The War Game

This article is about the 1966 BBC television film. For the 2002 film, see War Game (film). For the 1983 film that also relates to the topic of nuclear war, see WarGames. For other uses, see War Game (disambiguation).

The War Game
Directed by	Peter Watkins
Written by	Peter Watkins
Produced by	Peter Watkins
Narrated by	Michael Aspel Peter Graham
Cinematography	Peter Bartlett Peter Suschitzky (uncredited)
Edited by	Michael Bradsell
Production company	BBC
Distributed by	British Film Institute
Release date	13 April 1966 (1966-04-13)
Running time	47 minutes
Land	Vereinigtes Königreich
Sprache	Englisch

The War Game is a 1966 British pseudo-documentary film that depicts a nuclear war and its aftermath. Written, directed and produced by Peter Watkins for the BBC, it caused dismay within the BBC and within government, and was withdrawn before the provisional screening date of 6 October 1965. The corporation said that "the effect of the film has been judged by the BBC to be too horrifying for the medium of broadcasting. It will, however, be shown to invited audiences..."

The film premiered at the National Film Theatre in London, on 13 April 1966, where it ran until 3 May. It was then shown abroad at several film festivals, including Venice where it won the Special Prize. It won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature in 1967.

The film was eventually televised in Great Britain on 31 July 1985, during the week before the fortieth anniversary of the Hiroshima bombing, the day before a repeat screening of Threads.

Synopsis

In an opening text scroll, it is stated that Britain's nuclear deterrence policy threatens a would-be aggressor with devastation from the Royal Air Force's nuclear-armed V bombers. Due to the number of V bomber bases (particularly in a crisis situation that, the text scroll claims, would see them dispersed throughout Britain), as well as major civilian targets in cities, a narrator claims that Britain has more potential nuclear weapon targets per acre than any other country.

On 15 September, American forces in South Vietnam are authorised to use tactical nuclear weapons in response to a Chinese invasion. The Soviet Union and East Germany threaten to invade West Berlin if America does not change course. The next day, the British government declares a state of emergency and hands over responsibility for the country's day-to-day running to a body of regional commissioners. Emergency committees of local councillors are established, with their first task being the mass evacuation of children, mothers, and the infirm to various safe areas including Kent. Under threat of imprisonment, homeowners billet the evacuees, while unoccupied properties are requisitioned. Ration cards are issued, booklets detailing how to prepare for nuclear attack are distributed, and emergency sirens are tested, with the narrator estimating that by the time an imminent attack was confirmed these would provide some 21⁄2–3 minutes warning until impact, or under thirty seconds in the case of a submarine attack. There are no government-built shelters, while efforts to build private ones are soon frustrated by a shortage of construction supplies.

On 18 September, Soviet and East German forces invade West Berlin as previously threatened and defeat NATO's counterattack. Lyndon B. Johnson releases tactical nuclear weapons to NATO commanders who then authorise their use on Soviet targets. The narrator remarks that many Soviet IRBMs are believed to be liquid-fuelled and stored above ground, requiring them to be launched in the earliest stages of a crisis to avoid destruction.

In Canterbury, a doctor who has just finished a home visit hears air-raid sirens and police klaxons being sounded. He rushes back into the house with two civil defence workers and brings tables together to create a makeshift shelter. Three minutes later a one-megaton warhead overshoots Manston Airfield and instead airbursts six miles away from Canterbury. Back at the house, a defence worker and a boy in the yard are struck by the heat wave causing third-degree burns and melting of the eyeballs; furniture inside the house is ignited and twelve seconds later the building is demolished by the shock front. Elsewhere, another child suffers severe retinal burns from a detonation 27 miles away. His father carries him into the family home and those inside hide under a table as it trembles from the blast wave near Canterbury and then from an explosion at Gatwick Airport, Sussex, 41 miles away. A missile intended for London Airport instead explodes over Rochester, causing a firestorm. The temperature rises to 800 °C, with the heat sucking in ground-level winds at speeds exceeding 100 mph, and the oxygen in the air is replaced by methane, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide. Meanwhile, British V bombers enter Soviet airspace to inflict the same devastation on that country.

Britain's emergency services are overwhelmed by the attack and its aftermath, with each surviving doctor described as being faced with at least 350 casualties. The worst affected victims are variously left to die alone or shot by specially armed police. PTSD and other mental conditions take their toll on civilians and the uniformed services alike. The dead are too numerous to bury and are instead burned where they lie; their wedding rings are collected for later identification, with the practice explicitly being linked to that seen after Dresden's 1945 firebombing. To prevent the relatives of the dead from interfering, areas like Rochester are sealed off and all surviving police are now routinely armed. There is overwhelming radiation sickness, while essential supplies and infrastructure are limited or nonexistent. As in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, many survivors become apathetic and "profoundly" lethargic, "living often in their own filth".

As hunger riots intensify, dwindling food supplies are reserved for those maintaining law and order. The riots turn violent and eventually lead to armed skirmishes between the authorities and those opposed to them; the latter are shown seizing a weapons truck and then a food depot. Survivors are described as becoming indifferent to the law and abandoning previous ideals in favour of more primitive behaviour. Firing squads execute those convicted of civil disturbances or obstructing government officers. Scurvy sets in due to the lack of vitamin C.

On Christmas Day in a Dover refugee compound, children orphaned in the attack are asked what they want to be when they grow up; they either "don't want to be nothing" or remain silent. Another child, who is bedridden with leukemia-like symptoms, is described by the narrator as only having seven years to live, while an expectant mother who was exposed to radiation is unsure if she will suffer stillbirth. In closing, the narrator says that, even as weapon stockpiles grow, the press remains silent on the dangers of nuclear war.

Style

The story is told in the style of a news magazine programme. It wavers between a pseudo-documentary and a drama film, with characters acknowledging the presence of the camera crew in some segments and others (in particular the nuclear attack) filmed as if the camera was not present. The combination of elements also qualifies it as a mondo film. It features several different strands that alternate throughout, including a documentary-style chronology of the main events, featuring reportage-like images of the war, the nuclear strikes, and their effects on civilians; brief contemporary interviews, in which passers-by are interviewed about what turns out to be their general lack of knowledge of nuclear war issues; optimistic commentary from public figures that clashes with the other images in the film; and fictional interviews with key figures as the war unfolds.

The film features a voice-over narration that describes the events depicted as plausible occurrences during and after a nuclear war. The narrator seeks to convince the viewing audience that the civil defence policies of 1965 have not realistically prepared the public for such events, particularly suggesting that the policies neglected the possibility of panic buying that would occur for building materials to construct improvised fallout shelters.

The public are generally depicted as lacking all understanding of nuclear matters with the exception of a character with a double-barrelled shotgun who successfully implemented the contemporary civil defence advice, and heavily sandbagged his home. The film does not focus on individual experiences, but rather the collective British population, who rely on government preparations and are not fully convinced of the dangers of nuclear war until the final hours before the attack.

Of his intent, Watkins said:

... Interwoven among scenes of "reality" were stylized interviews with a series of "establishment figures" – an Anglican Bishop, a nuclear strategist, etc. The outrageous statements by some of these people (including the Bishop) – in favour of nuclear weapons, even nuclear war – were actually based on genuine quotations. Other interviews with a doctor, a psychiatrist, etc. were more sober, and gave details of the effects of nuclear weapons on the human body and mind. In this film I was interested in breaking the illusion of media-produced "reality". My question was – "Where is 'reality'? ... in the madness of statements by these artificially-lit establishment figures quoting the official doctrine of the day, or in the madness of the staged and fictional scenes from the rest of my film, which presented the consequences of their utterances?

To this end, the docudrama employs juxtaposition by, for example, quickly cutting from the scenes of horror after an immediate escalation from military to city nuclear attacks to a snippet of a recording of a calm lecture by a person resembling Herman Kahn, a renowned RAND strategist, hypothesising that a third world war would not necessarily escalate to a stage involving "the ultimate destruction of cities" and, indeed, that stopping the conflict before then would give the belligerents around ten years of post-war recovery in which to prepare for the next five world wars. The effect of this juxtaposition is to make the speaker appear out of touch with the "reality" of rapid escalation and of the likelihood of cities being utterly destroyed as depicted immediately before his contribution. Similarly, the film briefly cuts away from the destruction inflicted on Canterbury to show a textual statement by two bishops from the Vatican's ecumenical council who argue that the faithful "should learn to live with, though need not love, the nuclear bomb, provided that it is 'clean' and of a good family", before then cutting back to Canterbury's fate, while a spoken statement by an Anglican bishop about his continued belief in "a system of necessary law and order [and] in the war of the just" is immediately followed by a scene of a family burning to death in their car during the Rochester firestorm.

Production

The film was shot in the Kent towns of Tonbridge, Gravesend, Chatham and Dover. The cast was almost entirely made up of amateur and non-actors, as was Watkins' preference, casting having taken place via a series of public meetings several months earlier; over 350 actors would ultimately take part in the production. Much of the filming of the post-strike devastation was shot at the Grand Shaft Barracks, Dover. The narration was provided by Peter Graham with Michael Aspel reading the quotations from source material.

Release

The War Game itself finally saw television broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC2 on 31 July 1985, as part of a special season of programming entitled After the Bomb (which had been Watkins's original working title for The War Game). After the Bomb commemorated the 40th anniversary of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The broadcast was preceded by an introduction from Ludovic Kennedy.

On 27 August 1968, nearly 250 people at a peace rally in the Edwin Lewis Quadrangle in Philadelphia, attended the screening of the film sponsored by the Pennsylvania Coalition. Like the United Kingdom, the film was also banned from National Educational Television in the United States due to its theme.

Reception and legacy

The film holds a Rotten Tomatoes rating of 93% based on 14 reviews, with an average score of 8.46/10.

Roger Ebert gave the film a perfect score, calling it "[o]ne of the most skillful documentary films ever made." He praised the "remarkable authenticity" of the firestorm sequence and describes its portrayal of bombing's aftermath as "certainly the most horrifying ever put on film (although, to be sure, greater suffering has taken place in real life, and is taking place today)." "They should string up bedsheets between the trees and show "The War Game" in every public park" he concludes, "It should be shown on television, perhaps right after one of those half-witted war series in which none of the stars ever gets killed." David Cornelius of DVD Talk called it "one of the most disturbing, overwhelming, and downright important films ever produced." He writes that the film finds Watkins "at his very best, angry and provocative and desperate to tell the truth, yet not once dipping below anything but sheer greatness from a filmmaking perspective [...] an unquestionable masterpiece of raw journalism, political commentary, and unrestrained terror."

Accolades

The film won the 1967 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature.

In a list of the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes drawn up by the British Film Institute in 2000, voted for by industry professionals, The War Game was placed 27th. The War Game was also voted 74th in Channel Four's 100 Greatest Scary Moments.

See also

• List of nuclear holocaust fiction
• Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom
• Nuclear weapons in popular culture
• Survival film, about the film genre, with a list of related films
• Threads, a 1984 British docudrama about nuclear war which, like The War Game, was produced by the BBC
• The Day After, a 1983 US film about nuclear war and its aftermath
• When the Wind Blows, a 1986 British animated film about nuclear war

External links

• The War Game at IMDb
• The War Game at AllMovie
• The War Game is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive
• The War Game at the BBC
• BBC contemporary "censorship" from John Cook's article in The Conversation
• Encyclopedia of Television Archived 3 May 2009 at the Wayback Machine
• British Film Institute Screen Online UK only
• The War Game – The Controversy by Patrick Murphy in Film International, May 2003.
• A transcript of the film