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{{Refimprove|date=June 2009}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2009}}
[[Image:McKayandBlackCDC01.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Photograph of G.V. Black (left) studying the [[History of water fluoridation|"Colorado Brown Stain"]].]]
[[File:Greene Vardiman Black.jpg|thumb|175px|right|Photograph of G.V. Black at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.]]
'''Greene Vardiman Black''' (1836&ndash;1915), commonly known as '''G.V. Black''', is known as one of the founders of modern [[dentistry]] in the United States.<ref>
'''Greene Vardiman Black''' (1836&ndash;1915) was one of the founders of modern [[dentistry]] in the United States.<ref>
Anusavice, Kenneth J. ''Phillips' Science of Dental Materials'', 11th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2003. VitalBook file. Page 8</ref> He is also known as the father of operative dentistry.
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Anusavice, Kenneth J. ''Phillips' Science of Dental Materials'', 11th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2003. VitalBook file. Page 8</ref> He is also known as the father of operative dentistry. He was born near [[Winchester, Illinois]] on August 3, 1836 to William and Mary Black. He spent his early life on a [[farm]] and quickly developed an interest in the natural world. By the age of 17, Black began studying [[medicine]] with the help of his brother, Dr. Thomas G. Black. In 1857, he met Dr. J.C. Speer, who taught him the practice of dentistry. After the Civil War, in which he served as a union scout, he relocated to [[Jacksonville, Illinois]]. It was here that he began an active career and research in the developing field of dentistry. He studied dentistry for 20 months (as was common at the time) followed by an apprenticeship <ref>Burt, Brian, Steven Eklund. Dentistry, Dental Practice, and the Community, 6th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2005. VitalBook file. Page 4</ref>


⚫
Black was born near [[Winchester, Illinois]] on August 3, 1836 to William and Mary Black. He spent his early life on a [[farm]] and quickly developed an interest in the natural world. By the age of 17, Black began studying [[medicine]] with the help of his brother, Dr. Thomas G. Black. In 1857, he met Dr. J.C. Speer, who taught him the practice of dentistry. After the Civil War, in which he served as a union scout, he relocated to [[Jacksonville, Illinois]] (1864).<ref name=AMB>{{Cite AMB1920|wstitle=Black, Greene Vardiman}}</ref> It was here that he began an active career and research in the developing field of dentistry. He studied dentistry for 20 months (as was common at the time) followed by an apprenticeship <ref>Burt, Brian, Steven Eklund. Dentistry, Dental Practice, and the Community, 6th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2005. VitalBook file. Page 4</ref> He taught in the Dental Department at the [[University of Iowa]], beginning at 1890 before moving to Chicago.
⚫
He researched many important topics to dentistry, including the cause of [[dental fluorosis]] <ref>Burt, Brian, Steven Eklund. Dentistry, Dental Practice, and the Community, 6th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2005. VitalBook file. Pafe 307</ref> and ideal cavity preparations. One of his many inventions was a foot-driven [[dental drill]]. He is also known for his principles of [[preparation (dental)|tooth preparations]], in which he outlines the proper methods to prepare [[tooth|teeth]] for [[dental fillings|fillings]]. These cavity preparations used principles of engineering and material sciences to maximize strength and retention of the amalgam filling and minimize fractures as well as tooth anatomy, to minimize pulp exposure.<ref>Powers, John M., Ronald Sakaguchi. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 9</ref> The phrase, "extension for prevention," is still famous in the dental community today and represents Black's idea that dentists should incorporate more grooves and pits than those currently exhibiting decay as a preventive measure against those grooves and pits developing [[dental caries|tooth decay]] in the future. Black published his concepts and ideals in his text ''Manual of Operative Dentistry'' in 1896.<ref>Powers, John M., Ronald Sakaguchi. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 9</ref>

⚫
He researched many important topics to dentistry, including the cause of [[dental fluorosis]]<ref>Burt, Brian, Steven Eklund. Dentistry, Dental Practice, and the Community, 6th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2005. VitalBook file. Pafe 307</ref> and ideal cavity preparations. One of his many inventions was a foot-driven [[dental drill]]. He is also known for his principles of [[preparation (dental)|tooth preparations]], in which he outlines the proper methods to prepare [[tooth|teeth]] for [[dental fillings|fillings]]. These cavity preparations used principles of engineering and material sciences to maximize strength and retention of the amalgam filling and minimize fractures as well as tooth anatomy, to minimize pulp exposure.<ref name="auto">Powers, John M., Ronald Sakaguchi. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 9</ref> The phrase, "extension for prevention," is still famous in the dental community today and represents Black's idea that dentists should incorporate more grooves and pits than those currently exhibiting decay as a preventive measure against those grooves and pits developing [[dental caries|tooth decay]] in the future, although today ideas have changed and focus much more on minimal intervention. Black published his concepts and ideals in his text ''Manual of Operative Dentistry'' in 1896.<ref name="auto"/>


Further, he organized 'Black's Classification of Caries Lesions' which is still in use today. Since that time, only one more category has been added to his classification system.
Further, he organized 'Black's Classification of Caries Lesions' which is still in use today. Since that time, only one more category has been added to his classification system.
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* Class IV Caries affecting proximal including incisal angles of anterior teeth.
* Class IV Caries affecting proximal including incisal angles of anterior teeth.
* Class V Caries affecting gingival 1/3 of facial or lingual surfaces of anterior or posterior teeth.
* Class V Caries affecting gingival 1/3 of facial or lingual surfaces of anterior or posterior teeth.
* Class VI (never described by Black, added later by others) Caries affecting cusp tips of molars, premolars, and cuspids.
* Class VI (never described by Black, added later by W J Simon in 1956) Caries affecting cusp tips of molars, premolars, and cuspids.


In addition to developing a standard for cavity preparations, G.V. Black also experimented with various mixtures of amalgam.<ref>Powers, John M., Ronald Sakaguchi. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 9</ref> After years of experimentation, Black published his ''balanced amalgam formula'' in 1895. This formula and its variations quickly became the gold standard and would remain such for almost 70 years.<ref>Significant Events in the History of Operative Dentistry. Thomas M. Schulien. 2005. http://www.fauchard.org/system/publications/attachments/000/000/027/original/The-History-of-Operative-Dentistry.pdf?1366748688</ref> Black’s son, Arthur continued the legacy of his father, continuing dental research, gaining academic and political support for the importance of the sciences in dental education, and making university education mandatory for dentists.<ref>Roberson, Theodore. Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry, 5th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 5</ref>
In addition to developing a standard for cavity preparations, Black also experimented with various mixtures of amalgam.<ref name="auto"/> After years of experimentation, Black published his ''balanced amalgam formula'' in 1895. This formula and its variations quickly became the gold standard and would remain such for almost 70 years.<ref>Significant Events in the History of Operative Dentistry. Thomas M. Schulien. 2005. http://www.fauchard.org/system/publications/attachments/000/000/027/original/The-History-of-Operative-Dentistry.pdf?1366748688 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024001124/http://www.fauchard.org/system/publications/attachments/000/000/027/original/The-History-of-Operative-Dentistry.pdf?1366748688 |date=2021-10-24 }}</ref> Black’s son, Arthur continued the legacy of his father, continuing dental research, gaining academic and political support for the importance of the sciences in dental education, and making university education mandatory for dentists.<ref>Roberson, Theodore. Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry, 5th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 5</ref>


G.V. Black was the second Dean of [[Northwestern University Dental School]],<ref>Powers, John M., Ronald Sakaguchi. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 9</ref> where his portrait hung until the school's closure in 2001. His statue can be found in Chicago's [[Lincoln Park]]. He was also inducted in the International Hall of Fame of Dentistry of the [[Pierre Fauchard]] Academy on February 25, 1995.<ref>[http://www.fauchard.org/awards/fame04.htm Dr. G.V. Black] at PFA Hall of Fame</ref>
Black was the second Dean of [[Northwestern University Dental School]],<ref name="auto"/> where his portrait hung until the school's closure in 2001. His statue can be found at the very southern edge of Chicago's [[Lincoln Park]], at [[North Avenue (Chicago)|North Avenue]], facing down [[Astor Street District|Astor Street]]. He was also inducted in the International Hall of Fame of Dentistry of the [[Pierre Fauchard]] Academy on February 25, 1995.<ref>[http://www.fauchard.org/awards/fame04.htm Dr. G.V. Black] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060524054816/http://www.fauchard.org/awards/fame04.htm |date=2006-05-24 }} at PFA Hall of Fame</ref>


==References==
==References==
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<ref>[http://www.jcd.org.in/article.asp?issn=0972-0707;year=2005;volume=8;issue=2;spage=5;epage=6;aulast=Joseph Dr G.V Black]</ref>
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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*Joseph R. [http://www.jcd.org.in/article.asp?issn=0972-0707;year=2005;volume=8;issue=2;spage=5;epage=6;aulast=Joseph "The Father of Modern Dentistry - Dr. Greene Vardiman Black (1836–1915)"]. J Conserv Dent 2005;8:5-6
| NAME = Black, Greene Vardiman

| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
==External links==
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = American dentistry academic
* {{Find a Grave|6638358}}
| DATE OF BIRTH = 1836

| PLACE OF BIRTH =
{{Authority control}}
| DATE OF DEATH = 1915

| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Black, Greene Vardiman}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Black, Greene Vardiman}}
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
[[Category:1915 deaths]]
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[[Category:American dentists]]
[[Category:American dentistry academics]]
[[Category:American dentistry academics]]
[[Category:Northwestern University faculty]]
[[Category:Northwestern University faculty]]
[[Category:People from Jacksonville, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Jacksonville, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Scott County, Illinois]]
[[Category:People from Winchester, Illinois]]
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[[Category:19th-century American dentists]]

Latest revision as of 21:52, 17 July 2024

Photograph of G.V. Black at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Greene Vardiman Black (1836–1915) was one of the founders of modern dentistry in the United States.[1] He is also known as the father of operative dentistry.

Black was born near Winchester, Illinois on August 3, 1836 to William and Mary Black. He spent his early life on a farm and quickly developed an interest in the natural world. By the age of 17, Black began studying medicine with the help of his brother, Dr. Thomas G. Black. In 1857, he met Dr. J.C. Speer, who taught him the practice of dentistry. After the Civil War, in which he served as a union scout, he relocated to Jacksonville, Illinois (1864).[2] It was here that he began an active career and research in the developing field of dentistry. He studied dentistry for 20 months (as was common at the time) followed by an apprenticeship [3] He taught in the Dental Department at the University of Iowa, beginning at 1890 before moving to Chicago.

He researched many important topics to dentistry, including the cause of dental fluorosis[4] and ideal cavity preparations. One of his many inventions was a foot-driven dental drill. He is also known for his principles of tooth preparations, in which he outlines the proper methods to prepare teeth for fillings. These cavity preparations used principles of engineering and material sciences to maximize strength and retention of the amalgam filling and minimize fractures as well as tooth anatomy, to minimize pulp exposure.[5] The phrase, "extension for prevention," is still famous in the dental community today and represents Black's idea that dentists should incorporate more grooves and pits than those currently exhibiting decay as a preventive measure against those grooves and pits developing tooth decay in the future, although today ideas have changed and focus much more on minimal intervention. Black published his concepts and ideals in his text Manual of Operative Dentistry in 1896.[5]

Further, he organized 'Black's Classification of Caries Lesions' which is still in use today. Since that time, only one more category has been added to his classification system.

GV Black Classification of Restorations
GV Black Statue in Lincoln Park

Black's Classification of Caries Lesions:

  • Class I Caries affecting pits and fissures on occlusal third of molars and premolars, occlusal two thirds of molars and premolars, and Lingual part of anterior teeth.
  • Class II Caries affecting proximal surfaces of molars and premolars.
  • Class III Caries affecting proximal surfaces of central incisors, lateral incisors, and cuspids without involving the incisal angles.
  • Class IV Caries affecting proximal including incisal angles of anterior teeth.
  • Class V Caries affecting gingival 1/3 of facial or lingual surfaces of anterior or posterior teeth.
  • Class VI (never described by Black, added later by W J Simon in 1956) Caries affecting cusp tips of molars, premolars, and cuspids.

In addition to developing a standard for cavity preparations, Black also experimented with various mixtures of amalgam.[5] After years of experimentation, Black published his balanced amalgam formula in 1895. This formula and its variations quickly became the gold standard and would remain such for almost 70 years.[6] Black’s son, Arthur continued the legacy of his father, continuing dental research, gaining academic and political support for the importance of the sciences in dental education, and making university education mandatory for dentists.[7]

Black was the second Dean of Northwestern University Dental School,[5] where his portrait hung until the school's closure in 2001. His statue can be found at the very southern edge of Chicago's Lincoln Park, at North Avenue, facing down Astor Street. He was also inducted in the International Hall of Fame of Dentistry of the Pierre Fauchard Academy on February 25, 1995.[8]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Anusavice, Kenneth J. Phillips' Science of Dental Materials, 11th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2003. VitalBook file. Page 8
  2. ^ Kelly, Howard A.; Burrage, Walter L. (eds.). "Black, Greene Vardiman" . American Medical Biographies . Baltimore: The Norman, Remington Company.
  3. ^ Burt, Brian, Steven Eklund. Dentistry, Dental Practice, and the Community, 6th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2005. VitalBook file. Page 4
  4. ^ Burt, Brian, Steven Eklund. Dentistry, Dental Practice, and the Community, 6th Edition. W.B. Saunders Company, 2005. VitalBook file. Pafe 307
  5. ^ a b c d Powers, John M., Ronald Sakaguchi. Craig's Restorative Dental Materials, 12th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 9
  6. ^ Significant Events in the History of Operative Dentistry. Thomas M. Schulien. 2005. http://www.fauchard.org/system/publications/attachments/000/000/027/original/The-History-of-Operative-Dentistry.pdf?1366748688 Archived 2021-10-24 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Roberson, Theodore. Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry, 5th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 2006. VitalBook file. Page 5
  8. ^ Dr. G.V. Black Archived 2006-05-24 at the Wayback Machine at PFA Hall of Fame

Bibliography

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[edit]
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