Harare: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Capital and largest city of Zimbabwe}} |
{{short description|Capital and largest city of Zimbabwe}} |
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{{redirect|Southerton|people with the surname|Southerton (surname)}} |
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{{about|the capital city of Zimbabwe|the city in Ethiopia|Harar}} |
{{about|the capital city of Zimbabwe|the city in Ethiopia|Harar}} |
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{{redirect|Southerton|people with the surname|Southerton (surname)}} |
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{{Copy edit|date=April 2023}} |
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{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} |
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}} |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}} |
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{{+R|date=July 2024}} |
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{{Infobox settlement |
{{Infobox settlement |
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<!--See Template:Infobox settlement for additional information--> |
<!--See Template:Infobox settlement for additional information-->| official_name = Harare |
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| other_name = |
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| settlement_type = [[Capital city]] and [[Harare Province|province]] |
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| other_name = |
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| translit_lang1 = |
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| settlement_type = [[Capital city]] and [[Harare Province|province]] |
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| translit_lang1_type = |
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| translit_lang1 = |
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| translit_lang1_info = |
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| translit_lang1_type = |
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| image_skyline = File:Harare montage.png |
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| translit_lang1_info = |
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| imagesize = 300px |
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| image_caption = '''Left to right, from top:''' Harare skyline; [[Jacaranda mimosifolia|Jacaranda]] trees lining Josiah Chinamano Avenue; [[Parliament House, Harare|Old Parliament House]] (front) and the [[Cathedral of St Mary and All Saints, Harare|Anglican Cathedral]] (behind); downtown Harare; [[New Reserve Bank Tower]]; [[National Heroes' Acre (Zimbabwe)|Heroes' Acre]] monument |
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| imagesize = 300px |
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| image_flag = Flag of Harare.svg |
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| image_caption = '''Left to right, from top:''' Harare skyline; [[Jacaranda mimosifolia|Jacaranda]] trees lining Josiah Chinamano Avenue; [[Parliament House, Harare|Old Parliament House]] (front) and the [[Cathedral of St Mary and All Saints, Harare|Anglican Cathedral]] (behind); downtown Harare; [[New Reserve Bank Tower]]; [[National Heroes Acre (Zimbabwe)|Heroes Acre]] monument |
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| flag_size = |
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| image_seal = |
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| seal_size = |
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| image_shield = Coat of arms of Harare.svg |
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| shield_size = |
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| nicknames = Sunshine City, H Town |
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| motto = {{ubl|{{native phrase|sn|Nongera GroopVanhu}}|"Forward with Service to the People"}} |
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| nicknames = Sunshine City, H Town |
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| image_map = Harare in Zimbabwe (adm).svg |
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| motto = {{ubl|{{native phrase|sn|Nongera GroopVanhu}}|"Forward with Service to the People"}} |
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| mapsize = |
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| map_caption = Location of [[Harare Province]] in Zimbabwe |
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| coordinates = {{coord|17|49|45|S|31|3|8|E|region:ZW|display=inline,title}} |
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| map_caption = Location of [[Harare Province]] in Zimbabwe |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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| coordinates = {{coord|17|49|45|S|31|3|8|E|region:ZW|display=inline,title}} |
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| subdivision_name = [[Zimbabwe]] |
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| subdivision_type = Country |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Province]] |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Harare Province|Harare]] |
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| subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of Zimbabwe|Province]] |
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| established_title = Founded |
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| subdivision_name1 = [[Harare Province|Harare]] |
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| established_date = 12 September 1890 |
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| established_title = Founded |
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| established_title2 = Incorporated (city) |
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| established_date = 12 September 1890 |
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| established_date2 = 1935 |
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| established_title2 = Incorporated (city) |
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| established_title3 = Renamed Harare |
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| established_date2 = 1935 |
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| established_date3 = 18 April 1982 |
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| established_title3 = Renamed Harare |
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| government_footnotes = |
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| established_date3 = 18 April 1982 |
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| government_type = [[Mayor–council government|Mayor–council]] |
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| government_footnotes = |
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| leader_title = [[Mayor of Harare|Mayor]] |
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| leader_name = [[Jacob Mafume]] ([[Citizens Coalition for Change|CCC]]) |
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| unit_pref = |
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| leader_name = [[Jacob Mafume]] ([[Citizens Coalition for Change|CCC]]) |
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| area_footnotes = |
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| area_magnitude = |
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| area_total_km2 = 982.3 |
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| area_total_sq_mi = |
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| area_total_km2 = 982.3 |
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| area_land_km2 = |
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| area_land_sq_mi = |
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| area_water_km2 = |
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| area_water_sq_mi = |
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| area_water_percent = |
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| area_water_sq_mi = |
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| area_urban_km2 = |
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| area_urban_sq_mi = |
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| area_metro_km2 = |
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| area_metro_sq_mi = |
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| area_blank1_title = |
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| area_metro_sq_mi = |
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| area_blank1_km2 = |
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| area_blank1_sq_mi = |
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| area_blank1_km2 = |
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| elevation_footnotes = |
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| area_blank1_sq_mi = |
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| elevation_m = 1490 |
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| elevation_ft = |
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| population_total = 1,491,740 |
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| elevation_ft = |
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| population_as_of = 2022 census |
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| population_total = 2,123,132<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/publications/Population/population/census-2012-national-report.pdf|title=2012 Population Census National Report|author=Zimstat|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> |
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| population_footnotes = <ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=http://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/publications/Population/population/census-2012-national-report.pdf|title=2012 Population Census National Report|author=Zimstat|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> |
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| population_as_of = 2012 census |
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| population_density_km2 = auto |
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| population_footnotes = |
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| population_density_sq_mi = auto |
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| population_urban = 1,558,823 |
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| population_density_sq_mi = auto |
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| population_urban_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/publications/Population/population/Harare.pdf|title=2012 Population Report: Harare|author=Zimstat|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> |
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| population_demonym = Hararean |
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| postal_code_type = |
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| postal_code = |
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| area_code = 242 |
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| website = |
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| footnotes = Dialling code 242 (or 0242 from within Zimbabwe) |
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| timezone = [[Central Africa Time|CAT]] |
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| utc_offset = +2 |
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| timezone_DST = |
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| utc_offset_DST = |
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| blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] (2018) |
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| blank_info_sec1 = 0.645<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |website=hdi.globaldatalab.org |access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref><br />{{color|#FFD215|Medium}} |
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| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]] |
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| blank_info = [[Subtropical highland climate|Cwb]] |
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| name = |
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| population_metro = 1,603,201 |
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| population_metro = 3,120,917<ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/publications/Economic/Employment/Labour-Force-Report-2019.pdf|title=2019 Labour Force Report|author=Zimstat|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> |
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| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="auto2">{{cite web|url=http://www.zimstat.co.zw/wp-content/uploads/publications/Economic/Employment/Labour-Force-Report-2019.pdf|title=2019 Labour Force Report|author=Zimstat|access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref> |
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| population_note = (2019 estimate) |
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| population_note = |
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| leader_title1 = [[City council|Council]] |
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| leader_title1 = [[City council|Council]] |
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| leader_name1 = [[Harare City Council]] |
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}} |
}} |
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'''Harare''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ə|ˈ|r|ɑr|eɪ}} {{respell|hə|RAR|ay}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/harare|title=Harare|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> formerly known as '''Salisbury'''<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Names (Alteration) Act Chapter 10:14|url=http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/96/NAMES_ALTERATION_ACT_10_14.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041146/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/96/NAMES_ALTERATION_ACT_10_14.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=|website=}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɔː|l|z|b|ər|i|audio=EN-AU ck1 Salisbury.ogg}} {{respell|SAWLZ|bər|ee}}), is the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[Zimbabwe]]. The [[city proper]] has an area of {{convert|982.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, a population of 1,849,600 as of the [[2022 Zimbabwe census|2022 census]]<ref name="auto21">{{Cite web |title=2022 national census shows Zim rapidly urbanising |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/2022-national-census-shows-zim-rapidly-urbanising/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=The Herald |language=en-US}}</ref> and an estimated 2,487,209 people in its metropolitan province.<ref name="auto21" /> The city is situated in north-eastern Zimbabwe in the country's [[Mashonaland]] region. Harare is a [[Metropolitan area|metropolitan]] [[Harare Province|province]] |
'''Harare''' ({{IPAc-en|h|ə|ˈ|r|ɑr|eɪ}} {{respell|hə|RAR|ay}}),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/harare|title=Harare|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> formerly known as '''Salisbury'''<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Names (Alteration) Act Chapter 10:14|url=http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/96/NAMES_ALTERATION_ACT_10_14.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203041146/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/96/NAMES_ALTERATION_ACT_10_14.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013|access-date=|website=}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|ɔː|l|z|b|ər|i|audio=EN-AU ck1 Salisbury.ogg}} {{respell|SAWLZ|bər|ee}}), is the [[Capital city|capital]] and largest city of [[Zimbabwe]]. The [[city proper]] has an area of {{convert|982.3|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}, a population of 1,849,600 as of the [[2022 Zimbabwe census|2022 census]]<ref name="auto21">{{Cite web |title=2022 national census shows Zim rapidly urbanising |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/2022-national-census-shows-zim-rapidly-urbanising/ |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=The Herald |language=en-US}}</ref> and an estimated 2,487,209 people in its metropolitan province.<ref name="auto21" /> The city is situated in north-eastern Zimbabwe in the country's [[Mashonaland]] region. Harare is a [[Metropolitan area|metropolitan]] [[Harare Province|province]] which also incorporates the municipalities of [[Chitungwiza]] and [[Epworth, Zimbabwe|Epworth]].<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/128/Harare%20Provincial%20Profile.pdf |access-date=22 November 2013 |publisher=Parliament Research Department |date=2011 |title=Harare Provincial Profile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703165734/http://www.parlzim.gov.zw/attachments/article/128/Harare%20Provincial%20Profile.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2013}}</ref> The city sits on a [[plateau]] at an elevation of {{convert|1483|m|abbr=off|lk=out}} [[above sea level]], and its [[climate]] falls into the [[subtropical highland]] category. |
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The city was founded in 1890 by the [[Pioneer Column]], a small [[military force]] of the [[British South Africa Company]], and named [[Southern Rhodesia|Fort Salisbury]] after the British Prime Minister [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]]. Company [[Company rule in Rhodesia|administrators]] [[Demarcation line|demarcated]] the city and ran it until [[Southern Rhodesia]] achieved [[responsible government]] in 1923. Salisbury was thereafter the seat of the Southern Rhodesian (later [[Rhodesia]]n) government and, between 1953 and 1963, the capital of the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Central African Federation]]. It retained the name Salisbury until 1982 when it was renamed Harare on the second anniversary of Zimbabwe's independence from the [[United Kingdom]]. The [[parliamentary]] |
The city was founded in 1890 by the [[Pioneer Column]], a small [[military force]] of the [[British South Africa Company]], and was named [[Southern Rhodesia|Fort Salisbury]] after the British Prime Minister [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury]]. Company [[Company rule in Rhodesia|administrators]] [[Demarcation line|demarcated]] the city and ran it until [[Southern Rhodesia]] achieved [[responsible government]] in 1923. Salisbury was thereafter the seat of the Southern Rhodesian (later [[Rhodesia]]n) government and, between 1953 and 1963, the capital of the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Central African Federation]]. It retained the name Salisbury until 1982 when it was renamed Harare on the second anniversary of Zimbabwe's independence from the [[United Kingdom]]. The national [[parliamentary|parliament]] moved out of Harare upon completion of the [[New Zimbabwe Parliament Building|New Parliament of Zimbabwe]] in [[Mount Hampden]] in April 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe Celebrates Finish of New Parliament, Built by China |url=https://www.voanews.com/amp/zimbabwe-celebrates-finish-of-new-parliament-built-by-china/6639580.html |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.voanews.com}}</ref> |
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The commercial capital of Zimbabwe, Harare, has experienced recent economic turbulence. However, it remains an important centre of [[commerce]] and [[government]], as well as [[finance]], [[real estate]], [[manufacturing]], [[Health care|healthcare]], [[education]], [[art]], [[culture]], [[tourism]], [[agriculture]], [[mining]] and regional affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eprints.usm.my/16076/1/ICCI09-_14_aidah_awang.pdf |title=PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUCCESS FACTORS FOR SUSTAINABLE HOUSING: A FRAMEWORK |author=Abu Hassan Abu Bakar, Arman Abd Razak, Shardy Abdullah and Aidah Awang |publisher=School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia |via=eprints.usm.my |date= |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Harare has the second-highest number of embassies in Southern Africa and serves as the location of the African headquarters of the [[World Health Organization]], which it shares with [[Brazzaville]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |
The commercial capital of Zimbabwe, Harare, has experienced recent economic turbulence.{{clarify|date=July 2024}} However, it remains an important centre of [[commerce]] and [[government]], as well as [[finance]], [[real estate]], [[manufacturing]], [[Health care|healthcare]], [[education]], [[art]], [[culture]], [[tourism]], [[agriculture]], [[mining]] and regional affairs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eprints.usm.my/16076/1/ICCI09-_14_aidah_awang.pdf |title=PROJECT MANAGEMENT SUCCESS FACTORS FOR SUSTAINABLE HOUSING: A FRAMEWORK |author=Abu Hassan Abu Bakar, Arman Abd Razak, Shardy Abdullah and Aidah Awang |publisher=School of Housing, Building and Planning, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia |via=eprints.usm.my |date= |access-date=3 March 2022}}</ref> Harare has the second-highest number of embassies in Southern Africa and serves as the location of the African headquarters of the [[World Health Organization]], which it shares with [[Brazzaville]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are |access-date=21 June 2021 |website=www.who.int}}</ref> |
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Harare has hosted multiple international [[Conference|conferences]] and events, including the [[1995 All-Africa Games]] and the 2003 [[Cricket World Cup]]. In 2018, Harare was ranked as a Gamma [[World city|World City]]. |
Harare has hosted multiple international [[Conference|conferences]] and events, including the [[1995 All-Africa Games]] and the 2003 [[Cricket World Cup]]. In 2018, Harare was ranked as a Gamma [[World city|World City]]. It is also home to [[Dynamos F.C.|Dynamos FC]], the club with the most titles in [[Football in Zimbabwe|Zimbabwean football]]. |
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== History == |
== History == |
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{{see also|Timeline of Harare}} |
{{see also|Timeline of Harare}} |
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{{redirect-distinguish|Fort Salisbury|Fort at Salisbury Point}} |
{{redirect-distinguish|Fort Salisbury|Fort at Salisbury Point}} |
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===Early colonial history=== |
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[[File:Hoisting the flag at Fort Salisbury.png|thumb|left|The [[Pioneer Column]] hoists the [[Union Jack]] on the [[Inselberg|koppie]] overlooking the city, 13 September 1890.]] |
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[[File:Hoisting the flag at Fort Salisbury.png|thumb|left|The [[Pioneer Column]] hoists the [[Union Jack]] on the [[Inselberg|koppie]] overlooking the city on 13 September 1890]] |
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[[File:Salisbury in 1930.jpg|thumb|left|Salisbury in 1930]] |
[[File:Salisbury in 1930.jpg|thumb|left|Salisbury in 1930]] |
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The [[Pioneer Column]], a military volunteer force of settlers organised by [[Cecil Rhodes]], founded the city on 12 September 1890 as a fort.<ref name="Gold Fever (Hoste)">{{cite book|last=Hoste|first=Skipper|title=Gold Fever|editor=N.S.Davies|publisher=Pioneer Head|location=Salisbury, Rhodesia|year=1977|isbn=0-86918-013-4}}</ref><ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 120</ref> They originally named the city Fort Salisbury after [[Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]], then-[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], and it subsequently became known simply as Salisbury. The Salisbury Polo Club was formed in 1896.<ref name="laffaye">Horace A. Laffaye, ''Polo in Britain: A History'', Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 76</ref> |
The [[Pioneer Column]], a military volunteer force of settlers organised by [[Cecil Rhodes]], founded the city on 12 September 1890 as a fort.<ref name="Gold Fever (Hoste)">{{cite book|last=Hoste|first=Skipper|title=Gold Fever|editor=N.S.Davies|publisher=Pioneer Head|location=Salisbury, Rhodesia|year=1977|isbn=0-86918-013-4}}</ref><ref>Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CLIO, USA, 2013, p. 120</ref> They originally named the city Fort Salisbury after [[Robert Arthur Talbot Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury]], then-[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], and it subsequently became known simply as Salisbury. The Salisbury Polo Club was formed in 1896.<ref name="laffaye">Horace A. Laffaye, ''Polo in Britain: A History'', Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2012, p. 76</ref> Salisbury was declared a municipality in 1897, and it became a city in 1935.<ref>Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/place/Harare Harare], britannica.com, USA, accessed on 7 July 2019</ref> |
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[[File:Parlament of Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|239x239px|[[Parliament House, Harare|Parliament House]], constructed in 1895]] |
[[File:Parlament of Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|239x239px|The original [[Parliament House, Harare|Parliament House]], constructed in 1895]] |
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At the time of the city's founding, its site and surroundings were poorly drained. The earliest development was on sloping ground along the left bank of a stream, in an area where the Julius Nyerere Way industrial road runs today. The first area to be fully drained was near the head of the stream and was named Causeway. Causeway is now the site of many important government buildings, including the [[Senate]] House and the Office of the Prime Minister. After the position was abolished in January 1988, the office was renamed for the use of the [[President of Zimbabwe|President]] .<ref>Journal of Frederick Courtney Selous, Rhodesiana Reprint Library, Salisbury, 1969</ref> |
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[[File:1970s Jameson Avenue, Salisbury, Rhodesia 6875739032.jpg|thumb|left|Jameson Avenue, Salisbury (now Samora Machel Avenue, Harare) in 1970|alt=]] |
[[File:1970s Jameson Avenue, Salisbury, Rhodesia 6875739032.jpg|thumb|left|Jameson Avenue, Salisbury (now Samora Machel Avenue, Harare) in 1970|alt=]] |
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Salisbury was the seat of the [[British South Africa Company]] administrator and became capital of the [[self-governing colony|self-governing]] British colony of [[Southern Rhodesia]] in 1923.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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Salisbury was the capital of the [[self-governing colony|self-governing]] British colony of [[Southern Rhodesia]] from 1923 and of the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] from 1953 to 1963. [[Ian Smith]]'s [[Rhodesian Front]] government [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|declared Rhodesia independent]] from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965, and proclaimed the [[Rhodesia|Republic of Rhodesia]] in 1970. Subsequently, this became the short-lived state of [[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]]; it was not until 18 April 1980 that the country was internationally recognised as independent as the [[Zimbabwe|Republic of Zimbabwe]]. |
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===Post-war period=== |
===Post-war period=== |
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In the immediate aftermath of the [[Second World War]], Salisbury expanded rapidly, |
In the immediate aftermath of the [[Second World War]], Salisbury expanded rapidly, boosted by its designation as the capital of the [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]. This growth ushered in a wave of [[liberalism]], investment and [[developmentalism]] from 1953 to 1963, transforming the city's skyline in the process.<ref name="radar.brookes.ac.uk">{{cite journal |last=Mbiba |first=Beacon |date=2017 |title=Harare: from a European settler-colonial 'sunshine city' to a 'zhing-zhong' African city |url=http://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/10.3828/idpr.2017.13 |journal=International Development Planning Review |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=375–398 |doi=10.3828/idpr.2017.13 |issn=1474-6743}}</ref> This was accompanied by significant post-war immigration by White people, primarily from [[Great Britain]], [[Southern Africa]] and, to a lesser extent, [[Southern Europe]].{{cn|date=July 2024}} The rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and the investment in road development greatly accelerated the outward sprawl of suburbs such as [[Alexandra Park, Harare|Alexandra Park]] and [[Mount Pleasant, Harare|Mount Pleasant]]. At the same time, mostly black suburbs like [[Highfield, Harare|Highfield]] suffered from [[overcrowding]] as their populations boomed.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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The optimism and prosperity of this period proved to be short-lived, as the Federation collapsed, which hindered the city's prosperity.<ref name="radar.brookes.ac.uk"/> |
The optimism and prosperity of this period proved to be short-lived, as the Federation collapsed, which hindered the city's prosperity.<ref name="radar.brookes.ac.uk"/>{{Additional citation needed|date=July 2024}} |
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===1960s and 1970s=== |
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{{Expand section|date=July 2024}} |
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The [[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]] was dissolved in 1963. [[Ian Smith]]'s [[Rhodesian Front]] government [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|declared Rhodesia independent]] from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965, with Salisbury retained as the capital. Smith's Rhodesia later became the short-lived state of [[Zimbabwe Rhodesia]]; it was not until 18 April 1980 that the country was internationally recognised as independent as the [[Zimbabwe|Republic of Zimbabwe]].{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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=== Post-independence years === |
=== Post-independence years === |
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[[File:Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe N.png|thumb|[[New Reserve Bank Tower]], completed in 1997]] |
[[File:Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe N.png|thumb|[[New Reserve Bank Tower]], completed in 1997]] |
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The city initially boomed under a wave of optimism and investment that followed the country's independence in 1980. The name of the city was changed to Harare on 18 April 1982, the second anniversary of Zimbabwean independence, taking its name from the village near Harare Kopje of the [[Shona people|Shona]] chief Neharawa, whose nickname was "he who does not sleep".<ref>{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sights |publisher=McFarland |year=2003 |isbn=9780786418145}}</ref> Before independence, "Harare" was the name of the black residential area now known as [[Mbare, Harare|Mbare]]. |
The city initially boomed under a wave of optimism and investment that followed the country's independence in 1980. The name of the city was changed to Harare on 18 April 1982, the second anniversary of Zimbabwean independence, taking its name from the village near Harare Kopje of the [[Shona people|Shona]] chief Neharawa, whose nickname was "he who does not sleep".<ref>{{cite book |last=Room |first=Adrian |title=Placenames of the World: Origins and Meanings of the Names for Over 5000 Natural Features, Countries, Capitals, Territories, Cities and Historic Sights |publisher=McFarland |year=2003 |isbn=9780786418145}}</ref> Before independence, "Harare" was the name of the black residential area now known as [[Mbare, Harare|Mbare]].{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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Significant investment in education and healthcare produced a confident and growing [[middle class]], evidenced by the rise of firms such as [[Econet Global]] and innovative design and [[architecture]], exemplified by the [[Eastgate Centre, Harare|Eastgate Centre]]. A notable symbol of this era in Harare's history is the [[New Reserve Bank Tower]], one of the city's major landmarks. |
Significant investment in education and healthcare produced a confident and growing [[middle class]], evidenced by the rise of firms such as [[Econet Global]] and innovative design and [[architecture]], exemplified by the [[Eastgate Centre, Harare|Eastgate Centre]]. A notable symbol of this era in Harare's history is the [[New Reserve Bank Tower]], one of the city's major landmarks.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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Harare was the location of several international summits during this period, such as the 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in September 1986 and the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1991]].<ref name="thecommonwealth1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/146799/brief_history_of_chogm/|title=List of previous CHOGMS|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031223635/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/146799/brief_history_of_chogm/|archive-date=31 October 2008}}</ref> The latter produced the [[Harare Declaration]], dictating the [[Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria|membership criteria]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. In 1998, Harare was the host city of the 8th Assembly of the [[World Council of Churches]].<ref name="wcc-coe1">{{cite web|url=http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/assembly/index-e.html|title=8th assembly & 50th anniversary|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> |
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However, by 1992, Harare began to experience an economic downturn and the government responded by enacting [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] reforms, which led to a boom in [[banking]], finance and agriculture while leading to significant job losses in [[manufacturing]], thereby greatly increasing unemployment and [[income inequality]]. Domestic firms struggled to compete with foreign imports, leading to the collapse of several institutions, particularly in the textile industry.<ref name="radar.brookes.ac.uk"/> |
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However, by 1992, Harare began to experience an economic downturn and the government responded by enacting [[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]] reforms. These policies provoked a boom in [[banking]], finance and agriculture, but also led to significant job losses in [[manufacturing]], thereby greatly increasing unemployment and [[income inequality]]. Domestic firms struggled to compete with foreign imports, leading to the collapse of several institutions, particularly in the textile industry.<ref name="radar.brookes.ac.uk"/> |
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=== Economic difficulties and hyperinflation (1999–2008) === |
=== Economic difficulties and hyperinflation (1999–2008) === |
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In the early 21st century, Harare |
In the early 21st century, Harare was adversely affected by the political and economic crises that plagued Zimbabwe, particularly following the contested 2002 presidential election and 2005 parliamentary elections. The elected council was replaced by a government-appointed commission due to alleged inefficiency.{{cn|date=July 2024}} Still, essential services such as rubbish collection and street repairs rapidly worsened, and are now virtually non-existent in poorer parts of the city.{{cn|date=July 2024}} In May 2006, Zimbabwean newspaper ''[[Financial Gazette]]'' described the city in an editorial as a "sunshine city-turned-sewage farm".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbabwesituation.com/may19_2006.html#Z13|title=The Zimbabwe Situation|last=kdc|publisher=zimbabwesituation.com}}</ref> In 2009, Harare was voted the world's toughest city to live in according to the Economist Intelligence Unit's livability poll, which factors in stability, healthcare, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://calgaryherald.com/Vancouver+world+easiest+city+live+Harare+worst+Poll/1674901/story.html|title=Vancouver world's most livable city, Harare the worst: Poll |first=Kelly|last=Sinoski |agency=The Vancouver Sun|work=Calgary Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611165337/https://calgaryherald.com/Vancouver+world+easiest+city+live+Harare+worst+Poll/1674901/story.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 |access-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> The situation was unchanged in 2011, according to the same poll.<ref>{{cite news |title=Least livable cities |url=https://www.reuters.com/news/picture/least-livable-cities?articleId=USRTR2IWU9 |publisher=Reuters |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref> |
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==== Operation Murambatsvina ==== |
==== Operation Murambatsvina ==== |
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In May 2005, the Zimbabwean government demolished shanties, illegal vending sites, and backyard cottages in Harare, Epworth and |
In May 2005, the Zimbabwean government demolished shanties, illegal vending sites, and backyard cottages in Harare, Epworth and other cities in [[Operation Murambatsvina]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe|title=Zimbabwe – Rhodesia and the UDI|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=3 January 2024 }}</ref> ("Drive Out Trash"). It was widely alleged{{Weasel inline|date=August 2018}} that the true purpose of the campaign was to make sure shantie towns would not develop in any urban areas that might favor the [[Movement for Democratic Change (pre-2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]], and to reduce the likelihood of mass action against the government by driving people out of the cities.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} The government claimed its actions were necessitated by a rise of criminality and disease.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} This was followed by [[Operation Garikayi/Hlalani Kuhle]] (Operation "Better Living") a year later, which consisted of building poor-quality concrete housing.{{Citation needed|date=August 2018}} |
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=== Economic uncertainty === |
=== Economic uncertainty === |
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In late March 2010, Harare's Joina City Tower was finally opened after fourteen years of delayed construction, marketed as |
In late March 2010, Harare's Joina City Tower was finally opened after fourteen years of delayed construction, marketed as 'Harare's New Pride'.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.urbika.com/articles/view/16441|title=Joina City- Harare's New Pride – Inside Joina City- Facts & Figures|date=31 March 2010|publisher=Urbika.com|access-date=17 June 2013|archive-date=20 June 2013|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130620054216/http://www.urbika.com/articles/view/16441|url-status=dead}}</ref> Initially, uptake of space in the tower was low, with office occupancy at only 3% in October 2011.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.for-builder.com/stories/2011/10/16/joina-city-occupancy-3pc |title=Joina City Occupancy 3pc |date=16 October 2011 |publisher=ForBuilder |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909144336/http://www.for-builder.com/stories/2011/10/16/joina-city-occupancy-3pc |archive-date=9 September 2013}}</ref> By May 2013, office occupancy had risen to around half, with all the retail space occupied.<ref name=changingspaces>{{cite news|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2013-05-31-00-zimbabwes-changing-spaces|newspaper=Mail and Guardian|title=Zimbabwe's Changing Spaces|last=Moyo|first=Jason|date=31 May 2013|access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref>{{Relevance inline|date=July 2024}} |
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The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] rated Harare as the world's least |
The [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] rated Harare as the world's least livable city (out of 140 surveyed) in February 2011,<ref>{{cite news|title=Vancouver still world's most livable city: survey |first=Balazs |last=Koranyi |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-cities-liveable-idUSTRE71K0NS20110221?pageNumber=1 |work=Reuters |date=21 February 2011 |access-date=28 September 2012}}</ref> rising to 137th out of 140 in August 2012.<ref>{{cite report|url=http://www.eiu.com/public/thankyou_download.aspx?activity=download&campaignid=Liveability2012|title=Liveabililty Ranking and Overview August 2012|author=[[The Economist Intelligence Unit]]|date=August 2012|access-date=17 June 2013}}</ref> |
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In March 2015, [[Harare City Council]] planned a two-year project to install 4,000 [[solar street light]]s, at a cost of $15,000,000 |
In March 2015, [[Harare City Council]] planned a two-year project to install 4,000 [[solar street light]]s, starting in the central business district, at a cost of $15,000,000.<ref>{{cite web|last = Madalitso Mwando|title = Zimbabwe Capital Turns to Solar Streetlights to Cut Costs, Crime|work = allAfrica.com – Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date = 2015-03-28|date = 2015-03-27|url = http://allafrica.com/stories/201503270369.html}}</ref> |
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In November 2017, the biggest demonstration in the history of the Republic of Zimbabwe was held in Harare, which led to the forced resignation of the long-serving 93-year-old [[President of Zimbabwe]], [[Robert Mugabe]], an event which was part of the first successful coup in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42035981|title=Zimbabwe crowds rejoice as they demand end to Mugabe rule|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/zimbabwe-leader-mugabe-under-house-arrest-as-army-tightens-grip-on-capital-2017-11-15|title=Zimbabwe leader Mugabe under house arrest as army tightens grip on capital|work=Market Watch}}</ref> |
In November 2017, the biggest demonstration in the history of the Republic of Zimbabwe was held in Harare, which led to the forced resignation of the long-serving 93-year-old [[President of Zimbabwe]], [[Robert Mugabe]], an event which was part of the first successful coup in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42035981|title=Zimbabwe crowds rejoice as they demand end to Mugabe rule|work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/zimbabwe-leader-mugabe-under-house-arrest-as-army-tightens-grip-on-capital-2017-11-15|title=Zimbabwe leader Mugabe under house arrest as army tightens grip on capital|work=Market Watch}}</ref> |
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===Contemporary Harare=== |
===Contemporary Harare=== |
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Since 2000, Harare has experienced periods of spectacular decline, particularly in the 2000s, but since the [[Great Recession]] it has stabilised and experienced significant population growth and uneven economic growth. |
Since 2000, Harare has experienced periods of spectacular decline, particularly in the 2000s, but since the [[Great Recession]] it has stabilised and experienced significant population growth and uneven economic growth.{{cn|date=July 2024}}{{clarify|date=July 2024}} There has nonetheless been substantial international investment and speculation in the city's [[financial]] and property markets. Development on the urban fringes of the city has occurred in areas such as [[Borrowdale, Harare|Borrowdale]], Glen Lorne, [[The Grange, Zimbabwe|The Grange]], [[Mount Pleasant, Harare|Mount Pleasant Heights]], as well as in the new suburbs of Hogerty Hill, Shawasha Hills, [[Bloomingdale, Zimbabwe|Bloomingdale]] and Westlea. Urban sprawl has also expanded into the nearby areas of [[Mount Hampden]], [[Ruwa]] and Norton.<ref name=McGregor2014>{{cite journal |last=McGregor |first=JoAnn |title=Sentimentality or speculation? Diaspora investment, crisis economies and urban transformation |journal=Geoforum |date=September 2014 |volume=56 |pages=172–181 |doi=10.1016/j.geoforum.2014.07.008 |doi-access=free}}</ref> In addition, inner city areas such as [[Avondale, Harare|Avondale]], Eastlea, Belgravia, [[Newlands, Harare|Newlands]] and Milton Park have seen increased [[gentrification]] driven by speculation from expat Zimbabweans. This speculation has also attracted other foreign buyers, resulting in high property prices and widespread rent increases.<ref>{{cite web |author=Staff Writer |title=A look at Zimbabwe's property market |url=https://businesstech.co.za/news/property/310256/a-look-at-zimbabwes-property-market/}}</ref> Harare sustained the highest population increase and urban development of any major Zimbabwean city since 2000, with other cities such as [[Bulawayo]], [[Gweru]], and [[Mutare]] largely stagnating during the same period.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/business-report/international/zimbabwe-property-market-characterised-by-a-high-demand-and-low-supply-20790629|title=Zimbabwe property market characterised by a high demand and low supply|website=www.iol.co.za}}</ref> |
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Beginning in 2006, the city's growth extended into its northern and western fringes, beyond the city's [[urban growth boundary]]. Predictions that by 2025 the metropolitan area population will reach 4 to 5 million have sparked concerns over unchecked sprawl and unregulated development.<ref name="auto11">{{cite web |title=Why property is more pricey in Zim than SA |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/thestandard/business/article/206642/why-property-is-more-pricey-in-zim-than-sa |website=The Standard}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=July 2024}} The concentration of real estate development in Harare has also come at the expense of other Zimbabwean cities such as [[Gweru]] and particularly [[Bulawayo]], which is increasingly characterized by stagnation and high unemployment due to the collapse of many of its heavy industries. Today, Harare's property market remains highly priced, more so than regional cities such as [[Johannesburg]] and [[Cape Town]].{{cn|date=July 2024}} The top end of the market is completely dominated by wealthy or [[dual-citizen]] Zimbabweans (see [[Zimbabwean diaspora]] and [[Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom]]), Chinese and South African buyers.<ref name=McGregor2014/><ref name="auto11"/> Despite gentrification and speculation, the country's and city's unemployment rates remain high.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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In 2020, Harare was classified as a [[Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network|Gamma city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref> |
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== Demographics == |
== Demographics == |
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As of 2012, Harare has a population of 2,123,132.<ref name="auto1" /> Over 90% of people in Harare are [[Shona people|Shona-speaking people of African descent]]. Harare is also home to many [[Northern Ndebele people|Ndebele]] and [[Kalanga people]] as well. Roughly 25,000 [[white Zimbabweans]] also live in the Harare metro area.<ref>Current Africanist Research: International Bulletin. La Recherche Africaniste en Cours; Bulletin International - International African Institute. Research Information Liaison Unit - pg. 367</ref> |
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== Geography == |
== Geography == |
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===Topography=== |
===Topography=== |
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The city sits on one of the higher parts of the [[Highveld]] plateau of Zimbabwe |
The city sits on one of the higher parts of the [[Highveld]] plateau of Zimbabwe at an elevation of {{convert|1483|m|abbr=off}}. The original landscape could be described as a "parkland"<ref>TV Bulpin: Discovering South Africa pp 838</ref> or wild place. The soils of Harare are varied: the northern and central areas largely have reddish brown, granular clay; some of the southern parts have gray-brown sand over pale, loamy sand or sandy loam.<ref>https://esdac.jrc.ec.europa.eu/images/Eudasm/Africa/images/maps/download/afr_zw2006_so.jpg Provisional Soil Map of Zimbabwe Rhodesia</ref> |
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=== Suburbs === |
=== Suburbs === |
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{{Main|Category:Suburbs of Harare}} |
{{Main|Category:Suburbs of Harare}} |
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The City of Harare is divided into suburbs, outside which are independent municipalities such as [[Epworth, Zimbabwe|Epworth]], [[Mount Hampden]], [[Norton, Zimbabwe|Norton]], Ruwa, and [[Chitungwiza]] within the greater metropolitan province.<ref name="auto13"/> |
The City of Harare is divided into suburbs, outside of which are independent municipalities such as [[Epworth, Zimbabwe|Epworth]], [[Mount Hampden]], [[Norton, Zimbabwe|Norton]], Ruwa, and [[Chitungwiza]], which are still located within the greater metropolitan province.<ref name="auto13"/> |
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The [[Central_business_district|central business district]] of Harare is characterized by wide streets and a mix of historic, post-war, and modern buildings. Downtown sights include the Kopje Africa Unity Square, the Harare Gardens, the National Gallery, the August House parliamentary buildings, and the [[National Archives]]. [[Causeway, Harare|Causeway]], a road and sub-neighbourhood of central Harare, is a busy workaday area that acts as the city's "embassy row" (along with Belgravia to the north-east) in which numerous embassies, diplomatic missions, research institutes, and other international organizations are concentrated.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDSR1FF2hY8C&q=causeway+harare&pg=PA377|title=Africa Review 200 -Op/075|isbn=9780749440657|last1=Page|first1=Kogan Kogan|year=2003|publisher=Walden Publishing Limited }}</ref> Additionally, many government ministries and museums, such as the [[Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences]], are located here.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-02-18|title=Zimbabwe displays 'Biblical Ark'|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8522097.stm|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref> |
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The northern and north-eastern suburbs of Harare are home to the more affluent population of the city, including former president [[Robert Mugabe]], who lived in Borrowdale Brooke.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2014/06/22/mugabes-borrowdale-brooke-neighbour-speaks/|title=Mugabe's Borrowdale Brooke neighbour speaks out|date=22 June 2014}}</ref> These northern suburbs are often referred to as "dales" because of the common suffix- "dale" found in some suburbs such as Avondale, Greendale, and Borrowdale. The dwellings are mostly low-density homes of 3 bedrooms or more, and these are usually occupied by families.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} |
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[[Rotten Row, Harare|Rotten Row]] is a sub-district of downtown Harare that begins at the intersection of Prince Edward Street and Samora Machel Avenue and runs to the flyover where it borders [[Mbare]] on Cripps Road.<ref name="auto12">{{cite web|last=Herald|first=The|title=Inside Rotten Row Court 6|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/inside-rotten-row-court-6/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Herald|language=en-GB}}</ref> Rotten Row was named after a road in [[London]] of the same name. The name "Rotten Row" is an altered form of the French phrase "Route du Roi," the [[King's Road]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History and Architecture|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde-park/about-hyde-park/history-and-architecture|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Royal Parks|language=en|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127130930/https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde-park/about-hyde-park/history-and-architecture|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is known as Harare's legal district, home to the Harare Magistrate's Court, the city's central library, and the [[ZANU-PF]] building, along with numerous law offices.<ref name="auto12"/> The neighbourhood also lends its name to the eponymous book by [[Petina Gappah]] published in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kola|first=F. T.|date=2016-11-19|title=Rotten Row by Petina Gappah review – buzzing with Zimbabwe life|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/19/rotten-row-by-petina-gappah-review|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> |
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Harare is often referred to as Zimbabwe's garden or "sunshine city" for its abundant parks and outdoor amenities.<ref name="auto13">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0021909620943620?journalCode=jasa|doi=10.1177/0021909620943620| issn=0021-9096 |title=Mugabe's Urban Legacy: A Postcolonial Perspective on Urban Development in Harare, Zimbabwe|year=2020|last1=Matamanda|first1=Abraham R.|journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies|volume=56|issue=4|pages=804–817|s2cid=225530172}}</ref> There is an abundance of parks and gardens across town, many close to the CBD, with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways, and tree-lined avenues.<ref name="auto13"/> Harare's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Zimbabwe's major cities. There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs, particularly in the affluent northern suburbs of Borrowdale, Mount Pleasant, and Glen Lorne, located northeast of the central business district. |
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The northern and north-eastern suburbs of Harare are generally home to its more affluent residents, including former president [[Robert Mugabe]], who lived in Borrowdale Brooke.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2014/06/22/mugabes-borrowdale-brooke-neighbour-speaks/|title=Mugabe's Borrowdale Brooke neighbour speaks out|date=22 June 2014}}</ref> These northern suburbs are often referred to as "dales" because of the common suffix "-dale" found in some suburbs such as Avondale, Greendale, and Borrowdale.{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} The dwellings are mostly low-density homes of 3 bedrooms or more, and these are usually occupied by families.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Borrowdale in particular is home to some of the most extensive real estate developments in the city.<ref name="auto6">{{cite web|url=https://www.thepatriot.co.zw/old_posts/of-suburb-names-and-colonial-hangover/|title=Of suburb names and colonial hangover | Celebrating Being Zimbabwean|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428201957/https://www.thepatriot.co.zw/old_posts/of-suburb-names-and-colonial-hangover/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The north-western suburb of [[Emerald Hill, Zimbabwe|Emerald Hill]] is named so either due to the green colour of the tree-covered hill or its Irish connections — many of the roads in the suburb have Irish names, such as [[Dublin]], [[Belfast]], Wicklow, and Cork.<ref name="auto6"/> |
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====The Central Business District, Causeway, Rotten Row & The Avenues==== |
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[[Central_business_district|The central business district]] is characterized by wide streets and a mix of historic, post-war, and modern buildings. There are some colonial-era buildings like the [[Parliament]] buildings and Civic Centre, but the rest are unremarkable post-war buildings.<ref name="auto17">{{cite web|last=thephraser|date=2017-03-05|title=Five days in the suburbs of Harare, capital of Zimbabwe|url=https://thephraser.com/2017/03/05/five-days-in-the-suburbs-of-harare-capital-of-zimbabwe/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Phraser|language=en}}</ref> The district is also notable for a number of upmarket hotels, such as the Meikles Hotel, which are relatively luxurious but not particularly modern. Other downtown sights include the Kopje Africa Unity Square, the Harare Gardens, the National Gallery, the August House parliamentary buildings, and the [[National Archives]]. [[Causeway, Harare|Causeway]], a road and sub-neighbourhood of central Harare, is a busy workaday area that acts as the city's "embassy row" (along with [[Belgravia]] to the north east), in which numerous embassies, diplomatic missions, research institutes, and other international organizations are concentrated.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nDSR1FF2hY8C&q=causeway+harare&pg=PA377|title=Africa Review 200 -Op/075|isbn=9780749440657|last1=Page|first1=Kogan Kogan|year=2003|publisher=Walden Publishing Limited }}</ref> Additionally, many government ministries and museums, such as the [[Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences]], are located here.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2010-02-18|title=Zimbabwe displays 'Biblical Ark'|language=en-GB|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8522097.stm|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref> |
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[[Rotten Row, Harare|Rotten Row]] is a sub-district of downtown Harare that begins at the intersection of Prince Edward Street and Samora Machel Avenue and runs to the flyover where it borders [[Mbare]] on Cripps Road.<ref name="auto12">{{cite web|last=Herald|first=The|title=Inside Rotten Row Court 6|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/inside-rotten-row-court-6/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Herald|language=en-GB}}</ref> Rotten Row was named after a road in [[London]] of the same name. The name "Rotten Row" is a corrupted form of the French phrase "Route du Roi," the [[King's Road]].<ref>{{cite web|title=History and Architecture|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/hyde-park/about-hyde-park/history-and-architecture|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Royal Parks|language=en}}</ref> It is best known as Harare's legal district, home to the Harare Magistrate's Court, the city's central library, and the [[ZANU-PF]] building, along with numerous law offices.<ref name="auto12"/> The neighbourhood also lends its name to the eponymous book by [[Petina Gappah]], published in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kola|first=F. T.|date=2016-11-19|title=Rotten Row by Petina Gappah review – buzzing with Zimbabwe life|url=http://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/19/rotten-row-by-petina-gappah-review|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> |
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The adjacent [[The Avenues, Harare|Avenues]] area is most notable as the city's [[red light district]]. Still, its image has improved as more young and relatively well-off residents have moved to the area partially [[gentrification|gentrifying]] the inner suburb. However, the area remains somewhat unsafe at night.<ref name="auto6">{{cite web|url=https://www.thepatriot.co.zw/old_posts/of-suburb-names-and-colonial-hangover/|title=Of suburb names and colonial hangover | Celebrating Being Zimbabwean|access-date=16 November 2020|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428201957/https://www.thepatriot.co.zw/old_posts/of-suburb-names-and-colonial-hangover/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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====The Inner-East==== |
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[[Eastlea, Harare|Eastlea]], [[Highlands, Harare|Highlands]], [[Greendale, Harare|Greendale]], [[Milton Park, Harare|Milton Park]] |
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To the east of Harare's city center, notable suburbs include [[Arcadia, Harare|Arcadia]], [[Newlands, Harare|Newlands]], Arlington, and others. [[Newlands, Harare|Newlands]] was named by Colin Duff, Zimbabwe's agricultural secretary in the 1920s. Arlington is a newer suburb adjacent to [[Harare International Airport]] and was previously owned by William Harvey Brown, a former mayor of Salisbury. Brown was originally from [[Iowa]] and joined the occupying [[British South Africa Company]] forces in the 1890s to collect specimens for the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="auto6"/> |
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These are generally densely populated, well-kept compact suburbs. Historically home to newly arrived immigrants and [[lower middle class]] residents, the area now attracts young professionals, recent graduates, and flat dwellers. Traditionally middle to lower-middle class, these neighbourhoods have become relatively more expensive and [[gentrified]], beginning in the 1990s. The Inner East ranks among the most walkable suburbs in the City of Harare with attractive [[townhouses]] and flats, along with mixed-use areas, making them extremely desirable not just to locals but also to outside investors who have fueled the city's real estate boom over the past decade.<ref name="auto11"/> These suburbs are often considered a "middle zone" between affluent northern areas like Avondale West and Glen Lorne, and the grittier city centre. Houses in [[Eastlea]] and [[Greendale, Harare|Greendale]] are increasingly being bought by small businesses due to the lack of space downtown, and one may find an IT company that has a swimming pool and garden. [[Highlands, Harare|Highlands]] is also notable for its temperate [[micro-climate]] and being home to the [[Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation]], while [[Milton Park, Harare]], is an emerging, [[Bohemianism|bohemian]], mixed-use area with residential, commercial, and entertainment venues.<ref name="auto6"/> |
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The southern portions of Harare have historically been more industrial areas, often home to most of its African population as well as some lower-class European-descended populations.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41230768|jstor = 41230768|title = The European Population of Southern Rhodesia |last1 = McEwan|first1 = Peter J. M.|journal = Civilisations|year = 1963|volume = 13|issue = 4|pages = 429–444}}</ref> Willowvale, is perhaps best known for the 1988 [[Willowgate]] scandal, which implicated several members of the [[ZANU-PF]] party in a scheme where automobiles were illegally resold by various government officials.{{cn|date=July 2024}} Harare's south-west also contains many high-density townships, which were set up by the government from the 1930s onwards. For example, [[Highfield, Harare|Highfield]], established in 1930, is the second-oldest high-density suburb in Harare. Highfield was created as a place for black workers to settle, providing labor for the industrial areas of Southerton and Workington.<ref name="auto6"/> |
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====The Northeast==== |
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[[Chisipite]], Colne Valley, [[Borrowdale, Harare|Borrowdale]], Borrowdale Brooke, [[Glen Lorne]], Gunhill, The Grange, Pomona, Umwimsidale, and Hogarty Hill are among the city's most affluent and developed areas, especially Borrowdale and Glen Lorne. Sprawling lawns, tennis courts, and large mansions dot many-a suburb. It is also the greenest part of Harare, with hills overlooking green [[Brachystegia spiciformis|Msasa]] trees and well-kept gardens. Chisipite, Colne Valley, Borrowdale (inside Borrowdale, there is Borrowdale Race Course), Borrowdale, Brook, Glen Lorne, Gunhill, the Grange, Pomona, and Hogarty Hill are for the upper-middle class; Umwinsidale is for the rich elite, with very wealthy or influential families living there. In recent years, a number of building projects were started, but stalled due to a lack of funding and the unpredictability of the Zimbabwean economy, leaving a number of half-finished homes. Borrowdale, in particular, is home to many of the country's elite, along with diplomats, business executives, [[expats]], and the second homes of wealthier members of the [[Zimbabwean diaspora]].<ref name="auto6" /> Much of the city's [[Anglo African]] population tends to congregate here, along with the rest of the northern suburbs. Shopping centres, like Borrowdale Village and Sam Levy's Village, cater to the most affluent of the city's residents. Crime is low (by international standards), and, at night, the area is alive with various pubs, bars, restaurants, and nightclubs. |
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====The North==== |
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[[Avondale West]], [[Strathaven, Harare|Strathaven]], [[Mount Pleasant, Harare|Mount Pleasant]], [[Alexandra Park, Harare|Alexandra Park]], [[Belgravia, Harare|Belgravia]], Bluff Hill, Greystone Park. |
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Well-to-do suburbs and also all upper-middle class, with pretty tree-lined avenues and coffee shops tucked near gardens. These are among the more well-off areas of Harare, but not as wealthy as the North-East. Avondale Shopping Centre is the area's commercial heart, noted for its theatres, flea market, and independent stores. [[Mount Pleasant, Harare|Mount Pleasant]] is home to the [[University of Zimbabwe]], the country's leading tertiary and research institution, which gives the area an academic and [[Bohemianism|bohemian]] atmosphere when school is in session. Unfortunately, a lack of funding from the government means that the area is unaffordable to students, hindering the development of a true [[student ghetto]] as most students have to commute to Mount Pleasant due to a lack of student housing. Another new building in Harare is the [[British Embassy]], built in 2008, and the nearby [[Arundel]] Office Park houses the regional [[United Nations]] offices.<ref name="auto6"/> |
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====The Northwest==== |
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[[Avondale, Harare|Avondale]], [[Emerald Hill, Zimbabwe|Emerald Hill]], [[Avonlea, Harare|Avonlea]], Greencroft, Mabelreign, [[Malborough]], Saint Andrews Park, Westgate. |
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The city's North West is largely a leafy and residential [[upper middle class]] and comfortable middle-class area, also known as the middle-middle-class area. It is best known for the outdoor mall at Westgate, home to numerous independent stores, movie theatres, and other higher-end shopping. The area is also home to the new [[US embassy|US Embassy]]. Also, Saint Andrews Park is best known for the Warren Hills Golf Course as well as its proximity to the National Sports Stadium. |
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Nearby [[Emerald Hill, Zimbabwe|Emerald Hill]] is named so either due to the green colour of the hill due to a large number of trees or its Irish connections—many of the roads in the suburb have Irish names, such as [[Dublin]], [[Belfast]], Wicklow, and Cork.<ref name="auto6"/> The area is also notable for its [[Catholic]] institutions such as [[St. John's High School (Harare)|St. John's High School]] and the Dominican Convent.<ref>//www.thepatriot.co.zw/old_posts/of-suburb-names-and-colonial-hangover/</ref> While the area was home to an [[Irish Catholic]] community, they have largely been assimilated into the larger [[white Zimbabwean]] community or have joined the ranks of the [[Zimbabwean diaspora]] abroad. Other parts of the North West are leafy and quiet but have become slightly rough around the edges since the mid-2000s. The country's economic crisis in that decade led to thousands of local university-educated residents and professionals [[emigrating]] to the [[Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[Zimbabwean Canadians|Canada]], and [[Zimbabwean Australians|Australia]]; thus, the area lacks much of the wealth and vibrancy it had in the nineties.<ref name="auto6"/> |
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====The East==== |
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[[Arcadia, Harare|Arcadia]], Braeside, Hillside, [[Belvedere, Harare|Belvedere]], [[Hatfield, Harare|Hatfield]], St. Martins, [[Newlands, Harare|Newlands]], Arlington. |
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Notable suburbs include [[Arcadia, Harare|Arcadia]], Hillside, and Braeside, renowned for their historic [[Goffal]] (Coloured Zimbabwean) communities, and [[Belvedere, Harare|Belvedere]] and [[Hatfield, Harare|Hatfield]], noted for their Asian residents of Indian descent. |
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[[Newlands, Harare|Newlands]] was named by Colin Duff, the secretary for Agriculture in the 1920s, who had played for [[Western Cape Province]] before heading north. When Gerhardt Van der Byl retired back to [[Cape Town]] in 1927, he sold his farm Welmoed to the Salisbury Real Estate Co., a property vehicle owned largely by [[Scottish people|Scots]]. Arlington is a newer residential settlement east of the capital, adjacent to [[Harare International Airport]]. Arlington, owned by the former mayor of Salisbury, was named by Mayor Brown. Arlington. He was from [[Iowa]] and joined the occupational forces to collect specimens for the [[Smithsonian Institution]] in [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name="auto17"/> |
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====The Industrial South-Central==== |
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Workington, Southerton, [[Willowvale, Harare|Willowvale]], Graniteside, Tynwald. |
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Harare's big factories are here, producing clothing, soft drinks, bricks, and vehicles. Once home to [[Southern European]] immigrants of [[Greeks|Greek]], [[Italians|Italian]], and [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] extraction, most residents today are working - and lower-middle class [[coloured people]] and the descendants of [[Zambian]], Mozambican and [[Malawian]] immigrants.<ref name="auto19">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332320512|chapter=Racism in Colonial Zimbabwe|title=The Palgrave Handbook of Ethnicity|year=2019|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-0242-8_28-1|isbn=978-981-13-0242-8 |publisher=Springer Nature|last1=Mlambo|first1=Alois S.|pages=1–17|s2cid=167028880|editor-first1=Steven |editor-last1=Ratuva}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41230768|jstor = 41230768|title = The European Population of Southern Rhodesia |last1 = McEwan|first1 = Peter J. M.|journal = Civilisations|year = 1963|volume = 13|issue = 4|pages = 429–444}}</ref> Willowvale, is perhaps best known for the 1988 [[Willowgate]] scandal, which implicated several members of the [[ZANU-PF]] party in a scheme where automobiles were illegally resold by various government officials. |
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====The High Density Southwest==== |
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Dzivarasekwa, [[Warren Park, Harare|Warren Park]], Kuwadzana, Mufakose, Budiriro, [[Highfield, Harare|Highfield]], Glen View, [[Waterfalls, Harare|Waterfalls]]. |
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These areas are a mixture of medium- and high-density areas; there are also very few low-density areas, such as Glenview and waterfalls. Not much tourism occurs in these areas. Houses are generally smaller and more tightly packed together. The city government initially set up Some of these townships from the 1930s onward. [[Highfield, Harare|Highfield]], the second-oldest high-density suburb in Harare, was established in 1930.<ref name="auto6"/> It was established for black settlement during the [[United Federal Party]] government of [[Godfrey Huggins]].<ref name="auto19"/> Highfield was primarily set up by the colonial government to provide labour for the Southerton and [[Workington]] industrial areas. |
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Residents are mainly poor and working-class, although there are more [[lower middle class|lower-middle class]] members who have bigger properties; the townships are varied and each has its own personality; they were home to famous musicians such as [[Oliver Mtukudzi]] and [[Thomas Mapfumo]]. They are also home to a number of small industries; however, the region also has the highest unemployment and poverty rates in the city. The poor state of the area has been exacerbated by neglect from the city government, leading to a lack of adequate electric, water, and sanitary services in the area. These poor conditions have led many former residents to choose to move south to [[Johannesburg]] and other cities in South Africa, but they are quickly replaced by the [[internal migration]] of rural Zimbabweans seeking opportunity in the city.<ref name="auto6"/> |
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===Climate=== |
===Climate=== |
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The average annual rainfall is about {{convert|825|mm|abbr=on}} in the southwest, rising to {{convert|855|mm|abbr=on}} on the higher land of the northeast (from around Borrowdale to Glen Lorne). Very little rain typically falls during the period of May to September, although sporadic showers occur most years. Rainfall varies a great deal from year to year and follows cycles of wet and dry periods from 7 to 10 years long. Records begin in October 1890 but all three Harare stations stopped reporting in early 2004.<ref>Global Historic Climate Network database NGDC</ref> |
The average annual rainfall is about {{convert|825|mm|abbr=on}} in the southwest, rising to {{convert|855|mm|abbr=on}} on the higher land of the northeast (from around Borrowdale to Glen Lorne). Very little rain typically falls during the period of May to September, although sporadic showers occur most years. Rainfall varies a great deal from year to year and follows cycles of wet and dry periods from 7 to 10 years long. Records begin in October 1890 but all three Harare stations stopped reporting in early 2004.<ref>Global Historic Climate Network database NGDC</ref> |
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The climate supports the natural vegetation of open woodland. The most common tree of the local region is the |
The climate supports the natural vegetation of open woodland. The most common tree of the local region is the msasa or ''[[Brachystegia spiciformis]]'' whose wine-red leaves are most visible in the city in late August. Two introduced species of trees, the [[jacaranda]] and the [[Delonix regia|flamboyant]] from South America and Madagascar respectively, were introduced during the colonial era and contribute to the city's colour palette with their lilac and red blossoms. The two species flower in October/November and are planted on alternating streets in the capital. [[Bougainvillea]] is prevalent in Harare as well. Some trees from Northern Hemisphere middle latitudes are also cultivated, including [[American sweetgum]], [[English oak]], [[Quercus mongolica|Japanese oak]] and [[Quercus texana|Spanish oak]].<ref>https://www.goldenstairsnursery.co.zw/Golden{{Dead link|date=December 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Stairs Nursery</ref> |
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{{Weather box |
{{Weather box |
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== |
== Economy == |
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{{Unbalanced section|date=July 2024}} |
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Harare has been the location of several international summits such as the 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement (6 September 1986) and [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1991]].<ref name="thecommonwealth1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/146799/brief_history_of_chogm/|title=List of previous CHOGMS|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081031223635/http://www.thecommonwealth.org/Internal/146799/brief_history_of_chogm/|archive-date=31 October 2008}}</ref> The latter produced the [[Harare Declaration]], dictating the [[Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria|membership criteria]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. In 1998, Harare was the host city of the 8th Assembly of the [[World Council of Churches]].<ref name="wcc-coe1">{{cite web|url=http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/assembly/index-e.html|title=8th assembly & 50th anniversary|access-date=25 May 2015}}</ref> |
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Harare is Zimbabwe's leading financial, commercial, and communications centre, as well as an international trade centre for [[tobacco]], [[maize]], [[cotton]], and [[citrus]] fruits.{{cn|date=July 2024}} Manufacturing of products including [[textile]]s, [[steel]], and [[Chemical substance|chemicals]] is also economically significant, as is the trade of precious minerals such as [[gold]], [[diamonds]] and [[platinum]].{{cn|date=July 2024}} Early investor optimism following the inauguration of the Mnangagwa government in 2017 has since largely subsided due to the slow pace of reforms aimed at making Harare and Zimbabwe more business-firnedly.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|title=Zimbabwe|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-investment-climate-statements/zimbabwe/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US}}</ref> The economy suffered high inflation and frequent power outages in 2019, which further hampered investment, and the poor implementation of adequate monetary reforms alongside deficit reduction attempts had a similar effect.{{cn|date=July 2024}} Although the government has repeatedly stressed its commitments to improving transparency, increasing the ease of doing business, and fighting corruption, progress remains limited under the Mnangagwa administration.<ref name="auto4"/> |
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Harare experienced a real estate boom in the 2000s and early 2010s, particularly in the wealthy northern suburbs, with prices rising dramatically over the last decade despite challenges in other sectors of the economy.<ref name="auto16">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/15/business/worldbusiness/15iht-zecon.html|title=Zimbabweans ask, who can afford houses? (Published 2006)|first=MacDonald|last=Dzirutwe|newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 May 2006}}</ref> This boom was largely fueled by members of the [[Zimbabwean diaspora]] and by speculation, with investors hedging against the local currency.<ref name="auto16"/><ref name=McGregor2014/> However, the once-growing market began to cool off due to a 2019 hike in interest rates and the economic fallout from the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], leaving a number of projects unfinished.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2020/06/05/policy-flip-flopping-crippling-real-estate/ |title='Policy flip-flopping crippling real estate' - the Zimbabwe Independent |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127080355/https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2020/06/05/policy-flip-flopping-crippling-real-estate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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In 1995, Harare hosted most of the sixth [[All-Africa Games]], sharing the event with other Zimbabwean cities such as [[Bulawayo]] and [[Chitungwiza]]. It has hosted some of the matches of [[2003 Cricket World Cup]] which was hosted jointly by [[Kenya]], South Africa and [[Zimbabwe]]. Several of the matches were also held in [[Bulawayo]]. Harare also hosted the [[ICC Cricket]] [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2018 World Cup Qualifier]] matches in March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketworld.com/icc-world-cup-qualifiers-2018-super-sixes-match-8-zimbabwe-v-united-arab-emirates-preview/50532.htm|title=ICC World Cup Qualifiers 2018 – Super Sixes Match 8 – Zimbabwe v United Arab Emirates – Preview|website=Cricket World}}</ref> |
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Another challenge to Harare's economy is the persistent emigration of highly educated and skilled residents to the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, largely due to the economic downturn and political unrest.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://samponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Acrobat55.pdf |title=The Engagement of the Zimbabwean Medical Diaspora |website=samponline.org |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref> The city's [[brain drain]], almost unprecedented compared to other [[emerging markets]],{{cn|date=July 2024}} has led to declining numbers of local entrepreneurs, an overstretched and declining middle class, and a dearth of employment opportunities outside the informal and [[public sector]].<ref name="auto3"/> In addition, the city's working-class residents are increasingly moving to nearby South Africa and [[Botswana]], though they are readily replaced by less well-off rural migrants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://samponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Acrobat61.pdf |title=Unfriendly Neighbours|website=samponline.org |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref> However, despite over a decade of neglect, the city's infrastructure and [[human capital]] still compares favourably with cities in other parts of Africa and Latin America.{{cn|date=July 2024}} It remains to be seen whether the current government can entice its diverse and well-educated [[Zimbabwean diaspora]], numbering some 4 to 7 million people, to invest in the economy, let alone consider returning.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://samponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/brief30.pdf |title= Zimbabwe's exodus to australia |date=2015 |website= samponline.org|access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303388998|title=Zimbabwe: Migration and Brain Drain|website=ResearchGate}}</ref> |
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The city is also the site of one of the [[Harare International Festival of the Arts]] (HIFA), which has featured such acclaimed artists as Cape Verdean singer [[Sara Tavares]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hifa.co.zw/|title=What's Next..." reflecting a sense of positive progress|publisher=hifa.co.zw|access-date=6 June 2013|archive-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626031219/http://www.hifa.co.zw/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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== Economy == |
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Harare is Zimbabwe's leading financial, commercial, and communications centre, as well as an international trade centre for [[tobacco]], [[maize]], [[cotton]], and [[citrus]] fruits. Manufacturing, including [[textile]]s, [[steel]], and [[Chemical substance|chemicals]], is also economically significant, as is the trade of precious minerals such as [[gold]], [[diamonds]] and [[platinum]]. It has also recently experienced a real estate boom, particularly in the wealthy Northern suburbs, with prices rising dramatically over the last decade, despite challenges in other sectors of the economy.<ref name="auto16">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/15/business/worldbusiness/15iht-zecon.html|title=Zimbabweans ask, who can afford houses? (Published 2006)|first=MacDonald|last=Dzirutwe|newspaper=The New York Times |date=15 May 2006}}</ref> This boom has largely been fueled by members of the [[Zimbabwean diaspora]] and speculation, with investors hedging against the local currency.<ref name="auto16"/><ref name=McGregor2014/> However the once booming market has begun to cool off due to a 2019 hike in interest rates and the economic fallout from the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], leaving a number of projects unfinished.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2020/06/05/policy-flip-flopping-crippling-real-estate/ |title='Policy flip-flopping crippling real estate' - the Zimbabwe Independent |access-date=19 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127080355/https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2020/06/05/policy-flip-flopping-crippling-real-estate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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Harare has been the location of several international summits, such as the [[8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement]] in 1986 and the [[1991 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]].<ref name="thecommonwealth1"/> The latter produced the [[Harare Declaration]], dictating the [[Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria|membership criteria]] of the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]]. In 1998, Harare was the host city of the 8th Assembly of the [[World Council of Churches]].<ref name="wcc-coe1"/> |
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While it may have seemed the economy was finally recovering, early investor optimism following the inauguration of the Mnangagwa government has largely subsided due to the slow pace of reforms to improve the business environment.<ref name="auto4">{{cite web|title=Zimbabwe|url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2020-investment-climate-statements/zimbabwe/|access-date=2021-01-21|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US}}</ref> The economy suffered high inflation and frequent power outages in 2019, which further hampered investment. A lack of implementation of adequate monetary reforms to complement the government's efforts to reduce the budget deficit also undermined investor confidence in the financial sector. Although the government has repeatedly stressed its focus on improving transparency, the ease of doing business, and fighting corruption, progress remains limited under the Mnangagwa administration.<ref name="auto4"/> |
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Another challenge to Harare's economy is the persistent emigration of highly educated and skilled residents to the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, largely due to the economic downturn and political unrest.<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://samponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Acrobat55.pdf |title=The Engagement of the Zimbabwean Medical Diaspora |website=samponline.org |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref> The city's [[brain drain]], almost unprecedented compared to other [[emerging markets]], has led to the decline of a local entrepreneurial class, an overstretched and declining middle class and a dearth of employment opportunities outside the informal and [[public sector]].<ref name="auto3"/> In addition, the city's working-class residents are increasingly moving to nearby South Africa and [[Botswana]], though they are readily replaced by less well-off rural migrants.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://samponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Acrobat61.pdf |title=Unfriendly Neighbours|website=samponline.org |access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref> However, despite over a decade of neglect, the city's infrastructure and [[human capital]] still compares favourably with cities in other parts of Africa, and Latin America. It remains to be seen whether the current government can entice its young, diverse and well-educated [[Zimbabwean diaspora]] numbering some 4 to 7 million people, to invest in the economy, let alone consider returning.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://samponline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/brief30.pdf |title= Zimbabwe's exodus to australia |date=2015 |website= samponline.org|access-date=2021-01-21}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303388998|title=Zimbabwe: Migration and Brain Drain|website=ResearchGate}}</ref> |
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===Shopping and retail=== |
===Shopping and retail=== |
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Locally produced art, handicrafts and souvenirs can be purchased at Doon Estate, Uwminsdale, Avondale Market and Mbare Musika. Msasa Park and Umwinsdale in particular |
Locally produced art, handicrafts and souvenirs can be purchased at locations including Doon Estate, Uwminsdale, Avondale Market and Mbare Musika. Msasa Park and Umwinsdale in particular host a number of galleries that produce high-quality Shona soapstone sculptures and textiles, such as Patrick Mavros Studios, which has another gallery in [[Knightsbridge]], [[London]].<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065149|jstor = 25065149|title = The Kingdom, the Power and Forevermore: Zimbabwe Culture in Contemporary Art and Architecture|last1 = Pikirayi|first1 = Innocent|journal = Journal of Southern African Studies|year = 2006|volume = 32|issue = 4|pages = 755–770|doi = 10.1080/03057070600995681|s2cid = 145351878}}</ref> International brands are generally less common in Harare than in European cities. However, conventional and luxury shopping can be found on Fife Avenue, Sam Nujoma (Union) Avenue, Arundel Village, Avondale, Borrowdale, Eastgate and Westgate.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zimfieldguide.com/harare/harare-capital-zimbabwe|title=Harare, capital of Zimbabwe | Zimbabwe Field Guide|website=zimfieldguide.com}}</ref> Virtually all luxury shopping is concentrated in the wealthier northern suburbs, particularly Borrowdale. |
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Harare also has a good choice of supermarkets including Le Bon Marche, Pick n Pay, TM and Spar. Greater variety and independent stores tend to be concentrated in the North, Northeast and Northwest suburbs along with, surprisingly, Newlands and Greendale Avenue in [[Greendale, Harare|Greendale]].<ref name="auto7"/> |
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== Transportation == |
== Transportation == |
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[[File:Harare International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport]]]] |
[[File:Harare International Airport.jpg|thumb|[[Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport]]]] |
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Harare is a relatively young city, |
Harare is a relatively young city, mostly growing during the country's post-[[The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federation]] and post-independence booms. It was also segregated along racial and class lines until 1976. As a result, Harare today is a mostly low-density urban area geared towards private motorists, lacking a convenient public transportation system.<ref name="auto14">{{Cite news|date=2019-01-07|title=Getting Around With Kids, When Even the Grocery Store Is an Onerous Journey|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-07/motherhood-and-transit-in-zimbabwe-a-daily-struggle|access-date=2020-11-25}}</ref> Very little investment has been made to develop an effective and integrated public transportation system, leaving a significant number of the city's residents dependent on the city's informal minibus taxis.<ref name="auto14"/> The rise of local ridesharing apps such as GTaxi and Hwindi has partly eased pressure on the city's transportation system, but such rides are still too expensive for most working people to use.<ref>{{cite web|title=Transportation in Harare, Zimbabwe|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/zimbabwe/harare/transportation|access-date=2020-11-25|website=Lonely Planet|language=en}}</ref> In addition, bus services are also available but they are mostly geared towards intercity travel and recreation than journeys within Harare itself. |
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The city's public transport system includes public and private sector operations. The former consists of [[Zimbabwe United Passenger Company|ZUPCO]] buses. Privately owned public transport |
The city's public transport system includes public and private sector operations. The former consists of [[Zimbabwe United Passenger Company|ZUPCO]] buses. Privately owned public transport included licensed [[station wagon]]s (nicknamed 'emergency taxis') until 1993, when the government began to replace them with licensed buses and minibuses, referred to officially as 'commuter omnibuses'.<ref>D.A.C. Maunder and T.C. Mbara, "The initial effects of introducing commuter omnibus services in Harare, Zimbabwe", ''TRL: The Future of Transport'' 123 (January 1995). {{ISBN|1-84608-122-X}}; and https://trl.co.uk/reports/TRL123</ref> Harare has two kinds of taxis, [[metered taxis]] and the much more ubiquitous [[share taxis]] or 'kombis'. Unlike many other cities, metered taxis generally do not drive around the city looking for passengers and instead must be called and ordered to a destination. The minibus "taxis" are the de facto day-to-day form of transport relied upon by the majority of Harare's population.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tuverl.com/blog/a-look-at-public-transportation-in-zimbabwe/|title=A look At Public Transportation In Zimbabwe|date=16 February 2020|access-date=19 November 2020|archive-date=27 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127093409/https://www.tuverl.com/blog/a-look-at-public-transportation-in-zimbabwe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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[[File:Harare Central Station.jpg|thumb|Harare Railway Station]] |
[[File:Harare Central Station.jpg|thumb|Harare Railway Station]] |
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As of May 2023, Harare is not served by any [[passenger rail]] service. The [[National Railways of Zimbabwe]] previously operated |
As of May 2023, Harare is not served by any [[passenger rail]] service. The [[National Railways of Zimbabwe]] previously operated daily overnight passenger train services to [[Mutare]] and [[Bulawayo]] using the [[Beira–Bulawayo railway]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History |editor1= Paul Tiyambe Zeleza |editor2= Dickson Eyoh |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415234794 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qjolgQhpFtoC |year=2003 |chapter= Bulawayo, Zimbabwe |author= Mlambo, Alois}}</ref> Long-distance rail service was suspended in 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and has not been restarted. Between 2001 and 2006, three [[commuter rail]] routes operated in Harare, serving Tynwald, [[Mufakose]] and [[Ruwa]]. These commuter rail routes, nicknamed 'Freedom Trains', were reintroduced in 2021, but were suspended again in November 2022 due to payment disputes with [[Zimbabwe United Passenger Company|ZUPCO]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=The |title=NRZ speaks on return of intercity passenger trains |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/nrz-speaks-on-return-of-intercity-passenger-trains/ |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=The Chronicle |language=en-GB}}</ref> |
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Long-distance bus services link Harare to most parts of Zimbabwe. |
Long-distance bus services link Harare to most parts of Zimbabwe.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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The city is crossed by [[Beira–Lobito Highway|Transafrican Highway 9 (TAH 9)]], which connects it to the cities of [[Lusaka]] and [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]]. |
The city is crossed by [[Beira–Lobito Highway|Transafrican Highway 9 (TAH 9)]], which connects it to the cities of [[Lusaka]] and [[Beira, Mozambique|Beira]]. |
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The largest airport in |
The largest airport in Zimbabwe, the [[Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport]], serves Harare. |
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== Education == |
== Education == |
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[[File:2018-10-17 Boxing lightweight Boys' –60 kg at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Victory ceremony (Martin Rulsch) 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kirsty Coventry]], former Olympian and current Minister of Sport]] |
[[File:2018-10-17 Boxing lightweight Boys' –60 kg at 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Victory ceremony (Martin Rulsch) 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kirsty Coventry]], former Olympian and current Minister of Sport]] |
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Harare has long been regarded as Zimbabwe's sporting capital due to its role in developing Zimbabwean sport, the range and quality of its sporting events and venues, and its high rates of spectatorship and participation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sport in Zimbabwe|url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/zimbabwe.htm|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref> The city is also home to more professional [[sports team]]s competing at the national and international |
Harare has long been regarded as Zimbabwe's sporting capital due to its role in developing Zimbabwean sport, the range and quality of its sporting events and venues, and its high rates of spectatorship and participation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sport in Zimbabwe|url=https://www.topendsports.com/world/countries/zimbabwe.htm|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.topendsports.com}}</ref> The city is also home to more professional [[sports team]]s competing at the national and international levels than any other Zimbabwean city. [[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Harare, particularly among lower-class residents, with the city producing many footballers who have gone on to play in the [[English Premier League]] and elsewhere.{{cn|date=July 2024}} [[Cricket]] and [[rugby football|rugby]] are also popular sports with those from middle-class backgrounds.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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In 1995, Harare hosted most of the sixth [[All-Africa Games]], sharing the event with other Zimbabwean cities such as [[Bulawayo]] and [[Chitungwiza]]. It hosted some of the matches of [[2003 Cricket World Cup]], which was hosted jointly by [[Kenya]], South Africa and [[Zimbabwe]]. Harare also hosted the [[ICC Cricket]] [[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2018 World Cup Qualifier]] matches in March 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricketworld.com/icc-world-cup-qualifiers-2018-super-sixes-match-8-zimbabwe-v-united-arab-emirates-preview/50532.htm|title=ICC World Cup Qualifiers 2018 – Super Sixes Match 8 – Zimbabwe v United Arab Emirates – Preview|website=Cricket World}}</ref> |
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Harare is |
Harare is home to [[Harare Sports Club]] Ground, which hosts many [[Test cricket|Test]], [[One Day International]]s and [[T20I]] Cricket matches. The [[Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League]] clubs of [[Dynamos F.C.]], [[Black Rhinos F.C.]], and [[CAPS United F.C.]] also call the city home.<ref name="auto15">{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2017/08/22/harare-among-world-s-worst-cities-to-live-in|title='Harare among world's worst cities to live in'|work=DailyNews Live|access-date=2018-08-02|archive-date=2 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802071424/https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2017/08/22/harare-among-world-s-worst-cities-to-live-in|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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Harare's main stadiums are [[National Sports Stadium (Zimbabwe)|National Sports Stadium]] and [[Rufaro Stadium]]. |
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===Popular teams=== |
===Popular teams=== |
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{{more citations needed section|date=July 2024}} |
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The following table shows the sports teams in the Harare area |
The following table shows the major sports teams in the Harare area. |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! Club !! Sport !! League !! Founded !! Venue !! Capacity |
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Founded !! Venue !! Capacity |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[Dynamos F.C.]] || [[Association football]] || align=center|[[Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League|ZPSL]] || 1963{{efn|group=o|name=moved|Year team moved to Salisbury}} || [[Rufaro Stadium]]<br /><small>([[Mbare, Harare]])</small> || align=center | 40,00 |
| [[Dynamos F.C.]] || [[Association football]] || align=center|[[Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League|ZPSL]] || 1963{{efn|group=o|name=moved|Year team moved to Harare/Salisbury}} || [[Rufaro Stadium]]<br /><small>([[Mbare, Harare]])</small> || align=center | 40,00 |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[CAPS United F.C.]] ||[[Association football]]|| align=center|[[Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League|ZPSL]]|| 1973{{efn|group=o|name=moved|Year team moved to Salisbury}} || [[National Sports Stadium (Zimbabwe)|National Sports Stadium]]<br /><small>(Harare)</small> || align=center | 60,000 |
| [[CAPS United F.C.]] ||[[Association football]]|| align=center|[[Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League|ZPSL]]|| 1973{{efn|group=o|name=moved|Year team moved to Harare/Salisbury}} || [[National Sports Stadium (Zimbabwe)|National Sports Stadium]]<br /><small>(Harare)</small> || align=center | 60,000 |
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|- |
|- |
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| [[St. George's College, Harare|Old Georgians]] || [[Rugby Union]] || align=center|[[Super Six Rugby league|SSRL]]|| 1926{{efn|group=o|name=moved}} || [[Harare Sports Club]] || align=center | 10,000 |
| [[St. George's College, Harare|Old Georgians]] || [[Rugby Union]] || align=center|[[Super Six Rugby league|SSRL]]|| 1926{{efn|group=o|name=moved}} || [[Harare Sports Club]] || align=center | 10,000 |
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'''Football and cricket''' |
'''Football and cricket''' |
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The main football stadiums in Harare are the [[National Sports Stadium (Zimbabwe)|National Sports Stadium]] and [[Rufaro Stadium]]. |
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[[Association football|Football]] is the most popular sport in Harare, particularly among working-class residents. [[Cricket]] and [[rugby football|rugby]] are also popular sports with those from middle-class backgrounds. Harare is home to [[Harare Sports Club]] ground. It has hosted many [[Test cricket|Test]], [[One Day International]]s and [[Twenty20|T20]] Cricket matches.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/liam-brickhill-my-family-s-love-affair-with-zimbabwe-and-the-harare-sports-club-1214960|title=My family's love affair with Zimbabwe and the Harare Sports Club|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The city successfully hosted most of the sixth [[All-Africa Games]] and several matches in the [[2003 ICC Cricket World Cup]] at Harare Sports Club. Harare is also home to the [[Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League]] clubs [[Dynamos F.C.]], [[Harare City]], [[Black Rhinos F.C.]] and [[CAPS United F.C.]]<ref name="auto15"/> |
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Virtually all first-class and international [[cricket]] matches are hosted at Harare Sports Club, with most domestic tours occurring in spring and summer. This city is also home to the [[Mashonaland Eagles]] in the domestic [[Logan Cup]] tournament. The Eagles are coached by renowned former [[Zimbabwe national cricket team]] batsman [[Grant Flower]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/importance-of-counties-zimbabwe-tours-cannot-be-overstated-hamilton-masakadza-1216425|title=Importance of counties' Zimbabwe tours 'cannot be overstated' – Hamilton Masakadza|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The team are one of the country's strongest sides and last won the Logan Cup in the [[2022-23 Logan Cup]] season.<ref name="moyo">{{cite web |last1=Moyo |first1=Brandon |title=Eagles crowned Logan Cup champions |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/eagles-crowned-logan-cup-champions/ |website=Chronicle |publisher=Chronicle |access-date=7 July 2024}}</ref> |
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The main football stadiums are [[National Sports Stadium (Zimbabwe)|National Sports Stadium]] and [[Rufaro Stadium]]. |
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Virtually all first-class and international [[cricket]] matches are hosted at Harare Sports Club, with most domestic tours occurring in spring and summer. This city is also home to the [[Mashonaland Eagles]] in the domestic [[Logan Cup]] tournament. The Eagles are coached by renowned former [[Zimbabwe national cricket team]] batsman [[Grant Flower]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/importance-of-counties-zimbabwe-tours-cannot-be-overstated-hamilton-masakadza-1216425|title=Importance of counties' Zimbabwe tours 'cannot be overstated' – Hamilton Masakadza|website=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> The team are one of the country's strongest sides and last won the Logan Cup in the [[2015–16 Logan Cup]] season.<ref name="auto"/> |
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'''Rugby''' |
'''Rugby''' |
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Harare is also the heartland of [[rugby union]] in Zimbabwe, rivalling [[Windhoek]] in Namibia as the strongest rugby region in Africa beyond South Africa.{{cn|date=July 2024}} The governing Rhodesia Rugby Football Union was founded in Harare in 1895 and became the [[Zimbabwe Rugby Union]] in 1980. The union and national sides are based in the northern suburb of [[Alexandra Park, Harare|Alexandra Park]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.world.rugby/member-unions/125|title=World Rugby|website=www.world.rugby}}</ref> Harare is home to four of the country's national Super Six Rugby League (SSRL) clubs: Harare Sports Club, [[St. George's College, Harare|Old Georgians]], Old Hararians and Old Miltonians.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://businesstimes.co.zw/zim-rugby-league-suspended/|title=Zim rugby league suspended|date=25 April 2019}}</ref> Additionally, the Zimbabwe Rugby Academy, the national development side which plays in the second division of the [[Currie Cup]], is largely made up of players from the city. International rugby test matches tend to be hosted at [[Harare Sports Club]], the [[Police Grounds, Harare|Police Grounds]], and at [[Hartsfield]] in [[Bulawayo]], with a particularly strong rivalry with the [[Namibia national rugby union team]]. Traditionally the city hosted tours by the [[British and Irish Lions]], [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]], and the [[New Zealand national rugby union team|All-Blacks]] on their respective tours of South Africa. However, this is no longer the case, due to the end of traditional rugby tours and the [[Zimbabwe national rugby union team]]'s decline in the international rugby rankings.<ref name="auto8">{{cite web|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/rugbys-forgetable-year/|title=Rugby's forgetable year|first=The|last=Herald|website=The Herald}}</ref> [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] was the last major country to tour Harare, visiting in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wru.wales/article/wild-times-in-zimbabwe-and-namibia/|title=Wild times in Zimbabwe and Namibia|website=Welsh Rugby Union | Wales & Regions}}</ref> |
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High school teams are generally of a high standard with [[Prince Edward School]], [[St. George's College, Harare|St. George's College]], [[St. John's College (Harare)|St. John's College]] all ranking among the country's leading teams and sending their first XV sides to compete against well-known [[South Africa]]n high schools during [[Craven Week]].<ref name="auto8"/> |
High school teams are generally of a high standard, with [[Prince Edward School]], [[St. George's College, Harare|St. George's College]], and [[St. John's College (Harare)|St. John's College]] all ranking among the country's leading teams and frequently sending their first XV sides to compete against well-known [[South Africa]]n high schools during [[Craven Week]].<ref name="auto8"/> After high school, the city's best players unfortunately tend to move on to South Africa or the United Kingdom due to a lack of professionalism and greater educational and earning opportunities abroad, thus depleting the strength of the [[rugby union in Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newframe.com/long-read-rugby-in-post-colonial-zimbabwe/|title=Long Read | Rugby in post-colonial Zimbabwe|date=11 March 2020|website=New Frame|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116102347/https://www.newframe.com/long-read-rugby-in-post-colonial-zimbabwe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Notable internationals hailing from Harare include [[Tendai Mtawarira]], [[Don Armand]], and [[Brian Mujati]], among numerous others.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/dec/01/if-you-lived-in-bitterness-you-wouldnt-enjoy-anything-exeter-chiefs-zimbabwean-rugby-union-exiles|title='If you lived in bitterness you wouldn't enjoy anything': Exeter's Zimbabwean rugby exiles|date=1 December 2017|website=The Guardian}}</ref> |
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== Media == |
== Media == |
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Harare is host to some of Zimbabwe's leading media outlets. Despite accusations of government censorship and intimidation, the city maintains a robust press, much of which is defiantly critical of the current government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/critics-decry-zimbabwes-press-freedom-failures|title=Critics Decry Zimbabwe's Press Freedom Failures | Voice of America – English|website=www.voanews.com|date=26 November 2020 }}</ref> In print media, the most famous paper |
Harare is host to some of Zimbabwe's leading media outlets. Despite accusations of government censorship and intimidation, the city maintains a robust press, much of which is defiantly critical of the current government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/press-freedom/critics-decry-zimbabwes-press-freedom-failures|title=Critics Decry Zimbabwe's Press Freedom Failures | Voice of America – English|website=www.voanews.com|date=26 November 2020 }}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=July 2024}} In print media, the most internationally-famous paper is the ''[[The Herald (Zimbabwe)|Herald]]'', the city's oldest newspaper, founded in 1893 and former paper of record prior to its purchase by the government. The paper is best noted for its heavy censorship during the [[Rhodesian Front]] government from 1962 to 1979, with many of its articles appearing as redacted — with black boxes marking the words removed by government censors — before its forced purchase.<ref name="auto20">{{cite web|url=https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/global/virtual-libraries/african_studies/countries/zimbabwe/news.html|title=Zimbabwe: Online News & the Internet | Columbia University Libraries|website=library.columbia.edu}}</ref> Today it is largely seen as little more than a government mouthpiece by residents and overwhelmingly supports the government line.<ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/africa/more-newspapers-hit-the-streets-of-harare-as-zimbabwe-media-industry-opens-up-1.517360|title=More newspapers hit the streets of Harare as Zimbabwe media industry opens up|date=1 July 2010|website=The National}}</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=July 2024}} |
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In contrast, private newspapers continue to adopt a more independent line and enjoy a |
In contrast, private newspapers continue to adopt a more independent line and enjoy a diverse and vibrant readership.{{cn|date=July 2024}} These include the [[Financial Gazette]], the financial [[paper of record]] which is nicknamed 'the Pink Press' for its tradition of printing on a pink broadsheet. Other newspapers include: the ''[[Zimbabwe Independent]]'', a [[centre-left]] newspaper and ''de facto'' [[paper of record]] noted for its investigative journalism; the ''Standard'', a centre-left Sunday paper; ''[[NewsDay (Zimbabwean newspaper)|NewsDay]]'', a left-wing tabloid; ''H-Metro'', a mass-market tabloid; the ''[[Daily News (Harare)|Daily News]]'', a [[left wing]] opposition paper; and ''Kwayedza'', the leading [[Shona language]] newspaper in Zimbabwe.<ref name="auto5"/>{{Additional citation needed|date=July 2024}} |
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Online media outlets include ZimOnline, ZimDaily, the Zimbabwe Guardian and NewZimbabwe.com amongst others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2018/01/19/muckraker-hunt-democracy-land-despotism/ |title=Muckraker: The hunt for democracy in the land of despotism - the Zimbabwe Independent |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402102309/https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2018/01/19/muckraker-hunt-democracy-land-despotism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.stanford.edu/africa-south-sahara/browse-topic/news-country/zimbabwe-news|title=Zimbabwe news|website=Stanford Libraries}}</ref><ref name="auto20"/> |
Online media outlets include ''ZimOnline'', ''ZimDaily'', the ''Zimbabwe Guardian'' and ''NewZimbabwe.com'' amongst others.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2018/01/19/muckraker-hunt-democracy-land-despotism/ |title=Muckraker: The hunt for democracy in the land of despotism - the Zimbabwe Independent |access-date=28 November 2020 |archive-date=2 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402102309/https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2018/01/19/muckraker-hunt-democracy-land-despotism/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://library.stanford.edu/africa-south-sahara/browse-topic/news-country/zimbabwe-news|title=Zimbabwe news|website=Stanford Libraries}}</ref><ref name="auto20"/> |
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=== Television and radio === |
=== Television and radio === |
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The state-owned [[ZBC TV]] maintains a monopoly on free-to-air TV channels in the city, with private broadcasters |
The state-owned [[ZBC TV]] maintains a monopoly on free-to-air TV channels in the city, with private broadcasters (such as the now-defunct Joy TV) coming and going based on the whims of the government.<ref>[http://www.theindependent.co.zw/2012/02/16/muckraker-zbc-has-taken-over-the-rbcs-mantle/ 'MuckRaker: ZBC has taken over the RBC's mantle'], ''[[Zimbabwe Independent]]'', 16 February 2012</ref> As such, many households that can afford the cost subscribe to the satellite television distributor [[DStv]] for entertainment, news, and sport from Africa and abroad. |
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In November 2021, it was announced that six new free-to-air private television stations |
In November 2021, it was announced that six new free-to-air private television stations would go live in Zimbabwe and join ZBC TV after the Broadcasting Authority of Zimbabwe issued licences, ending the 64-year monopoly enjoyed by the state-owned broadcaster. Zimpapers Television Network, a subsidiary of diversified media group Zimbabwe Newspapers Ltd, was one of the channels awarded a free-to-air television licence. The other five were NRTV, 3K TV, Kumba TV, Ke Yona TV, and Channel Dzimbahwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major milestone as six new TV stations get licences |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/major-milestone-as-six-new-tv-stations-get-licences/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-30 |title=Zimbabwe awards new TV licences, but only to regime-linked players |url=https://www.theafricareport.com/52603/zimbabwes-new-television-licenses-media-pluralism-without-diversity/ |access-date=2023-05-04 |website=The Africa Report.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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Harare is also well served by radio, with a number of the country's leading radio stations |
Harare is also well served by radio, with a number of the country's leading radio stations maintaining a presence in the city. There are currently four state-controlled Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation channels (SFM, Radio Zimbabwe, Power FM and National FM), as well as private national commercial free-to-air stations such as Star FM, Capital 100.4 FM, and ZiFM. In addition, Channel Zim (an alternative satellite channel) and [[Voice of America|VOA]] Zimbabwe both broadcast via inexpensive free-to-air decoders.<ref name="auto10">{{cite web|url=https://www.myguidezimbabwe.com/travel-articles/radio-stations-in-zimbabwe|title=Radio Stations in Zimbabwe|date=24 July 2019|website=My Guide Zimbabwe}}</ref> Eight newly licensed local commercial stations have been commissioned, but were not yet on air as of 2020.<ref name="auto10"/> |
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Commercial stations tend to show similar trends in programming, with high percentages of music, talk radio or phone-in programs and sports |
Commercial stations tend to show similar trends in programming, with high percentages of music, talk radio or phone-in programs, and sports, with only infrequent news bulletins. Despite the country's 16 official languages, virtually all broadcasts occur in English, Shona, and Ndebele.<ref name="auto10"/> |
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== Notable institutions == |
== Notable institutions == |
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== Culture == |
== Culture == |
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[[File:Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|right|350px|National Gallery of Zimbabwe]] |
[[File:Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Zimbabwe.jpg|thumb|right|350px|National Gallery of Zimbabwe]] |
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Harare has a strong cultural and artistic scene that often responds to ongoing economic and political crises, offering opportunities for satire, experimentation, and reinvention. While authors and musicians such as [[Doris Lessing]], [[Petina Gappah]] and [[Thomas Mapfumo]] have long criticized the corruption and shortcomings of the Smith and Mugabe governments, the emergence of protest and critical theatre since 2000 has invigorated the local arts scene.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africanarguments.org/2019/01/rest-in-power-oliver-mtukudzi-tuku-music-legend-pan-african-trailblazer/|title=Rest in Power: Oliver Mtukudzi, music legend and pan-African trailblazer|date=25 January 2019}}</ref> Actors, directors and artists have joined musicians and writers in criticizing political maleficence and audiences have rallied behind them, making the local theatre and art scene one of the most vibrant in the [[southern hemisphere]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.onetel.net.uk/~herbertroese/africa4.htm |title=Modern Sculptures from Zimbabwe |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=23 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123061434/http://web.onetel.net.uk/~herbertroese/africa4.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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The city is also the site of the [[Harare International Festival of the Arts]] (HIFA), which has featured such acclaimed artists as Cape Verdean singer [[Sara Tavares]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hifa.co.zw/|title=What's Next..." reflecting a sense of positive progress|publisher=hifa.co.zw|access-date=6 June 2013|archive-date=26 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626031219/http://www.hifa.co.zw/|url-status=dead}}</ref> HIFA was cancelled in 2019, and it is unclear whether it has been held in subsequent years.<ref name="machaya">{{cite web |last1=Machaya |first1=Prince |title=HIFA cancelled, organisers say Zimbabwe has other 'important issues' |url=https://www.zimlive.com/hifa-cancelled-organisers-say-zimbabwe-has-other-important-issues/ |website=Zimbabwe News Now |access-date=8 July 2024 |date=15 February 2019}}</ref> |
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Harare is home to several notable museums and monuments. The [[National Gallery of Zimbabwe]] exhibits Shona art and stone sculpture. The [[Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences]] near [[Rotten Row, Harare|Rotten Row]] documents the archaeology of [[Southern Africa]] through the Stone Age and into the Iron Age. Artifacts, newspapers, and other items from milestones in Zimbabwe's history can be found at the National Archives. The [[National Heroes' Acre (Zimbabwe)|Heroes' Acre]] is a burial ground and national monument, whose purpose is to commemorate both pro-independence fighters killed during the Rhodesian Bush War and contemporary Zimbabweans who have served their country and are buried at the site.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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Private cultural institutions include [[Chapungu Sculpture Park]] in the Msasa Park neighborhood, which displays the work of Zimbabwean stone sculptors. It was founded in 1970 by Roy Guthrie, who was instrumental in promoting the work of its sculptors worldwide.{{cn|date=July 2024}} One notable example of architecture in Harare is the [[Eastgate Centre, Harare|Eastgate Centre]], a shopping mall with an innovative design, located equidistant from Unity Square and Borrowdale. |
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Notable institutions in the city include: |
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== Green spaces == |
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* [[National Gallery of Zimbabwe]] – home to displays of Shona art and stone sculpture |
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Harare has been nicknamed Zimbabwe's "Sunshine City" for its abundant parks and outdoor amenities.<ref name="auto13">{{Cite journal|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0021909620943620?journalCode=jasa|doi=10.1177/0021909620943620| issn=0021-9096 |title=Mugabe's Urban Legacy: A Postcolonial Perspective on Urban Development in Harare, Zimbabwe|year=2020|last1=Matamanda|first1=Abraham R.|journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies|volume=56|issue=4|pages=804–817|s2cid=225530172}}</ref> There is an abundance of parks and gardens across town, many close to the CBD, with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways, and tree-lined avenues.<ref name="auto13"/>{{failed verification|date=July 2024}} Harare's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Zimbabwe's major cities.{{cn|date=July 2024}} There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs, particularly in the affluent suburbs of Borrowdale, Mount Pleasant, and Glen Lorne, located northeast of the central business district.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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* [[National Heroes Acre (Zimbabwe)|Heroes Acre]] – Heroes Acre is a burial ground and national monument whose purpose is to commemorate pro-independence fighters killed during the Rhodesian Bush War and also contemporary Zimbabweans whose service to their country justifies their burial at the site. |
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* [[Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences]] – near [[Rotten Row, Harare|Rotten Row]], documents the archaeology of [[Southern Africa]] through the Stone Age into the Iron Age. |
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* [[Chapungu Sculpture Park]] – a sculpture park in [[Msasa| Msasa Park]], which displays the work of Zimbabwean stone sculptors. It was founded in 1970 by Roy Guthrie, who was instrumental in promoting the work of its sculptors worldwide. |
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* National Archives – The second floor Gallery has a small but comprehensive display of some of the artefacts relating to Zimbabwe which are insightful for understanding its history. These include newspapers, photographs other artefacts which detail milestones in Zimbabwean history, while the display on the mezzanine floor concentrates on the first Chimurenga or Ndebele-Shona revolts of 1896–97 which puts into perspective the historical struggle for independence.<ref name="auto9">{{cite web|url=https://library.columbia.edu/libraries/global/virtual-libraries/african_studies/countries/zimbabwe/hist.html|title=Zimbabwe: Education, History, & Culture | Columbia University Libraries|website=library.columbia.edu}}</ref> |
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* The [[Eastgate Centre, Harare|Eastgate Centre]]- a pioneering and innovatively-designed shopping mall equidistant from Unity Square and Borrowdale. |
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* [[Mbare Musika]] market – the city's largest and most colourful market has a heady mix of fresh produce, local art and assorted goods. It's the curios that attract tourists here; there is a big collection of neo-traditional sculptures, wooden crafts and basketry. It is located in a poorer section of the city and pickpockets are rife, so it is best visited with a tour group.<ref name="auto18"/> |
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* The Book Cafe – a bohemian hub of literary, social and musical discussion where writers, poets, singers and other artists perform – without censorship. |
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* Reps Theatre in [[Belgravia]], hosts a diverse range of performances ranging from classical music to improvisational and experimental theatre.<ref name="auto9"/> |
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Within the city, prominent green spaces include:{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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== Green Spaces == |
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* The [[National Botanic Garden (Zimbabwe)|National Botanical Gardens]] in [[Alexandra Park, Harare|Alexandra Park]], which cultivates [[Southern African]] plants in woodland habitats such as the [[msasa]], [[miombo]], or less commonly the Cape [[fynbos]]. |
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Within the city, these include: |
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* The Royal Harare Golf Course, an 18-hole championship course set in msasa woodland that hosts the [[Zimbabwe Open]] each year as part of the [[Sunshine Tour]]. |
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* [[National Botanic Garden (Zimbabwe)|National Botanical Gardens]], also known as Zimparks Gardens, in [[Alexandra Park, Harare|Alexandra Park]], is a good place to visit for a walk or to see Zimbabwe or [[Southern African]] plants and woodland habitats such as the [[msasa]], [[miombo]] or less commonly the Cape [[fynbos]]. |
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* Cleveland Dam Recreational Park, which overlooks its namesake dam and is located in msasa woodland along the highway to [[Mutare]]. |
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* Royal Harare Golf Course – an 18-hole championship course which also hosts the Zimbabwe Open each year, part of the [[Sunshine Tour]]; the fairways are set in msasa woodland with occasional antelope feeding on the grass. |
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* Mukuvisi Woodlands, which comprises 263 hectares of indigenous [[msasa]] and miombo woodland and is home to zebras, giraffes, eland, wildebeest, ostriches, impalas, and birdlife and indigenous flora.<ref name="auto18">{{cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/zimbabwe/harare/activities/discover-the-rich-zimbabwean-culture-in-its-capital/a/pa-act/v-108185P3/355726|title=Discover The Rich Zimbabwean Culture In Its Capital | Harare, Zimbabwe Activities|website=Lonely Planet}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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* Cleveland Dam Recreational Park – on the [[Mutare]] highway (A3) magnificent msasa woodland bordering the edges of the dam and pretty views onto the Dam. We spotted cormorants, herons, a water monitor, or leguaan and vervet monkeys. Best avoided at weekends. |
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Other sites near the City of Harare include [[Lake Chivero]] Dam and [[Lake Chivero Recreational Park|Recreational Park]], Epworth's [[Balancing Rocks]], Ewanrigg Botanical Gardens, [[Domboshava]] National Monument, Lion and Cheetah Park, and Vaughn Animal Sanctuary.{{cn|date=July 2024}} |
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* Mukuvisi Woodlands – in Hillside, comprises 263 hectares of indigenous [[Msasa]] and Miombo woodland is very conveniently located for an initial introduction to Zimbabwe's game life. It hosts zebra, giraffe, eland, wildebeest, ostrich and impala, including some of their young born within woodlands, as well as a wide variety of birdlife and indigenous flora.<ref name="auto18">{{cite web|url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/zimbabwe/harare/activities/discover-the-rich-zimbabwean-culture-in-its-capital/a/pa-act/v-108185P3/355726|title=Discover The Rich Zimbabwean Culture In Its Capital | Harare, Zimbabwe Activities|website=Lonely Planet}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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Other sites outside the City of Harare, but nearby include: |
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*[[Lake Chivero]] dam and [[Lake Chivero Recreational Park|Recreational Park]] |
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* [[Epworth, Zimbabwe|Epworth]] Balancing Rocks – just south out of the city limits, is home to large extraordinary rock formations and ancient rock art friezes |
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* Ewanrigg Botanical Gardens- |
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*[[Domboshava]] National Monument |
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* Lion and Cheetah Park – although there are few cheetahs presently, if you have only a few days in Harare, or have never seen a live lion, then the Park is worth a visit as it is close to town on the Bulawayo Road (A5). |
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* Vaughn Animal Sanctuary- along Shamva and Enterprise Roads and home [[lions]], vervet monkeys and hyenas. |
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== Places of worship == |
== Places of worship == |
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Most [[places of worship]] in Harare are [[Christianity|Christian]] churches and temples.{{cn|date=July 2024}} Some of the denominations active in Harare, and their associated places of worship, include: [[Assemblies of God]], [[Baptist Convention of Zimbabwe]] ([[Baptist World Alliance]]), [[Reformed Church in Zimbabwe]] ([[World Communion of Reformed Churches]]), [[Church of the Province of Central Africa]] ([[Anglican Communion]]), [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Harare]] ([[Catholic Church]]).<ref>Britannica, |
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[https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe Zimbabwe – Places]. ''britannica.com''. Retrieved 7 July 2019.</ref> |
[https://www.britannica.com/place/Zimbabwe Zimbabwe – Places]. ''britannica.com''. Retrieved 7 July 2019.</ref> |
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==Sister cities== |
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==International relations== |
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Harare has co-operation agreements |
Harare has co-operation agreements, partnerships, or [[sister city]] agreements with the following towns:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hararecity.co.zw/index.php/twinning-arrangements|title=City of Harare – Twinning Arrangements|last=Dhedheya|first=Itai|website=City of Harare|access-date=10 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415001831/http://hararecity.co.zw/index.php/twinning-arrangements|archive-date=15 April 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} |
{{colbegin|colwidth=20em}} |
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* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], United States<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/102016971/|title=Harare newest link: Cincinnati adds sister city in Africa|last1=Pennick|first1=Faith|date=1990-08-05|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|access-date=2018-05-21|last2=Calhoun|first2=Jim}}</ref> |
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cincinnati]], United States<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/102016971/|title=Harare newest link: Cincinnati adds sister city in Africa|last1=Pennick|first1=Faith|date=1990-08-05|work=[[The Cincinnati Enquirer]]|access-date=2018-05-21|last2=Calhoun|first2=Jim}}</ref> |
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== Gallery == |
== Gallery == |
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<gallery mode="packed" heights="135px"> |
<gallery mode="packed" heights="135px"> |
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File:Harare secondst.jpg|[[Sam Nujoma Street]], |
File:Harare secondst.jpg|[[Sam Nujoma Street]], looking south |
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File:Harare anglicanchurch.JPG|[[Cathedral of St Mary and All Saints, Harare|Anglican Cathedral of St Mary and All Saints]] |
File:Harare anglicanchurch.JPG|[[Cathedral of St Mary and All Saints, Harare|Anglican Cathedral of St Mary and All Saints]] |
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File:Harare Downtown.jpg|Downtown Harare, Reserve Bank |
File:Harare Downtown.jpg|Downtown Harare, facing the Reserve Bank |
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File:First Street, Harare, Zimbabwe.jpg|First Street |
File:First Street, Harare, Zimbabwe.jpg|First Street |
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File:Harare Downtown1.jpg| |
File:Harare Downtown1.jpg|Side view of the Parliament Buildings |
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File:Eastgate Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe.jpg|Eastgate |
File:Eastgate Centre, Harare, Zimbabwe.jpg|Eastgate Centre |
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File:Heroes Acre, Harare, Zimbabwe (2).jpg|Relief at National Heroes Acre |
File:Heroes Acre, Harare, Zimbabwe (2).jpg|Relief at National Heroes' Acre |
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File:Heroes Acre, Harare, Zimbabwe (1).jpg|National Heroes Acre |
File:Heroes Acre, Harare, Zimbabwe (1).jpg|National Heroes' Acre |
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</gallery> |
</gallery> |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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{{Portal|Africa}} |
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* [[Districts of Zimbabwe]] |
* [[Districts of Zimbabwe]] |
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* [[Place names in Zimbabwe]] |
* [[Place names in Zimbabwe]] |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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* {{commons category-inline|Harare}} |
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{{Wikivoyage}} |
{{Wikivoyage}} |
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* {{commons category-inline|Harare}} |
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{{Suburbs of Harare}} |
{{Suburbs of Harare}} |
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{{List of African capitals}} |
{{List of African capitals}} |
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{{All-Africa Games Host Cities}} |
{{All-Africa Games Host Cities}} |
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{{ZW provinces}} |
{{ZW provinces}} |
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{{portalbar|Africa}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
{{Authority control}} |
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[[Category:Populated places in Harare Province]] |
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[[Category:Capitals in Africa]] |
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1890]] |
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[[Category:1890 establishments in Africa]] |
[[Category:1890 establishments in Africa]] |
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[[Category:1890 establishments in the British Empire]] |
[[Category:1890 establishments in the British Empire]] |
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[[Category:Populated places established in 1890]] |
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[[Category:Populated places in Harare Province]] |
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[[Category:Capitals in Africa]] |
Revision as of 18:25, 19 July 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2024) |
Harare | |
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Capital city and province | |
![]() Left to right, from top: Harare skyline; Jacaranda trees lining Josiah Chinamano Avenue; Old Parliament House (front) and the Anglican Cathedral (behind); downtown Harare; New Reserve Bank Tower; Heroes' Acre monument | |
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Nicknames: Sunshine City, H Town | |
Mottoes:
| |
![]() Location of Harare Province in Zimbabwe | |
Coordinates: 17°49′45″S 31°3′8″E / 17.82917°S 31.05222°E | |
Land | Simbabwe |
Province | Harare |
Gegründet | 12 September 1890 |
Incorporated (city) | 1935 |
Renamed Harare | 18 April 1982 |
Regierung | |
• Type | Mayor–council |
• Mayor | Jacob Mafume (CCC) |
• Council | Harare City Council |
Area | |
• Capital city and province | 982.3 km2 (379.3 sq mi) |
Elevation | 1,490 m (4,890 ft) |
Population (2022 census)[1] | |
• Capital city and province | 1,491,740 |
• Density | 1,500/km2 (3,900/sq mi) |
• Urban | 1,558,823 |
• Metro | 1,603,201 |
Demonym | Hararean |
Time zone | UTC+2 (CAT) |
Area code | 242 |
HDI (2018) | 0.645[4] Medium |
Dialling code 242 (or 0242 from within Zimbabwe) |
Harare (/həˈrɑːreɪ/ hə-RAR-ay),[5] formerly known as Salisbury[6] (/ˈsɔːlzbəri/ SAWLZ-bər-ee), is the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe. The city proper has an area of 982.3 km2 (379.3 sq mi), a population of 1,849,600 as of the 2022 census[7] and an estimated 2,487,209 people in its metropolitan province.[7] The city is situated in north-eastern Zimbabwe in the country's Mashonaland region. Harare is a metropolitan province which also incorporates the municipalities of Chitungwiza and Epworth.[8] The city sits on a plateau at an elevation of 1,483 metres (4,865 feet) above sea level, and its climate falls into the subtropical highland category.
The city was founded in 1890 by the Pioneer Column, a small military force of the British South Africa Company, and was named Fort Salisbury after the British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury. Company administrators demarcated the city and ran it until Southern Rhodesia achieved responsible government in 1923. Salisbury was thereafter the seat of the Southern Rhodesian (later Rhodesian) government and, between 1953 and 1963, the capital of the Central African Federation. It retained the name Salisbury until 1982 when it was renamed Harare on the second anniversary of Zimbabwe's independence from the United Kingdom. The national parliament moved out of Harare upon completion of the New Parliament of Zimbabwe in Mount Hampden in April 2022.[9]
The commercial capital of Zimbabwe, Harare, has experienced recent economic turbulence.[clarification needed] However, it remains an important centre of commerce and government, as well as finance, real estate, manufacturing, healthcare, education, art, culture, tourism, agriculture, mining and regional affairs.[10] Harare has the second-highest number of embassies in Southern Africa and serves as the location of the African headquarters of the World Health Organization, which it shares with Brazzaville.[11]
Harare has hosted multiple international conferences and events, including the 1995 All-Africa Games and the 2003 Cricket World Cup. In 2018, Harare was ranked as a Gamma World City. It is also home to Dynamos FC, the club with the most titles in Zimbabwean football.
History
Early colonial history
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Hoisting_the_flag_at_Fort_Salisbury.png/220px-Hoisting_the_flag_at_Fort_Salisbury.png)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Salisbury_in_1930.jpg/220px-Salisbury_in_1930.jpg)
The Pioneer Column, a military volunteer force of settlers organised by Cecil Rhodes, founded the city on 12 September 1890 as a fort.[12][13] They originally named the city Fort Salisbury after The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, and it subsequently became known simply as Salisbury. The Salisbury Polo Club was formed in 1896.[14] Salisbury was declared a municipality in 1897, and it became a city in 1935.[15]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Parlament_of_Zimbabwe.jpg/239px-Parlament_of_Zimbabwe.jpg)
At the time of the city's founding, its site and surroundings were poorly drained. The earliest development was on sloping ground along the left bank of a stream, in an area where the Julius Nyerere Way industrial road runs today. The first area to be fully drained was near the head of the stream and was named Causeway. Causeway is now the site of many important government buildings, including the Senate House and the Office of the Prime Minister. After the position was abolished in January 1988, the office was renamed for the use of the President .[16]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/1970s_Jameson_Avenue%2C_Salisbury%2C_Rhodesia_6875739032.jpg/220px-1970s_Jameson_Avenue%2C_Salisbury%2C_Rhodesia_6875739032.jpg)
Salisbury was the seat of the British South Africa Company administrator and became capital of the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923.[citation needed]
Post-war period
In the immediate aftermath of the Second World War, Salisbury expanded rapidly, boosted by its designation as the capital of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. This growth ushered in a wave of liberalism, investment and developmentalism from 1953 to 1963, transforming the city's skyline in the process.[17] This was accompanied by significant post-war immigration by White people, primarily from Great Britain, Southern Africa and, to a lesser extent, Southern Europe.[citation needed] The rapid rise of motor vehicle ownership and the investment in road development greatly accelerated the outward sprawl of suburbs such as Alexandra Park and Mount Pleasant. At the same time, mostly black suburbs like Highfield suffered from overcrowding as their populations boomed.[citation needed]
The optimism and prosperity of this period proved to be short-lived, as the Federation collapsed, which hindered the city's prosperity.[17][additional citation(s) needed]
1960s and 1970s
![]() | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2024) |
The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was dissolved in 1963. Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front government declared Rhodesia independent from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965, with Salisbury retained as the capital. Smith's Rhodesia later became the short-lived state of Zimbabwe Rhodesia; it was not until 18 April 1980 that the country was internationally recognised as independent as the Republic of Zimbabwe.[citation needed]
Post-independence years
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Reserve_Bank_of_Zimbabwe_N.png/220px-Reserve_Bank_of_Zimbabwe_N.png)
The city initially boomed under a wave of optimism and investment that followed the country's independence in 1980. The name of the city was changed to Harare on 18 April 1982, the second anniversary of Zimbabwean independence, taking its name from the village near Harare Kopje of the Shona chief Neharawa, whose nickname was "he who does not sleep".[18] Before independence, "Harare" was the name of the black residential area now known as Mbare.[citation needed]
Significant investment in education and healthcare produced a confident and growing middle class, evidenced by the rise of firms such as Econet Global and innovative design and architecture, exemplified by the Eastgate Centre. A notable symbol of this era in Harare's history is the New Reserve Bank Tower, one of the city's major landmarks.[citation needed]
Harare was the location of several international summits during this period, such as the 8th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement in September 1986 and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1991.[19] The latter produced the Harare Declaration, dictating the membership criteria of the Commonwealth. In 1998, Harare was the host city of the 8th Assembly of the World Council of Churches.[20]
However, by 1992, Harare began to experience an economic downturn and the government responded by enacting neoliberal reforms. These policies provoked a boom in banking, finance and agriculture, but also led to significant job losses in manufacturing, thereby greatly increasing unemployment and income inequality. Domestic firms struggled to compete with foreign imports, leading to the collapse of several institutions, particularly in the textile industry.[17]
Economic difficulties and hyperinflation (1999–2008)
In the early 21st century, Harare was adversely affected by the political and economic crises that plagued Zimbabwe, particularly following the contested 2002 presidential election and 2005 parliamentary elections. The elected council was replaced by a government-appointed commission due to alleged inefficiency.[citation needed] Still, essential services such as rubbish collection and street repairs rapidly worsened, and are now virtually non-existent in poorer parts of the city.[citation needed] In May 2006, Zimbabwean newspaper Financial Gazette described the city in an editorial as a "sunshine city-turned-sewage farm".[21] In 2009, Harare was voted the world's toughest city to live in according to the Economist Intelligence Unit's livability poll, which factors in stability, healthcare, culture and environment, education, and infrastructure.[22] The situation was unchanged in 2011, according to the same poll.[23]
Operation Murambatsvina
In May 2005, the Zimbabwean government demolished shanties, illegal vending sites, and backyard cottages in Harare, Epworth and other cities in Operation Murambatsvina[24] ("Drive Out Trash"). It was widely alleged[weasel words] that the true purpose of the campaign was to make sure shantie towns would not develop in any urban areas that might favor the Movement for Democratic Change, and to reduce the likelihood of mass action against the government by driving people out of the cities.[citation needed] The government claimed its actions were necessitated by a rise of criminality and disease.[citation needed] This was followed by Operation Garikayi/Hlalani Kuhle (Operation "Better Living") a year later, which consisted of building poor-quality concrete housing.[citation needed]
Economic uncertainty
In late March 2010, Harare's Joina City Tower was finally opened after fourteen years of delayed construction, marketed as 'Harare's New Pride'.[25] Initially, uptake of space in the tower was low, with office occupancy at only 3% in October 2011.[26] By May 2013, office occupancy had risen to around half, with all the retail space occupied.[27][relevant?]
The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Harare as the world's least livable city (out of 140 surveyed) in February 2011,[28] rising to 137th out of 140 in August 2012.[29]
In March 2015, Harare City Council planned a two-year project to install 4,000 solar street lights, starting in the central business district, at a cost of $15,000,000.[30]
In November 2017, the biggest demonstration in the history of the Republic of Zimbabwe was held in Harare, which led to the forced resignation of the long-serving 93-year-old President of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, an event which was part of the first successful coup in Zimbabwe.[31][32]
Contemporary Harare
Since 2000, Harare has experienced periods of spectacular decline, particularly in the 2000s, but since the Great Recession it has stabilised and experienced significant population growth and uneven economic growth.[citation needed][clarification needed] There has nonetheless been substantial international investment and speculation in the city's financial and property markets. Development on the urban fringes of the city has occurred in areas such as Borrowdale, Glen Lorne, The Grange, Mount Pleasant Heights, as well as in the new suburbs of Hogerty Hill, Shawasha Hills, Bloomingdale and Westlea. Urban sprawl has also expanded into the nearby areas of Mount Hampden, Ruwa and Norton.[33] In addition, inner city areas such as Avondale, Eastlea, Belgravia, Newlands and Milton Park have seen increased gentrification driven by speculation from expat Zimbabweans. This speculation has also attracted other foreign buyers, resulting in high property prices and widespread rent increases.[34] Harare sustained the highest population increase and urban development of any major Zimbabwean city since 2000, with other cities such as Bulawayo, Gweru, and Mutare largely stagnating during the same period.[35]
Beginning in 2006, the city's growth extended into its northern and western fringes, beyond the city's urban growth boundary. Predictions that by 2025 the metropolitan area population will reach 4 to 5 million have sparked concerns over unchecked sprawl and unregulated development.[36][needs update] The concentration of real estate development in Harare has also come at the expense of other Zimbabwean cities such as Gweru and particularly Bulawayo, which is increasingly characterized by stagnation and high unemployment due to the collapse of many of its heavy industries. Today, Harare's property market remains highly priced, more so than regional cities such as Johannesburg and Cape Town.[citation needed] The top end of the market is completely dominated by wealthy or dual-citizen Zimbabweans (see Zimbabwean diaspora and Zimbabweans in the United Kingdom), Chinese and South African buyers.[33][36] Despite gentrification and speculation, the country's and city's unemployment rates remain high.[citation needed]
In 2020, Harare was classified as a Gamma city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[37]
Demographics
As of 2012, Harare has a population of 2,123,132.[1] Over 90% of people in Harare are Shona-speaking people of African descent. Harare is also home to many Ndebele and Kalanga people as well. Roughly 25,000 white Zimbabweans also live in the Harare metro area.[38]
Geography
Topography
The city sits on one of the higher parts of the Highveld plateau of Zimbabwe at an elevation of 1,483 metres (4,865 feet). The original landscape could be described as a "parkland"[39] or wild place. The soils of Harare are varied: the northern and central areas largely have reddish brown, granular clay; some of the southern parts have gray-brown sand over pale, loamy sand or sandy loam.[40]
Suburbs
The City of Harare is divided into suburbs, outside of which are independent municipalities such as Epworth, Mount Hampden, Norton, Ruwa, and Chitungwiza, which are still located within the greater metropolitan province.[41]
The central business district of Harare is characterized by wide streets and a mix of historic, post-war, and modern buildings. Downtown sights include the Kopje Africa Unity Square, the Harare Gardens, the National Gallery, the August House parliamentary buildings, and the National Archives. Causeway, a road and sub-neighbourhood of central Harare, is a busy workaday area that acts as the city's "embassy row" (along with Belgravia to the north-east) in which numerous embassies, diplomatic missions, research institutes, and other international organizations are concentrated.[42] Additionally, many government ministries and museums, such as the Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences, are located here.[43]
Rotten Row is a sub-district of downtown Harare that begins at the intersection of Prince Edward Street and Samora Machel Avenue and runs to the flyover where it borders Mbare on Cripps Road.[44] Rotten Row was named after a road in London of the same name. The name "Rotten Row" is an altered form of the French phrase "Route du Roi," the King's Road.[45] It is known as Harare's legal district, home to the Harare Magistrate's Court, the city's central library, and the ZANU-PF building, along with numerous law offices.[44] The neighbourhood also lends its name to the eponymous book by Petina Gappah published in 2016.[46]
The northern and north-eastern suburbs of Harare are generally home to its more affluent residents, including former president Robert Mugabe, who lived in Borrowdale Brooke.[47] These northern suburbs are often referred to as "dales" because of the common suffix "-dale" found in some suburbs such as Avondale, Greendale, and Borrowdale.[citation needed] The dwellings are mostly low-density homes of 3 bedrooms or more, and these are usually occupied by families.[citation needed] Borrowdale in particular is home to some of the most extensive real estate developments in the city.[48] The north-western suburb of Emerald Hill is named so either due to the green colour of the tree-covered hill or its Irish connections — many of the roads in the suburb have Irish names, such as Dublin, Belfast, Wicklow, and Cork.[48]
To the east of Harare's city center, notable suburbs include Arcadia, Newlands, Arlington, and others. Newlands was named by Colin Duff, Zimbabwe's agricultural secretary in the 1920s. Arlington is a newer suburb adjacent to Harare International Airport and was previously owned by William Harvey Brown, a former mayor of Salisbury. Brown was originally from Iowa and joined the occupying British South Africa Company forces in the 1890s to collect specimens for the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C.[48]
The southern portions of Harare have historically been more industrial areas, often home to most of its African population as well as some lower-class European-descended populations.[49] Willowvale, is perhaps best known for the 1988 Willowgate scandal, which implicated several members of the ZANU-PF party in a scheme where automobiles were illegally resold by various government officials.[citation needed] Harare's south-west also contains many high-density townships, which were set up by the government from the 1930s onwards. For example, Highfield, established in 1930, is the second-oldest high-density suburb in Harare. Highfield was created as a place for black workers to settle, providing labor for the industrial areas of Southerton and Workington.[48]
Climate
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jacaranda_trees_in_Montagu_Ave%2C_Harare%2C_Zimbabwe_in_1975.jpg/220px-Jacaranda_trees_in_Montagu_Ave%2C_Harare%2C_Zimbabwe_in_1975.jpg)
Under the Köppen climate classification, Harare has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb), an oceanic climate variety. Because the city is situated on a plateau, its high altitude and cool south-easterly airflow cause it to have a climate that is cooler and drier than a tropical or subtropical climate.
The average annual temperature is 17.95 °C (64.3 °F), rather low for the tropics. This is due to its high altitude position and the prevalence of cool south-easterly airflow.[50]
There are three main seasons: a warm, wet summer from November to March/April; a cool, dry winter from May to August (corresponding to winter in the Southern Hemisphere); and a warm to hot, dry season in September/October. Daily temperature ranges are about 7–22 °C (45–72 °F) in July (the coldest month), about 15–29 °C (59–84 °F) in October (the hottest month) and about 16–26 °C (61–79 °F) in January (midsummer). The hottest year on record was 1914 with 19.73 °C (67.5 °F) and the coldest year was 1965 with 17.13 °C (62.8 °F).
The average annual rainfall is about 825 mm (32.5 in) in the southwest, rising to 855 mm (33.7 in) on the higher land of the northeast (from around Borrowdale to Glen Lorne). Very little rain typically falls during the period of May to September, although sporadic showers occur most years. Rainfall varies a great deal from year to year and follows cycles of wet and dry periods from 7 to 10 years long. Records begin in October 1890 but all three Harare stations stopped reporting in early 2004.[51]
The climate supports the natural vegetation of open woodland. The most common tree of the local region is the msasa or Brachystegia spiciformis whose wine-red leaves are most visible in the city in late August. Two introduced species of trees, the jacaranda and the flamboyant from South America and Madagascar respectively, were introduced during the colonial era and contribute to the city's colour palette with their lilac and red blossoms. The two species flower in October/November and are planted on alternating streets in the capital. Bougainvillea is prevalent in Harare as well. Some trees from Northern Hemisphere middle latitudes are also cultivated, including American sweetgum, English oak, Japanese oak and Spanish oak.[52]
Climate data for Harare (1961–1990, extremes 1897–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 33.9 (93.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
30.0 (86.0) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.8 (83.8) |
31.0 (87.8) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
35.3 (95.5) |
33.5 (92.3) |
36.7 (98.1) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 26.2 (79.2) |
26.0 (78.8) |
26.2 (79.2) |
25.6 (78.1) |
23.8 (74.8) |
21.8 (71.2) |
21.6 (70.9) |
24.1 (75.4) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
27.6 (81.7) |
26.3 (79.3) |
25.5 (77.9) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.0 (69.8) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.3 (68.5) |
18.8 (65.8) |
16.1 (61.0) |
13.7 (56.7) |
13.4 (56.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
18.6 (65.5) |
20.8 (69.4) |
21.2 (70.2) |
20.9 (69.6) |
18.4 (65.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 15.8 (60.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
14.5 (58.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
9.3 (48.7) |
6.8 (44.2) |
6.5 (43.7) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.7 (53.1) |
14.5 (58.1) |
15.5 (59.9) |
15.8 (60.4) |
12.3 (54.1) |
Record low °C (°F) | 9.6 (49.3) |
8.0 (46.4) |
7.5 (45.5) |
4.7 (40.5) |
2.8 (37.0) |
0.1 (32.2) |
0.1 (32.2) |
1.1 (34.0) |
4.1 (39.4) |
5.1 (41.2) |
6.1 (43.0) |
10.0 (50.0) |
0.1 (32.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 190.8 (7.51) |
176.3 (6.94) |
99.1 (3.90) |
37.2 (1.46) |
7.4 (0.29) |
1.8 (0.07) |
2.3 (0.09) |
2.9 (0.11) |
6.5 (0.26) |
40.4 (1.59) |
93.2 (3.67) |
182.7 (7.19) |
840.6 (33.09) |
Average precipitation days | 17 | 14 | 10 | 5 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 | 10 | 16 | 82 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 77 | 72 | 67 | 62 | 60 | 55 | 50 | 45 | 48 | 63 | 73 | 62 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 217.0 | 190.4 | 232.5 | 249.0 | 269.7 | 264.0 | 279.0 | 300.7 | 294.0 | 285.2 | 231.0 | 198.4 | 3,010.9 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 7.0 | 6.8 | 7.5 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 8.8 | 9.0 | 9.7 | 9.8 | 9.2 | 7.7 | 6.4 | 8.2 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[53] NOAA (sun and mean temperature, 1961–1990),[54] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1954–1975),[55] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[56] |
Economy
![]() | This section may be unbalanced towards certain viewpoints. (July 2024) |
Harare is Zimbabwe's leading financial, commercial, and communications centre, as well as an international trade centre for tobacco, maize, cotton, and citrus fruits.[citation needed] Manufacturing of products including textiles, steel, and chemicals is also economically significant, as is the trade of precious minerals such as gold, diamonds and platinum.[citation needed] Early investor optimism following the inauguration of the Mnangagwa government in 2017 has since largely subsided due to the slow pace of reforms aimed at making Harare and Zimbabwe more business-firnedly.[57] The economy suffered high inflation and frequent power outages in 2019, which further hampered investment, and the poor implementation of adequate monetary reforms alongside deficit reduction attempts had a similar effect.[citation needed] Although the government has repeatedly stressed its commitments to improving transparency, increasing the ease of doing business, and fighting corruption, progress remains limited under the Mnangagwa administration.[57]
Harare experienced a real estate boom in the 2000s and early 2010s, particularly in the wealthy northern suburbs, with prices rising dramatically over the last decade despite challenges in other sectors of the economy.[58] This boom was largely fueled by members of the Zimbabwean diaspora and by speculation, with investors hedging against the local currency.[58][33] However, the once-growing market began to cool off due to a 2019 hike in interest rates and the economic fallout from the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving a number of projects unfinished.[59]
Another challenge to Harare's economy is the persistent emigration of highly educated and skilled residents to the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand, largely due to the economic downturn and political unrest.[60] The city's brain drain, almost unprecedented compared to other emerging markets,[citation needed] has led to declining numbers of local entrepreneurs, an overstretched and declining middle class, and a dearth of employment opportunities outside the informal and public sector.[60] In addition, the city's working-class residents are increasingly moving to nearby South Africa and Botswana, though they are readily replaced by less well-off rural migrants.[61] However, despite over a decade of neglect, the city's infrastructure and human capital still compares favourably with cities in other parts of Africa and Latin America.[citation needed] It remains to be seen whether the current government can entice its diverse and well-educated Zimbabwean diaspora, numbering some 4 to 7 million people, to invest in the economy, let alone consider returning.[62][60][63]
Shopping and retail
Locally produced art, handicrafts and souvenirs can be purchased at locations including Doon Estate, Uwminsdale, Avondale Market and Mbare Musika. Msasa Park and Umwinsdale in particular host a number of galleries that produce high-quality Shona soapstone sculptures and textiles, such as Patrick Mavros Studios, which has another gallery in Knightsbridge, London.[64] International brands are generally less common in Harare than in European cities. However, conventional and luxury shopping can be found on Fife Avenue, Sam Nujoma (Union) Avenue, Arundel Village, Avondale, Borrowdale, Eastgate and Westgate.[65] Virtually all luxury shopping is concentrated in the wealthier northern suburbs, particularly Borrowdale.
Transport
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Harare_International_Airport.jpg/220px-Harare_International_Airport.jpg)
Harare is a relatively young city, mostly growing during the country's post-Federation and post-independence booms. It was also segregated along racial and class lines until 1976. As a result, Harare today is a mostly low-density urban area geared towards private motorists, lacking a convenient public transportation system.[66] Very little investment has been made to develop an effective and integrated public transportation system, leaving a significant number of the city's residents dependent on the city's informal minibus taxis.[66] The rise of local ridesharing apps such as GTaxi and Hwindi has partly eased pressure on the city's transportation system, but such rides are still too expensive for most working people to use.[67] In addition, bus services are also available but they are mostly geared towards intercity travel and recreation than journeys within Harare itself.
The city's public transport system includes public and private sector operations. The former consists of ZUPCO buses. Privately owned public transport included licensed station wagons (nicknamed 'emergency taxis') until 1993, when the government began to replace them with licensed buses and minibuses, referred to officially as 'commuter omnibuses'.[68] Harare has two kinds of taxis, metered taxis and the much more ubiquitous share taxis or 'kombis'. Unlike many other cities, metered taxis generally do not drive around the city looking for passengers and instead must be called and ordered to a destination. The minibus "taxis" are the de facto day-to-day form of transport relied upon by the majority of Harare's population.[69]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Harare_Central_Station.jpg/220px-Harare_Central_Station.jpg)
As of May 2023, Harare is not served by any passenger rail service. The National Railways of Zimbabwe previously operated daily overnight passenger train services to Mutare and Bulawayo using the Beira–Bulawayo railway.[70] Long-distance rail service was suspended in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and has not been restarted. Between 2001 and 2006, three commuter rail routes operated in Harare, serving Tynwald, Mufakose and Ruwa. These commuter rail routes, nicknamed 'Freedom Trains', were reintroduced in 2021, but were suspended again in November 2022 due to payment disputes with ZUPCO.[71]
Long-distance bus services link Harare to most parts of Zimbabwe.[citation needed]
The city is crossed by Transafrican Highway 9 (TAH 9), which connects it to the cities of Lusaka and Beira.
The largest airport in Zimbabwe, the Robert Gabriel Mugabe International Airport, serves Harare.
Bildung
The University of Zimbabwe is located in Harare. Founded in 1952, the university is the country's oldest and largest, offering a wide range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The student population stands at 20,399, with 17,718 undergraduate students and 2,681 postgraduate students.[72]
Sports
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/2018-10-17_Boxing_lightweight_Boys%27_%E2%80%9360_kg_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Victory_ceremony_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_2.jpg/220px-2018-10-17_Boxing_lightweight_Boys%27_%E2%80%9360_kg_at_2018_Summer_Youth_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Victory_ceremony_%28Martin_Rulsch%29_2.jpg)
Harare has long been regarded as Zimbabwe's sporting capital due to its role in developing Zimbabwean sport, the range and quality of its sporting events and venues, and its high rates of spectatorship and participation.[73] The city is also home to more professional sports teams competing at the national and international levels than any other Zimbabwean city. Football is the most popular sport in Harare, particularly among lower-class residents, with the city producing many footballers who have gone on to play in the English Premier League and elsewhere.[citation needed] Cricket and rugby are also popular sports with those from middle-class backgrounds.[citation needed]
In 1995, Harare hosted most of the sixth All-Africa Games, sharing the event with other Zimbabwean cities such as Bulawayo and Chitungwiza. It hosted some of the matches of 2003 Cricket World Cup, which was hosted jointly by Kenya, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Harare also hosted the ICC Cricket 2018 World Cup Qualifier matches in March 2018.[74]
Harare is home to Harare Sports Club Ground, which hosts many Test, One Day Internationals and T20I Cricket matches. The Zimbabwe Premier Soccer League clubs of Dynamos F.C., Black Rhinos F.C., and CAPS United F.C. also call the city home.[75] Harare's main stadiums are National Sports Stadium and Rufaro Stadium.
Popular teams
This section needs additional citations for verification. (July 2024) |
The following table shows the major sports teams in the Harare area.
Club | Sport | League | Gegründet | Venue | Capacity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dynamos F.C. | Association football | ZPSL | 1963[a] | Rufaro Stadium (Mbare, Harare) |
40,00 |
CAPS United F.C. | Association football | ZPSL | 1973[a] | National Sports Stadium (Harare) |
60,000 |
Old Georgians | Rugby Union | SSRL | 1926[a] | Harare Sports Club | 10,000 |
Old Hararians | Rugby Union | SSRL | 1898[a] | Harare Sports Club | 10,000 |
Black Rhinos F.C. | Association football | ZPSL | 1983 | Figaro Stadium | 17,544 |
Mashonaland Eagles | Cricket | Logan Cup | 2009[a] | Harare Sports club | 10,000 |
Old Miltonians | Rugby Union | SSRL | 1910[a] | Harare Sports Club | 10,000 |
Football and cricket
The main football stadiums in Harare are the National Sports Stadium and Rufaro Stadium.
Virtually all first-class and international cricket matches are hosted at Harare Sports Club, with most domestic tours occurring in spring and summer. This city is also home to the Mashonaland Eagles in the domestic Logan Cup tournament. The Eagles are coached by renowned former Zimbabwe national cricket team batsman Grant Flower.[76] The team are one of the country's strongest sides and last won the Logan Cup in the 2022-23 Logan Cup season.[77]
Rugby
Harare is also the heartland of rugby union in Zimbabwe, rivalling Windhoek in Namibia as the strongest rugby region in Africa beyond South Africa.[citation needed] The governing Rhodesia Rugby Football Union was founded in Harare in 1895 and became the Zimbabwe Rugby Union in 1980. The union and national sides are based in the northern suburb of Alexandra Park.[78] Harare is home to four of the country's national Super Six Rugby League (SSRL) clubs: Harare Sports Club, Old Georgians, Old Hararians and Old Miltonians.[79] Additionally, the Zimbabwe Rugby Academy, the national development side which plays in the second division of the Currie Cup, is largely made up of players from the city. International rugby test matches tend to be hosted at Harare Sports Club, the Police Grounds, and at Hartsfield in Bulawayo, with a particularly strong rivalry with the Namibia national rugby union team. Traditionally the city hosted tours by the British and Irish Lions, Argentina, and the All-Blacks on their respective tours of South Africa. However, this is no longer the case, due to the end of traditional rugby tours and the Zimbabwe national rugby union team's decline in the international rugby rankings.[80] Wales was the last major country to tour Harare, visiting in 1993.[81]
High school teams are generally of a high standard, with Prince Edward School, St. George's College, and St. John's College all ranking among the country's leading teams and frequently sending their first XV sides to compete against well-known South African high schools during Craven Week.[80] After high school, the city's best players unfortunately tend to move on to South Africa or the United Kingdom due to a lack of professionalism and greater educational and earning opportunities abroad, thus depleting the strength of the rugby union in Zimbabwe.[82] Notable internationals hailing from Harare include Tendai Mtawarira, Don Armand, and Brian Mujati, among numerous others.[83]
Media
Harare is host to some of Zimbabwe's leading media outlets. Despite accusations of government censorship and intimidation, the city maintains a robust press, much of which is defiantly critical of the current government.[84][additional citation(s) needed] In print media, the most internationally-famous paper is the Herald, the city's oldest newspaper, founded in 1893 and former paper of record prior to its purchase by the government. The paper is best noted for its heavy censorship during the Rhodesian Front government from 1962 to 1979, with many of its articles appearing as redacted — with black boxes marking the words removed by government censors — before its forced purchase.[85] Today it is largely seen as little more than a government mouthpiece by residents and overwhelmingly supports the government line.[86][additional citation(s) needed]
In contrast, private newspapers continue to adopt a more independent line and enjoy a diverse and vibrant readership.[citation needed] These include the Financial Gazette, the financial paper of record which is nicknamed 'the Pink Press' for its tradition of printing on a pink broadsheet. Other newspapers include: the Zimbabwe Independent, a centre-left newspaper and de facto paper of record noted for its investigative journalism; the Standard, a centre-left Sunday paper; NewsDay, a left-wing tabloid; H-Metro, a mass-market tabloid; the Daily News, a left wing opposition paper; and Kwayedza, the leading Shona language newspaper in Zimbabwe.[86][additional citation(s) needed]
Online media outlets include ZimOnline, ZimDaily, the Zimbabwe Guardian and NewZimbabwe.com amongst others.[87][88][85]
Television and radio
The state-owned ZBC TV maintains a monopoly on free-to-air TV channels in the city, with private broadcasters (such as the now-defunct Joy TV) coming and going based on the whims of the government.[89] As such, many households that can afford the cost subscribe to the satellite television distributor DStv for entertainment, news, and sport from Africa and abroad.
In November 2021, it was announced that six new free-to-air private television stations would go live in Zimbabwe and join ZBC TV after the Broadcasting Authority of Zimbabwe issued licences, ending the 64-year monopoly enjoyed by the state-owned broadcaster. Zimpapers Television Network, a subsidiary of diversified media group Zimbabwe Newspapers Ltd, was one of the channels awarded a free-to-air television licence. The other five were NRTV, 3K TV, Kumba TV, Ke Yona TV, and Channel Dzimbahwe.[90][91]
Harare is also well served by radio, with a number of the country's leading radio stations maintaining a presence in the city. There are currently four state-controlled Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation channels (SFM, Radio Zimbabwe, Power FM and National FM), as well as private national commercial free-to-air stations such as Star FM, Capital 100.4 FM, and ZiFM. In addition, Channel Zim (an alternative satellite channel) and VOA Zimbabwe both broadcast via inexpensive free-to-air decoders.[92] Eight newly licensed local commercial stations have been commissioned, but were not yet on air as of 2020.[92]
Commercial stations tend to show similar trends in programming, with high percentages of music, talk radio or phone-in programs, and sports, with only infrequent news bulletins. Despite the country's 16 official languages, virtually all broadcasts occur in English, Shona, and Ndebele.[92]
Notable institutions
Culture
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Zimbabwe.jpg/350px-Entrance_to_the_National_Gallery_of_Zimbabwe.jpg)
Harare has a strong cultural and artistic scene that often responds to ongoing economic and political crises, offering opportunities for satire, experimentation, and reinvention. While authors and musicians such as Doris Lessing, Petina Gappah and Thomas Mapfumo have long criticized the corruption and shortcomings of the Smith and Mugabe governments, the emergence of protest and critical theatre since 2000 has invigorated the local arts scene.[93] Actors, directors and artists have joined musicians and writers in criticizing political maleficence and audiences have rallied behind them, making the local theatre and art scene one of the most vibrant in the southern hemisphere.[94]
The city is also the site of the Harare International Festival of the Arts (HIFA), which has featured such acclaimed artists as Cape Verdean singer Sara Tavares.[95] HIFA was cancelled in 2019, and it is unclear whether it has been held in subsequent years.[96]
Harare is home to several notable museums and monuments. The National Gallery of Zimbabwe exhibits Shona art and stone sculpture. The Zimbabwe Museum of Human Sciences near Rotten Row documents the archaeology of Southern Africa through the Stone Age and into the Iron Age. Artifacts, newspapers, and other items from milestones in Zimbabwe's history can be found at the National Archives. The Heroes' Acre is a burial ground and national monument, whose purpose is to commemorate both pro-independence fighters killed during the Rhodesian Bush War and contemporary Zimbabweans who have served their country and are buried at the site.[citation needed]
Private cultural institutions include Chapungu Sculpture Park in the Msasa Park neighborhood, which displays the work of Zimbabwean stone sculptors. It was founded in 1970 by Roy Guthrie, who was instrumental in promoting the work of its sculptors worldwide.[citation needed] One notable example of architecture in Harare is the Eastgate Centre, a shopping mall with an innovative design, located equidistant from Unity Square and Borrowdale.
Green spaces
Harare has been nicknamed Zimbabwe's "Sunshine City" for its abundant parks and outdoor amenities.[41] There is an abundance of parks and gardens across town, many close to the CBD, with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways, and tree-lined avenues.[41][failed verification] Harare's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Zimbabwe's major cities.[citation needed] There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs, particularly in the affluent suburbs of Borrowdale, Mount Pleasant, and Glen Lorne, located northeast of the central business district.[citation needed]
Within the city, prominent green spaces include:[citation needed]
- The National Botanical Gardens in Alexandra Park, which cultivates Southern African plants in woodland habitats such as the msasa, miombo, or less commonly the Cape fynbos.
- The Royal Harare Golf Course, an 18-hole championship course set in msasa woodland that hosts the Zimbabwe Open each year as part of the Sunshine Tour.
- Cleveland Dam Recreational Park, which overlooks its namesake dam and is located in msasa woodland along the highway to Mutare.
- Mukuvisi Woodlands, which comprises 263 hectares of indigenous msasa and miombo woodland and is home to zebras, giraffes, eland, wildebeest, ostriches, impalas, and birdlife and indigenous flora.[97]
Other sites near the City of Harare include Lake Chivero Dam and Recreational Park, Epworth's Balancing Rocks, Ewanrigg Botanical Gardens, Domboshava National Monument, Lion and Cheetah Park, and Vaughn Animal Sanctuary.[citation needed]
Places of worship
Most places of worship in Harare are Christian churches and temples.[citation needed] Some of the denominations active in Harare, and their associated places of worship, include: Assemblies of God, Baptist Convention of Zimbabwe (Baptist World Alliance), Reformed Church in Zimbabwe (World Communion of Reformed Churches), Church of the Province of Central Africa (Anglican Communion), Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Harare (Catholic Church).[98]
Sister cities
Harare has co-operation agreements, partnerships, or sister city agreements with the following towns:[99]
Cincinnati, United States[100]
Guangzhou, China[101]
Kazan, Russia
Lago, Italy
Maputo, Mozambique[102]
Munich, Germany
Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand
Nottingham, United Kingdom
Prato, Italy
Windhoek, Namibia
Gallery
-
Sam Nujoma Street, looking south
-
Downtown Harare, facing the Reserve Bank
-
First Street
-
Side view of the Parliament Buildings
-
Eastgate Centre
-
Relief at National Heroes' Acre
-
National Heroes' Acre
See also
References
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Bibliography
External links
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