, OR IT WILL BE DELETED. -->[[California]], [[Delaware]], Florida, [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], [[Hawaii]], [[Maine]], Maryland, [[Massachusetts]], [[Virginia]], Louisiana,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nola.com/news/environment/snakehead-aggressive-air-breathing-fish-invades-louisiana/article_51a2c736-06e0-11ee-b4a0-037e655cd1dc.html | title=The snakehead is here: Aggressive, air-breathing fish makes first appearance in Louisiana | date=9 June 2023 }}</ref> and [[Rhode Island]].<ref name="EPA">"History of introduction in the United States: Four species of snakeheads (''Channa argus, C. marulius, C. micropeltes,'' and'' C. striata'') have been recorded from open waters of the United States (California, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island), and two have become established as reproducing populations." [http://www.epa.gov/EPA-IMPACT/2002/October/Day-04/i25337.htm Injurious Wildlife Species; Snakeheads] Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2008.</ref> Snakeheads have also been spotted in [[New York (state)|New York State]] according to the state's Department of Environmental Conservation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Invasive Northern Snakehead - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation |url=https://www.dec.ny.gov/animals/45470.html |website=NYS DEC |publisher=New York State |access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref> Snakeheads have been caught in New Jersey since at least 2008 and according to the New Jersey Department of environmental protection the snakehead population appears to be growing and expanding its distribution. Due to the extensive habitat available and sheer size of the Delaware River, complete eradication of the species does not appear to be feasible.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Snakehead Management Activities: 2010" |url=https://www.state.nj.us/dep/fgw/pdf/fwfisheries/invasive_snakehead10.pdf}}</ref> |
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==== World record ==== |
==== World record ==== |
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According to the [[International Game Fish Association]], Caleb Newton, a [[Spotsylvania County, Virginia]], resident, caught a world-record {{cvt|17|lb|6|oz}} northern snakehead at the junction of [[Aquia Creek]] and the Potomac River, United States, on |
According to the [[International Game Fish Association]], Caleb Newton, a [[Spotsylvania County, Virginia]], resident, caught a world-record {{cvt|17|lb|6|oz}} northern snakehead at the junction of [[Aquia Creek]] and the Potomac River, United States, on 1 June 2013. The previous record, {{cvt|17|lb|4|oz|abbr=}}, had been caught in 2004, in [[Miki, Kagawa]], Japan.<ref>{{cite news|date=6 August 2013|url=http://news.fredericksburg.com/newsdesk/2013/08/06/local-mans-snakehead-catch-is-world-record/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809062501/http://news.fredericksburg.com/newsdesk/2013/08/06/local-mans-snakehead-catch-is-world-record/ |archive-date=2013-08-09 |website=news.fredericksburg.com|title=Spotsylvania resident Caleb Newton snags world-record snakehead|author=Rusty Dennen}}</ref> |
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==Culinary use== |
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Snakeheads are valuable [[food fish]]. Called ''nga yant'' in Burmese and in Manipur [Meiteilon] as ''porom'', they are prized fish eaten in a variety of ways. In Vietnam, they are called ''cá lóc'', ''cá quả'', or ''cá chuối'', and are |
Snakeheads are valuable [[food fish]]. Called ''nga yant'' in Burmese and in Manipur [Meiteilon] as ''porom'', they are prized fish eaten in a variety of ways.In south india specifically the state of Kerala natively called '''Varal''' (Malayalam: '''വരാൽ''') this fish is used to make Varal curry which is very famous in the state. In Vietnam, they are called ''cá lóc'', ''cá quả'', or ''cá chuối'', and are served in clay-pot, steamed, and pickled preparations. Larger species, such as ''C. striata'', ''C. maculata'', and ''[[Parachanna obscura]]'', are farmed in [[aquaculture]]. In the United States, chefs have suggested controlling the snakehead invasion by serving them in restaurants.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.msn.com/pop-culture/chefs-solution-for-invading-frankenfish-eat-em |title=Chefs' solution for invading 'Frankenfish'? Eat 'em |publisher=News.msn.com |access-date=2014-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320040239/http://news.msn.com/pop-culture/chefs-solution-for-invading-frankenfish-eat-em |archive-date=2014-03-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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In Indonesia, snakehead fish, called ''ikan gabus'', are served as the main parts of traditional dishes such as the [[Betawi people]]'s ''pucung gabus'', and considered to be a delicacy due to their rarity in the wild and in aquaculture, as they are harder to raise than other popular [[freshwater fish]] such as catfish and carp. |
In Indonesia, snakehead fish, called ''ikan gabus'', are served as the main parts of traditional dishes such as the [[Betawi people]]'s ''pucung gabus'', and considered to be a delicacy due to their rarity in the wild and in aquaculture, as they are harder to raise than other popular [[freshwater fish]] such as catfish and carp. In the [[Philippines]], where it's called "Haluan" (the [[Tagalog people|Tagalogs]] call it "Dalag"), it is a favorite among [[Maguindanao people|Maguindanaons]] and [[Iranun people|Iranuns.]] |
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[[File:Punkt-Schlangenkopf (Channa pleurophthalma) 5.jpg|thumb|right|''C. pleurophthalma'']] |
[[File:Punkt-Schlangenkopf (Channa pleurophthalma) 5.jpg|thumb|right|''C. pleurophthalma'']] |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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The snakeheads comprise |
The snakeheads comprise two [[Extant taxon|extant]] genera: |
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* ''[[Channa]]'' <small>[[Giovanni Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1777</small> (49 species native to Asia) |
* ''[[Channa]]'' <small>[[Giovanni Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1777</small> (49 species native to Asia) |
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* ''[[Parachanna]]'' <small>Teugels & Daget 1984</small> (three extant species, one fossil species, all native to Africa) |
* ''[[Parachanna]]'' <small>Teugels & Daget 1984</small> (three extant species, one fossil species, all native to Africa) |
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Two other genera are only known from fossils: |
Two other genera are only known from fossils: |
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* [[Extinction|†]]''[[Anchichanna]]'' <small>Murray & Thewissen, 2008</small><ref name = Murray>{{cite journal | author1 = A. M. Murray | author2 = J.G.M. Thewissen | name-list-style = amp | title = Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan, with the description of a new genus and species of channid (channiformes) | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[41:EAFFPW]2.0.CO;2 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | year = 2008 | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–52}}</ref> (one species) |
* [[Extinction|†]]''[[Anchichanna]]'' <small>Murray & Thewissen, 2008</small><ref name = Murray>{{cite journal | author1 = A. M. Murray | author2 = J.G.M. Thewissen | name-list-style = amp | title = Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan, with the description of a new genus and species of channid (channiformes) | doi = 10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[41:EAFFPW]2.0.CO;2 | journal = Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology | year = 2008 | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 41–52| s2cid = 85925173 }}</ref> (one species) |
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* †''[[Eochanna]]'' <small>Roe, 1991</small> (one species) |
* †''[[Eochanna]]'' <small>Roe, 1991</small> (one species) |
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The genus ''[[Aenigmachanna]]'' was initially classified in Channidae upon its discovery, but analysis supports it being reclassified into its own family [[Aenigmachannidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Britz|first1=Ralf|last2=Dahanukar|first2=Neelesh|last3=Anoop|first3=V. K.|last4=Philip|first4=Siby|last5=Clark|first5=Brett|last6=Raghavan|first6=Rajeev|last7=Rüber|first7=Lukas|date=2020-09-30|title=Aenigmachannidae, a new family of snakehead fishes (Teleostei: Channoidei) from subterranean waters of South India|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=16081|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-73129-6|pmid=32999397|pmc=7527459|issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
The genus ''[[Aenigmachanna]]'' was initially classified in Channidae upon its discovery, but analysis supports it being reclassified into its own family [[Aenigmachannidae]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Britz|first1=Ralf|last2=Dahanukar|first2=Neelesh|last3=Anoop|first3=V. K.|last4=Philip|first4=Siby|last5=Clark|first5=Brett|last6=Raghavan|first6=Rajeev|last7=Rüber|first7=Lukas|date=2020-09-30|title=Aenigmachannidae, a new family of snakehead fishes (Teleostei: Channoidei) from subterranean waters of South India|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=16081|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-73129-6|pmid=32999397|pmc=7527459|bibcode=2020NatSR..1016081B |issn=2045-2322|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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==In popular culture== |
==In popular culture== |
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<!--please do not add a list of shows that simply mention the fish. Named items should be directly concerned with the animal itself--> |
<!--please do not add a list of shows that simply mention the fish. Named items should be directly concerned with the animal itself--> |
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After its release in non-native North American waters, either accidentally or intentionally, the aggressive and predator-free snakehead's reputation as a "Frankenfish"<ref name="bc">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2012/06/08/bc-snakehead-burnaby.html |title=B.C.'s snakehead caught after Burnaby pond drained. CBC News (Posted: June 8, 2012) |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2012-06-08 |access-date=2014-03-20}}</ref> or "monster fish" has become part of popular culture.<ref>"The Ultimate Monster Fish: The Frankenfish Snakehead", Carina Suarez, 28 July 2014, [http://tvblogs.nationalgeographic.com/2014/07/28/the-ultimate-monster-fish-the-frankenfish-snakehead/ National Geographic]</ref> Besides mentions on TV shows such as ''[[The Sopranos]]<ref>"[[Soprano Home Movies]]" episode 13, season 6, ''The Sopranos'', 8 April 2007, HBO</ref> |
After its release in non-native North American waters, either accidentally or intentionally, the aggressive and predator-free snakehead's reputation as a "Frankenfish"<ref name="bc">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/story/2012/06/08/bc-snakehead-burnaby.html |title=B.C.'s snakehead caught after Burnaby pond drained. CBC News (Posted: June 8, 2012) |publisher=Cbc.ca |date=2012-06-08 |access-date=2014-03-20}}</ref> or "monster fish" has become part of popular culture.<ref>"The Ultimate Monster Fish: The Frankenfish Snakehead", Carina Suarez, 28 July 2014, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140913193821/http://tvblogs.nationalgeographic.com/2014/07/28/the-ultimate-monster-fish-the-frankenfish-snakehead/ National Geographic]</ref> Besides mentions on TV shows such as ''[[The Sopranos]],<ref>"[[Soprano Home Movies]]" episode 13, season 6, ''The Sopranos'', 8 April 2007, HBO</ref> [[The Office (U.S. TV series)|The Office]]''<ref>{{Citation|title=Blackmail - The Office US|date=2018-02-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OKRo6SAwYKA|access-date=2018-04-01}}{{cbignore}}{{Dead YouTube link|date=February 2022}}</ref> and ''[[CSI:NY]]'' episode "Sangre por Sangre" and [[Central Park (TV series)#Episodes|Central Park]] episode "A Fish Called Snakehead", the snakehead has been featured in four [[Syfy|Sci-fi Channel]] original pictures entitled ''[[Snakehead Terror]]'', ''[[Frankenfish]]'', ''[[Swarm of the Snakehead]]'', and ''Snakehead Swamp''. In the [[Animal Planet]] TV series ''[[River Monsters]]'', [[Jeremy Wade]] shows a dramatization of a snakehead, "the fish from hell",<!--this is verbatim from the show, not vandalism or an editorial comment--> stalking an unsuspecting baby and a [[Chihuahua (dog)|Chihuahua]]. With the help of a snakehead researcher, however, Wade shows that although it is capable of living outside of water and is able to move on land, its weak pectoral muscles make movement difficult and render the snakehead an unlikely "stalker" on land.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/fish/river-monsters/giant-snakehead/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820142414/http://animal.discovery.com/fish/river-monsters/giant-snakehead/|archive-date=2012-08-20|title=GIANT SNAKEHEAD|website=animal.discovery.com}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051212212509/http://www.scinet.cc/articles/northern-snakehead/frankenfish.html Overview of Northern Snakehead biology] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051212212509/http://www.scinet.cc/articles/northern-snakehead/frankenfish.html Overview of Northern Snakehead biology] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060822125124/http://www.mauricemartin.net/snakehead.htm Fish or Foul: Snakeheads near Washington, D.C., and the people who love them] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060822125124/http://www.mauricemartin.net/snakehead.htm Fish or Foul: Snakeheads near Washington, D.C., and the people who love them] |
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* [https://www.middletownpress.com/middletown/article/Connecticut-s-only-snakehead-predator-fish-17279610.php] |
* [https://www.middletownpress.com/middletown/article/Connecticut-s-only-snakehead-predator-fish-17279610.php Sighting of snakehead predator fish in CT has DEEP 'concerned'] |
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Revision as of 18:31, 14 July 2024
Snakehead Temporal range: Eocene to recent,
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![]() | |
Northern snakehead, Channa argus | |
Scientific classification ![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Actinopterygii |
Order: | Anabantiformes |
Suborder: | Channoidei Berg, 1940 |
Family: | Channidae Fowler, 1934 |
Genera | |
see text |
The snakeheads are members of the freshwater perciform fish family Channidae, native to parts of Africa and Asia. These elongated, predatory fish are distinguished by their long dorsal fins, large mouths, and shiny teeth. They breathe air with gills, which allows them to migrate short distances over land. They have suprabranchial organs, which are primitive forms of labyrinth organs, that develop when they grow older.[1] The two extant genera are Channa in Asia and Parachanna in Africa, consisting of more than 50 species.
They are valuable as a food source and have become notorious as an intentionally released invasive species. These fish have been kept as pets but as they get larger, people let them go into ponds, lakes, and rivers, making these fish invasive.
Description
The various species of snakeheads differ greatly in size; dwarf snakeheads, such as Channa orientalis, do not surpass 25 cm (10 in) in length. Most other snakeheads reach between 30 and 90 cm (12 and 35 in). Five species (C. argus, C. barca, C. marulius, C. micropeltes, and C. striata) can reach 1 m (3 ft 3 in) or more.[2]
Snakeheads are thrust-feeders that consume plankton, aquatic insects, and mollusks when small. As adults, they mostly feed on other fish (such as carp) or on frogs. In rare cases, small rodents such as rats are eaten.
History
The Channidae are well represented in the fossil record and known from numerous specimens. They likely originated in the south Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent (modern-day northern India and eastern Pakistan) at least 50 million years ago (Mya), during the Early Eocene epoch. Two of the earliest known species, Eochanna chorlakkiensis and Anchichanna kuldanensis , have both been found in the Middle Eocene of Pakistan.[3][4] By 17 Mya, during the Early Miocene, Channidae had spread into western and central Eurasia, and by 8 Mya, during the late Tortonian, they existed throughout Africa and East Asia.[5] As Channidae are adapted to climates of high precipitation with mean temperatures of 20 °C (68 °F), their migrations into Europe and Asia correspond to the development of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which increased air humidity, and the intensification of the East Asian monsoon. Both weather patterns emerged due to greater vertical growth of the Alps, Pyrenees, and Himalayas, which affected Eurasian climatic patterns.[5]
Ecological concerns
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Gabus_070909_0242_rwg.jpg/220px-Gabus_070909_0242_rwg.jpg)
Snakeheads can become invasive species and cause ecological damage because, in many areas to which they are not native, the absence of natural enemies makes them an apex predator. Not only can they breathe air, but they can also survive on land for up to four days, provided they are wet, and are known to migrate up to 400 m (1/4 mi) on wet land to other bodies of water by wriggling with their bodies and fins. National Geographic has referred to snakeheads as "fishzilla"[6] and the National Geographic Channel reported the "northern snakehead reaches sexual maturity by age two or three. Each spawning-age female can release up to 15,000 eggs at once. Snakeheads can mate as often as five times a year. This means in just two years, a single female can release up to 150,000 eggs."[7]
"Since 2002, it has been illegal to possess a live snakehead in many U.S. states, where they are considered a destructive invasive species."[8] Virginia has criminalized the "introduction" of snakeheads into the state without specific authorization, although the relevant statute does not explain whether mere importation is sufficient to constitute "introduction into the Commonwealth" or whether instead release into the environment is required.[9]
Intentional introductions
Humans have been introducing snakeheads to nonindigenous waters for over 100 years. In parts of Asia and Africa, the snakehead is considered a valuable food fish since the flesh is very tender, and is produced in aquacultures (fisheries motivation) or by accidental release (as was the case in Crofton, Maryland).[10] Examples of the introduction of snakeheads to nonindigenous waters include:
- Channa maculata was introduced to Madagascar and to Hawaii around the end of the 19th century. It can still be found there today.
- Channa striata was introduced to islands east of the Wallace line by governmental programs in the latter half of the 20th century. In Fiji, the introduction failed.
- Channa asiatica, which is native to southern China, was introduced to Taiwan and southern Japan; the origin of and reason for the introduction are unknown.
- Channa argus, which is native to northern China's Amur River, was introduced to central Asia (Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan). It was introduced from the Korean Peninsula to Japan about 100 years ago due to fisheries' motivations. Its introduction to Czechoslovakia by its government in the 1960s failed.
Reported sightings
In the United States
Snakeheads became a national news topic in the United States because of the appearance of C. argus, commonly known as northern snakeheads, spawning in a Crofton, Maryland, pond in 2002.[8] Northern snakeheads became permanently established in the Potomac River around 2004,[11] and possibly established in Florida.[8] In about 120 mi (190 km) of river, the population has surpassed 21,000 individuals.[12]
According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, snakeheads have also been spotted in California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Virginia, Louisiana,[13] and Rhode Island.[14] Snakeheads have also been spotted in New York State according to the state's Department of Environmental Conservation.[15] Snakeheads have been caught in New Jersey since at least 2008 and according to the New Jersey Department of environmental protection the snakehead population appears to be growing and expanding its distribution. Due to the extensive habitat available and sheer size of the Delaware River, complete eradication of the species does not appear to be feasible.[16]
World record
According to the International Game Fish Association, Caleb Newton, a Spotsylvania County, Virginia, resident, caught a world-record 17 lb 6 oz (7.9 kg) northern snakehead at the junction of Aquia Creek and the Potomac River, United States, on 1 June 2013. The previous record, 17 lb 4 oz (7.8 kg), had been caught in 2004, in Miki, Kagawa, Japan.[17]
Culinary use
Snakeheads are valuable food fish. Called nga yant in Burmese and in Manipur [Meiteilon] as porom, they are prized fish eaten in a variety of ways.In south india specifically the state of Kerala natively called Varal (Malayalam: വരാൽ) this fish is used to make Varal curry which is very famous in the state. In Vietnam, they are called cá lóc, cá quả, or cá chuối, and are served in clay-pot, steamed, and pickled preparations. Larger species, such as C. striata, C. maculata, and Parachanna obscura, are farmed in aquaculture. In the United States, chefs have suggested controlling the snakehead invasion by serving them in restaurants.[18] In Indonesia, snakehead fish, called ikan gabus, are served as the main parts of traditional dishes such as the Betawi people's pucung gabus, and considered to be a delicacy due to their rarity in the wild and in aquaculture, as they are harder to raise than other popular freshwater fish such as catfish and carp. In the Philippines, where it's called "Haluan" (the Tagalogs call it "Dalag"), it is a favorite among Maguindanaons and Iranuns.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Punkt-Schlangenkopf_%28Channa_pleurophthalma%29_5.jpg/220px-Punkt-Schlangenkopf_%28Channa_pleurophthalma%29_5.jpg)
Classification
The snakeheads comprise two extant genera:
- Channa Scopoli, 1777 (49 species native to Asia)
- Parachanna Teugels & Daget 1984 (three extant species, one fossil species, all native to Africa)
Two other genera are only known from fossils:
- †Anchichanna Murray & Thewissen, 2008[19] (one species)
- †Eochanna Roe, 1991 (one species)
The genus Aenigmachanna was initially classified in Channidae upon its discovery, but analysis supports it being reclassified into its own family Aenigmachannidae.[20]
In popular culture
After its release in non-native North American waters, either accidentally or intentionally, the aggressive and predator-free snakehead's reputation as a "Frankenfish"[21] or "monster fish" has become part of popular culture.[22] Besides mentions on TV shows such as The Sopranos,[23] The Office[24] and CSI:NY episode "Sangre por Sangre" and Central Park episode "A Fish Called Snakehead", the snakehead has been featured in four Sci-fi Channel original pictures entitled Snakehead Terror, Frankenfish, Swarm of the Snakehead, and Snakehead Swamp. In the Animal Planet TV series River Monsters, Jeremy Wade shows a dramatization of a snakehead, "the fish from hell", stalking an unsuspecting baby and a Chihuahua. With the help of a snakehead researcher, however, Wade shows that although it is capable of living outside of water and is able to move on land, its weak pectoral muscles make movement difficult and render the snakehead an unlikely "stalker" on land.[25]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Amia_calva_4.jpg/220px-Amia_calva_4.jpg)
See also
References
- ^ Pinter, H. (1986). Labyrinth Fish. Barron's Educational Series, Inc., ISBN 0-8120-5635-3.
- ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2014). Species of Channa in FishBase. June 2014 version.
- ^ Murray, A. M.; Thewissen, J. G. M. (2008). "Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan, with the description of a new genus and species of channid (channiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28: 41–52. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[41:EAFFPW]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85925173.
- ^ Roe, L. J. (1991). "Phylogenetic and Ecological Significance of Channidae (Osteichthyes Teleostei) from the Early Eocene Kuldana Formation of Kohat, Pakistan". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology. 28 (5): 93–100. hdl:2027.42/48541.
- ^ a b Böhme, M. (2004). "Migration history of air-breathing fishes reveals Neogene atmospheric circulation patterns". Geology. 32 (5): 393. Bibcode:2004Geo....32..393B. doi:10.1130/G20316.1.
- ^ Cruz, Elena (2007-12-03). "Snakehead Frenzy!". NGC Blog. National Geographic Channel. Archived from the original on December 8, 2007.
- ^ "Fishzilla: Snakehead Invasion". Wild. National Geographic Channel. Archived from the original on 2008-05-15. Video clip titled: "The Northern Snakehead fish wreaks havoc".
- ^ a b c Courtenay, Jr., Walter R. and James D. Williams. USGS Circular 1251: Snakeheads (Pisces, Chinnidae) - A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment. U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey. 2004-04-01. Retrieved 2021-07-05.
- ^ Code of Virginia § 18.2-313.2: "Any person who knowingly introduces into the Commonwealth any snakehead fish of the family Channidae[...] without a permit from the Director of Game and Inland Fisheries [...] is guilty of a class 1 misdemeanor [punishable by up to twelve months in jail and/or a fine of up to $2,500]."
- ^ Fields, Helen (February 2005). "Invasion of the Snakeheads". Smithsonian. Science.
- ^ Potomac snakeheads not related to others Associated Press, Baltimore Sun, 27 April 2007.
- ^ Clark Howard, Brian (2016-03-17). "Fishermen Battle Invasive 'Frankenfish' Snakeheads". National Geographic News. Archived from the original on March 19, 2016. Retrieved 2016-03-18.
- ^ "The snakehead is here: Aggressive, air-breathing fish makes first appearance in Louisiana". 9 June 2023.
- ^ "History of introduction in the United States: Four species of snakeheads (Channa argus, C. marulius, C. micropeltes, and C. striata) have been recorded from open waters of the United States (California, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island), and two have become established as reproducing populations." Injurious Wildlife Species; Snakeheads Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 17 February 2008.
- ^ "Invasive Northern Snakehead - NYS Dept. of Environmental Conservation". NYS DEC. New York State. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
- ^ ""Snakehead Management Activities: 2010"" (PDF).
- ^ Rusty Dennen (6 August 2013). "Spotsylvania resident Caleb Newton snags world-record snakehead". news.fredericksburg.com. Archived from the original on 2013-08-09.
- ^ "Chefs' solution for invading 'Frankenfish'? Eat 'em". News.msn.com. Archived from the original on 2014-03-20. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
- ^ A. M. Murray & J.G.M. Thewissen (2008). "Eocene actinopterygian fishes from Pakistan, with the description of a new genus and species of channid (channiformes)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 28 (1): 41–52. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[41:EAFFPW]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 85925173.
- ^ Britz, Ralf; Dahanukar, Neelesh; Anoop, V. K.; Philip, Siby; Clark, Brett; Raghavan, Rajeev; Rüber, Lukas (2020-09-30). "Aenigmachannidae, a new family of snakehead fishes (Teleostei: Channoidei) from subterranean waters of South India". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 16081. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1016081B. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73129-6. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 7527459. PMID 32999397.
- ^ "B.C.'s snakehead caught after Burnaby pond drained. CBC News (Posted: June 8, 2012)". Cbc.ca. 2012-06-08. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
- ^ "The Ultimate Monster Fish: The Frankenfish Snakehead", Carina Suarez, 28 July 2014, National Geographic
- ^ "Soprano Home Movies" episode 13, season 6, The Sopranos, 8 April 2007, HBO
- ^ Blackmail - The Office US, 2018-02-24, retrieved 2018-04-01[dead YouTube link]
- ^ "GIANT SNAKEHEAD". animal.discovery.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-20.
Further reading
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Channidae" in FishBase. January 2006 version.
- "Channidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 20 March 2006.
External links
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png)
- Snakeheads—A Biological Synopsis and Risk Assessment published by the U.S. Geological Survey
- About.com's article on Snakeheads
- snakeheads.org world's largest website for snakeheads
- Overview of Northern Snakehead biology
- Fish or Foul: Snakeheads near Washington, D.C., and the people who love them
- Sighting of snakehead predator fish in CT has DEEP 'concerned'