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{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Nuclear South Bird's Head
|name=Nuclear South Bird's Head
|altname=South Bird's Head proper
|altname=East South Bird's Head
|region=[[Bird's Head Peninsula]], Indonesian Papua
|region=[[Bird's Head Peninsula]], Indonesian Papua
|familycolor=Papuan
|familycolor=Papuan
|fam1=[[West Papuan languages|West Papuan]]
|fam1=? [[Trans–New Guinea languages|Trans–New Guinea]]
|fam2=(extended) [[South Bird's Head languages|South Bird's Head]]
|fam2=? [[Berau Gulf languages|Berau Gulf]]
|fam3=? [[South Bird's Head languages|South Bird's Head]]
|glotto=sout1516
|glotto=sout1516
|glottorefname=South Bird's Head Family
|glottorefname=South Bird's Head Family
}}
}}

The '''Nuclear South Bird's Head''', '''Core South Bird's Head''' or '''South Bird's Head proper''' languages form a small language family of western New Guinea. They either form part of a wider [[South Bird's Head languages|South Bird's Head]] language family, or may be an independent language family if not related to the [[Inanwatan languages|Inanwatan]] and [[Konda-Yahadian languages|Konda–Yahadian]] languages.<ref name="Holton-Birds-Head">{{cite book |last1=Holton |first1=Gary |last2=Klamer |first2=Marian |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird’s Head |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=569-640 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
The '''Nuclear South Bird's Head''', '''Core South Bird's Head''' or '''East South Bird's Head''' languages form a small language family of western New Guinea. They either form part of a wider [[South Bird's Head languages|South Bird's Head]] language family, or may be an independent language family if not related to the [[Inanwatan languages|Inanwatan]] and [[Konda-Yahadian languages|Konda–Yahadian]] languages.<ref name="Holton-Birds-Head">{{cite book |last1=Holton |first1=Gary |last2=Klamer |first2=Marian |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird’s Head |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=569-640 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>


==Languages==
==Languages==
There are six languages:<ref name="Pawley-TNG">{{cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Trans New Guinea family |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=21-196 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>
There are six languages:<ref name="Pawley-TNG">{{cite book |last1=Pawley |first1=Andrew |last2=Hammarström |first2=Harald |editor1-last=Palmer |editor1-first=Bill |date=2018 |title=The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide |chapter=The Trans New Guinea family |series= The World of Linguistics |volume=4 |location=Berlin |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |pages=21-196 |isbn=978-3-11-028642-7}}</ref>


{{tree list}}
* East South Bird's Head branch:
* East South Bird's Head
⚫
** [[Kemberano language|Kemberano]] (Weriagar, Barau)
** [[Arandai language|Arandai]] (Dombano) [dialect cluster]
** [[Kais language|Kais]] (Kampong Baru)
** Iwaro–Kaburi
⚫
** [[Kokoda language|Kokoda]] (Tarof, Kasuweri)
* [[Kaburi language|Kaburi]]
*** [[Kaburi language|Kaburi]]
* [[Kais language|Kais]] (Kampong Baru)
*** [[Puragi language|Puragi]] (Iwaro)
** Kokoda–Arandai
⚫
* [[Puragi language|Puragi]] (Iwaro)
⚫
*** [[Kokoda language|Kokoda]] (Tarof, Kasuweri)
⚫
***[[Arandai languages|Arandai]]
⚫
**** [[Kemberano language|Kemberano]] (Weriagar, Barau)
⚫
**** [[Dombano language|Dombano]] (Tomu)
{{tree list/end}}


==Proto-language==
Although traditionally classified as part of the [[South Bird's Head languages|South Bird's Head]] family, it is classified by ''[[Glottolog]]'' 4.0 as an independent language family.
Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:<ref name=ngw>Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/berau-gulf/north-berau-gulf/south-bird-s-head/eastl-south-bird-s-head Proto–East South Bird's Head]</ref>


:{| class="wikitable sortable"
==See also==
*[[South Bird's Head languages]]
! gloss !! Proto-East South Bird's Head
|-
*[[Konda–Yahadian languages]]
| body hair/feather || *karar
⚫
*[[Inanwatan languages]]
|-
| ear || *qer[aw]
|-
| nose || *mitob
|-
| tooth || *resin
|-
| tongue || *nun
|-
| foot/leg || *sor
|-
| blood || *a[m/p]as
|-
| bone || *toq
|-
| breast || *did
|-
| louse || *kon
|-
| bird || *kanen
|-
| egg || *wuk
|-
| tree || *qemin
|-
| man || *rabin
|-
| sun || *teg[ed]
|-
| moon || *mo[k/q]
|-
| water || *sai
|-
| path || *aum
|-
| one || *onat
|-
| two || *[ou]g
|}


==References==
==References==
Line 34: Line 81:


== External links ==
== External links ==
* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://sites.google.com/site/newguineaworld/families/trans-new-guinea/berau-gulf/north-berau-gulf/south-bird-s-head/eastl-south-bird-s-head Proto–East South Bird's Head]
* Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, [https://newguineaworld.linguistik.uzh.ch/families/trans-new-guinea/berau-gulf/north-berau-gulf/south-bird-s-head/eastl-south-bird-s-head Proto–East South Bird's Head]


{{South Bird's Head languages}}
{{South Bird's Head languages}}
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[[Category:South Bird's Head languages|Nuclear]]
[[Category:South Bird's Head languages|Nuclear]]
[[Category:Languages of western New Guinea]]
[[Category:Languages of western New Guinea]]
[[Category:Language families]]

Latest revision as of 10:03, 19 July 2024

Nuclear South Bird's Head
East South Bird's Head
Geographic
distribution		Bird's Head Peninsula, Indonesian Papua
Linguistic classification? Trans–New Guinea
Glottologsout1516

The Nuclear South Bird's Head, Core South Bird's Head or East South Bird's Head languages form a small language family of western New Guinea. They either form part of a wider South Bird's Head language family, or may be an independent language family if not related to the Inanwatan and Konda–Yahadian languages.[1]

Languages

[edit]

There are six languages:[2]

Proto-language

[edit]

Some lexical reconstructions by Usher (2020) are:[3]

gloss Proto-East South Bird's Head
body hair/feather *karar
ear *qer[aw]
nose *mitob
tooth *resin
tongue *nun
foot/leg *sor
blood *a[m/p]as
bone *toq
breast *did
louse *kon
bird *kanen
egg *wuk
tree *qemin
man *rabin
sun *teg[ed]
moon *mo[k/q]
water *sai
path *aum
one *onat
two *[ou]g

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  2. ^ Pawley, Andrew; Hammarström, Harald (2018). "The Trans New Guinea family". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–196. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
  3. ^ Timothy Usher, New Guinea World, Proto–East South Bird's Head
[edit]
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