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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Aaron Klug
| name = Sir Aaron Klug
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|FRS|FMedSci|HonFRMS|size=100%}}
| honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|FRS|FMedSci|HonFRMS|size=100%}}
| image = Aaron Klug 1979.jpg
| image = Aaron Klug 1979.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
| caption = Aaron Klug in 1979
| caption = Aaron Klug in 1979
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|8|11}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1926|8|11}}
| birth_place = [[Želva]], Lithuania
| birth_place = [[Želva]], Lithuania
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|11|20|1926|8|11}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|11|20|1926|8|11}}
| death_place = [[Cambridge]], UK
| death_place = [[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]], [[England]]
| nationality = British
| nationality = British
| field = {{Plainlist|
| field = {{Plainlist|
Line 20: Line 20:
*[[Birkbeck, University of London]]
*[[Birkbeck, University of London]]
*[[Laboratory of Molecular Biology]]}}
*[[Laboratory of Molecular Biology]]}}
| education = [[Durban High School]]
| education = {{Plainlist|
⚫
* [[University of the Witwatersrand]] ([[BSc]])
| alma_mater = {{Plainlist|
* [[University of the Witwatersrand]] (BSc)
* [[University of Cape Town]] ([[MSc]])
* [[University of Cape Town]] (MSc)
* [[University of Cambridge]] ([[PhD]])}}
⚫
* [[University of Cambridge]] (PhD)}}
| doctoral_advisor = [[Douglas Hartree]]<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy|id=140772}}</ref>
| doctoral_advisor = [[Douglas Hartree]]<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy|id=140772}}</ref>
| thesis_title = The kinetics of phase changes in solids
| thesis_title = The kinetics of phase changes in solids
| thesis_year = 1953
| thesis_year = 1953
| thesis_url = http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=35664
| thesis_url = http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=35664
| doctoral_students =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = [[electron crystallography|Crystallographic electron microscopy]]
| known_for = [[electron crystallography|Crystallographic electron microscopy]]
| prizes = {{Plainlist|
| prizes = {{Plainlist|
* [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (1969)
* [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] (1981)
* [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] (1981)
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1982)
* [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (1982)
* [[Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences]] (1984)
* [[Copley Medal]] (1985)
* [[Copley Medal]] (1985)
}}
* [[FRMS|Hon FRMS]] (1985)<ref name="RMS1">{{cite web|title=Honorary Fellows|url=http://www.rms.org.uk/membership/honorary-fellows.html|website=[[Royal Microscopical Society]]|access-date=20 February 2017}}</ref>}}
[[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom#Knighthood|Knighted]] 1988<br />
[[Orders, decorations, and medals of the United Kingdom#Knighthood|Knighted]] 1988<br />
[[Order of Merit|OM]] 1995
[[Order of Merit|OM]] 1995
[[List of presidents of the Royal Society|President of the Royal Society]] 1995–2000
[[List of presidents of the Royal Society|President of the Royal Society]] 1995–2000
|spouse={{marriage|Liebe Bobrow|1948}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Liebe Bobrow|1948}}
| children = Two<ref name=whoswho/>
| children = Two
| website = {{URL|https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/about-lmb/archive-and-alumni/alumni/aaron-klug/}}
| website = {{URL|https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/about-lmb/archive-and-alumni/alumni/aaron-klug/}}
}}
}}
'''Sir Aaron Klug''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|FRS|FMedSci|HonFRMS}} (11 August 1926 – 20 November 2018)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/aaron-klug-1926-2018/|title=Aaron Klug (1926–2018) – MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology|date=21 November 2018}}</ref> was a British [[biophysicist]] and chemist. He was a winner of the 1982 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his development of [[electron crystallography|crystallographic electron microscopy]] and his structural elucidation of biologically important [[nucleic acid]]-[[protein complexes]].<ref>{{cite press release | author=Nobel Foundation | title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1982 | url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1982/index.html | publisher=The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences | date=18 October 1982 | access-date=13 September 2007}}</ref>
'''Sir Aaron Klug''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|OM|FRS|FMedSci|HonFRMS}} (11 August 1926 – 20 November 2018) was a British [[biophysicist]] and chemist. He was a winner of the 1982 [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] for his development of [[electron crystallography|crystallographic electron microscopy]] and his structural elucidation of biologically important [[nucleic acid]]-[[protein complexes]].


==Early life and education==
==Early life and education==
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Klug was born in [[Želva]], in Lithuania, to [[Lithuanian Jews|Jewish]] parents Lazar, a cattleman, and Bella (née Silin) Klug, with whom he emigrated to South Africa at the age of two. He was educated at [[Durban High School]]. [[Paul de Kruif]]'s 1926 book, '' Microbe Hunters'', aroused his interest in microbiology.<ref name="Guardian1"/>
Klug was born in [[Želva]], in Lithuania, to [[Lithuanian Jews|Jewish]] parents Lazar, a cattleman, and Bella (née Silin) Klug, with whom he emigrated to South Africa at the age of two. He was educated at [[Durban High School]]. [[Paul de Kruif]]'s 1926 book, '' Microbe Hunters'', aroused his interest in microbiology.<ref name="Guardian1"/>


Klug was part of the [[Hashomer Hatzair]] Jewish Zionist youth movement in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shur |first=Chaim |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41871384 |title=Shomrim in the land of Apartheid : the story of Hashomer Hatzair in South Africa 1935-1970 |date=1998 |publisher=Members of Hashomer Hatzair South Africa and Havazelet in conjunction with Yad Yaari |isbn=965-7014-17-4 |location=Givat Haviva |oclc=41871384}}</ref>{{pn}}{{bsn}}
Klug was part of the [[Hashomer Hatzair]] Jewish Zionist youth movement in South Africa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Shur |first=Chaim |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41871384 |title=Shomrim in the land of Apartheid : the story of Hashomer Hatzair in South Africa 1935–1970 |date=1998 |publisher=Members of Hashomer Hatzair South Africa and Havazelet in conjunction with Yad Yaari |isbn=965-7014-17-4 |location=Givat Haviva |oclc=41871384}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2023}}{{better source needed|date=September 2023}}


He started to study microbiology, but then moved into physics and maths, graduating with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree at the [[University of the Witwatersrand]], in Johannesburg. He studied physics and obtained his [[Master of Science]] degree at the [[University of Cape Town]].<ref name=whoswho/> He was awarded an [[1851 Research Fellowship]] from the [[Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851]],<ref name="Guardian1"/> which enabled him to move to England, completing his PhD in research physics at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1953.<ref name=aphd>{{cite thesis|first=Aaron|last=Klug|title=The kinetics of phase changes in solids.|year=1953|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Cambridge|id={{ProQuest|301283484}}}}</ref>
He started to study microbiology, but then moved into physics and maths, graduating with a [[Bachelor of Science]] degree at the [[University of the Witwatersrand]], in Johannesburg. He studied physics under [[Reginald W. James]] and obtained his [[Master of Science]] degree at the [[University of Cape Town]].<ref name=whoswho>{{Who's Who | doi =10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U23297 |author=Anon|title=Klug, Sir Aaron | id = U23297 | year = 2015 | edition = online [[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> He was awarded an [[1851 Research Fellowship]] from the [[Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851]],<ref name="Guardian1"/> which enabled him to move to England, completing his PhD in research physics at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1953.<ref name=aphd>{{cite thesis|first=Aaron|last=Klug|title=The kinetics of phase changes in solids.|year=1953|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Cambridge|id={{ProQuest|301283484}}}}</ref>


==Career and research==
==Career and research==
Following his PhD, Klug moved to [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]] in the [[University of London]] in late 1953, and started working with virologist [[Rosalind Franklin]] in the lab of crystallographer [[J. D. Bernal|John Bernal]]. This experience aroused a lifelong interest in the study of viruses, and during his time there he made discoveries in the structure<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Amos | first1 = L. | last2 = Finch | first2 = J. T. | title = Aaron Klug and the revolution in biomolecular structure determination | doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.01.002 | journal = Trends in Cell Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 148–152 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15003624}}</ref> of the [[tobacco mosaic virus]]. In 1962 he moved to the newly built [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|Medical Research Council]] (MRC) [[Laboratory of Molecular Biology]] (LMB) in Cambridge. Over the following decade Klug used methods from [[X-ray diffraction]], microscopy and structural modelling to develop crystallographic electron microscopy in which a sequence of two-dimensional images of crystals taken from different angles are combined to produce three-dimensional images of the target. He studied the structure of [[transfer RNA]], and found what is known as [[zinc fingers]] as well as the neurofibrils in Alzheimer's disease.<ref name=lance>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33109-X|title = Aaron Klug|journal = The Lancet|volume = 392|issue = 10164|pages = 2546|year = 2018|last1 = Watts|first1 = Geoff|doi-access = free}}</ref>
Following his PhD, Klug moved to [[Birkbeck, University of London|Birkbeck College]] in the [[University of London]] in late 1953, and started working with chemist and X-ray crystallographer [[Rosalind Franklin]] in the lab of crystallographer [[J. D. Bernal|John Bernal]]. This experience aroused a lifelong interest in the study of viruses, and during his time there he made discoveries in the structure<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Amos | first1 = L. | last2 = Finch | first2 = J. T. | title = Aaron Klug and the revolution in biomolecular structure determination | doi = 10.1016/j.tcb.2004.01.002 | journal = Trends in Cell Biology | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 148–152 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15003624}}</ref> of the [[tobacco mosaic virus]]. In 1962 he moved to the newly built [[Medical Research Council (United Kingdom)|Medical Research Council]] (MRC) [[Laboratory of Molecular Biology]] (LMB) in Cambridge. Over the following decade Klug used methods from [[X-ray diffraction]], microscopy and structural modelling to develop crystallographic electron microscopy in which a sequence of two-dimensional images of crystals taken from different angles are combined to produce three-dimensional images of the target. He studied the structure of [[transfer RNA]], and found what is known as [[zinc fingers]] as well as the neurofibrils in Alzheimer's disease.<ref name=lance>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33109-X|title = Aaron Klug|journal = The Lancet|volume = 392|issue = 10164|pages = 2546|year = 2018|last1 = Watts|first1 = Geoff|doi-access = free}}</ref>


Also in 1962, Klug became a Fellow of [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]]. He was later made an Honorary Fellow of the College.<ref name=whoswho/>
Also in 1962, Klug became a Fellow of [[Peterhouse, Cambridge]]. He was later made an Honorary Fellow of the college.<ref name=whoswho/>


⚫
Between 1986 and 1996, Klug was director of the LMB. He served{{when|date=December 2018}} on the Advisory Council for the [[Campaign for Science and Engineering]].<ref name="CaSE Advisory Council">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencecampaign.org.uk/about/who/advisory.htm |title=Advisory Council of the Campaign for Science and Engineering |publisher=Sciencecampaign.org.uk |access-date=11 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828110110/http://www.sciencecampaign.org.uk/about/who/advisory.htm |archive-date=28 August 2010 }}</ref> He also served{{when|date=December 2018}} on the Board of Scientific Governors at [[The Scripps Research Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20040126/board.html|title=Scripps Research Scientific Board Meets in Florida|publisher=[[Scripps Research Institute]]|date=26 January 2004|access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
Between 1986 and 1996 he was director of the Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge.
⚫
Klug served{{when|date=December 2018}} on the Advisory Council for the [[Campaign for Science and Engineering]].<ref name="CaSE Advisory Council">{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencecampaign.org.uk/about/who/advisory.htm |title=Advisory Council of the Campaign for Science and Engineering |publisher=Sciencecampaign.org.uk |access-date=11 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828110110/http://www.sciencecampaign.org.uk/about/who/advisory.htm |archive-date=28 August 2010 }}</ref> He also served{{when|date=December 2018}} on the Board of Scientific Governors at [[The Scripps Research Institute]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20040126/board.html|title=Scripps Research Scientific Board Meets in Florida|publisher=[[Scripps Research Institute]]|date=26 January 2004|access-date=3 March 2016}}</ref>
He and [[David Allan Rees|Dai Rees]] approached the [[Wellcome Trust]] to found the [[Wellcome Sanger Institute]], which was a key player in the [[Human Genome Project]].<ref name=lance/>
He and [[David Allan Rees|Dai Rees]] approached the [[Wellcome Trust]] to found the [[Wellcome Sanger Institute]], which was a key player in the [[Human Genome Project]].<ref name=lance/>


===Awards and honours===
===Awards and honours===
Klug was awarded the [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] from [[Columbia University]] in 1981. He was [[knight Bachelor|knighted]] by [[Elizabeth II]] in 1988.<ref name=virt>{{cite web|title=Aaron Klug (1926–)|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/klug.html|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=7 November 2009}}</ref> In 1969 he was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1969|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)]],<ref name=frs/> the oldest national [[Royal Society|scientific institution]] in the world. He was elected its [[List of presidents of the Royal Society|President (PRS)]] from 1995 to 2000. He was appointed to the [[Order of Merit]] in 1995 – as is customary for Presidents of the Royal Society. His certificate of election to the Royal Society reads: {{centered pull quote|Mathematical physicist and crystallographer distinguished for his contributions to molecular biology, especially the structure of viruses. Development of a theory of simultaneous temperature and phase changes in steels led him to apply related mathematical methods to the problem of diffusion and chemical reactions of gases in thin layers of haemoglobin solutions and in red blood cells. Then the late [[Rosalind Franklin]] introduced him to the x-ray study of tobacco mosaic virus to which he contributed by his application and further development of [[William Cochran (physicist)|Cochran]] and [[Francis Crick|Crick]]'s theory of diffraction from helical chain molecules. Klug's most important work is concerned with the structure of spherical viruses. Together with [[Donald Caspar|D. Caspar]] he developed a general theory of spherical shells built up of a regular array of asymmetric particles. Klug and his collaborators verified the theory by x-ray and electron microscope studies, thereby revealing new and hitherto unsuspected features of virus structure.<ref name=royal>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708141257/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo%3D%3D%27EC%2F1969%2F19%27%29 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |url=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F1969%2F19%27 |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |location=London |title=Certificate of Election EC/1969/19: Aaron Klug |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
Klug was awarded the [[Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize]] from [[Columbia University]] in 1981. He was [[knight Bachelor|knighted]] by [[Elizabeth II]] in 1988.<ref name=virt>{{cite web|title=Aaron Klug (1926–)|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/klug.html|publisher=Jewish Virtual Library|access-date=7 November 2009}}</ref> In 1969 he was elected a [[List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1969|Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS)]],<ref name=frs>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107231927/https://royalsociety.org/people/aaron-klug-11759/|archive-date=7 November 2015|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/aaron-klug-11759/|publisher=[[Royal Society]]|location=London|title=Sir Aaron Klug OM FRS}}</ref> the oldest national [[Royal Society|scientific institution]] in the world. He was elected its [[List of presidents of the Royal Society|President (PRS)]] from 1995 to 2000. He was appointed to the [[Order of Merit]] in 1995 – as is customary for Presidents of the Royal Society. His certificate of election to the Royal Society reads: {{centered pull quote|Mathematical physicist and crystallographer distinguished for his contributions to molecular biology, especially the structure of viruses. Development of a theory of simultaneous temperature and phase changes in steels led him to apply related mathematical methods to the problem of diffusion and chemical reactions of gases in thin layers of haemoglobin solutions and in red blood cells. Then the late [[Rosalind Franklin]] introduced him to the x-ray study of tobacco mosaic virus to which he contributed by his application and further development of [[William Cochran (physicist)|Cochran]] and [[Francis Crick|Crick]]'s theory of diffraction from helical chain molecules. Klug's most important work is concerned with the structure of spherical viruses. Together with [[Donald Caspar|D. Caspar]] he developed a general theory of spherical shells built up of a regular array of asymmetric particles. Klug and his collaborators verified the theory by x-ray and electron microscope studies, thereby revealing new and hitherto unsuspected features of virus structure.<ref name=royal>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708141257/https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=%28RefNo%3D%3D%27EC%2F1969%2F19%27%29 |archive-date=8 July 2019 |url=https://collections.royalsociety.org/DServe.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqDb=Catalog&dsqCmd=show.tcl&dsqSearch=(RefNo==%27EC%2F1969%2F19%27 |publisher=[[Royal Society]] |location=London |title=Certificate of Election EC/1969/19: Aaron Klug |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}


Klug was a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aaron Klug|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/aaron-klug|access-date=2021-12-15|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref> and the [[American Philosophical Society]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Aaron+Klug&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-12-15|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
Klug was a member of the [[American Academy of Arts and Sciences]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aaron Klug|url=https://www.amacad.org/person/aaron-klug|access-date=2021-12-15|website=American Academy of Arts & Sciences|language=en}}</ref> and the [[American Philosophical Society]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Aaron+Klug&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-12-15|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>
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==Personal life==
==Personal life==
Klug married Liebe Bobrow in 1948;<ref name=whoswho/> they had two sons, one of whom predeceased them in 2000.<ref name="Guardian1"/> He died on 20 November 2018 in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rhodes |first= D. |title=Aaron Klug (1926–2018) |journal=Nat Struct Mol Biol |volume=26 |pages=85–86 |year=2019|doi=10.1038/s41594-018-0183-9 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41594-018-0183-9}}</ref>
Klug married Liebe Bobrow in 1948;<ref name=whoswho/> they had two sons, one of whom predeceased them in 2000.<ref name="Guardian1"/> He died on 20 November 2018 in Cambridge.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rhodes |first= D. |title=Aaron Klug (1926–2018) |journal=Nat Struct Mol Biol |volume=26 |pages=85–86 |year=2019|issue= 2 |doi=10.1038/s41594-018-0183-9 |doi-access=free |pmid= 30664739 }}</ref>


Though Klug had faced discrimination in South Africa, he remained religious and according to [[Sydney Brenner]], he became more religious in his older age.<ref>Hargittai, Istva'n & Magdolna. 2006. ''Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists''. Imperial College Press, p. 33</ref>
Though Klug had faced discrimination in South Africa, he remained religious and according to [[Sydney Brenner]], he became more religious in his older age.<ref>Hargittai, Istva'n & Magdolna. 2006. ''Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists''. Imperial College Press, p. 33</ref>
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* [[List of presidents of the Royal Society]]
* [[List of presidents of the Royal Society]]
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]
* [[List of Jewish Nobel laureates]]

==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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* [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1124232 Aaron Klug interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 11 December 2007 (video)]
* [https://www.sms.cam.ac.uk/media/1124232 Aaron Klug interviewed by Alan Macfarlane 11 December 2007 (video)]
* [http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0464X0031XX-0100V0.xml Listen to an oral history interview with Aaron Klug] – a life story interview recorded for [http://www.bl.uk/nls National Life Stories] at the British Library
* [http://sounds.bl.uk/View.aspx?item=021M-C0464X0031XX-0100V0.xml Listen to an oral history interview with Aaron Klug] – a life story interview recorded for [http://www.bl.uk/nls National Life Stories] at the British Library

*[http://nobel.bh.org.il/en/persona/klug-aaron/ Aaron Klug], Nobel Luminaries Project, [[The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot]]
==External links ==
==External links ==
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
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[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Microscopical Society]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:Jewish biophysicists]]
[[Category:Jewish biologists]]
[[Category:Jewish scientists]]
[[Category:Jewish British scientists]]
[[Category:Jewish British scientists]]
[[Category:Jewish Nobel laureates]]
[[Category:Jewish Nobel laureates]]
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[[Category:Winners of the Heineken Prize]]
[[Category:Winners of the Heineken Prize]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society]]
[[Category:Alumni of Durban High School]]

Latest revision as of 13:23, 23 July 2024

Sir Aaron Klug
OM FRS FMedSci HonFRMS
Aaron Klug in 1979
Born(1926-08-11)11 August 1926
Želva, Lithuania
Died20 November 2018(2018-11-20) (aged 92)
Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, England
NationalityBritish
Bildung
Known forCrystallographic electron microscopy
Spouse
Liebe Bobrow
​
(m. 1948)​
ChildrenTwo
Awards

Knighted 1988
OM 1995

President of the Royal Society 1995–2000
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisThe kinetics of phase changes in solids (1953)
Doctoral advisorDouglas Hartree[1]
Websitewww2.mrc-lmb.cam.ac.uk/about-lmb/archive-and-alumni/alumni/aaron-klug/

Sir Aaron Klug OM FRS FMedSci HonFRMS (11 August 1926 – 20 November 2018) was a British biophysicist and chemist. He was a winner of the 1982 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes.

Early life and education

[edit]
From right to left: Prince Claus of the Netherlands, Aaron Klug and his wife Liebe Bobrow, 1979

Klug was born in Želva, in Lithuania, to Jewish parents Lazar, a cattleman, and Bella (née Silin) Klug, with whom he emigrated to South Africa at the age of two. He was educated at Durban High School. Paul de Kruif's 1926 book, Microbe Hunters, aroused his interest in microbiology.[2]

Klug was part of the Hashomer Hatzair Jewish Zionist youth movement in South Africa.[3][page needed][better source needed]

He started to study microbiology, but then moved into physics and maths, graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree at the University of the Witwatersrand, in Johannesburg. He studied physics under Reginald W. James and obtained his Master of Science degree at the University of Cape Town.[4] He was awarded an 1851 Research Fellowship from the Royal Commission for the Exhibition of 1851,[2] which enabled him to move to England, completing his PhD in research physics at Trinity College, Cambridge in 1953.[5]

Career and research

[edit]

Following his PhD, Klug moved to Birkbeck College in the University of London in late 1953, and started working with chemist and X-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin in the lab of crystallographer John Bernal. This experience aroused a lifelong interest in the study of viruses, and during his time there he made discoveries in the structure[6] of the tobacco mosaic virus. In 1962 he moved to the newly built Medical Research Council (MRC) Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB) in Cambridge. Over the following decade Klug used methods from X-ray diffraction, microscopy and structural modelling to develop crystallographic electron microscopy in which a sequence of two-dimensional images of crystals taken from different angles are combined to produce three-dimensional images of the target. He studied the structure of transfer RNA, and found what is known as zinc fingers as well as the neurofibrils in Alzheimer's disease.[7]

Also in 1962, Klug became a Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge. He was later made an Honorary Fellow of the college.[4]

Between 1986 and 1996, Klug was director of the LMB. He served[when?] on the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.[8] He also served[when?] on the Board of Scientific Governors at The Scripps Research Institute.[9] He and Dai Rees approached the Wellcome Trust to found the Wellcome Sanger Institute, which was a key player in the Human Genome Project.[7]

Awards and honours

[edit]

Klug was awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in 1981. He was knighted by Elizabeth II in 1988.[10] In 1969 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS),[11] the oldest national scientific institution in the world. He was elected its President (PRS) from 1995 to 2000. He was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1995 – as is customary for Presidents of the Royal Society. His certificate of election to the Royal Society reads:

Mathematical physicist and crystallographer distinguished for his contributions to molecular biology, especially the structure of viruses. Development of a theory of simultaneous temperature and phase changes in steels led him to apply related mathematical methods to the problem of diffusion and chemical reactions of gases in thin layers of haemoglobin solutions and in red blood cells. Then the late Rosalind Franklin introduced him to the x-ray study of tobacco mosaic virus to which he contributed by his application and further development of Cochran and Crick's theory of diffraction from helical chain molecules. Klug's most important work is concerned with the structure of spherical viruses. Together with D. Caspar he developed a general theory of spherical shells built up of a regular array of asymmetric particles. Klug and his collaborators verified the theory by x-ray and electron microscope studies, thereby revealing new and hitherto unsuspected features of virus structure.[12]

Klug was a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[13] and the American Philosophical Society[14]

In 2000, Klug received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[15] In 2005, he was awarded South Africa's Order of Mapungubwe (gold) for exceptional achievements in medical science.[16] He was elected a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences (FMedSci), also in 2005.[17]

In 2013, Israel's Ben-Gurion University of the Negev dedicated their centre for structural biology in Klug's name, Aaron Klug Integrated Centre for Biomolecular Structure. He, his family and the then-British Ambassador to Israel Matthew Gould, were in attendance. Klug was associated with the university and the town of Be'er Sheva, having visited them numerous times.[18][2]

Personal life

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Klug married Liebe Bobrow in 1948;[4] they had two sons, one of whom predeceased them in 2000.[2] He died on 20 November 2018 in Cambridge.[19]

Though Klug had faced discrimination in South Africa, he remained religious and according to Sydney Brenner, he became more religious in his older age.[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Aaron Klug at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
  2. ^ a b c d Ferry, Georgina (26 November 2018). "Sir Aaron Klug obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  3. ^ Shur, Chaim (1998). Shomrim in the land of Apartheid : the story of Hashomer Hatzair in South Africa 1935–1970. Givat Haviva: Members of Hashomer Hatzair South Africa and Havazelet in conjunction with Yad Yaari. ISBN 965-7014-17-4. OCLC 41871384.
  4. ^ a b c Anon (2015). "Klug, Sir Aaron". Who's Who (online Oxford University Press ed.). A & C Black. doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U23297. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  5. ^ Klug, Aaron (1953). The kinetics of phase changes in solids (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. ProQuest 301283484.
  6. ^ Amos, L.; Finch, J. T. (2004). "Aaron Klug and the revolution in biomolecular structure determination". Trends in Cell Biology. 14 (3): 148–152. doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2004.01.002. PMID 15003624.
  7. ^ a b Watts, Geoff (2018). "Aaron Klug". The Lancet. 392 (10164): 2546. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)33109-X.
  8. ^ "Advisory Council of the Campaign for Science and Engineering". Sciencecampaign.org.uk. Archived from the original on 28 August 2010. Retrieved 11 February 2011.
  9. ^ "Scripps Research Scientific Board Meets in Florida". Scripps Research Institute. 26 January 2004. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
  10. ^ "Aaron Klug (1926–)". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 7 November 2009.
  11. ^ "Sir Aaron Klug OM FRS". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 7 November 2015.
  12. ^ "Certificate of Election EC/1969/19: Aaron Klug". London: Royal Society. Archived from the original on 8 July 2019.
  13. ^ "Aaron Klug". American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  14. ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 15 December 2021.
  15. ^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  16. ^ "National Orders awards 27 September 2005". State of South Africa. 29 September 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 13 September 2007.
  17. ^ "Sir Aaron Klug – The Academy of Medical Sciences". acmedsci.ac.uk. Archived from the original on 24 November 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  18. ^ "Aaron Klug Integrated Centre for Biomolecular Structure and Function Dedicated". Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Be'er Sheva. 14 April 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2019.
  19. ^ Rhodes, D. (2019). "Aaron Klug (1926–2018)". Nat Struct Mol Biol. 26 (2): 85–86. doi:10.1038/s41594-018-0183-9. PMID 30664739.
  20. ^ Hargittai, Istva'n & Magdolna. 2006. Candid Science VI: More Conversations with Famous Scientists. Imperial College Press, p. 33

Further reading

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Wikiquote has quotations related to Aaron Klug.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Aaron Klug.
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Professional and academic associations
Preceded by 58th President of the Royal Society
1995–2000 		Succeeded by
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