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{{Short description|Former political party in Germany}}
{{Infobox political party
{{Infobox political party
⚫
| native_name = {{lang|de|Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands}}
⚫
| name = Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
⚫
| native_name = Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
| logo = USPD logo, 1920.svg
| logo = USPD logo, 1920.svg
| colorcode = {{Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}}
| colorcode = {{party color|Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany}}
| founded = 1917
| founded = {{start date and age|1917|4}}
| dissolution = 1931
| dissolution = {{end date and age|1931|11}}
| split = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]]
| split = [[Social Democratic Party of Germany|SPD]]
| successor = [[Socialist Workers' Party of Germany]]
| successor = [[Socialist Workers' Party of Germany|SAPD]]
| newspaper = ''[[Die Freiheit (1918)|Die Freiheit]]''
| newspaper = ''[[Die Freiheit (1918)|Die Freiheit]]''
| membership = 120,000 (January 1918)<br />750,000 (Spring 1920)
| membership = 120,000 (January 1918)<br />750,000 (Spring 1920)
Line 13: Line 13:
| position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
| position = [[Left-wing politics|Left-wing]]
| international = [[International Working Union of Socialist Parties]]
| international = [[International Working Union of Socialist Parties]]
| colors = {{ublist
⚫
| colors = {{color box|{{Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany/meta/color}}}} [[Red]]
| {{color box|#DA0903}} [[Red]] (official)
⚫
| {{color box|{{party color|Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany}}}} [[Pink]] (customary)
}}
| country = Germany
| country = Germany
}}
}}
[[File:Uspd1919.jpg|thumb|1919 USPD election poster]]
[[File:Uspd1919.jpg|thumb|1919 USPD election poster]]
[[File:USPD-Vorstand.jpg|thumb|On the edge of the Leipzig congress of the USPD in December 1919 recorded group photo with members of the National Executive, other prominent party members and the guest delegates of the SDAP Austrian [[Friedrich Adler (assassin)|Friedrich Adler]] (fourth from left), including [[Arthur Crispien]], [[Wilhelm Dittmann]], [[Lore Agnes]], [[Richard Lipinski]], [[William Bock]], [[Alfred Henke]], [[Frederick Geyer]], [[Curt Geyer]], [[Fritz Zubeil]], [[Fritz Kunert]], [[Georg Ledebour]] and [[Emanuel Wurm]]]]
[[File:USPD-Vorstand.jpg|thumb|On the edge of the Leipzig congress of the USPD in December 1919 recorded group photo with members of the National Executive, other prominent party members and the guest delegates of the SDAP Austrian [[Friedrich Adler (assassin)|Friedrich Adler]] (fourth from left), including [[Arthur Crispien]], [[Wilhelm Dittmann]], [[Lore Agnes]], [[Richard Lipinski]], [[William Bock (politician)|William Bock]], [[Alfred Henke]], [[Frederick Geyer]], [[Curt Geyer]], [[Fritz Zubeil]], [[Fritz Kunert]], [[Georg Ledebour]] and [[Emanuel Wurm]]]]
The '''Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany''' ({{lang-de|Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands}}, '''USPD''') was a short-lived [[political party]] in [[Germany]] during the [[German Empire]] and the [[Weimar Republic]]. The organization was established in 1917 as the result of a split of left wing members of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD). The organization attempted to chart a [[Centrist Marxism|centrist]] course between electorally oriented [[Revisionism (Marxism)|revisionism]] on the one hand and [[Bolshevism]] on the other. The organization was terminated in 1931 through merger with the [[Socialist Workers' Party of Germany]] (SAPD).
The '''Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany''' ({{lang-de|Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands}}, '''USPD''') was a short-lived [[political party]] in [[Germany]] during the [[German Empire]] and the [[Weimar Republic]]. The organization was established in 1917 as the result of a split of anti-war members of the [[Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (SPD), from the left of the party as well as the centre and the right. The organization attempted to chart a course between electorally oriented [[reformism]] on the one hand and [[Bolshevism|Bolshevist]] [[revolutionism]] on the other.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}} After several splits and mergers, the last part of the organization was terminated in 1931 through merger with the [[Socialist Workers' Party of Germany]] (SAPD).


== Organizational history ==
== Organizational history ==
=== Formation ===
=== Formation ===
On 21 December 1915, several SPD members in the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]], the German parliament, voted against the [[Burgfriedenspolitik|authorization of further credits]] to finance [[World War I]], an incident that emphasized existing tensions between the party's leadership and the left-wing [[Pacifism|pacifists]] surrounding [[Hugo Haase]] and ultimately led to the expulsion of the group from the SPD on 24 March 1916.
On 21 December 1915, several SPD members in the [[Reichstag (German Empire)|Reichstag]], the German parliament, voted against the [[Burgfriedenspolitik|authorization of further credits]] to finance [[World War I]], an incident that emphasized existing tensions between the party's leadership and the [[Pacifism|pacifists]] surrounding [[Hugo Haase]] and ultimately led to the expulsion of the group from the SPD on 24 March 1916.


To be able to continue their parliamentary work, the group formed the Social Democratic Working Group (''Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft'', SAG). Concerns from the SPD leadership and [[Friedrich Ebert]] that the SAG was intent on dividing the SPD then led to the expulsion of the SAG members from the SPD on 18 January 1917. On 6 April 1917, the USPD was founded at a conference in [[Gotha (town)|Gotha]], with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman. The [[Spartakusbund]] also merged into the newly founded party, but it retained relative autonomy.<ref>Ottokar Luban (2008). "Die Rolle der Spartakusgruppe bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung der USPD Januar 1916 bis März 1919". ''[[Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung]]'' (II).</ref> To avoid confusion, the existing SPD was typically called the [[Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (''Mehrheits-SPD'' or MSPD, majority-SPD) from then on. [[Luise Zietz]] was one of the main agitators in favor of a split in the party in 1917.<ref name="Biesinger2006">{{cite book|author=Joseph A. Biesinger|title=Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exMn24SA7fMC&pg=PA755|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7471-6|pages=755–}}</ref> She became a leader in the creation of the USPD's women's movement.<ref name="Biesinger2006"/>
To be able to continue their parliamentary work, the group formed the Social Democratic Working Group (''Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft'', SAG). Concerns from the SPD leadership and [[Friedrich Ebert]] that the SAG was intent on dividing the SPD then led to the expulsion of the SAG members from the SPD on 18 January 1917. On 6 April 1917, the USPD was founded at a conference in [[Gotha (town)|Gotha]], with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman. The [[Spartakusbund]] also merged into the newly founded party, but it retained relative autonomy.<ref>Ottokar Luban (2008). "Die Rolle der Spartakusgruppe bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung der USPD Januar 1916 bis März 1919". ''[[Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung]]'' (II).</ref> To avoid confusion, the existing SPD was typically called the [[Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany]] (''Mehrheits-SPD'' or MSPD, majority-SPD) from then on. [[Luise Zietz]] was one of the main agitators in favor of a split in the party in 1917.<ref name="Biesinger2006">{{cite book|author=Joseph A. Biesinger|title=Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exMn24SA7fMC&pg=PA755|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7471-6|pages=755–}}</ref> She became a leader in the creation of the USPD's women's movement.<ref name="Biesinger2006"/>


Following the ''[[Januarstreik]]'' in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members. Despite harsh criticism of the SPD for becoming part of the government of the newly formed German republic during the ''[[Oktoberreform]]'', the USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the [[German Revolution]] began and even became part of the government in the form of the ''Rat der Volksbeauftragten'' (Council of People's Deputies) which was formed on 10 November 1918 and mutually led by Ebert and Haase following the German Revolution.
Following the ''[[Januarstreik]]'' in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members. The USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the [[German Revolution]] began and even became part of the government in the form of the ''Rat der Volksbeauftragten'' ([[Council of the People's Deputies]]), which was formed on 10 November 1918 and mutually led by Ebert and Haase during the German Revolution.


However, the agreement did not last long as Haase, [[Wilhelm Dittmann]] and [[Emil Barth]] left the council again on 29 December 1918 to protest the SPD's actions during the soldier mutiny in [[Berlin]] on 23 November 1918. At the same time, the Spartakusbund, led by [[Rosa Luxemburg]] and [[Karl Liebknecht]], separated from the USPD again as well to merge with other left-wing groups and form the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (''Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands'', KPD).
However, the agreement did not last long as Haase, [[Wilhelm Dittmann]] and [[Emil Barth]] left the council on 29 December 1918 to protest the SPD's use of military force during the [[1918 Christmas crisis|sailors' uprising]] in Berlin. At the same time, the Spartakusbund, led by [[Rosa Luxemburg]] and [[Karl Liebknecht]], separated from the USPD in order to merge with other left-wing groups and form the [[Communist Party of Germany]] (''Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands'', KPD).


=== Development ===
=== Development ===
During the elections for the [[Weimar National Assembly|National Assembly]] on [[1919 German federal election|19 January 1919]] from which the SPD emerged as the strongest party with 37.9% of the votes, the USPD only managed to attract 7.6%. Nevertheless, the party's strong support for the introduction of a system of councils (''[[Räterepublik]]'') instead of a parliamentary democracy attracted many former SPD members and in spring 1920 the USPD had grown to more than 750,000 members, managing to increase their share of votes to 17.9% during the [[1920 German federal election|parliamentary elections on 6 June 1920]] and becoming one of the largest factions in the new [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]], second only to the SPD (21.7%).
During the elections for the [[Weimar National Assembly|National Assembly]] on [[1919 German federal election|19 January 1919]] from which the SPD emerged as the strongest party with 37.9% of the votes, the USPD only managed to attract 7.6%. Nevertheless, the party's strong support for the introduction of a system of councils (''[[Räterepublik]]'') instead of a parliamentary democracy attracted many former SPD members and in spring 1920 the USPD had grown to more than 750,000 members, managing to increase their share of votes to 17.9% during the [[1920 German federal election|parliamentary elections on 6 June 1920]] and becoming one of the largest factions in the new [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]], second only to the SPD (21.7%).
During that period, the USPD briefly published a newspaper, ''[[Arbeiterpost (Gleiwitz)|Arbeiterpost]]''.<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?id=yObUAAAAMAAJ Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis: Prawo]'', Vol. 161. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1988. p. 110</ref>


===Debate over joining the Communist International===
===Debate over joining the Communist International===
[[File:Paul Halke (1920) Der Russische Schwabenstreich.png|thumb|left|Cover of the satirical magazine ''[[Ulk]]'' featuring illustration by [[Paul Halke]] depicting the split in the USPD]]
In 1920, four delegates from the USPD ([[Ernst Däumig]], [[Arthur Crispien]], [[Walter Stoecker]] and [[Wilhelm Dittmann]]) attended the [[2nd World Congress of the Comintern]] to discuss participating in the [[Comintern]].<ref name="Broue, P 2006 pg.435">Pierre Broué (2006). ''The German Revolution: 1917–1923''. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 435.</ref> Whilst Däumig and Stoecker agreed with the International's 21 conditions of entry, Crispien and Dittmann opposed them,<ref name="Broue, P 2006 pg.435"/> leading to a controversial debate over joining the Comintern to break out in the USPD. Many members felt that the necessary requirements for joining would lead to a loss of the party's independence and a perceived dictate from Moscow while others, especially younger members such as [[Ernst Thälmann]], argued that only the joining of the Comintern would allow the party to implement its socialist ideals.
In 1920, four delegates from the USPD ([[Ernst Däumig]], [[Arthur Crispien]], [[Walter Stoecker]] and [[Wilhelm Dittmann]]) attended the [[2nd World Congress of the Comintern]] to discuss participating in the [[Comintern]].<ref name="Broue, P 2006 pg.435">Pierre Broué (2006). ''The German Revolution: 1917–1923''. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 435.</ref> Whilst Däumig and Stoecker agreed with the International's 21 conditions of entry, Crispien and Dittmann opposed them,<ref name="Broue, P 2006 pg.435"/> leading to a controversial debate over joining the Comintern to break out in the USPD. Many members felt that the necessary requirements for joining would lead to a loss of the party's independence and a perceived dictate from Moscow while others, especially younger members such as [[Ernst Thälmann]], argued that only the joining of the Comintern would allow the party to implement its socialist ideals.


Ultimately, the proposition to join the Comintern was approved at a party convention in [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] in October 1920 by 237 votes to 156,<ref>Pierre Broué (2006). ''The German Revolution: 1917–1923''. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 442.</ref> with various international speakers including [[Julius Martov]], [[Jean Longuet]] and [[Grigory Zinoviev]]. The USPD split up in the process, with both groups seeing themselves as the rightful USPD and the other one as being outcast. On 4 December 1920, the left-wing of the USPD with about 400,000 members merged into the KPD, forming the United Communist Party of Germany (''Vereinigte Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands'', VKPD) while the other half of the party, with about 340,000 members and including three quarters of the 81 Reichstag members, continued under the name USPD. Led by [[Georg Ledebour]] and [[Arthur Crispien]], they advocated a [[parliamentary democracy]]. The USPD was instrumental in the creation of the [[2½ International]] in 1921.
Ultimately, the proposition to join the Comintern was approved at a party convention in [[Halle, Saxony-Anhalt|Halle]] in October 1920 by 237 votes to 156,<ref>Pierre Broué (2006). ''The German Revolution: 1917–1923''. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 442.</ref> with various international speakers including [[Julius Martov]], [[Jean Longuet]] and [[Grigory Zinoviev]]. The USPD split up in the process, with both groups seeing themselves as the rightful USPD and the other one as being outcast. On 4 December 1920, the left wing of the USPD with about 400,000 members merged into the KPD, forming the United Communist Party of Germany (''Vereinigte Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands'', VKPD) while the other half of the party, with about 340,000 members-including three quarters of the USPD's 81 Reichstag members-continued under the name USPD. Led by [[Georg Ledebour]] and [[Arthur Crispien]], they advocated a [[parliamentary democracy]]. The USPD was instrumental in the creation of the [[2½ International]] in 1921.


=== Move to merger ===
=== Move to merger ===
Over time, the political differences between SPD and USPD dwindled and following the assassination of foreign minister [[Walther Rathenau]] by right-wing extremists in June 1922 the two parties' factions in the Reichstag formed a common working group on 14 July 1922. Two months later on 24 September, the parties officially merged again after a joint party convention in [[Nürnberg]], adopting the name of United Social Democratic Party of Germany (''Vereinigte Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands'', VSPD) which was shortened again to SPD in 1924.
Over time, the political differences between SPD and USPD dwindled. Following the assassination of foreign minister [[Walther Rathenau]] by right-wing extremists in June 1922, the two parties' factions in the Reichstag formed a common working group on 14 July 1922. Two months later on 24 September, the parties officially merged again after a joint party convention in [[Nürnberg]], adopting the name of United Social Democratic Party of Germany (''Vereinigte Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands'', VSPD) which was shortened again to SPD in 1924.


The USPD continued as an independent party by [[Georg Ledebour]] and [[Theodor Liebknecht]], who refused to work with the SPD, but it never attained any significance again and merged into the [[Socialist Workers' Party of Germany]] (''Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschland'', SAPD) in 1931.
Elements of the USPD continued as an independent party led by [[Georg Ledebour]] and [[Theodor Liebknecht]], who refused to work with the SPD, but it never attained any significance again.


The party got 20,275 votes in the [[1928 German federal election|1928 Reichstag election]], but it won no seats.<ref>[[Labour and Socialist International]] (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bqElQQAACAAJ ''Kongress-Protokolle der Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Internationale – B. 3.1 Brüssel 1928'']. Glashütten im Taunus: D. Auvermann. p. IV. 41.</ref>
The party got 20,275 votes in the [[1928 German federal election|1928 Reichstag election]], but it won no seats.<ref>[[Labour and Socialist International]] (1974). [https://books.google.com/books?id=bqElQQAACAAJ ''Kongress-Protokolle der Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Internationale – B. 3.1 Brüssel 1928'']. Glashütten im Taunus: D. Auvermann. p. IV. 41.</ref> It merged into the [[Socialist Workers' Party of Germany]] (''Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschland'', SAPD) in 1931.


== Important USPD members ==
== Electoral results ==
{|class=wikitable
! Year
! Leader
! Votes
! %
! Seats
! +/–
|-
! [[1919 German federal election|1919]]
| align=center| [[Hugo Haase]]
| 2,317,290 (5th)
| align=right| 7.62
| {{composition bar|22|423|hex={{party color|Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany}}}}
| ''New''
|-
! [[1920 German federal election|1920]]
| align=center| [[Arthur Crispien]]
| 5,046,813 (2nd)
| align=right| 17.90
| {{composition bar|84|459|hex={{party color|Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany}}}}
| {{increase}}62
|-
! [[May 1924 German federal election|May 1924]]
| align=center rowspan=4| [[Georg Ledebour]]<br>[[Theodor Liebknecht]]
| 235,145 (13th)
| align=right| 0.79
⚫
| {{composition bar|0|472|hex={{party color|Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany}}}}
| {{decrease}}84
|-
! [[December 1924 German federal election|December 1924]]
| 98,842 (14th)
| align=right| 0.32
| {{composition bar|0|493|hex={{party color|Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany}}}}
| {{steady}}
|-
! [[1928 German federal election|1928]]
| 20,815 (25th)
| align=right| 0.06
| {{composition bar|0|491|hex={{party color|Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany}}}}
| {{steady}}
|-
! [[1930 German federal election|1930]]
| 11,690 (22nd)
| align=right| 0.03
| {{composition bar|0|577|hex={{party color|Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany}}}}
| {{steady}}
|}

== Notable USPD members ==
{{see also|List of Independent Social Democratic Party politicians}}
{{see also|List of Independent Social Democratic Party politicians}}

=== Leaders ===
*Apr. 1917 – Jan. 1919: [[Hugo Haase]] & [[Georg Ledebour]] ''(resigned)''
*Jan. – Mar. 1919: Hugo Haase
*Mar. – Nov. 1919: Hugo Haase† & [[Arthur Crispien]]
*Nov. 1919: Arthur Crispien
*Dec. 1919 – Oct. 1920: Arthur Crispien & [[Ernst Däumig]]
*Oct. – Dec. 1920: ''(Left USPD)'' Ernst Däumig & [[Adolph Hoffmann]]
*Oct. 1920 – Jan. 1922: ''(Right USPD)'' Arthur Crispien & Georg Ledebour
*Jan. 1922 – Sep. 1922: Arthur Crispien, Georg Ledebour & [[Wilhelm Dittmann]]

{{col-begin}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
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{{col-break}}
{{col-break}}
* [[Hugo Haase]]
* [[Hugo Haase]]
* [[Adolph Hoffmann]]
* [[Karl Kautsky]]
* [[Karl Kautsky]]
* [[Karl Korsch]]
* [[Karl Korsch]]
Line 77: Line 143:


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
* Eric D. Weitz (1997). ''Creating German Communism, 1890-1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
* Eric D. Weitz (1997). ''Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State''. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
* David Priestand (2009). ''Red Flag: A History of Communism''. New York: Grove Press.
* David Priestand (2009). ''Red Flag: A History of Communism''. New York: Grove Press.
* Albert S. Lindemann (1974). The 'Red Years': European Socialism versus Bolshevism, 1919-1921. University of California Press.
* David W. Morgan (1975). The Socialist Left and the German Revolution: A History of the German Independent Social Democratic Party, 1917-1922. Cornell University Press
* Carl E. Schorske (1955). German Social Democracy, 1905-1917: The Development of the Great Schism. Harvard University Press
* Talbot C. Imlay (2018). The Practice of Socialist Internationalism. European Socialists and International Politics, 1914-1960. Oxford University Press
* Gary P. Steenson (1991). Karl Kautsky, 1854-1938: Marxism in Classical Years. University of Pittsburgh Press.


== Footnotes ==
== Footnotes ==
Line 84: Line 155:


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{Commons category|Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands|Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany}}
* [https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH01499 USPD Reichstagsfraktion Archives] at the [[International Institute of Social History]]
* [https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH01499 USPD Reichstagsfraktion Archives] at the [[International Institute of Social History]]
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/usa/pubs/isr/v18n01-jul-1917-ISR-riaz-ocr.pdf#page=45 Appeal of the Executive Committee of the USDP], 12.4.1917
* [https://www.marxists.org/history/international/social-democracy/justice/1918/07/german-manifesto.htm The Manifesto of the German Independent Social Democratic Party Against Imperialism], 27.5.1918.


{{German Empire political parties}}
{{German Empire political parties}}
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[[Category:1931 disestablishments in Germany]]
[[Category:1931 disestablishments in Germany]]
[[Category:Defunct socialist parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Defunct socialist parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Organizations of the German Revolution of 1918–19]]
[[Category:German Empire in World War I]]
[[Category:Opposition to World War I]]
[[Category:Organizations of the German Revolution of 1918–1919]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1931]]
[[Category:Political parties disestablished in 1931]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1917]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1917]]
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[[Category:Political parties of the German Empire]]
[[Category:Political parties of the German Empire]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Social democratic parties in Germany]]
[[Category:Marxist parties in Germany]]

Revision as of 19:02, 21 July 2024

Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands
GegründetApril 1917; 107 years ago (1917-04)
DissolvedNovember 1931; 92 years ago (1931-11)
Split fromSPD
Succeeded bySAPD
NewspaperDie Freiheit
Membership120,000 (January 1918)
750,000 (Spring 1920)
IdeologyCentrist Marxism
Democratic socialism
Pacifism
Political positionLeft-wing
International affiliationInternational Working Union of Socialist Parties
Colors
  •   Red (official)
  •   Pink (customary)
1919 USPD election poster
On the edge of the Leipzig congress of the USPD in December 1919 recorded group photo with members of the National Executive, other prominent party members and the guest delegates of the SDAP Austrian Friedrich Adler (fourth from left), including Arthur Crispien, Wilhelm Dittmann, Lore Agnes, Richard Lipinski, William Bock, Alfred Henke, Frederick Geyer, Curt Geyer, Fritz Zubeil, Fritz Kunert, Georg Ledebour and Emanuel Wurm

The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (German: Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, USPD) was a short-lived political party in Germany during the German Empire and the Weimar Republic. The organization was established in 1917 as the result of a split of anti-war members of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), from the left of the party as well as the centre and the right. The organization attempted to chart a course between electorally oriented reformism on the one hand and Bolshevist revolutionism on the other.[citation needed] After several splits and mergers, the last part of the organization was terminated in 1931 through merger with the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (SAPD).

Organizational history

Formation

On 21 December 1915, several SPD members in the Reichstag, the German parliament, voted against the authorization of further credits to finance World War I, an incident that emphasized existing tensions between the party's leadership and the pacifists surrounding Hugo Haase and ultimately led to the expulsion of the group from the SPD on 24 March 1916.

To be able to continue their parliamentary work, the group formed the Social Democratic Working Group (Sozialdemokratische Arbeitsgemeinschaft, SAG). Concerns from the SPD leadership and Friedrich Ebert that the SAG was intent on dividing the SPD then led to the expulsion of the SAG members from the SPD on 18 January 1917. On 6 April 1917, the USPD was founded at a conference in Gotha, with Hugo Haase as the party's first chairman. The Spartakusbund also merged into the newly founded party, but it retained relative autonomy.[1] To avoid confusion, the existing SPD was typically called the Majority Social Democratic Party of Germany (Mehrheits-SPD or MSPD, majority-SPD) from then on. Luise Zietz was one of the main agitators in favor of a split in the party in 1917.[2] She became a leader in the creation of the USPD's women's movement.[2]

Following the Januarstreik in January 1918, a strike demanding an end to the war and better food provisioning that was organized by revolutionaries affiliated with the USPD and officially supported by the party, the USPD quickly rose to about 120,000 members. The USPD reached a settlement with the SPD as the German Revolution began and even became part of the government in the form of the Rat der Volksbeauftragten (Council of the People's Deputies), which was formed on 10 November 1918 and mutually led by Ebert and Haase during the German Revolution.

However, the agreement did not last long as Haase, Wilhelm Dittmann and Emil Barth left the council on 29 December 1918 to protest the SPD's use of military force during the sailors' uprising in Berlin. At the same time, the Spartakusbund, led by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht, separated from the USPD in order to merge with other left-wing groups and form the Communist Party of Germany (Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD).

Development

During the elections for the National Assembly on 19 January 1919 from which the SPD emerged as the strongest party with 37.9% of the votes, the USPD only managed to attract 7.6%. Nevertheless, the party's strong support for the introduction of a system of councils (Räterepublik) instead of a parliamentary democracy attracted many former SPD members and in spring 1920 the USPD had grown to more than 750,000 members, managing to increase their share of votes to 17.9% during the parliamentary elections on 6 June 1920 and becoming one of the largest factions in the new Reichstag, second only to the SPD (21.7%). During that period, the USPD briefly published a newspaper, Arbeiterpost.[3]

Debate over joining the Communist International

Cover of the satirical magazine Ulk featuring illustration by Paul Halke depicting the split in the USPD

In 1920, four delegates from the USPD (Ernst Däumig, Arthur Crispien, Walter Stoecker and Wilhelm Dittmann) attended the 2nd World Congress of the Comintern to discuss participating in the Comintern.[4] Whilst Däumig and Stoecker agreed with the International's 21 conditions of entry, Crispien and Dittmann opposed them,[4] leading to a controversial debate over joining the Comintern to break out in the USPD. Many members felt that the necessary requirements for joining would lead to a loss of the party's independence and a perceived dictate from Moscow while others, especially younger members such as Ernst Thälmann, argued that only the joining of the Comintern would allow the party to implement its socialist ideals.

Ultimately, the proposition to join the Comintern was approved at a party convention in Halle in October 1920 by 237 votes to 156,[5] with various international speakers including Julius Martov, Jean Longuet and Grigory Zinoviev. The USPD split up in the process, with both groups seeing themselves as the rightful USPD and the other one as being outcast. On 4 December 1920, the left wing of the USPD with about 400,000 members merged into the KPD, forming the United Communist Party of Germany (Vereinigte Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, VKPD) while the other half of the party, with about 340,000 members-including three quarters of the USPD's 81 Reichstag members-continued under the name USPD. Led by Georg Ledebour and Arthur Crispien, they advocated a parliamentary democracy. The USPD was instrumental in the creation of the 2½ International in 1921.

Move to merger

Over time, the political differences between SPD and USPD dwindled. Following the assassination of foreign minister Walther Rathenau by right-wing extremists in June 1922, the two parties' factions in the Reichstag formed a common working group on 14 July 1922. Two months later on 24 September, the parties officially merged again after a joint party convention in Nürnberg, adopting the name of United Social Democratic Party of Germany (Vereinigte Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, VSPD) which was shortened again to SPD in 1924.

Elements of the USPD continued as an independent party led by Georg Ledebour and Theodor Liebknecht, who refused to work with the SPD, but it never attained any significance again.

The party got 20,275 votes in the 1928 Reichstag election, but it won no seats.[6] It merged into the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschland, SAPD) in 1931.

Electoral results

Year Leader Votes % Seats +/–
1919 Hugo Haase 2,317,290 (5th) 7.62
22 / 423
 New
1920 Arthur Crispien 5,046,813 (2nd) 17.90
84 / 459
 Increase62
May 1924 Georg Ledebour
Theodor Liebknecht 		235,145 (13th) 0.79
0 / 472
 Decrease84
December 1924 98,842 (14th) 0.32
0 / 493
 Steady
1928 20,815 (25th) 0.06
0 / 491
 Steady
1930 11,690 (22nd) 0.03
0 / 577
 Steady

Notable USPD members

See also: List of Independent Social Democratic Party politicians

Leaders

  • Apr. 1917 – Jan. 1919: Hugo Haase & Georg Ledebour (resigned)
  • Jan. – Mar. 1919: Hugo Haase
  • Mar. – Nov. 1919: Hugo Haase† & Arthur Crispien
  • Nov. 1919: Arthur Crispien
  • Dec. 1919 – Oct. 1920: Arthur Crispien & Ernst Däumig
  • Oct. – Dec. 1920: (Left USPD) Ernst Däumig & Adolph Hoffmann
  • Oct. 1920 – Jan. 1922: (Right USPD) Arthur Crispien & Georg Ledebour
  • Jan. 1922 – Sep. 1922: Arthur Crispien, Georg Ledebour & Wilhelm Dittmann

Further reading

  • Eric D. Weitz (1997). Creating German Communism, 1890–1990: From Popular Protests to Socialist State. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
  • David Priestand (2009). Red Flag: A History of Communism. New York: Grove Press.
  • Albert S. Lindemann (1974). The 'Red Years': European Socialism versus Bolshevism, 1919-1921. University of California Press.
  • David W. Morgan (1975). The Socialist Left and the German Revolution: A History of the German Independent Social Democratic Party, 1917-1922. Cornell University Press
  • Carl E. Schorske (1955). German Social Democracy, 1905-1917: The Development of the Great Schism. Harvard University Press
  • Talbot C. Imlay (2018). The Practice of Socialist Internationalism. European Socialists and International Politics, 1914-1960. Oxford University Press
  • Gary P. Steenson (1991). Karl Kautsky, 1854-1938: Marxism in Classical Years. University of Pittsburgh Press.

Footnotes

  1. ^ Ottokar Luban (2008). "Die Rolle der Spartakusgruppe bei der Entstehung und Entwicklung der USPD Januar 1916 bis März 1919". Jahrbuch für Forschungen zur Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung (II).
  2. ^ a b Joseph A. Biesinger (1 January 2006). Germany: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present. Infobase Publishing. pp. 755–. ISBN 978-0-8160-7471-6.
  3. ^ Acta Universitatis Wratislaviensis: Prawo, Vol. 161. Państwowe Wydawn. Naukowe, 1988. p. 110
  4. ^ a b Pierre Broué (2006). The German Revolution: 1917–1923. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 435.
  5. ^ Pierre Broué (2006). The German Revolution: 1917–1923. Chicago: Haymarket Books. p. 442.
  6. ^ Labour and Socialist International (1974). Kongress-Protokolle der Sozialistischen Arbeiter-Internationale – B. 3.1 Brüssel 1928. Glashütten im Taunus: D. Auvermann. p. IV. 41.
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