List of heads of state and government who were assassinated or executed: Difference between revisions
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|[[Dictator of Rome]] |
|[[Dictator of Rome]] |
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|{{dts|-44|March|15}} |
|{{dts|-44|March|15}} |
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| [[Theatre of Pompey]], [[Rome]] |
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|[[Roman Republic]] |
|[[Roman Republic]] |
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|[[Liberatores]] |
|[[Liberatores]] |
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| rowspan="10" |[[Emperor of Rome]] |
| rowspan="10" |[[Emperor of Rome]] |
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|{{dts|41|January|24}} |
|{{dts|41|January|24}} |
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| rowspan="9" |[[Rome]] |
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| rowspan="23" | [[Roman Empire]] |
| rowspan="23" | [[Roman Empire]] |
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|[[Praetorian Guard]] |
|[[Praetorian Guard]] |
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|[[Miyoshi Yoshitsugu]] |
|[[Miyoshi Yoshitsugu]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[ |
|[[James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray]] |
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|[[ |
|[[Regent of Scotland]] |
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|{{dts| |
|{{dts|January 23, 1570}} |
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|[[ |
|[[Linlithgow]] |
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|{{flag| |
|{{flag|Kingdom of Scotland}} |
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|[[James Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh]] |
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|Guards poisoned him on the orders of [[John III of Sweden|John III]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Sokollu Mehmed Pasha]] |
|[[Sokollu Mehmed Pasha]] |
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|[[Toungoo dynasty]] |
|[[Toungoo dynasty]] |
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|[[Minyedeippa]], his son |
|[[Minyedeippa]], his son |
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⚫ | |||
|[[Saru Taqi]] |
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|[[List of Safavid grand viziers|Grand Vizier]] of [[Safavid Iran|Safavid Empire]] |
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|{{dts|October 11, 1645}} |
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⚫ | |||
|{{Flagicon image|Safavid Flag.svg}} [[Safavid Iran|Persia]] |
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|Jani Khan |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Zhu Yujian]] |
|[[Zhu Yujian]] |
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|{{flag|Bulgaria}} |
|{{flag|Bulgaria}} |
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|By an unnamed anarchist |
|By an unnamed anarchist |
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⚫ | |||
|{{sortname|Mirza Ali Asghar Khan|Amin al-Soltan}} |
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⚫ | |||
|{{dts|August 31, 1907}} |
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|[[Tehran]] |
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|{{flag|Iran|1910}} |
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|Abbas Aqa Tabrizi <small>([[:fa:عباسآقا تبریزی|fa]])</small> |
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|- |
|- |
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|[[Carlos I of Portugal|Carlos I]] |
|[[Carlos I of Portugal|Carlos I]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{sortname|Nur Muhammad|Taraki}} |
|{{sortname|Nur Muhammad|Taraki}} |
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| |
|[[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|Chairman]] of the [[Revolutionary Council (Afghanistan)|Revolutionary Council]] |
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|{{dts|September 14, 1979}} |
|{{dts|September 14, 1979}} |
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|[[Kabul]] |
|[[Kabul]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{sortname|Hafizullah|Amin}} |
|{{sortname|Hafizullah|Amin}} |
||
| |
|[[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|Chairman]] of the [[Revolutionary Council (Afghanistan)|Revolutionary Council]] |
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|{{dts|December 27, 1979}} |
|{{dts|December 27, 1979}} |
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|[[Kabul]] |
|[[Kabul]] |
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|[[Camarate]] |
|[[Camarate]] |
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|{{flag|Portugal}} |
|{{flag|Portugal}} |
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|[[1980 Camarate plane crash|Camarate plane crash]] |
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⚫ | |||
|- |
|- |
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|{{sortname|Ziaur|Rahman}} |
|{{sortname|Ziaur|Rahman}} |
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|[[Bachir Gemayel]] |
|[[Bachir Gemayel]] |
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|[[President of Lebanon|President-elect of Lebanon]] |
|[[President of Lebanon|President-elect of Lebanon]] |
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|September 14, 1982 |
|{{dts|September 14, 1982}} |
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|[[Achrafieh]], [[Beirut]] |
|[[Achrafieh]], [[Beirut]] |
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|{{flag|Lebanon}} |
|{{flag|Lebanon}} |
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|[[Annaba (city)|Annaba]] |
|[[Annaba (city)|Annaba]] |
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|{{flag|Algeria}} |
|{{flag|Algeria}} |
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|[[Lambarek Boumaarafi]] |
|[[Lambarek Boumaarafi]] {{Further|Assassination of Mohamed Boudiaf}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{sortname|Ranasinghe|Premadasa}} |
|{{sortname|Ranasinghe|Premadasa}} |
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|[[Yerevan]] |
|[[Yerevan]] |
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|{{flag|Armenia}} |
|{{flag|Armenia}} |
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|[[Nairi Hunanyan]] |
|[[Nairi Hunanyan]] {{Further|Armenian parliament shooting}} |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{sortname|Laurent-Désiré|Kabila}} |
|{{sortname|Laurent-Désiré|Kabila}} |
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Line 2,496: | Line 2,511: | ||
|{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}} |
|{{flag|Serbia and Montenegro}} |
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|[[Zvezdan Jovanović]] {{further|Assassination of Zoran Đinđić}} |
|[[Zvezdan Jovanović]] {{further|Assassination of Zoran Đinđić}} |
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⚫ | |||
|[[Rafic Hariri]] |
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⚫ | |||
|February 14,2005 |
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⚫ | |||
|[[Lebanon|{{flag|Lebanon}}]] |
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|Unknown |
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[[Car bomb|Car bombing]] |
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Further information: |
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[[Assassination of Rafic Hariri]] |
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|- |
|- |
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|{{sortname|João Bernardo|Vieira}} |
|{{sortname|João Bernardo|Vieira}} |
Revision as of 19:17, 14 July 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2019) |
The following is a chronological list of notable heads of governments and heads of state deaths that have resulted from assassination or execution.
This list considers only the incumbent head of state or government. Heads of state or government assassinated or executed after they left office (e.g. Aldo Moro and Shinzo Abe) are excluded.
List
Statistics
Gallery
-
Assassination of Willam McKinley on September 14, 1901, Pan-American Exposition, Buffalo, New York, United States
See also
- List of assassinations
- List of heads of state and government who survived assassination attempts
- List of heads of state and government who took their own lives
- List of people who survived assassination attempts
References
- ^ Ulla Koch-Westenholz (2000). Babylonian Liver Omens: The Chapters Manzazu, Padanu, and Pan Takalti of the Babylonian Extispicy Series Mainly from Assurbanipal's Library. Museum Tusculanum. p. 394.
- ^ Chronicle P, column 4, lines 10 to 11.
- ^ GIŠ.TUKUL.TA BA.AN.SÌG.GI.IN, “by the sword.”
- ^ Dynastic Chronicle v 5-6: mdÉ-a-mu-kin-NUMUN LUGAL IM.GI DUMU mḪaš-mar iti 3 in.ak, ina raq-qa-ti šá É-mḪaš-mar qí-bir.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (1982). "Babylonia, c. 1000 – 748 B.C.". In John Boardman; I. E. S. Edwards; N. G. L. Hammond; E. Sollberger (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History (Volume 3, Part 1). Cambridge University Press. pp. 296–297.
- ^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus (1937). Roman Antiquities vol II ch 51-52. doi:10.4159/DLCL.dionysius_halicarnassus-roman_antiquities.1937. Retrieved 13 November 2016. – via digital Loeb Classical Library (subscription required)
- ^ Healy, Mark (1991). The Ancient Assyrians. London: Osprey. p. 17. ISBN 1-85532-163-7. OCLC 26351868.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (2001). "Nabû-nādin-zēri". In Erich Ebeling; Bruno Meissner; Dietz Otto Edzard (eds.). Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie: Nab-Nuzi. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 29–30.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (1984). Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C. Vol. 7. Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund. p. 23.
- ^ J. A. Brinkman (1984). Prelude to Empire: Babylonian Society and Politics, 747-626 B.C. Vol. 7. Philadelphia: Occasional Publications of the Babylonian Fund. pp. 42–43.
- ^ Mark, Joshua J. (2014). "Sargon II". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
- ^ Simo Parpola (1980). "The Murderer of Sennacherib". Gateways to Babylon.
- ^ Albertz, R.; Israel in exile: The history and literature of the sixth century BC; Society of Biblical Literature, Atlanta 2003, p.63 ISBN 1-58983-055-5.
- ^ Livy, Ab urbe condita, 1.42, 1.46, 1.47.
- ^ Herodotus 1920, Book V. 55
- ^ Iran-e-Bastan/Pirnia book 1 p. 873
- ^ a b S. Zawadzki, "The Circumstances of Darius II's Accession" in Jaarbericht Ex Oriente Lux 34 (1995-1996) 45-49
- ^ Plutarch, Lives: Life of Dion. (About/Wikisource)
- ^ Plut. Dion. 28-58
- ^ Diodorus Siculus. "The Library of History". 16.91-95. Archived from the original on 4 March 2010.
- ^ LeCoq, P. (1986). "Arses". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 5. p. 548.
- ^ "Seleucus I Nicator". Livius.
- ^ The Mausoleum of Antiochus II Theos
- ^ Han 2010, pp. 5132–5137.
- ^ "Seleucus III Keraunos". Livius.org.
- ^ Livy, 35.35
- ^ Lahiri, B. (1974). Indigenous States of Northern India (Circa 200 B.C. to 320 A.D.) , Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp.24-5
- ^ "Seleucus IV Philopator". Livius.org.
- ^ Diodorus 32.9d & 10.1; Zabdiel: I Maccabees 11.17; Josephus AJ 13.118.
- ^ Makk. 13.31; Diod. Sic. 33.28; App. Syr. 68. 357; Iust. 36.1.7.; Oros. 5.4.18.
- ^ Sallust, Bellum Jugurthinum 5, 9, 11, 12
- ^ Diod. Exc. Vales. xxxv. p. 605
- ^ Suetonius, Julius, c. 82.
- ^ Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews XIX.1.3.
- ^ cf. Tac. Ann. XII 66–67.
- ^ Suet. Claud. 43
- ^ Greenhalgh 1975, pp. 30, 37, 45, 47–54.
- ^ Tacitus, Histories III.84, III.85
- ^ Suetonius, Life of Domitian 14;16
- ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History, Book LXXII, pg. 117.
- ^ Lampridius, Historia Augusta. "Life of Commodus," pg. 306.
- ^ Dio, 74:10
- ^ Cassius Dio, lxxiv, 17.5; Historia Augusta, Didius Julianus, 8.8.
- ^ Gibbon, Ibid. p. 115
- ^ Goldsworthy, Adrian (2009). How Rome Fell: death of a superpower. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 74. ISBN 978-0-300-16426-8.
- ^ Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis (1814). The History of the Roman Emperors from Augustus to Constantine, Volume 8. F. C. & J. Rivington. pp. 236–237.
- ^ Vagi 2000, p. 290.
- ^ Bédoyère 2017, p. 236.
- ^ Cassius Dio, Roman History LXXX.20
- ^ Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 63
- ^ Southern, Pat. The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, 2001, p. 67
- ^ Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg.234-238.
- ^ a b Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg. 241
- ^ a b Bowman, Alan K., The Cambridge Ancient History: The Crisis of Empire, A.D. 193-337, Cambridge University Press, 2005, pg. 38
- ^ a b Potter, David S. The Roman Empire At Bay AD 180-392, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-203-67387-5, pg. 252
- ^ Historia Augusta, The two Gallieni, XIV.4–11
- ^ Polfer, Michel (2000), "Postumus (A.D. 260-269)", De Imperatoribus Romanis
- ^ Aurelius Victor 33.8; Eutropius 9.9.1
- ^ Potter, David Stone, The Roman Empire at Bay, AD 180-395, Routledge, 2004, pg. 266
- ^ Southern, Pat (2001). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. p. 119
- ^ Meijer 2004, p. 103.
- ^ Syvanne 2015, p. 172.
- ^ Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 37:4
- ^ Southern, Patricia (May 15, 2015). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Routledge. p. 193. ISBN 9781317496946.
- ^ Leadbetter, William (11 August 2023). Carinus (283–285 A.D.).
- ^ Panegyrici Latini 8:12; Aurelius Victor, Book of Caesars 39.40; Eutropius, Abridgement of Roman History 22; Orosius, Seven Books of History Against the Pagans 7:25.6
- ^ Aurelius Victor, Epitome de Caesaribus, 41:21:23
- ^ An Encyclopedia of World History, Ibid
- ^ Gibbon, p. 960
- ^ Ambrose, Patrologia Latina, Ep. 40.32
- ^ Susan Wise Bauer, "The History of the Medieval World: From the Conversion of Constantine to the First Crusade", W. W. Norton & Company, 22 Feb 2010 (p.68)
- ^ Historia nova, IV. 53 which relies heavily on the history by the pagan Eunapius
- ^ Carr, John (2015). Fighting Emperors of Byzantium. Pen & Sword. pp. 40–43. ISBN 978-1783831166.
- ^ a b Jones, Arnold Hugh Martin, John Robert Martindale, John Morris, The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire, volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-20159-4, pg. 316
- ^ a b Birley, Anthony (2005), The Roman Government in Britain, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-925237-4 pg. 460
- ^ Procopius, III.3.9; translated by Dewing, pp. 75ff
- ^ a b Guillaume, Alfred (1955). The Life of Muhammad, translation of Ibn Ishaq's Sira Rasul Allah. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. ISBN 0196360331.
- ^ Priscus of Panium 2015, p. 129.
- ^ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 328–333.
- ^ John of Antioch, fragment 203; Marcellinus, sa 461; Fasti vindobonenses priores, No 588. Procopius (VII.14–15) does not mention the Emperor's return from Hispania and said that Majorian died of dysentery: it is possible that the news has been put about by Ricimer (Fik Meijer, Emperors Do not Die in Bed, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-31201-9, p. 155). Victor of Tonnena erroneously claims that Majorian reached Rome and was killed there, and puts this event in 463 (Chronica, s.a. 463).
- ^ Cassiodorus, Chronicles, s.a. 465.
- ^ Cassiodorus, Chronicle, 1293; Marcellinus Comes, Chronicon, s.a.472; Procopius of Caesarea, Bellum Vandalicum, vii.1–3. Chronica gallica anno 511 (n. 650, s.a. 472) records both versions.
- ^ Fasti vindobonenses priores, n. 606, s.a. 472.
- ^ Halsall, Guy (2007). Barbarian migrations and the Roman West, 376-568. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 282.
- ^ Amory, Patrick (1997). People and Identity in Ostrogothic Italy, 489–554. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-51152-306-9. pg. 69
- ^ Wolfram, Herwig (1988). History of the Goths. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-05259-5. pg. 283
- ^ Shahbazi, A. Sh. (1988). "Bahrām VI Čōbīn". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 5. London et al. pp. 514–522.
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Ostrogorsky, G (March 1958). "G. Ostrogorsky: History of the Byzantine State". The Classical Review. 8 (1): 93–94. doi:10.1017/s0009840x00164169. ISSN 0009-840X. S2CID 162401925.
- ^ "Theophanes Continuatus". Encyclopedia of the Medieval Chronicle. doi:10.1163/9789004184640_emc_sim_02417. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
- ^ Kelly, J.N.D.; Walsh, Michael J. (2010). "John VIII". A Dictionary of Popes. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199295814.001.0001. ISBN 9780199295814. (Note: This source disputes the claim John was assassinated).
- ^ "Edward The Martyr". Historic UK. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
- ^ "Erik 2. Emune". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ "Blodgildet i Roskilde". www.roskildehistorie.dk. Retrieved 2021-05-18.
- ^ Acharya 2012, p. 34.
- ^ Popkin, Jeremy D. (2011). A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution. Viewpoints: Themes and Interpretations in Latin American History. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 142. ISBN 9781405198219.
- ^ Pentland, Gordon (2012). ""Now the great Man in the Parliament House is dead, we shall have a big Loaf!" Responses to the Assassination of Spencer Perceval". Journal of British Studies. 51 (2): 343. doi:10.1086/663838. hdl:20.500.11820/f4af4290-0ec0-4721-b568-dc1790b6a6d4. JSTOR 23265479. S2CID 159663176 – via JSTOR.
- ^ Foner, Eric (2014). A Short History of Reconstruction: 1863-1877 (Updated ed.). New York: HarperCollins. p. 33. ISBN 9780062370860.
- ^ Moss, Walter G. (2002). Russia in the Age of Alexander II, Tolstoy and Dostoevsky. Anthem Series on Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies. London: Anthem Press. pp. 237–238. ISBN 9781898855590.
- ^ Rosen, Fred (2016). Murdering the President: Alexander Graham Bell and the Race to Save James Garfield. Lincoln, Neb.: Potomac Books. pp. 124–125. ISBN 9781612347684.
- ^ Mu, Eric. Reformist Emperor Guangxu was Poisoned, Study Confirms". Danwei. 3 November 2008. Retrieved 2 November 2011.
- ^ Martin, Cheryl E.; Wasserman, Mark (2012). Latin America and Its People. Vol. 2 (3rd ed.). Boston: Prentice Hall. p. 322. ISBN 9780205054701.
- ^ Edmonds-Poli, Emily; Shirk, David A. (2016). Contemporary Mexican Politics (3rd ed.). Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 35. ISBN 9781442220263.
- ^ Martin & Wasserman 2012, p. 343.
- ^ Schlesinger, Stephen; Kinzer, Stephen (2005). Bitter Fruit: The Story of the American Coup in Guatemala (Revised and Expanded ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. pp. 235–236. ISBN 067401930X.
- ^ Dallek, Robert (2011). John F. Kennedy (Abridged ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-19-975436-6.
- ^ "1999: President of Niger 'killed in ambush'". BBC. Retrieved 9 April 2014.
- ^ Kennedy, Niamh; Busari, Stephanie; Lister, Tim; Halasz, Stephanie (April 21, 2021). "Chad's President Idriss Deby killed in frontline clashes with rebels, state TV reports". CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
- ^ Hu, Caitlin; Smith-Spark, Laura (July 8, 2021). "Haiti's leader has been killed. Here's what you need to know". CNN. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
Works cited
- Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748
- Bédoyère, Guy de la (2017). Praetorian: The Rise and Fall of Rome's Imperial Bodyguard. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-22627-0.
- Greenhalgh, P. A. L. (1975). The Year of the Four Emperors. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 9780297768760.
- Han, Zhaoqi (2010). "Biography of Lord Chunshen". Shiji (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company. pp. 5103–5140. ISBN 978-7-101-07272-3.
- Herodotus (1920). Histories. Translated by Godley, A. D. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
- Meijer, Fik (2004). Emperors Don't Die in Bed. Routledge. ISBN 9780415312011.
- Syvanne, Ilkka (2015). Military History of Late Rome 284-361. Pen and Sword. ISBN 9781848848559.
- Priscus of Panium (2015). The Fragmentary History of Priscus: Attila, the Huns and the Roman Empire, AD 430–476. Volume 11 of Christian Roman Empire. Translated by John P. Given. Arx. ISBN 978-1-935228-14-1.
- Vagi, David L. (2000). Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, c. 82 B.C.- A.D. 480. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-57958-316-3.