Aka-Jeru language: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Nearly extinct Great Andamanese language}} |
{{Short description|Nearly extinct Great Andamanese language}} |
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{{Infobox language |
{{Infobox language |
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|name=Jeru |
| name = Jeru |
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|nativename=Aka-Jeru |
| nativename = Aka-Jeru |
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|states=[[India]] |
| states = [[India]] |
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|region=[[Andaman Islands]]; interior and south North Andaman island, Sound island. Presently [[Strait Island]] |
| region = [[Andaman Islands]]; interior and south North Andaman island, Sound island. Presently [[Strait Island]] |
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|ref=e23 |
| ref = e23 |
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|speakers = 3 |
| speakers = 3 |
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|date=2020 |
| date = 2020 |
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|familycolor=Andamanese |
| familycolor = Andamanese |
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|fam1=[[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]] |
| fam1 = [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]] |
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|fam2=Northern |
| fam2 = Northern |
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|iso3=akj |
| iso3 = akj |
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| linglist = akj.html |
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|glotto=akaj1239 |
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| glotto = akaj1239 |
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|glottorefname=Akajeru |
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| glottorefname = Akajeru |
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|map=Schematic Map of Andamanese Languages & Tribes.png |
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| map = Schematic Map of Andamanese Languages & Tribes.png |
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}} |
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| ethnicity = Jeru |
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{{Infobox language |
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|name=Mixed Great Andamanese |
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|altname= Great Andamanese ''koiné'' |
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|states=[[India]] |
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|region=[[Strait Island]] |
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|ethnicity=60 (2020)<ref name=e23b/> |
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|extinct = last semi-fluent speaker, Nao Jr., died in 2009 |
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|ref=<ref name=e23b>{{e23|gac|Mixed Great Andamanese}}</ref> |
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|familycolor=mixed |
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|family=[[Mixed language|Mixed]] Khora–Bo–Jeru–Sare on a Jeru base |
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|iso3=gac |
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|glotto=mixe1288 |
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|glottorefname=Mixed Great Andamanese |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Jeru language''', '''''Aka-Jeru''''' (also known as ''Yerawa'', not to be confused with [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Järawa]]), is a |
The '''Jeru language''', '''''Aka-Jeru''''' (also known as ''Yerawa'', not to be confused with [[Jarawa language (Andaman Islands)|Järawa]]), is a moribund [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]] language, of the Northern group. Jeru was spoken in the interior and south coast of [[North Andaman]] and on Sound Island. A ''[[Koiné language|koiné]]'' of Aka-Jeru and other northern Great Andamanese languages was once spoken on [[Strait Island]]; the last semi-fluent speaker of this, Nao Jr., died in 2009.<ref name=e23b/> Aka-Jeru is the last surviving member of the [[Great Andamanese languages]]. According to a grammar on Aka-Jeru, it and [[Aka-Cari language|Aka-Cari]] are dialects of a singular language, with lexical correspondency between the two at 93%.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Zamponi |first=Raoul |url=https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10137813/1/A-Grammar-of-Akajeru.pdf.pdf |title=A grammar of Akajeru: fragments of a traditional North Andamanese dialect |last2=Comrie |first2=Bernard |date=2021 |publisher=UCL Press |isbn=978-1-80008-093-5 |series=Grammars of world and minority languages |location=London}}</ref> |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The resulting Great Andamanese language was based on Jeru or a [[creole language|creole]] based on several languages, of which Jeru was a primary component. The last fluent speaker, Nao, died in 2009. <ref>{{Ethnologue18|akj|Aka-Jeru}} {{ethnologue18|gac|Mixed Great Andamanese}}</ref> |
The resulting Great Andamanese language was based on Jeru or a [[creole language|creole]] based on several languages, of which Jeru was a primary component. The last fluent speaker, Nao, died in 2009. <ref>{{Ethnologue18|akj|Aka-Jeru}} {{ethnologue18|gac|Mixed Great Andamanese}}</ref> |
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== Phonology == |
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=== Consonants === |
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Aka-Jeru has the following consonants:<ref name=":0" /> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! colspan="2" | |
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! [[Labial consonants|Labial]] |
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! [[Dental consonants|Dental]] |
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![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] |
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! [[Retroflex consonants|Retroflex]] |
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! [[Palatal consonants|Palatal]] |
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! [[Velar consonants|Velar]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" | [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] |
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| {{IPAlink|m}} |
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| |
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|{{IPAlink|n}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|ɲ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|ŋ}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="3" | [[Plosive]] |
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! {{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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| {{IPAlink|p}} |
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| {{IPAlink|t̪|t}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|ʈ}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|k}} |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[Aspirated consonant|voiceless aspirated]]}} |
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| {{IPAlink|pʰ}} |
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| {{IPAlink|tʰ}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|ʈʰ}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|kʰ}} |
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|- |
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! {{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} |
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| {{IPAlink|b}} |
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| {{IPAlink|d̪|d}} |
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| |
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| {{IPAlink|ɖ}} |
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|- |
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! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]] |
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!{{small|[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]}} |
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|{{IPAlink|tʃ}} |
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|- |
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!{{small|[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}} |
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|{{IPAlink|dʒ}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]] |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]] |
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|{{IPAlink|r}} |
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|- |
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! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]] |
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|{{IPAlink|l}} |
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|{{IPA link|j}} |
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|} |
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=== Vowels === |
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Aka-Jeru has the following vowels:<ref name=":0" /> |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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! rowspan="2" | |
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! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Central vowel|Central]] |
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! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|- |
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!<small>short</small> |
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!<small>[[Vowel length|long]]</small> |
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!<small>short</small> |
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!<small>[[Vowel length|long]]</small> |
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!<small>short</small> |
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!<small>[[Vowel length|long]]</small> |
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|- |
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![[Close vowel|Close]] |
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|{{IPA link|i}} |
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|{{IPA link|iː}} |
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|{{IPA link|u}} |
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|{{IPA link|uː}} |
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|- |
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![[Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]] |
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|{{IPA link|e}} |
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|{{IPA link|eː}} |
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|{{IPA link|o}} |
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|{{IPA link|oː}} |
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|- |
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![[Open-mid vowel|Open-mid]] |
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|{{IPA link|ɛ}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɛː}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɔ}} |
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|{{IPA link|ɔː}} |
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|- |
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![[Open vowel|Open]] |
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|{{IPA link|a|a}} |
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|{{IPA link|aː|aː}} |
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|} |
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==Grammar== |
==Grammar== |
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== Great Andamanese ''koiné''== |
== Great Andamanese ''koiné''== |
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{{Split section|Mixed Great Andamanese|date=May 2024}} |
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{{Infobox language |
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| name = Mixed Great Andamanese |
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| altname = Great Andamanese ''koiné'' |
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| states = [[India]] |
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| region = [[Strait Island]] |
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| ethnicity = 60 (2020)<ref name=e23b/> |
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| extinct = last semi-fluent speaker, Nao Jr., died in 2009 |
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| ref = <ref name=e23b>{{e23|gac|Mixed Great Andamanese}}</ref> |
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| familycolor = mixed |
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| family = [[Mixed language|Mixed]] Khora–Bo–Jeru–Sare on a Jeru base |
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| iso3 = gac |
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| glotto = mixe1288 |
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| glottorefname = Mixed Great Andamanese |
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| ELP = 2064 |
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| ELPname = Mixed Great Andamanese |
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}} |
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Great Andamanese koiné is based primarily on Jeru, with lexical and grammatical influence from other North Great Andamanese languages (Aka-Bo, Aka-Kora and Aka-Cari). It is a head-marking polysynthetic and agglutinative language with a SOV pattern. It has a very elaborate system for marking inalienability,<ref>{{citation |author = Anvita Abbi |title = Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands |work = LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics, 64.) München |date=2006}}</ref> with seven possessive markers reflecting different body-divisions. These markers appear as proclitics that classify a large number of nouns as dependent categories. It is proposed that the Great Andamanese conceptualise their world through these interdependencies and thus the grammar encodes this important phenomenon in every grammatical category expressing referential, attributive and predicative meaning.<ref> {{citation |author = Anvita Abbi |title = The Unique Structure of the Present Great Andamanese: An Overview of the Grammar |work = VOGA(Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese) |url = http://www.andamanese.net/Grammar_Notes.html |date=2009}}</ref> |
Great Andamanese koiné is based primarily on Jeru, with lexical and grammatical influence from other North Great Andamanese languages (Aka-Bo, Aka-Kora and Aka-Cari). It is a head-marking polysynthetic and agglutinative language with a SOV pattern. It has a very elaborate system for marking inalienability,<ref>{{citation |author = Anvita Abbi |title = Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands |work = LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics, 64.) München |date=2006}}</ref> with seven possessive markers reflecting different body-divisions. These markers appear as proclitics that classify a large number of nouns as dependent categories. It is proposed that the Great Andamanese conceptualise their world through these interdependencies and thus the grammar encodes this important phenomenon in every grammatical category expressing referential, attributive and predicative meaning.<ref> {{citation |author = Anvita Abbi |title = The Unique Structure of the Present Great Andamanese: An Overview of the Grammar |work = VOGA(Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese) |url = http://www.andamanese.net/Grammar_Notes.html |date=2009}}</ref> |
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=== Phonology === |
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==== Vowels ==== |
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The Great Andamanese ''koiné'' has a seven-vowel system. |
The Great Andamanese ''koiné'' has a seven-vowel system. |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |
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|+ Vowels |
|+ Vowels |
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! || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]] |
! || [[Front vowel|Front]] || [[Central vowel|Central]] || [[Back vowel|Back]] |
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|} |
|} |
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==== Consonants ==== |
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{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
{|class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |
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|+Consonants |
|+Consonants |
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|} |
|} |
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==Vocabulary== |
== Vocabulary == |
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[[File:PGA varnamala.png|thumb| |
[[File:PGA varnamala.png|thumb|upright=1.5|PGA varnamala]] |
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''Koiné'' vocabulary:<ref>{{citation |title=Andamani Varnamala | |
''Koiné'' vocabulary:<ref>{{citation |title=Andamani Varnamala |year=2008 |url=http://www.andamanese.net/varnamaala/andamani%20varnamaala.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422141145/http://www.andamanese.net/varnamaala/andamani%20varnamaala.pdf |archive-date=April 22, 2021 |publisher=Centre for Linguistics Jawaharlal Nehru University}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=GA Lexicon |url=http://www.andamanese.net/GA-Lexicon/lexicon/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240301010614/https://www.andamanese.net/GA-Lexicon/lexicon/index.htm |archive-date=March 1, 2024 |publisher=VOGA}}</ref>{{Clarify|reason=Is the vocabulary referring to Aka-Jeru or the mixed language?|date=July 2024}} |
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{| class="wikitable" |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|+ |
|+ |
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|- |
|- |
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! |
! Gloss !! Great Andamanese !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]{{fix|text=this appears to be messed up}} !! Devanagari |
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| nest || aaracha || araca || आराचा |
| nest || aaracha || araca || आराचा |
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| housefly || ijibu || iɟibu || ईजीबू |
| housefly || ijibu || iɟibu || ईजीबू |
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|- |
|- |
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| snake(king cobra) || ulukhu || ulukʰu || ऊलूखू |
| snake (king cobra) || ulukhu || ulukʰu || ऊलूखू |
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|- |
|- |
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| chilli || ekajira || ekaɟira || एकाजीरा |
| chilli || ekajira || ekaɟira || एकाजीरा |
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| rooster || maucho || mɔcɔ || मौचौ |
| rooster || maucho || mɔcɔ || मौचौ |
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|- |
|- |
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| strewn leaves || yephaay taich || jepʰaːj |
| strewn leaves || yephaay taich || jepʰaːj tɛc || येफाऽय तैच |
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|- |
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| bamboo || rat || rɛʈ || रैट |
| bamboo || rat || rɛʈ || रैट |
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! Classes !! Partonomy of human body !! Body<br>division markers !! Verbs !! Adjectives !! Adverbs |
! Classes !! Partonomy of human body !! Body<br>division markers !! Verbs !! Adjectives !! Adverbs |
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|- |
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| 1 || mouth and its semantic extension || a= || mouth-related activity, origin,<br>e.g. a=ɟire |
| 1 || mouth and its semantic extension || a= || mouth-related activity, origin,<br>e.g. a=ɟire 'abuse', a=kopho 'sprout' || mouth-related attributive quality of a person,<br>e.g. a=mu 'mute', a=tutlup 'greedy' || deictic meaning of front or back, anteriority of an action,<br>e.g. a=karap 'behind', a=kaulu 'prior to' |
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|- |
|- |
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| 2 || major external body parts || ɛr= || activity in which the front part of the body is involved.<br>e.g. er=luk |
| 2 || major external body parts || ɛr= || activity in which the front part of the body is involved.<br>e.g. er=luk 'weigh' || attribute of size, external beauty,<br>e.g. er=buŋoi 'beautiful' || deictic meaning of adjacency, uncontrollable actions/emotions,<br>e.g. er=betto:ʃo 'adjacent to/near X', er=achil 'surprised' |
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|- |
|- |
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| 3 || extreme ends of the body like toes and fingernails || oŋ= || hand-related activity, action to do with extremities of body,<br>e.g. oŋ=cho |
| 3 || extreme ends of the body like toes and fingernails || oŋ= || hand-related activity, action to do with extremities of body,<br>e.g. oŋ=cho 'stitch', oŋ=tuɟuro 'trembling of hands' || attributes related to limbs,<br>e.g. oŋ=karacay 'lame', 'handicapped', oŋ=toplo 'alone' || Indicating manner,<br>e.g. oŋ=kocil 'fast', 'hurriedly' |
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|- |
|- |
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| 4 || bodily products and part-whole relationship || ut= || directional, away from the ego, experiential,<br>e.g. ut=cone |
| 4 || bodily products and part-whole relationship || ut= || directional, away from the ego, experiential,<br>e.g. ut=cone 'leave', ut=ʈheʈhe-bom 'be hungry' || attributive quality of an X after a part is taken out of it,<br>e.g. ut=lile 'decay', ut=lɔkho 'bare' || emerging out of something, deictic meaning of 'towards X',<br>e.g. ot=le, 'seaward' ot=bo 'backwards' |
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|- |
|- |
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| 5 || organs inside the body || e=, ɛ= || internalised action, when the effect of an action can be seen on the object, or experienced,<br>e.g. e=lɛco |
| 5 || organs inside the body || e=, ɛ= || internalised action, when the effect of an action can be seen on the object, or experienced,<br>e.g. e=lɛco 'suck', ɛ=rino 'tear' || inherent attribute of X,<br>e.g. e=sare 'salty', ɛ=bɛn 'soft' || deictic meaning of 'in the middle of X'<br>e.g. te=khil, e=kotra 'inside' |
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|- |
|- |
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| 6 || parts designating round shape/sexual organs || ara= || action that involves side or middle portion of the body,<br>e.g. ara=ɖelo |
| 6 || parts designating round shape/sexual organs || ara= || action that involves side or middle portion of the body,<br>e.g. ara=ɖelo 'be pregnant' || attribute of size, 'time' and belly-related,<br>e.g. ara=pheʈkhetɔ 'big bellied', ara=kaʈa 'stout/dwarf' || deixis of immediate vertical or horizontal space,<br>e.g. ara=balo 'behind X', tara=tal 'right under X' |
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|- |
|- |
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| 7 || parts for legs and related terms || o= ~ ɔ= || action which results in roundish object or in a definite result,<br>e.g. o=cɔrno |
| 7 || parts for legs and related terms || o= ~ ɔ= || action which results in roundish object or in a definite result,<br>e.g. o=cɔrno 'make nest', o=beo 'sting' || external attribute of an X, shape or structure,<br>e.g. o=baloŋ 'round', o=phelala 'slippery' || temporal deixis relating to 'sun rise' or directional deixis,<br>e.g. o=ʈɔ: 'day break', o=kara 'sunset' |
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==Sample text== |
==Sample text== |
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The following is a sample text in Present Great Andamanese |
The following is a sample text in Present Great Andamanese, in Devanagari, the Latin script, and [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]. |
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{{fs interlinear|indent=2 |
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'''Present Great Andamanese text''' |
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|कूरोतोनमीका मोम मीरीतलाऽ, बीलीक लौकौएमात, पेआकार आतलो तोपछीके आत लैचे लेछलीन आ, कोतीक आ औकौकोडाऽकछीने आतलो कारातताऽताकेमीऽन। |
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|Kuro-t'on-mika mom miritlaa, bilik laukoemat, peakar aatlo topchhike aat laiche lechhlin aa, kotik aa aukaukodaakchhine aatlo Karat-tatak-emin. |
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|kurot̪onmikɑ mom mirit̪lɑː, bilik lɔkɔemɑt̪, peɑkɑr ɑt̪lo topcʰike ɑt lɑice lecʰlin ɑ, kot̪ik ɑ ɔkɔkodɑːkcʰine ɑt̪lo kɑrɑt̪t̪ɑːt̪ɑkemiːn. |
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|Mr. Pigeon stole a firebrand at Kuro-t'on-mika, while God was sleeping. He gave the brand to the late Lech, who then made fires at Karat-tatak-emin.}} |
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'''Present Great Andamanese in Devanagari''' |
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:कूरोतोनमीका मोम मीरीतलाऽ, बीलीक लौकौएमात, पेआकार आतलो तोपछीके आत लैचे लेछलीन आ, कोतीक आ औकौकोडाऽकछीने आतलो कारातताऽताकेमीऽन। |
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'''Present Great Andamanese in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]''' |
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:{{IPA|kurot̪onmikɑ mom mirit̪lɑː, bilik lɔkɔemɑt̪, peɑkɑr ɑt̪lo topcʰike ɑt lɑice lecʰlin ɑ, kot̪ik ɑ ɔkɔkodɑːkcʰine ɑt̪lo kɑrɑt̪t̪ɑːt̪ɑkemiːn.}} |
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'''Translation''' |
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:Mr. Pigeon stole a firebrand at Kuro-t'on-mika, while God was sleeping. He gave the brand to the late Lech, who then made fires at Karat-tatak-emin. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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* Raoul Zamponi. 2022. ''A Grammar of Akajeru : Fragments of a Traditional North Andamanese Dialect. |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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[[Category:Languages of India]] |
[[Category:Languages of India]] |
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[[Category:Languages extinct in the 2000s]] |
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 2000s]] |
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[[Category:Languages written in Devanagari]] |
Latest revision as of 01:40, 21 July 2024
Jeru | |
---|---|
Aka-Jeru | |
Native to | Indien |
Region | Andaman Islands; interior and south North Andaman island, Sound island. Presently Strait Island |
Ethnicity | Jeru |
Native speakers | 3 (2020)[1] |
Great Andamanese
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | akj |
akj.html | |
Glottolog | akaj1239 |
![]() |
The Jeru language, Aka-Jeru (also known as Yerawa, not to be confused with Järawa), is a moribund Great Andamanese language, of the Northern group. Jeru was spoken in the interior and south coast of North Andaman and on Sound Island. A koiné of Aka-Jeru and other northern Great Andamanese languages was once spoken on Strait Island; the last semi-fluent speaker of this, Nao Jr., died in 2009.[2] Aka-Jeru is the last surviving member of the Great Andamanese languages. According to a grammar on Aka-Jeru, it and Aka-Cari are dialects of a singular language, with lexical correspondency between the two at 93%.[3]
History
[edit]As the numbers of Great Andamanese progressively declined over the succeeding decades, the various Great Andamanese tribes either disappeared altogether or became amalgamated through intermarriage. By 1994, the 38 remaining Great Andamanese who could trace their ancestry and culture back to the original tribes belonged to only three of them (Jeru, Bo, and Cari).[4]
The resulting Great Andamanese language was based on Jeru or a creole based on several languages, of which Jeru was a primary component. The last fluent speaker, Nao, died in 2009. [5]
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]Aka-Jeru has the following consonants:[3]
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | k | ||
voiceless aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | |||
voiced | b | d | ɖ | ||||
Affricate | voiceless | tʃ | |||||
voiced | dʒ | ||||||
Fricative | |||||||
Rhotic | r | ||||||
Approximant | l | j |
Vowels
[edit]Aka-Jeru has the following vowels:[3]
Front | Central | Zurück | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | short | long | short | long | |
Schließen Sie | i | iː | u | uː | ||
Close-mid | e | eː | o | oː | ||
Open-mid | ɛ | ɛː | ɔ | ɔː | ||
Öffnen Sie | a | aː |
Grammar
[edit]See Great Andamanese languages for more general grammatical description.
Great Andamanese koiné
[edit]![]() | It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Mixed Great Andamanese. (Discuss) (May 2024) |
Mixed Great Andamanese | |
---|---|
Great Andamanese koiné | |
Native to | Indien |
Region | Strait Island |
Ethnicity | 60 (2020)[2] |
Extinct | last semi-fluent speaker, Nao Jr., died in 2009[2] |
Mixed Khora–Bo–Jeru–Sare on a Jeru base | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | gac |
Glottolog | mixe1288 |
ELP | Mixed Great Andamanese |
Great Andamanese koiné is based primarily on Jeru, with lexical and grammatical influence from other North Great Andamanese languages (Aka-Bo, Aka-Kora and Aka-Cari). It is a head-marking polysynthetic and agglutinative language with a SOV pattern. It has a very elaborate system for marking inalienability,[6] with seven possessive markers reflecting different body-divisions. These markers appear as proclitics that classify a large number of nouns as dependent categories. It is proposed that the Great Andamanese conceptualise their world through these interdependencies and thus the grammar encodes this important phenomenon in every grammatical category expressing referential, attributive and predicative meaning.[7]
Phonology
[edit]Vowels
[edit]The Great Andamanese koiné has a seven-vowel system.
Front | Central | Zurück | |
---|---|---|---|
Schließen Sie | i | u | |
Close-mid | e | o | |
Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
Öffnen Sie | a |
Consonants
[edit]Labial | Dental /Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
Plosive | voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k |
voiceless aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | kʰ | ||
voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ||
Fricative | s | ʃ | ||||
Trill[clarification needed] | ɾ | |||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Vocabulary
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PGA_varnamala.png/330px-PGA_varnamala.png)
Koiné vocabulary:[8][9][clarification needed]
Gloss | Great Andamanese | IPA[this appears to be messed up] | Devanagari |
---|---|---|---|
nest | aaracha | araca | आराचा |
housefly | ijibu | iɟibu | ईजीबू |
snake (king cobra) | ulukhu | ulukʰu | ऊलूखू |
chilli | ekajira | ekaɟira | एकाजीरा |
deer | airen | ɛren | ऐरेन |
fishing net | ocho | oco | ओचो |
axe | aulo | ɔlo | औलो |
snail | kalatop | kalaʈɔp | कालाटौप |
dugong | kauroing | kɔrɔiɲ | कौरौईञ |
coconut | khider | kʰider | खीदेर |
road | ngorto | ŋɔrtɔ | ङौरतौ |
betelnut | chaum | cɔm | चौम |
dolphin | choa | coa | चोआ |
bat | jibet | ɟibeʈ | जीबेट |
fish | nyure | ɲure | ञूरे |
heron | taka | ʈaka | टाका |
tongue | thatat | ʈʰatat | ठातात |
sunset | diu | ɖiu | डीऊ |
black pig | dirim raa | ɖirim raː | डीरीम राऽ |
leaf | taich | tɔc | तौच |
dew | thun | tʰun | थून |
scorpion | dikiraseni | dikiraseni | दीकीरासेनी |
mosquito | nipho | nipʰo | नीफो |
mushroom | pata | pata | पाता |
crow | phatkaa | pʰaʈka | फाटका |
Frosch | phorube | pʰorube | फोरूबे |
rope | pharako | pʰarako | फाराको |
green turtle | belotauro | beloʈɔrɔ | बेलोटौरौ |
grey pigeon | mirit | mirit | मीरीत |
rooster | maucho | mɔcɔ | मौचौ |
strewn leaves | yephaay taich | jepʰaːj tɛc | येफाऽय तैच |
bamboo | rat | rɛʈ | रैट |
tusked male pig | ratairlauto | ratɛrlɔto | रातैरलौतो |
smoke | lep | lep | लेप |
fire | luro, wuro | luro, wuro | लूरो, वूरो |
waist jewellery | shirbele | ʃirbele | शीरबेले |
snake | shubi | ʃubi | शूबी |
crocodile | sarekateyo | sarekatejo | सारेकातेयो |
White-bellied Sea-Eagle | karatchom | karaʈcom | करटचोम |
Pacific Golden Plover | chelele | cɛlele | चैलेले |
Oriental Honey Buzzard | taulom-tut-bio | ʈɔlom-tut-bio | टौलोम-तूत-बीओ |
Whimbrel | chautot | cɔʈoʈ | चौटोट |
- Column in yellow denotes loanword derived from Hindi
Grammatical features
[edit]With respect to the Great Andamanese family, the use of proclitics in Great Andamanese language shows how the language family is unique in such a way that the body division markers that appear as proclitics pervade the entire grammatical system of the language, a fact not shared by any other known language of the world so far.[10][11]
Classes | Partonomy of human body | Body division markers |
Verbs | Adjectives | Adverbs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | mouth and its semantic extension | a= | mouth-related activity, origin, e.g. a=ɟire 'abuse', a=kopho 'sprout' |
mouth-related attributive quality of a person, e.g. a=mu 'mute', a=tutlup 'greedy' |
deictic meaning of front or back, anteriority of an action, e.g. a=karap 'behind', a=kaulu 'prior to' |
2 | major external body parts | ɛr= | activity in which the front part of the body is involved. e.g. er=luk 'weigh' |
attribute of size, external beauty, e.g. er=buŋoi 'beautiful' |
deictic meaning of adjacency, uncontrollable actions/emotions, e.g. er=betto:ʃo 'adjacent to/near X', er=achil 'surprised' |
3 | extreme ends of the body like toes and fingernails | oŋ= | hand-related activity, action to do with extremities of body, e.g. oŋ=cho 'stitch', oŋ=tuɟuro 'trembling of hands' |
attributes related to limbs, e.g. oŋ=karacay 'lame', 'handicapped', oŋ=toplo 'alone' |
Indicating manner, e.g. oŋ=kocil 'fast', 'hurriedly' |
4 | bodily products and part-whole relationship | ut= | directional, away from the ego, experiential, e.g. ut=cone 'leave', ut=ʈheʈhe-bom 'be hungry' |
attributive quality of an X after a part is taken out of it, e.g. ut=lile 'decay', ut=lɔkho 'bare' |
emerging out of something, deictic meaning of 'towards X', e.g. ot=le, 'seaward' ot=bo 'backwards' |
5 | organs inside the body | e=, ɛ= | internalised action, when the effect of an action can be seen on the object, or experienced, e.g. e=lɛco 'suck', ɛ=rino 'tear' |
inherent attribute of X, e.g. e=sare 'salty', ɛ=bɛn 'soft' |
deictic meaning of 'in the middle of X' e.g. te=khil, e=kotra 'inside' |
6 | parts designating round shape/sexual organs | ara= | action that involves side or middle portion of the body, e.g. ara=ɖelo 'be pregnant' |
attribute of size, 'time' and belly-related, e.g. ara=pheʈkhetɔ 'big bellied', ara=kaʈa 'stout/dwarf' |
deixis of immediate vertical or horizontal space, e.g. ara=balo 'behind X', tara=tal 'right under X' |
7 | parts for legs and related terms | o= ~ ɔ= | action which results in roundish object or in a definite result, e.g. o=cɔrno 'make nest', o=beo 'sting' |
external attribute of an X, shape or structure, e.g. o=baloŋ 'round', o=phelala 'slippery' |
temporal deixis relating to 'sun rise' or directional deixis, e.g. o=ʈɔ: 'day break', o=kara 'sunset' |
Great Andamanese place names
[edit]Contemporary place name | Present Great Andamanese place name |
---|---|
Andaman Islands | Marakele |
South Andaman Island | Sorobul |
Little Andaman | Ilumu Tauro |
Strait Island | Khringkosho |
Havelock Island (Swaraj Island) | Thi Lar Siro |
Interview Island | Bilikhu Taraphong |
Neill Island (Shaheed Island) | Tebi Shiro |
Baratang Island | Boa |
Bluff Island | Lurua |
Landfall Island | Mauntenga |
Port Blair | Laotara Nyo |
Diglipur | Thitaumul |
Mayabunder | Rait Phor |
Sample text
[edit]The following is a sample text in Present Great Andamanese, in Devanagari, the Latin script, and IPA.
कूरोतोनमीका
Kuro-t'on-mika
kurot̪onmikɑ
मोम
mom
mom
मीरीतलाऽ,
miritlaa,
mirit̪lɑː,
बीलीक
bilik
bilik
लौकौएमात,
laukoemat,
lɔkɔemɑt̪,
पेआकार
peakar
peɑkɑr
आतलो
aatlo
ɑt̪lo
तोपछीके
topchhike
topcʰike
आत
aat
ɑt
लैचे
laiche
lɑice
लेछलीन
lechhlin
lecʰlin
आ,
aa,
ɑ,
कोतीक
kotik
kot̪ik
आ
aa
ɑ
औकौकोडाऽकछीने
aukaukodaakchhine
ɔkɔkodɑːkcʰine
आतलो
aatlo
ɑt̪lo
कारातताऽताकेमीऽन।
Karat-tatak-emin.
kɑrɑt̪t̪ɑːt̪ɑkemiːn.
Mr. Pigeon stole a firebrand at Kuro-t'on-mika, while God was sleeping. He gave the brand to the late Lech, who then made fires at Karat-tatak-emin.
References
[edit]- ^ Jeru at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
- ^ a b c Mixed Great Andamanese at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020)
- ^ a b c Zamponi, Raoul; Comrie, Bernard (2021). A grammar of Akajeru: fragments of a traditional North Andamanese dialect (PDF). Grammars of world and minority languages. London: UCL Press. ISBN 978-1-80008-093-5.
- ^ A. N. Sharma (2003), Tribal Development in the Andaman Islands, page 75. Sarup & Sons, New Delhi.
- ^ Aka-Jeru at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) Mixed Great Andamanese at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Anvita Abbi (2006), "Endangered Languages of the Andaman Islands", LINCOM Studies in Asian Linguistics, 64.) München
- ^ Anvita Abbi (2009), "The Unique Structure of the Present Great Andamanese: An Overview of the Grammar", VOGA(Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese)
- ^ Andamani Varnamala (PDF), Centre for Linguistics Jawaharlal Nehru University, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on April 22, 2021
- ^ "GA Lexicon". VOGA. Archived from the original on March 1, 2024.
- ^ Anvita Abbi (2018), A sixth language family of India: Great Andamanese, its historical status and salient present-day features, UCT Press
- ^ Anvita Abbi (2011), Body divisions in Great Andamanese: Possessive classification, the semantics of inherency and grammaticalization, UJBPC
Bibliography
[edit]- Raoul Zamponi. 2022. A Grammar of Akajeru : Fragments of a Traditional North Andamanese Dialect.
External links
[edit]- Vanishing Voices of the Great Andamanese- VOGA
- Aka-Jeru language- Omniglot