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Biribi, biribissi (in Italian), or cavagnole (in French), was an Italian game of chance similar to roulette, played for low stakes, that was banned in 1837. It was played on a board on which the numbers 1 to 70 are marked.^[1]

The players put their stakes on the numbers they wish to back. The banker is provided with a bag from which he draws a case containing a ticket, the tickets corresponding with the numbers on the board. The banker calls out the number, and any players who backed it receive sixty-four times their stake; all other stakes go to the banker.^[2]

Casanova played it in Genoa (illegally, for it was already banned there) and the South of France in the 1760s, and describes it as "a regular cheats' game".^[3]^[4] He broke the bank (fairly, he claims) and was immediately rumored to have been in collusion with the bag-holder; such collusion, presumably, was common.^[5]

In the French army, "to be sent to Biribi" was a cant term for being sent to the disciplinary battalions in Algeria.^[2]

References

^ Dumas, Alexandre (1998). Twenty Years After. Oxford University Press, UK. pp. 836–. ISBN 978-0-19-283843-8. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
^ ^a ^b One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Biribi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 981.
^ "Manuscript Biribi Game from the 18th century". Antiquariat | Steffen Völkel GmbH (in German). Retrieved 2024-07-17.
^ The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova (Voulme 5)
^ Lathan, Sharon (2016-07-11). "Cavagnole". Sharon Lathan, Novelist. Retrieved 2024-07-17.

[Dumas1998-1] Dumas, Alexandre (1998). Twenty Years After. Oxford University Press, UK. pp. 836–. ISBN 978-0-19-283843-8. Retrieved 23 May 2019.

[EB1911-2] One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Biribi". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 981.

[3] "Manuscript Biribi Game from the 18th century". Antiquariat | Steffen Völkel GmbH (in German). Retrieved 2024-07-17.

[4] The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova (Voulme 5)

[5] Lathan, Sharon (2016-07-11). "Cavagnole". Sharon Lathan, Novelist. Retrieved 2024-07-17.

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+{{Short description|Game of chance}}
 [[File:Grille de biribi 1788.jpg|thumb|Tableau for Biribi (1788)]]
 [[File:Historisches Biribi-Spiel aus dem 18. Jahrhundert.JPG|thumb|Richly illustrated historical Biribi game from the 18th century, shown in the Nordiska Museet, Stockholm, Sweden]]
-'''Biribi''', or '''cavagnole''', a [[France|French]] [[game]] of chance similar to Lotto, Lottery, played for low stakes, that was prohibited by law in 1837. It was played on a board on which the numbers 1 to 70 are marked.<ref>Alexandre Dumas, David Coward [https://books.google.com/books?id=-cqBW2mNI6IC&pg=PA836&dq=biribi+card+game&lr=&hl=cs#v=onepage&q=biribi%20card%20game&f=false ''Twenty Years After''] pg. 836 Oxford University Press (1998) {{ISBN|0-19-283843-1}}</ref> The players put their stakes on the numbers
-they wish to back. The [[banker]] is provided with a bag from which he draws a case containing a ticket, the tickets corresponding with the numbers on the board. The banker calls out the number, and the player who has backed it receives sixty-four times his stake; the other stakes go to the banker.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Biribi |volume=3 |page=981}}</ref> [[Casanova]] played it in Genoa (illegally, for it was already banned there) and the South of France in the 1760s and describes it as "a regular cheats' game". He broke the bank (fairly, he claims) and was immediately rumored to have been in collusion with the bag-holder; such collusion presumably was common.
+'''Biribi''', '''biribissi''' (in Italian), or '''cavagnole''' (in French), was an Italian game of chance similar to [[roulette]]<!--The French article says roulette-->, played for low stakes, that was banned in 1837. It was played on a board on which the numbers 1 to 70 are marked.<ref name="Dumas1998">{{cite book|last=Dumas|first=Alexandre |title=Twenty Years After|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-cqBW2mNI6IC&pg=PA836|accessdate=23 May 2019|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press, UK|isbn=978-0-19-283843-8|pages=836–}}</ref>
-In the French army "to be sent to Biribi" was a [[cant (language)|cant]] term for being sent to the [[Battalion of Light Infantry of Africa|disciplinary battalions]] in [[Algeria]].<ref name=EB1911/>
+The players put their stakes on the numbers they wish to back. The [[banker]] is provided with a bag from which he draws a case containing a ticket, the tickets corresponding with the numbers on the board. The banker calls out the number, and any players who backed it receive sixty-four times their stake; all other stakes go to the banker.<ref name=EB1911>{{EB1911|inline=1 |wstitle=Biribi |volume=3 |page=981}}</ref>
+[[Casanova]] played it in [[Genoa]] (illegally, for it was already banned there) and the South of France in the 1760s, and describes it as "a regular cheats' game".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Manuscript Biribi Game from the 18th century |url=https://steffenvoelkel.com/manuscript-biribi-game-2 |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Antiquariat {{!}} Steffen Völkel GmbH |language=de-DE}}</ref><ref>''The Memoirs of Jacques Casanova'' (Voulme 5)</ref> He broke the bank (fairly, he claims) and was immediately rumored to have been in collusion with the bag-holder; such collusion, presumably, was common.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lathan |first=Sharon |date=2016-07-11 |title=Cavagnole |url=https://sharonlathanauthor.com/cavagnole/ |access-date=2024-07-17 |website=Sharon Lathan, Novelist |language=en-US}}</ref>
+In the French army, "to be sent to Biribi" was a [[cant (language)|cant]] term for being sent to the [[Battalion of Light Infantry of Africa|disciplinary battalions]] in [[Algeria]].<ref name="EB1911" />
 ==References==