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{{short description|Historic site in Algeria}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=May 2021}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Citations are not properly formatted and statements need clarification and more verification.|date=July 2021}}}}
{{Cleanup|reason=Citations are not properly formatted and statements need clarification and more verification.|date=July 2021}}}}
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| designation1_criteria = iii
| designation1_criteria = iii
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_type = Cultural
| designation1_free1name = State Party
| designation1_free1name = Region
| designation1_free1value = Algeria
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Arab States]]
|architectural_styles=[[Moorish architecture|Western Islamic]]}}
| designation1_free2name = Region
| designation1_free2value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States|Arab States]]
}}


'''Qal'at Bani Hammad''' ({{lang-ar|قلعة بني حماد}}),<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&dq=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture+bani+hammad&pg=PA102|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=M. Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan|location=|pages=|chapter=Qal῾at Bani Hammad|editor-last2=S. Blair|editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Whitcomb|first=Donald|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|publisher=Brill|year=|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|location=|pages=|chapter=Archaeology|journal=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|issn=1873-9830|editor-last2=Krämer|editor-first2=Gudrun|editor-last3=Matringe|editor-first3=Denis|editor-last4=Nawas|editor-first4=John|editor-last5=Rowson|editor-first5=Everett}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Arnold|first=Felix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1|title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780190624552|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Clifford Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&q=new+islamic+dynasties|title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780748696482|location=|pages=}}</ref> also known as '''Qal'a Bani Hammad''' or '''Qal'at of the Beni Hammad''' (among other variants),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&dq=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1800&pg=PP1|title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780300218701|location=|pages=}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC&pg=PP1 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 |last2=Grabar |first2=Oleg |last3=Jenkins-Madina |first3=Marilyn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780300088670 |edition=2nd |pages=189}}</ref>''' is a fortified palatine city in [[Algeria]]. Now in ruins, in the 11th century, it served as the first capital of the [[Hammadid]] dynasty. It is in the [[Hodna Mountains]] northeast of [[M'Sila]], at an elevation of {{convert|1418|m|ft}}, and receives abundant water from the surrounding mountains. The site is near the town of [[Maadid]] (aka Maadhid), about {{convert|225|km|mi}} southeast of [[Algiers]], in the [[Maghreb]].
'''Qal'at Bani Hammad''' ({{lang-ar|قلعة بني حماد}}),<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture|publisher=Oxford University Press|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&dq=The+Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+and+Architecture+bani+hammad&pg=PA102|year=2009|isbn=9780195309911|editor-last=M. Bloom|editor-first=Jonathan|location=|pages=|chapter=Qal῾at Bani Hammad|editor-last2=S. Blair|editor-first2=Sheila}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Whitcomb|first=Donald|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three|publisher=Brill|year=|editor-last=Fleet|editor-first=Kate|location=|pages=|chapter=Archaeology|journal=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|issn=1873-9830|editor-last2=Krämer|editor-first2=Gudrun|editor-last3=Matringe|editor-first3=Denis|editor-last4=Nawas|editor-first4=John|editor-last5=Rowson|editor-first5=Everett}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Arnold|first=Felix|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1|title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=9780190624552|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bosworth|first=Clifford Edmund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mKpz_2CkoWEC&q=new+islamic+dynasties|title=The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2004|isbn=9780748696482|location=|pages=}}</ref> also known as '''Qal'a Bani Hammad''' or '''Qal'at of the Beni Hammad''' (among other variants),<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bloom|first=Jonathan M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&dq=Architecture+of+the+Islamic+West%3A+North+Africa+and+the+Iberian+Peninsula%2C+700-1800&pg=PP1|title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2020|isbn=9780300218701|location=|pages=}}</ref>'''<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ettinghausen |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l1uWZAzN_VcC&pg=PP1 |title=Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 |last2=Grabar |first2=Oleg |last3=Jenkins-Madina |first3=Marilyn |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2001 |isbn=9780300088670 |edition=2nd |pages=189}}</ref>''' is a fortified palatine city in [[Algeria]]. Now in ruins, in the 11th century, it served as the first capital of the [[Hammadid]] dynasty. It is in the [[Hodna Mountains]] northeast of [[M'Sila]], at an elevation of {{convert|1418|m|ft}}, and receives abundant water from the surrounding mountains. The site is near the town of [[Maadid]] (aka Maadhid), about {{convert|225|km|mi}} southeast of [[Algiers]], in the [[Maghreb]].
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== History ==
== History ==
The fortress was built in 1007 by [[Hammad ibn Buluggin]], the son of [[Buluggin ibn Ziri]], and the founder of [[Algiers]]. The city became the capital of the [[Hammadid]] [[Berber people|Berber]]s, and sustained a siege from the [[Zirid]] in 1017. In 1090 it was abandoned under the menace of the [[Banu Hilal]], and was partly destroyed by the [[Almohads]] in 1152.{{cite needed|date=September 2021}}
The fortress was built in 1007 by [[Hammad ibn Buluggin]], the son of [[Buluggin ibn Ziri]], and the founder of [[Algiers]]. The city became the capital of the [[Hammadid]] [[Berber people|Berber]]s, and sustained a [[Siege of Qal'at Bani Hammad|siege]] from the [[Zirid]] in 1017. In 1090 it was abandoned under the menace of the [[Banu Hilal]], and was partly destroyed by the [[Almohads]] in 1152.{{cite needed|date=September 2021}}


The Qalaa was described by Al-Bakri in the 11th century as a large and powerful military stronghold and a centre of commerce that attracted caravans from all over the Maghreb, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and the Hejaz.<ref name=":0" /> Ibn Khaldun also noted that the abundance of travellers was due to the wealth of resources offered to those interested in sciences, commerce and arts. The Qala attracted poets, sages and theologians. The architecture of the Hammadids even influenced that of the Normans.<ref name=":1" />
The Qalaa was described by Al-Bakri in the 11th century as a large and powerful military stronghold and a centre of commerce that attracted caravans from all over the Maghreb, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and the Hejaz.<ref name=":0" /> Ibn Khaldun also noted that the abundance of travellers was due to the wealth of resources offered to those interested in sciences, commerce and arts. The Qala attracted poets, sages and theologians. The architecture of the Hammadids even influenced that of the Normans.<ref name=":1" />


Excavations began in 1908, resumed from 1952-1956 and continue to this day as most of the site remains unexplored and the aspects of the palaces await further study.<ref name="Arnold">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139&dq=norman+hammadid+architecture&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjchLzZ1LfxAhUuQEEAHX-3BLwQ6AEwAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History] Felix Arnold Oxford University Press</ref>
Excavations began in 1908, resumed from 1952-1956 and continue to this day as most of the site remains unexplored and the aspects of the palaces await further study.<ref name="Arnold">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=norman+hammadid+architecture&pg=PA139 Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History] Felix Arnold Oxford University Press</ref>


== Architecture ==
== Architecture ==
[[File:28-2 Kalâa de Beni Hammad (4).jpg|left|thumb|Remains of the main mosque's minaret today]]
[[File:28-2 Kalâa de Beni Hammad (4).jpg|left|thumb|Remains of the main mosque's minaret today]]
[[File:Maquette de Kalaa de Beni Hammad.jpg|thumb|Scale model of the complex]]

=== Overview ===
=== Overview ===
The Qalaa was described by Al-Bakri in the 11th century as a large and powerful military stronghold and a centre of commerce that attracted caravans from all over the Maghreb, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and the Hejaz.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;4;en&pageD=N|title=Site of Qal'at Bani Hammad - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum}}</ref> Ibn Khaldun also noted that the abundance of travellers was due to the wealth of resources offered to those interested in sciences, commerce and arts. The Qala attracted poets, sages and theologians. The architecture of the Hammadids even influenced that of the Normans.<ref name=":1">[https://www.academia.edu/36998734/L_Hadda_Zirid_and_Hammadid_palaces_in_North_Africa_and_its_influence_on_Norman_architecture_in_Sicily_in_Word_Heritage_and_Knowledge_a_cura_di_C_Gambardella_XVI_Forum_International_di_Studi_Le_vie_dei_Mercanti_Napoli_Capri_14_16_giugno_2018_Roma_2018_pp_323_332 L. Hadda, Zirid and Hammadid palaces in North Africa and its influence on Norman architecture in Sicily], in Word, Heritage and Knowledge, a cura di C. Gambardella, XVI Forum International di Studi-Le vie dei Mercanti, Napoli-Capri 14-16 giugno 2018, Roma 2018, pp. 323-332</ref>
The Qalaa was described by Al-Bakri in the 11th century as a large and powerful military stronghold and a centre of commerce that attracted caravans from all over the Maghreb, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and the Hejaz.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;dz;Mon01;4;en&pageD=N|title=Site of Qal'at Bani Hammad - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum}}</ref> Ibn Khaldun also noted that the abundance of travellers was due to the wealth of resources offered to those interested in sciences, commerce and arts. The Qala attracted poets, sages and theologians. The architecture of the Hammadids even influenced that of the Normans.<ref name=":1">[https://www.academia.edu/36998734/L_Hadda_Zirid_and_Hammadid_palaces_in_North_Africa_and_its_influence_on_Norman_architecture_in_Sicily_in_Word_Heritage_and_Knowledge_a_cura_di_C_Gambardella_XVI_Forum_International_di_Studi_Le_vie_dei_Mercanti_Napoli_Capri_14_16_giugno_2018_Roma_2018_pp_323_332 L. Hadda, Zirid and Hammadid palaces in North Africa and its influence on Norman architecture in Sicily], in Word, Heritage and Knowledge, a cura di C. Gambardella, XVI Forum International di Studi-Le vie dei Mercanti, Napoli-Capri 14-16 giugno 2018, Roma 2018, pp. 323-332</ref>


=== Palaces ===
=== Palaces ===
Hammadid emirs constructed five palaces, most of which are now destroyed. The [[keep]] of the Palace of the Fanal (''Qasr al-Manar'') does survive.<ref name="Huebner">Jeff Huebner, "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (M'sila, Algeria)" in ''Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places'' (Vol. 4) (eds. K.A. Berney, Trudy Ring & Noelle Watson: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), pp. 36-39.</ref> The upper palace{{Clarify|reason=what is the "upper palace"? where is it located within the site? etc|date=July 2021}} consists of three buildings arranged around an irregularly shaped forecourt: a private apartment, a domed hall and an entrance wing.<ref name="Arnold2">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA139&dq=norman+hammadid+architecture&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjchLzZ1LfxAhUuQEEAHX-3BLwQ6AEwAXoECAQQAw#v=onepage&q&f=false Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History] Felix Arnold Oxford University Press</ref>
Hammadid emirs constructed five palaces, most of which are now destroyed. The [[keep]] of the Palace of the Fanal (''Qasr al-Manar'') does survive.<ref name="Huebner">Jeff Huebner, "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (M'sila, Algeria)" in ''Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places'' (Vol. 4) (eds. K.A. Berney, Trudy Ring & Noelle Watson: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), pp. 36-39.</ref> The upper palace{{Clarify|reason=what is the "upper palace"? where is it located within the site? etc|date=July 2021}} consists of three buildings arranged around an irregularly shaped forecourt: a private apartment, a domed hall and an entrance wing.<ref name="Arnold2">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=norman+hammadid+architecture&pg=PA139 Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History] Felix Arnold Oxford University Press</ref>


Other palaces such as the Qasr al-Kawab and Qasr al-Salam were constructed by the Hammadids. The Qasr al-Salam likely served as the residence of the rulers family and this structure summarises many aspects of typical Hammadid architecture. The Qasr al-Manar is another palace, its layout has resemblance to the Upper palace and Qasr al-Salam as its main elements are composed of a forecourt with an audience hall and a private apartment both surrounded with T-shaped pillared porticos.<ref name="Arnold2" />
Other palaces such as the Qasr al-Kawab and Qasr al-Salam were constructed by the Hammadids. The Qasr al-Salam likely served as the residence of the rulers family and this structure summarises many aspects of typical Hammadid architecture. The Qasr al-Manar is another palace, its layout has resemblance to the Upper palace and Qasr al-Salam as its main elements are composed of a forecourt with an audience hall and a private apartment both surrounded with T-shaped pillared porticos.<ref name="Arnold2" />
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=== Mosque ===
=== Mosque ===
The Hammadid mosque is said to have been the largest mosque constructed in North Africa prior to the twentieth century and it features the typical Maghreb style square minaret.<ref name="Fenwick">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aXnVDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PT22&dq=hammadid%20architecture&pg=PT23#v=onepage&q=hammadid%20architecture&f=false Early Islamic North Africa: A New Perspective] By Corisande Fenwick</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=July 2021}} In Qalaat Beni Hammad, the [[minaret]], {{convert|82|ft|m}} in height, is the only remaining part of the ruined Great Mosque; the structure bears some resemblance to [[Seville]]'s [[Giralda]].<ref name="Huebner" />
The [[Great Mosque of Qal'at Bani Hammad|Hammadid mosque]] is said to have been the largest mosque constructed in North Africa prior to the twentieth century and it features the typical Maghreb style square minaret.<ref name="Fenwick">[https://books.google.com/books?id=aXnVDwAAQBAJ&dq=hammadid+architecture&pg=PT23 Early Islamic North Africa: A New Perspective] By Corisande Fenwick</ref>{{Additional citation needed|date=July 2021}} In Qalaat Beni Hammad, the [[minaret]], {{convert|82|ft|m}} in height, is the only remaining part of the ruined Great Mosque; the structure bears some resemblance to [[Seville]]'s [[Giralda]].<ref name="Huebner" />


=== Decoration ===
=== Decoration ===
[[File:Architectural decoration - Algeria - 11th-12th centuries - Louvre - AD 14866 a.jpg|thumb|Piece from Qal'at Bani Hammad, currently held in the [[Louvre]]]]
[[File:Kalaa des Béni Hammad.Plan.jpg|thumb|Plan of Qal'at Bani Hammad (place names in French)]]
Architecture in Qalaat Beni Hammad featured adornments of "[[porcelain]] [[Mosaic|mosaics]] of many-colored [[faience]], sculpted panels and plaster, enameled [[terra-cotta]] [[stalactites]]; building and pottery ornamentation consisted of geometric designs and stylized floral motifs."<ref name="Huebner" />
Architecture in Qalaat Beni Hammad featured adornments of "[[porcelain]] [[Mosaic|mosaics]] of many-colored [[faience]], sculpted panels and plaster, enameled [[terra-cotta]] [[stalactites]]; building and pottery ornamentation consisted of geometric designs and stylized floral motifs."<ref name="Huebner" />


In the Qal’at Beni Hammad fragments of stucco were discovered from the Qasr al-Salam and the Qasr al-Manar which may be the oldest fragments of ''[[muqarnas]]'' in the Western Islamic world, dating back to the 11th or 12th century.<ref name="Massaiu">[https://www.academia.edu/36615922/The_Use_of_Muqarnas_in_Hammadid_Art_Some_Preliminary_Observations The Use of Muqarnas in Hammadid Art. Some Preliminary Observations.] Maurizio Massaiu.</ref><ref name=":324">{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Felix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1 |title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780190624552 |location= |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp||pages=|page=133}} There are no earlier examples of muqarnas in the Islamic West. According to [[Lucien Golvin]] the fragments of the muqarnas semi-dome at the Qasr al-Salam are the oldest documented remains of a true ''muqarnas'' vault in the Islamic world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golvin |first1=Lucien |title=Mélanges d’Histoire et d’archéologie de l’occident musulman II, Hommage a Georges Marçais |date=1957 |publisher=Imprimerie Officielle du Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie |location=Algiers |pages=75-94 |chapter=Notes sur quelques fragments de platre trouvés récemment à la Qal'a des Beni-Hammâd}}</ref> However, other scholars of Islamic architecture have questioned or rejected the dating of these fragments or their identification as true ''muqarnas''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tabbaa |first1=Yasser |date=1985 |title=The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning |journal=Muqarnas |volume=3 |pages=61-74}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1 |title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780300218701 |location= |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=93}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Massaiu |first=Maurizio |title=Mapping knowledge : cross-pollination in Late Antiquity and Middle Ages |publisher=Oriens Academic; CNERU; Warburg Institute |year=2014 |isbn=9788461697441 |editor-last=Burnett |editor-first=Charles |pages=209-230 |chapter=The Use of Muqarnas in Hammadid Art. Some Preliminary Observations. |editor-last2=Mantas-España |editor-first2=Pedro}}</ref>
In the Qal’at Beni Hammad fragments of stucco were discovered from the Qasr al-Salam and the Qasr al-Manar which may be the oldest fragments of ''[[muqarnas]]'' in the Western Islamic world, dating back to the 11th or 12th century.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":324">{{Cite book |last=Arnold |first=Felix |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXjXDQAAQBAJ&dq=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1 |title=Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2017 |isbn=9780190624552 |location= |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp||pages=|page=133}} There are no earlier examples of muqarnas in the Islamic West. According to [[Lucien Golvin]] the fragments of the muqarnas semi-dome at the Qasr al-Salam are the oldest documented remains of a true ''muqarnas'' vault in the Islamic world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Golvin |first1=Lucien |title=Mélanges d'Histoire et d'archéologie de l'occident musulman II, Hommage a Georges Marçais |date=1957 |publisher=Imprimerie Officielle du Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie |location=Algiers |pages=75–94 |chapter=Notes sur quelques fragments de platre trouvés récemment à la Qal'a des Beni-Hammâd}}</ref> However, other scholars of Islamic architecture have questioned or rejected the dating of these fragments or their identification as true ''muqarnas''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tabbaa |first1=Yasser |date=1985 |title=The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning |journal=Muqarnas |volume=3 |pages=61–74|doi=10.1163/22118993-90000196 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Massaiu |first=Maurizio |url=https://www.academia.edu/36615922 |title=Mapping knowledge : cross-pollination in Late Antiquity and Middle Ages |publisher=Oriens Academic; CNERU; Warburg Institute |year=2014 |isbn=9788461697441 |editor-last=Burnett |editor-first=Charles |pages=209–230 |chapter=The Use of Muqarnas in Hammadid Art. Some Preliminary Observations. |editor-last2=Mantas-España |editor-first2=Pedro}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Bloom |first=Jonathan M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IRHbDwAAQBAJ&q=Islamic+Palace+Architecture+in+the+Western+Mediterranean&pg=PP1 |title=Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800 |publisher=Yale University Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780300218701 |location= |pages=}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=93}}


Furthermore, the Qal’at buildings are considered to be documented antecedents and precursors to certain developments in Western Islamic art in the 12th century.<ref name=":2" /> Plaster capitals that were found at the Qal’at were composed of smooth leaves recurved in their upper part are considered to be an antecedent to the common Almoravid and Almohad forms which are seen in the Great Mosque of Tlemcen or in Tinmel.<ref name="Massaiu" /> The framework of a marble basin and a grey marble fragment document the use of multifoil arches with spiral-form impost decoration. The use of this motif at the Qal’at subsequently spread during the times of the Almoravids and became universal in Almohad buildings.<ref name="Massaiu" /> The square rooms surrounded by rampant barrel vaults in the Qasr al-Manar have been compared to the Almohad minarets and the Torre Pisana in Palermo which it predates. The Hammadid palaces are also noted to contain the first or one of the first documented use of shadirwan.<ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=30kb0G15IH8C&lpg=PA94&dq=hammadid%20architecture&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q=hammadid%20architecture&f=false Constructions of Power and Piety in Medieval Aleppo] By Yasser Tabbaa</ref>{{Clarify|reason=the source here does not exactly specify that the first shadirwan is here, but only in "Zirid and Hammadid palaces" (clearly relevant but not specific enough)|date=July 2021}}
Furthermore, the Qal’at buildings are considered to be documented antecedents and precursors to certain developments in Western Islamic art in the 12th century.<ref name=":2" /> Plaster capitals that were found at the Qal’at were composed of smooth leaves recurved in their upper part are considered to be an antecedent to the common Almoravid and Almohad forms which are seen in the Great Mosque of Tlemcen or in Tinmel.<ref name=":2" /> The framework of a marble basin and a grey marble fragment document the use of multifoil arches with spiral-form impost decoration. The use of this motif at the Qal’at subsequently spread during the times of the [[Almoravid dynasty|Almoravids]] and became universal in Almohad buildings.<ref name=":2" /> The square rooms surrounded by rampant barrel vaults in the Qasr al-Manar have been compared to the Almohad minarets and the Torre Pisana in Palermo which it predates. The Hammadid palaces are also noted to contain the first or one of the first documented use of shadirwan.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=30kb0G15IH8C&dq=hammadid+architecture&pg=PA94 Constructions of Power and Piety in Medieval Aleppo] By Yasser Tabbaa</ref>{{Clarify|reason=the source here does not exactly specify that the first shadirwan is here, but only in "Zirid and Hammadid palaces" (clearly relevant but not specific enough)|date=July 2021}}


==See also==
==See also==
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* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/102 UNESCO Site for Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/102 UNESCO Site for Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/download.cfm?id_document=105216 Site plan]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/download.cfm?id_document=105216 Site plan]
* [https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/collections_featured.php?parent=5966 Images of Qal'at Bani Hammad (Kalaa Beni Hammad)] in Manar al-Athar digital heritage photo archive


{{World Heritage Sites in Algeria}}
{{World Heritage Sites in Algeria}}

Latest revision as of 21:59, 20 July 2024

Beni Hammad Fort
قلعة بني حماد
Qal'at Bani Hammad is located in Algeria
Qal'at Bani Hammad
Shown within Algeria
StandortM'Sila Province, Algeria
Coordinates35°48′50″N 04°47′36″E / 35.81389°N 4.79333°E / 35.81389; 4.79333
TypSettlement
History
BuilderHammad ibn Buluggin
Gegründet1007
Abandoned1090
PeriodsHammadid dynasty
Site notes
ConditionIn ruins
Architecture
Architectural stylesWestern Islamic
Official nameAl Qal'a of Beni Hammad
TypCultural
Criteriaiii
Designated1980 (4th session)
Reference no.102
RegionArab States

Qal'at Bani Hammad (Arabic: قلعة بني حماد),[1][2][3][4] also known as Qal'a Bani Hammad or Qal'at of the Beni Hammad (among other variants),[5][6] is a fortified palatine city in Algeria. Now in ruins, in the 11th century, it served as the first capital of the Hammadid dynasty. It is in the Hodna Mountains northeast of M'Sila, at an elevation of 1,418 metres (4,652 ft), and receives abundant water from the surrounding mountains. The site is near the town of Maadid (aka Maadhid), about 225 kilometres (140 mi) southeast of Algiers, in the Maghreb.

In 1980, it was inscribed as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO under the name Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad, and described as "an authentic picture of a fortified Muslim city".[7]

The town includes a 7-kilometre (4 mi) long line of walls. Inside the walls are four residential complexes, and the largest mosque built in Algeria after that of Mansurah. It is similar in design to the Grand Mosque of Kairouan, with a tall minaret, 20 metres (66 ft).

Excavations have brought to light numerous terracotta, jewels, coins and ceramics testifying to the high level of civilization under the Hammadid dynasty. Also among the artifacts discovered are several decorative fountains using the lion as a motif. The remains of the emir's palace, known as Dal al-Bahr, include three separate residences separated by gardens and pavilions.

History

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The fortress was built in 1007 by Hammad ibn Buluggin, the son of Buluggin ibn Ziri, and the founder of Algiers. The city became the capital of the Hammadid Berbers, and sustained a siege from the Zirid in 1017. In 1090 it was abandoned under the menace of the Banu Hilal, and was partly destroyed by the Almohads in 1152.[citation needed]

The Qalaa was described by Al-Bakri in the 11th century as a large and powerful military stronghold and a centre of commerce that attracted caravans from all over the Maghreb, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and the Hejaz.[8] Ibn Khaldun also noted that the abundance of travellers was due to the wealth of resources offered to those interested in sciences, commerce and arts. The Qala attracted poets, sages and theologians. The architecture of the Hammadids even influenced that of the Normans.[9]

Excavations began in 1908, resumed from 1952-1956 and continue to this day as most of the site remains unexplored and the aspects of the palaces await further study.[10]

Architecture

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Remains of the main mosque's minaret today
Scale model of the complex

Übersicht

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The Qalaa was described by Al-Bakri in the 11th century as a large and powerful military stronghold and a centre of commerce that attracted caravans from all over the Maghreb, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and the Hejaz.[8] Ibn Khaldun also noted that the abundance of travellers was due to the wealth of resources offered to those interested in sciences, commerce and arts. The Qala attracted poets, sages and theologians. The architecture of the Hammadids even influenced that of the Normans.[9]

Palaces

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Hammadid emirs constructed five palaces, most of which are now destroyed. The keep of the Palace of the Fanal (Qasr al-Manar) does survive.[11] The upper palace[clarification needed] consists of three buildings arranged around an irregularly shaped forecourt: a private apartment, a domed hall and an entrance wing.[12]

Other palaces such as the Qasr al-Kawab and Qasr al-Salam were constructed by the Hammadids. The Qasr al-Salam likely served as the residence of the rulers family and this structure summarises many aspects of typical Hammadid architecture. The Qasr al-Manar is another palace, its layout has resemblance to the Upper palace and Qasr al-Salam as its main elements are composed of a forecourt with an audience hall and a private apartment both surrounded with T-shaped pillared porticos.[12]

Dar al-Bahr, the Lake Palace

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The Dar al-Bahar which is located nearby the congregational mosque was most likely used for public audiences and/or the palace of the Emir. The eastern court occupied by a large water basin inspired the name of the palace. Located between two courtyards is the main reception room and a domed hall is located north of the water court. The outer walls consist of buttresses varying in design. As for the water courtyard the court is 71 meters long and 51 meters wide while the basin is 68 meters long, 48 meters wide and 1.3 meters deep. The courtyard was surrounded on all sides by T-shaped pillared porticos.[12]

The Dar al-Bahr palace was named for its rectangular pool, which measured 67 by 47 metres (220 by 154 ft).[citation needed] A ramp at one end of the pool was used to launch boats. References to nautical displays in this pool appear in the accounts of contemporary visitors. The pool was surrounded by a portico, and accessed through a monumental entrance on the east side. West of the pool was an elevated terrace and courtyard with gardens. Outside the walls of the palace complex, gardens extended east-to-west across the city, and to a depth of nearly 100 metres (330 ft). The gardens have not yet been explored by archeologists, although ornamental fountains have been discovered.[citation needed]

Mosque

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The Hammadid mosque is said to have been the largest mosque constructed in North Africa prior to the twentieth century and it features the typical Maghreb style square minaret.[13][additional citation(s) needed] In Qalaat Beni Hammad, the minaret, 82 feet (25 m) in height, is the only remaining part of the ruined Great Mosque; the structure bears some resemblance to Seville's Giralda.[11]

Decoration

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Piece from Qal'at Bani Hammad, currently held in the Louvre
Plan of Qal'at Bani Hammad (place names in French)

Architecture in Qalaat Beni Hammad featured adornments of "porcelain mosaics of many-colored faience, sculpted panels and plaster, enameled terra-cotta stalactites; building and pottery ornamentation consisted of geometric designs and stylized floral motifs."[11]

In the Qal’at Beni Hammad fragments of stucco were discovered from the Qasr al-Salam and the Qasr al-Manar which may be the oldest fragments of muqarnas in the Western Islamic world, dating back to the 11th or 12th century.[14][15]: 133  There are no earlier examples of muqarnas in the Islamic West. According to Lucien Golvin the fragments of the muqarnas semi-dome at the Qasr al-Salam are the oldest documented remains of a true muqarnas vault in the Islamic world.[16] However, other scholars of Islamic architecture have questioned or rejected the dating of these fragments or their identification as true muqarnas.[17][14][18]: 93 

Furthermore, the Qal’at buildings are considered to be documented antecedents and precursors to certain developments in Western Islamic art in the 12th century.[14] Plaster capitals that were found at the Qal’at were composed of smooth leaves recurved in their upper part are considered to be an antecedent to the common Almoravid and Almohad forms which are seen in the Great Mosque of Tlemcen or in Tinmel.[14] The framework of a marble basin and a grey marble fragment document the use of multifoil arches with spiral-form impost decoration. The use of this motif at the Qal’at subsequently spread during the times of the Almoravids and became universal in Almohad buildings.[14] The square rooms surrounded by rampant barrel vaults in the Qasr al-Manar have been compared to the Almohad minarets and the Torre Pisana in Palermo which it predates. The Hammadid palaces are also noted to contain the first or one of the first documented use of shadirwan.[19][clarification needed]

See also

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History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes

References

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  1. ^ M. Bloom, Jonathan; S. Blair, Sheila, eds. (2009). "Qal῾at Bani Hammad". The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195309911.
  2. ^ Whitcomb, Donald. "Archaeology". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three. Brill. ISSN 1873-9830. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190624552.
  4. ^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2004). The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748696482.
  5. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300218701.
  6. ^ Ettinghausen, Richard; Grabar, Oleg; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001). Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250 (2nd ed.). Yale University Press. p. 189. ISBN 9780300088670.
  7. ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Retrieved 2022-04-12.
  8. ^ a b "Site of Qal'at Bani Hammad - Discover Islamic Art - Virtual Museum".
  9. ^ a b L. Hadda, Zirid and Hammadid palaces in North Africa and its influence on Norman architecture in Sicily, in Word, Heritage and Knowledge, a cura di C. Gambardella, XVI Forum International di Studi-Le vie dei Mercanti, Napoli-Capri 14-16 giugno 2018, Roma 2018, pp. 323-332
  10. ^ Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History Felix Arnold Oxford University Press
  11. ^ a b c Jeff Huebner, "Al Qal'a of Beni Hammad (M'sila, Algeria)" in Middle East and Africa: International Dictionary of Historic Places (Vol. 4) (eds. K.A. Berney, Trudy Ring & Noelle Watson: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), pp. 36-39.
  12. ^ a b c Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History Felix Arnold Oxford University Press
  13. ^ Early Islamic North Africa: A New Perspective By Corisande Fenwick
  14. ^ a b c d e Massaiu, Maurizio (2014). "The Use of Muqarnas in Hammadid Art. Some Preliminary Observations.". In Burnett, Charles; Mantas-España, Pedro (eds.). Mapping knowledge : cross-pollination in Late Antiquity and Middle Ages. Oriens Academic; CNERU; Warburg Institute. pp. 209–230. ISBN 9788461697441.
  15. ^ Arnold, Felix (2017). Islamic Palace Architecture in the Western Mediterranean: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190624552.
  16. ^ Golvin, Lucien (1957). "Notes sur quelques fragments de platre trouvés récemment à la Qal'a des Beni-Hammâd". Mélanges d'Histoire et d'archéologie de l'occident musulman II, Hommage a Georges Marçais. Algiers: Imprimerie Officielle du Gouvernement Général de l'Algérie. pp. 75–94.
  17. ^ Tabbaa, Yasser (1985). "The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning". Muqarnas. 3: 61–74. doi:10.1163/22118993-90000196.
  18. ^ Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700–1800. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300218701.
  19. ^ Constructions of Power and Piety in Medieval Aleppo By Yasser Tabbaa
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