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A '''self-coup''', also called an '''autocoup''' ({{etymology|es|{{wiktspa|autogolpe}}|}}) or '''coup from the top''', is a form of [[coup d'état]] in which a nation's head, having come to power through legal means, tries to stay in power through illegal means. The leader may dissolve or render powerless the national [[legislature]] and unlawfully assume extraordinary powers not granted under normal circumstances. Other measures may include annulling the nation's [[constitution]], suspending civil courts, and having the [[head of government]] assume [[dictator]]ial powers.<ref name="UY72">{{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Edy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMHNkmwKPuQC |title=Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-4084-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="atlantic-2020-12-07">{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/trumps-farcical-inept-and-deadly-serious-coup-attempt/617309/ |title=This Must Be Your First|first1=Zeynep|last1=Tufekci|work=The Atlantic|date=December 7, 2020|quote=In political science, the term ''coup'' refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is ''self-coup'' or ''autocoup'', sometimes ''autogolpe''}}</ref>
A '''self-coup''', also called an '''autocoup''' ({{etymology|es|{{wiktspa|autogolpe}}|}}) or '''coup from the top''', is a form of [[coup d'état]] in which a nation's head, having come to power through legal means, tries to stay in power through illegal means. The leader may dissolve or render powerless the national [[legislature]] and unlawfully assume extraordinary powers not granted under normal circumstances. Other measures may include annulling the nation's [[constitution]], suspending civil courts, and having the [[head of government]] assume [[dictator]]ial powers.<ref name="UY72">{{Cite book |last=Kaufman |first=Edy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMHNkmwKPuQC |title=Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-4128-4084-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="atlantic-2020-12-07">{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/12/trumps-farcical-inept-and-deadly-serious-coup-attempt/617309/ |title=This Must Be Your First|first1=Zeynep|last1=Tufekci|work=The Atlantic|date=December 7, 2020|quote=In political science, the term ''coup'' refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is ''self-coup'' or ''autocoup'', sometimes ''autogolpe''}}</ref>


Between 1946 and 2022, an estimated 148 self-coup attempts took place, 110 in [[autocracies]] and 38 in [[democracies]].<ref name=Nakamura>{{cite news|last= Nakamura|first=David|title=With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup |date=January 5, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-election-coup/2021/01/05/26afcfc0-4f6c-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref>
Between 1946 and the beginning of 2021, an estimated 148 self-coup attempts took place, 110 in [[autocracies]] and 38 in [[democracies]].<ref name=Nakamura>{{cite news|last= Nakamura|first=David|title=With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup |date=January 5, 2021|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-election-coup/2021/01/05/26afcfc0-4f6c-11eb-bda4-615aaefd0555_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=January 5, 2021}}</ref>


==Notable events described as self-coups==
==Notable events described as self-coups==
*[[File:SPQRomani.svg|link=|frameless|upright=0.12]] [[Roman Empire]]: [[Julius Caesar]] February, 44 BC (when declared [[Dictator perpetuo]])
*{{Flag|Roman Republic}}: [[Julius Caesar]] (February 44 BC; when declared ''[[dictator perpetuo]]''){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* {{Flag|Sweden}}: King [[Gustavus III]] ([[Revolution of 1772|August 19, 1772]])
* {{Flag|Sweden}}: King [[Gustavus III]] ([[Revolution of 1772|August 19, 1772]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* {{flagcountry|Second French Republic}}: President [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]] ([[1851 French coup d'état|December 2, 1851]])<ref name=Brownlee-2022/>
* {{flagcountry|Second French Republic}}: President [[Napoleon III|Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte]] ([[1851 French coup d'état|December 2, 1851]])<ref name=Brownlee-2022/>
* {{Flag|Bulgaria}}: Prince [[Alexander of Battenberg]] ([[:bg:Преврат в България (1881)|April 27, 1881]])
* {{Flag|Bulgaria}}: Prince [[Alexander of Battenberg]] ([[:bg:Преврат в България (1881)|April 27, 1881]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* {{flag|Uruguay}}: President [[Juan Lindolfo Cuestas]] (February 10, 1898)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1898/02/11/archives/uruguay-under-a-dictator-senor-cuestas-executes-a-coup-detat-and.html|title=URUGUAY UNDER A DICTATOR.; Senor Cuestas Executes a Coup d'Etat and Dissolves the Assembly. (Published 1898)|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 11, 1898}}</ref>
* {{flag|Uruguay}}: President [[Juan Lindolfo Cuestas]] (February 10, 1898)<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1898/02/11/archives/uruguay-under-a-dictator-senor-cuestas-executes-a-coup-detat-and.html|title=URUGUAY UNDER A DICTATOR.; Senor Cuestas Executes a Coup d'Etat and Dissolves the Assembly. (Published 1898)|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 11, 1898}}</ref>
* {{flag|Austria}}: Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] ([[Self-elimination_of_the_Austrian_Parliament#Events_of_March_15,_1933|March 15, 1933]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weyland |first1=Kurt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTQTEAAAQBAJ&dq=austria+self-coup&pg=PA304 |title=Assault on Democracy - Kurt Weyland - Google Книги |date=February 4, 2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108844338 |accessdate=2022-09-14}}</ref>
* {{flag|Austria}}: Chancellor [[Engelbert Dollfuss]] ([[Self-elimination of the Austrian Parliament#Events of March 15, 1933|March 15, 1933]])<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weyland |first1=Kurt |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTQTEAAAQBAJ&dq=austria+self-coup&pg=PA304 |title=Assault on Democracy - Kurt Weyland - Google Книги |date=February 4, 2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108844338 |accessdate=2022-09-14}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}: Chancellor [[Adolf Hitler]] ([[Enabling Act of 1933|March 23, 1933]]/August 2, 1934)<ref name=Brownlee-2022>{{cite journal|url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/debate-why-democracies-survive|title=Why Democracies Survive|last1=Brownlee|first1=Jason|last2=Miao|first2=Kenny|journal=[[Journal of Democracy]]|date=October 2022|access-date=October 31, 2023|volume=33|issue=4|pages=133–149|doi=10.1353/jod.2022.0052|s2cid=252909007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 28, 2018 |title=Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship |url=https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/germany-1933-democracy-dictatorship/ |website=Anne Frank Website}}</ref>
* {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}: Chancellor [[Adolf Hitler]] ([[Enabling Act of 1933|March 23, 1933]] / August 2, 1934)<ref name=Brownlee-2022>{{cite journal|url=https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/articles/debate-why-democracies-survive|title=Why Democracies Survive|last1=Brownlee|first1=Jason|last2=Miao|first2=Kenny|journal=[[Journal of Democracy]]|date=October 2022|access-date=October 31, 2023|volume=33|issue=4|pages=133–149|doi=10.1353/jod.2022.0052|s2cid=252909007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=September 28, 2018 |title=Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship |url=https://www.annefrank.org/en/anne-frank/go-in-depth/germany-1933-democracy-dictatorship/ |website=Anne Frank Website}}</ref>
* {{flag|Uruguay}}: President [[Gabriel Terra]] (March 31, 1933)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onwar.com/data/uruguay1933.html|title=The March Revolution in Uruguay 1933|website=onwar.com}}</ref>
* {{flag|Uruguay}}: President [[Gabriel Terra]] (March 31, 1933)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onwar.com/data/uruguay1933.html|title=The March Revolution in Uruguay 1933|website=onwar.com}}</ref>
* {{flag|Estonia}}: Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder [[Konstantin Päts]] ([[Era of Silence|March 12, 1934]])<ref>''XX sajandi kroonika, I osa''. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. Tallinn, 2002. p. 383</ref>
* {{flag|Estonia}}: Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder [[Konstantin Päts]] ([[Era of Silence|March 12, 1934]])<ref>''XX sajandi kroonika, I osa''. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. Tallinn, 2002. p. 383</ref>
* {{flag|Latvia}}: Prime Minister [[Karlis Ulmanis]] ([[1934 Latvian coup d'état|May 15–16, 1934]])
* {{flag|Latvia}}: Prime Minister [[Karlis Ulmanis]] ([[1934 Latvian coup d'état|May 15–16, 1934]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece|state}}: Prime Minister [[Ioannis Metaxas]] ([[Fourth of August Regime|August 4, 1936]])
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Greece|state}}: Prime Minister [[Ioannis Metaxas]] ([[Fourth of August Regime|August 4, 1936]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* {{flag|Brazil|1889}}: President [[Getúlio Vargas]] ([[1937 Brazilian coup d'état|November 10, 1937]])
* {{flag|Brazil|1889}}: President [[Getúlio Vargas]] ([[1937 Brazilian coup d'état|November 10, 1937]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* {{flag|Paraguay|1842}}: President [[Higinio Morínigo]] ([[Higinio Morínigo#Dictatorship|November 30, 1940]])
* {{flag|Paraguay|1842}}: President [[Higinio Morínigo]] ([[Higinio Morínigo#Dictatorship|November 30, 1940]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}: King [[Michael I of Romania]] ([[1944 Romanian coup d'état|August 23, 1944]])
* {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}}: King [[Michael I of Romania]] ([[1944 Romanian coup d'état|August 23, 1944]])<ref>Deletant, Dennis. ''Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940–1944,'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.</ref>
* {{flag|Bolivia}}: President [[Mamerto Urriolagoitía]] ([[Hugo Ballivián|May 16, 1951]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/bolivian-revolution.htm|title=The Bolivian Revolution|website=latinamericanstudies.org}}</ref>
* {{flag|Bolivia}}: President [[Mamerto Urriolagoitía]] ([[Hugo Ballivián|May 16, 1951]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/bolivian-revolution.htm|title=The Bolivian Revolution|website=latinamericanstudies.org}}</ref>
* {{flag|Indonesia}}: President [[Sukarno]] ([[President Sukarno's 1959 Decree|July 5, 1959]])<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pauker |first=Guy J. |date=1967 |title=Indonesia: The Year of Transition |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642526 |journal=Asian Survey |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=138–150 |doi=10.2307/2642526 |jstor=2642526 |issn=0004-4687}}</ref>
* {{flag|Thailand}}: Prime Minister [[Thanom Kittikachorn]] ([[1971 Thai coup d'état|November 17, 1971]]){{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
* {{flag|Philippines|1936}}: President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] ([[Proclamation No. 1081|September 23, 1972]])<ref name=Brownlee-2022/><ref name="martiallaw">{{cite web|title=Declaration of Martial Law|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |website=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette]] |publisher=Republic of the Philippines|access-date=June 18, 2016}}</ref>
* {{flag|Philippines|1936}}: President [[Ferdinand Marcos]] ([[Proclamation No. 1081|September 23, 1972]])<ref name=Brownlee-2022/><ref name="martiallaw">{{cite web|title=Declaration of Martial Law|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/featured/declaration-of-martial-law/ |website=[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette]] |publisher=Republic of the Philippines|access-date=June 18, 2016}}</ref>
* {{flag|South Korea|1949}}: President [[Park Chung Hee]] ([[October Restoration|October 17, 1972]])<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/14.htm The Military in Politics] [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]</ref>
* {{flag|South Korea|1949}}: President [[Park Chung Hee]] ([[October Restoration|October 17, 1972]])<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/south-korea/14.htm The Military in Politics] [[Library of Congress Country Studies]]</ref>
* {{flag|Uruguay}}: President [[Juan María Bordaberry]] ([[1973 Uruguayan coup d'état|June 27, 1973]])<ref name="UY72" />
* {{flag|Uruguay}}: President [[Juan María Bordaberry]] ([[1973 Uruguayan coup d'état|June 27, 1973]])<ref name="UY72" />
* {{flag|China}}: Premier [[Hua Guofeng]] ([[Gang of Four|October 6, 1976]])
* {{flag|China}}: Premier [[Hua Guofeng]] ([[Gang of Four|October 6, 1976]]){{citation needed|date=January 2024}}
* {{flag|Thailand}}: Prime Minister [[Kriangsak Chamanan]] ([[October 1977 Thai coup d'état|November 10, 1977]]){{citation needed|date=February 2024}}
* {{flag|Peru}}: President [[Alberto Fujimori]] ([[1992 Peruvian coup d'état|April 5, 1992]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America |last=Kenney|first=Charles D. |url=http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?BookId=5885 |year=2004 |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame Press]] |isbn=0-268-03171-1}}</ref>
* {{flag|Peru}}: President [[Alberto Fujimori]] ([[1992 Peruvian coup d'état|April 5, 1992]])<ref>{{Cite book|title=Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America |last=Kenney|first=Charles D. |url=http://www.bibliovault.org/BV.book.epl?BookId=5885 |year=2004 |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame Press]] |isbn=0-268-03171-1}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russia|1991}}: President [[Boris Yeltsin]] ([[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|September 21, 1993]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2821597|script-title=ru:Все перевороты XXI века &#124;&#124;|trans-title=All coups of XXI century|date=30 September 2015|author=[[Kommersant]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd6CDwAAQBAJ&dq=yeltsin+self-coup&pg=PT340 |title=Judicial Power: How Constitutional Courts Affect Political Transformations - Google Книги |date= February 7, 2019|isbn=9781108425667 |accessdate=2022-09-14|last1=Landfried |first1=Christine |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BH8nAQAAMAAJ&q=yeltsin+self-coup |title=International Politics in a Changing World - Glenn P. Hastedt, Kay M. Knickrehm - Google Книги |isbn=9780205189939 |accessdate=2022-09-14|last1=Hastedt |first1=Glenn P. |last2=Knickrehm |first2=Kay M. |year=2003 |publisher=Longman }}</ref><ref>http://politeia.ru/files/articles/rus/Politeia-2000-2(16).pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=September 2022}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russia|1991}}: President [[Boris Yeltsin]] ([[1993 Russian constitutional crisis|September 21, 1993]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/2821597|script-title=ru:Все перевороты XXI века &#124;&#124;|trans-title=All coups of XXI century|date=30 September 2015|author=[[Kommersant]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xd6CDwAAQBAJ&dq=yeltsin+self-coup&pg=PT340 |title=Judicial Power: How Constitutional Courts Affect Political Transformations - Google Книги |date= February 7, 2019|isbn=9781108425667 |accessdate=2022-09-14|last1=Landfried |first1=Christine |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BH8nAQAAMAAJ&q=yeltsin+self-coup |title=International Politics in a Changing World - Glenn P. Hastedt, Kay M. Knickrehm - Google Книги |isbn=9780205189939 |accessdate=2022-09-14|last1=Hastedt |first1=Glenn P. |last2=Knickrehm |first2=Kay M. |year=2003 |publisher=Longman }}</ref><ref>http://politeia.ru/files/articles/rus/Politeia-2000-2(16).pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=September 2022}}</ref>
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* {{flag|Venezuela}}: President [[Nicolás Maduro]] ([[2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis|March 29, 2017]])<ref name="coup">{{cite news|title=Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/world/americas/venezuelas-supreme-court-takes-power-from-legislature.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 30, 2017 |access-date=March 31, 2017|last1=Casey |first1=Nicholas |last2=Torres |first2=Patricia }}</ref>
* {{flag|Venezuela}}: President [[Nicolás Maduro]] ([[2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis|March 29, 2017]])<ref name="coup">{{cite news|title=Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/30/world/americas/venezuelas-supreme-court-takes-power-from-legislature.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 30, 2017 |access-date=March 31, 2017|last1=Casey |first1=Nicholas |last2=Torres |first2=Patricia }}</ref>
* {{flag|Peru}}: President [[Martín Vizcarra]] ([[2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis|30 September 2019]])<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |title=4 claves para entender la crisis política que atraviesa Perú tras la disolución del Congreso (y lo que puede pasar ahora) |language=es |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-49887706 |access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-30 |title=Peru military, police back Vizcarra as rebel lawmakers vow loyalty to VP |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-idUSKBN1WF1MC |access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |first1=Juan |last1=Montes |first2=John |last2=Otis |title=Peruvian Vice President Resigns After Congress Fails to Oust Nation's Leader |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/peruvian-vice-president-resigns-after-congress-fails-to-oust-nations-leader-11570044084 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 2, 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* {{flag|Peru}}: President [[Martín Vizcarra]] ([[2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis|30 September 2019]])<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |title=4 claves para entender la crisis política que atraviesa Perú tras la disolución del Congreso (y lo que puede pasar ahora) |language=es |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-49887706 |access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-09-30 |title=Peru military, police back Vizcarra as rebel lawmakers vow loyalty to VP |language=en |work=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-politics-idUSKBN1WF1MC |access-date=2023-04-24}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite news |first1=Juan |last1=Montes |first2=John |last2=Otis |title=Peruvian Vice President Resigns After Congress Fails to Oust Nation's Leader |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/peruvian-vice-president-resigns-after-congress-fails-to-oust-nations-leader-11570044084 |access-date=2023-04-24 |website=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=October 2, 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>
* {{flag|Malaysia}} [[Prime Minister of Malaysia|Prime Minister]] [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] ([[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis|29 February 2020]])<ref>{{cite web |date=March 22, 2020 |title=Malaysia's frustrated 'No. 2' leaders pull off political coup |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/Malaysia-s-frustrated-No.-2-leaders-pull-off-political-coup}}</ref>
* {{flag|Malaysia}}: Prime Minister [[Muhyiddin Yassin]] ([[2020–2022 Malaysian political crisis|29 February 2020]])<ref>{{cite web |date=March 22, 2020 |title=Malaysia's frustrated 'No. 2' leaders pull off political coup |url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Comment/Malaysia-s-frustrated-No.-2-leaders-pull-off-political-coup}}</ref>
* {{flag|Russia}}: President [[Vladimir Putin]] ([[2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia|July 4, 2020]]/December 31, 1999)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.ru/finansy-i-investicii/392589-investklimat-v-rossii-opredelyaetsya-fsb-sergey-guriev-o-novom | title=Инвестклимат в России определяется ФСБ»: Сергей Гуриев о новом правительстве и «конституционном самоперевороте | date=February 6, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/putin-speech-power-after-term-ends-by-sergei-guriev-2020-01| title=Putin's Meaningless Coup|date=August 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDQKEAAAQBAJ&dq=yeltsin+self-coup&pg=PA278 |title=There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century - Fiona Hill - Google Книги |date= September 7, 2021|isbn=9780358574316 |accessdate=2022-09-14|last1=Hill |first1=Fiona |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt }}</ref>
* {{flag|Russia}}: President [[Vladimir Putin]] ([[2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia|July 4, 2020]] / December 31, 1999)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.ru/finansy-i-investicii/392589-investklimat-v-rossii-opredelyaetsya-fsb-sergey-guriev-o-novom | title=Инвестклимат в России определяется ФСБ»: Сергей Гуриев о новом правительстве и «конституционном самоперевороте | date=February 6, 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/putin-speech-power-after-term-ends-by-sergei-guriev-2020-01| title=Putin's Meaningless Coup|date=August 2, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDQKEAAAQBAJ&dq=yeltsin+self-coup&pg=PA278 |title=There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century - Fiona Hill - Google Книги |date= September 7, 2021|isbn=9780358574316 |accessdate=2022-09-14|last1=Hill |first1=Fiona |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt }}</ref>
* {{flag|El Salvador}}: President [[Nayib Bukele]] ([[2021 Salvadoran self coup|May 1, 2021]])<ref name="1M">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/20/el-salvadors-president-launched-self-coup-watch-creeping-corruption-authoritarianism/|title=El Salvador's President Launched a 'Self-Coup.' Watch for Creeping Corruption and Authoritarianism.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=20 May 2021|access-date=26 April 2023|language=en|first1=Manuel|last1=Meléndez-Sánchez|first2=Steven|last2=Levitsky|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606100412/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/20/el-salvadors-president-launched-self-coup-watch-creeping-corruption-authoritarianism/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|El Salvador}}: President [[Nayib Bukele]] ([[2021 Salvadoran political crisis|May 1, 2021]])<ref name="1M">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/20/el-salvadors-president-launched-self-coup-watch-creeping-corruption-authoritarianism/|title=El Salvador's President Launched a 'Self-Coup.' Watch for Creeping Corruption and Authoritarianism.|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=20 May 2021|access-date=26 April 2023|language=en|first1=Manuel|last1=Meléndez-Sánchez|first2=Steven|last2=Levitsky|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606100412/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2021/05/20/el-salvadors-president-launched-self-coup-watch-creeping-corruption-authoritarianism/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{flag|Tunisia}}: President [[Kais Saied]] ([[2021–2022 Tunisian political crisis|July 25, 2021]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dawnmena.org/saieds-textbook-self-coup-in-tunisia/ | title=Saied's Textbook Self-Coup in Tunisia | date=August 2, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00219096221079322 | doi=10.1177/00219096221079322 | title='How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Autocracy': Kais Saied's "Constitutional Self-Coup" in Tunisia | year=2022 | last1=Tamburini | first1=Francesco | journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies | volume=58 | issue=6 | pages=904–921 | s2cid=246962926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/opinion-tunisia-s-dangerous-moment-a-self-coup/2345542 | title=OPINION - Tunisia's dangerous moment: A self-coup }}</ref>
* {{flag|Tunisia}}: President [[Kais Saied]] ([[2021–2022 Tunisian political crisis|July 25, 2021]])<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dawnmena.org/saieds-textbook-self-coup-in-tunisia/ | title=Saied's Textbook Self-Coup in Tunisia | date=August 2, 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/00219096221079322 | doi=10.1177/00219096221079322 | title='How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Autocracy': Kais Saied's "Constitutional Self-Coup" in Tunisia | year=2022 | last1=Tamburini | first1=Francesco | journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies | volume=58 | issue=6 | pages=904–921 | s2cid=246962926 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/analysis/opinion-tunisia-s-dangerous-moment-a-self-coup/2345542 | title=OPINION - Tunisia's dangerous moment: A self-coup }}</ref>
* {{flag|Sudan}}: Chairman of the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sovereignty Council]] [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] ([[October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état|October 25, 2021]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africanarguments.org/2021/10/sudan-self-coup-and-four-factors-that-will-determine-what-comes-next/|title=Sudan's self-coup and four factors that will determine what comes next &#124; African Arguments|date=October 27, 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Sudan}}: Chairman of the [[Sovereignty Council of Sudan|Sovereignty Council]] [[Abdel Fattah al-Burhan]] ([[October 2021 Sudanese coup d'état|October 25, 2021]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://africanarguments.org/2021/10/sudan-self-coup-and-four-factors-that-will-determine-what-comes-next/|title=Sudan's self-coup and four factors that will determine what comes next &#124; African Arguments|date=October 27, 2021}}</ref>
Line 42: Line 45:
*{{flag|Indonesia}}: President [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] ([[Abdurrahman Wahid's 23 July 2001 Decree|July 1–25, 2001]])<ref>{{cite news| last1= Ingraham |first1=Christopher |title= Coup attempts usually usher in long stretches of democratic decline, data shows |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/22/self-coup-next/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 22, 2021}}</ref>
*{{flag|Indonesia}}: President [[Abdurrahman Wahid]] ([[Abdurrahman Wahid's 23 July 2001 Decree|July 1–25, 2001]])<ref>{{cite news| last1= Ingraham |first1=Christopher |title= Coup attempts usually usher in long stretches of democratic decline, data shows |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2021/01/22/self-coup-next/|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 22, 2021}}</ref>
*{{flag|Malaysia}}: Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ([[2020–21 Malaysian political crisis|February 23–March 1, 2020]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' - sources |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics-mahathir/malaysias-mahathir-proposes-to-lead-unity-government-sources-idUSKCN20J152| agency= Rueters |date=February 25, 2020}}</ref>
*{{flag|Malaysia}}: Prime Minister [[Mahathir Mohamad]] ([[2020–21 Malaysian political crisis|February 23–March 1, 2020]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' - sources |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-politics-mahathir/malaysias-mahathir-proposes-to-lead-unity-government-sources-idUSKCN20J152| agency= Rueters |date=February 25, 2020}}</ref>
*{{flag|United States}}: President [[Donald Trump]] ([[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6, 2021]])<ref>
*{{flag|United States}}: President [[Donald Trump]] ([[January 6 United States Capitol attack|January 6, 2021]]); after [[2020 United States presidential election|election loss]]<ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze, Jr. |first3=Richard B. |date=2022-04-07 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=FirstView |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
{{cite journal |last1=Pion-Berlin |first1=David |last2=Bruneau |first2=Thomas |last3=Goetze |first3=Richard B. Jr.|date=2022-04-07 |title=The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations |journal=Government and Opposition |volume=FirstView |issue=4 |pages=789–806 |doi=10.1017/gov.2022.13 |s2cid=248033246 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
*{{flag|Peru}}: President [[Pedro Castillo]] ([[2022 Peruvian self-coup d'état attempt|December 7, 2022]])<ref name=":25">Multiple sources:
*{{flag|Peru}}: President [[Pedro Castillo]] ([[2022 Peruvian self-coup d'état attempt|December 7, 2022]])<ref name=":25">Multiple sources:


Line 54: Line 57:
* {{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=Peru's new president suggests moving general election forward to April |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/12/12/perus-new-president-suggests-moving-general-election-forward-to-april-2024 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=euronews |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |date=2022-12-12 |title=Peru's new president suggests moving general election forward to April |url=https://www.euronews.com/2022/12/12/perus-new-president-suggests-moving-general-election-forward-to-april-2024 |access-date=2023-03-25 |website=euronews |language=en}}
</ref>
</ref>
*{{flag|Brazil}}: President [[Jair Bolsonaro]] ([[2022–2023 Brazilian election protests|October 30, 2022 – December 31, 2022]]; [[2023 Brazilian Congress attack|January 8, 2023]]); after [[2022 Brazilian general election|election loss]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Carvalho |first=Diego |date=October 17, 2023 |title=Brazil's Bolsonaro Plotted Coup After Election Defeat, Congressional Probe Finds |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-10-17/brazil-s-bolsonaro-accused-of-plotting-coup-in-congress-probe-of-jan-8-riots?embedded-checkout=true |work=Bloomberg |location= |access-date=January 11, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Arias |first=Juan |date=August 25, 2023 |title=Brazilian military caught in the crossfire after failed coup attempt against Lula's government |url=https://english.elpais.com/opinion/2023-08-25/brazilian-military-caught-in-the-crossfire-after-failed-coup-attempt-against-lulas-government.html |work=El País |location= |access-date=January 11, 2024}}</ref>
*{{flag|Israel}}: Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] (Ongoing events, since he assumed office on December 29, 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |date=February 14, 2023 |title=Netanyahu's Judicial Coup Could Destroy His Start-Up Nation |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/opinion/bibi-netanyahu-israel.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230219085933/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/opinion/bibi-netanyahu-israel.html |archive-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |date=2023-03-28 |title=Netanyahu Cannot Be Trusted |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/opinion/israel-protests-benjamin-netanyahu.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230328050812/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/opinion/israel-protests-benjamin-netanyahu.html |archive-date=2023-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=July 23, 2023 |title=Israel's Identity Hangs in Balance Ahead of Key Vote on New Law |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/23/world/middleeast/israel-government-vote-netanyahu.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230723164423/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/23/world/middleeast/israel-government-vote-netanyahu.html |archive-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=A Coup d'État in Israel? : The Bitter Harvest of Colonialism |url=https://crimethinc.com/2023/03/27/a-coup-detat-in-israel-the-bitter-harvest-of-colonialism |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=CrimethInc. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Harari |first=Yuval Noah |date=March 9, 2023 |title=This Is Definitely a Coup. Israel Is on Its Way to Becoming a Dictatorship |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-03-09/ty-article-opinion/this-is-definitely-a-coup-israel-is-on-its-way-to-becoming-a-dictatorship/00000186-c728-d069-a3df-c73897c10000 |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230309170347/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-03-09/ty-article-opinion/this-is-definitely-a-coup-israel-is-on-its-way-to-becoming-a-dictatorship/00000186-c728-d069-a3df-c73897c10000 |archive-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Freedland |first=Jonathan |date=2023-03-31 |title=Netanyahu is leading a coup against his own country. But the threat is not only to Israel |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/31/benjamin-netanyahu-israel-northern-ireland-palestine |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230401161858/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/31/benjamin-netanyahu-israel-northern-ireland-palestine |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=January 8, 2023 |title=30,000 march in Tel Aviv against 'coup d'état' Levin judicial reform |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-726915 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230108092659/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-726915 |archive-date=January 8, 2023 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flag|Israel}}: Prime Minister [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] ([[2023 Israeli judicial reform|Ongoing events]], since he assumed office on December 29, 2022)<ref>{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |date=February 14, 2023 |title=Netanyahu's Judicial Coup Could Destroy His Start-Up Nation |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/opinion/bibi-netanyahu-israel.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230219085933/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/02/14/opinion/bibi-netanyahu-israel.html |archive-date=19 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Friedman |first=Thomas L. |date=2023-03-28 |title=Netanyahu Cannot Be Trusted |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/opinion/israel-protests-benjamin-netanyahu.html |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230328050812/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/28/opinion/israel-protests-benjamin-netanyahu.html |archive-date=2023-03-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kingsley |first=Patrick |date=July 23, 2023 |title=Israel's Identity Hangs in Balance Ahead of Key Vote on New Law |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/23/world/middleeast/israel-government-vote-netanyahu.html |url-status=live |access-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230723164423/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/23/world/middleeast/israel-government-vote-netanyahu.html |archive-date=July 23, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-27 |title=A Coup d'État in Israel? : The Bitter Harvest of Colonialism |url=https://crimethinc.com/2023/03/27/a-coup-detat-in-israel-the-bitter-harvest-of-colonialism |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=CrimethInc. |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Harari |first=Yuval Noah |date=March 9, 2023 |title=This Is Definitely a Coup. Israel Is on Its Way to Becoming a Dictatorship |language=en |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-03-09/ty-article-opinion/this-is-definitely-a-coup-israel-is-on-its-way-to-becoming-a-dictatorship/00000186-c728-d069-a3df-c73897c10000 |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230309170347/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/2023-03-09/ty-article-opinion/this-is-definitely-a-coup-israel-is-on-its-way-to-becoming-a-dictatorship/00000186-c728-d069-a3df-c73897c10000 |archive-date=March 9, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Freedland |first=Jonathan |date=2023-03-31 |title=Netanyahu is leading a coup against his own country. But the threat is not only to Israel |language=en-GB |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/31/benjamin-netanyahu-israel-northern-ireland-palestine |url-status=live |access-date=2023-08-01 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230401161858/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2023/mar/31/benjamin-netanyahu-israel-northern-ireland-palestine |archive-date=April 1, 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Starr |first=Michael |date=January 8, 2023 |title=30,000 march in Tel Aviv against 'coup d'état' Levin judicial reform |url=https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-726915 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230108092659/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-726915 |archive-date=January 8, 2023 |access-date=2023-08-01 |website=The Jerusalem Post {{!}} JPost.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
*{{flag|Guatemala}}: President [[Alejandro Giammattei]] ([[2023 Guatemalan general election|Sept 1–present, 2023]])<ref>{{cite news|title=Guatemala's president-elect says 'coup' under way to prevent him from taking office |url= https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230901-new-guatemala-leader-slams-coup-plan-to-block-him-from-office| agency= France24 |date=September 1, 2023}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 73: Line 76:
[[Category:Constitutional crises]]
[[Category:Constitutional crises]]
[[Category:Coups d'état]]
[[Category:Coups d'état]]
[[Category:Democratic backsliding]]
[[Category:Self-coups| ]]

Revision as of 18:43, 23 July 2024

Cavalry in the streets of Paris during the French coup of 1851, when the democratically elected President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte seized dictatorial power, and one year later was proclaimed Emperor of the French

A self-coup, also called an autocoup (from Spanish Template:Wiktspa) or coup from the top, is a form of coup d'état in which a nation's head, having come to power through legal means, tries to stay in power through illegal means. The leader may dissolve or render powerless the national legislature and unlawfully assume extraordinary powers not granted under normal circumstances. Other measures may include annulling the nation's constitution, suspending civil courts, and having the head of government assume dictatorial powers.[1][2]

Between 1946 and the beginning of 2021, an estimated 148 self-coup attempts took place, 110 in autocracies and 38 in democracies.[3]

Notable events described as self-coups

Notable events described as attempted self-coups

See also

Look up self-coup in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. ^ a b Kaufman, Edy. Uruguay in Transition: From Civilian to Military Rule. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-4084-2.
  2. ^ Tufekci, Zeynep (December 7, 2020). "This Must Be Your First". The Atlantic. In political science, the term coup refers to the illegitimate overthrow of a sitting government—usually through violence or the threat of violence. The technical term for attempting to stay in power illegitimately—such as after losing an election—is self-coup or autocoup, sometimes autogolpe
  3. ^ Nakamura, David (January 5, 2021). "With brazen assault on election, Trump prompts critics to warn of a coup". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
  4. ^ a b c Brownlee, Jason; Miao, Kenny (October 2022). "Why Democracies Survive". Journal of Democracy. 33 (4): 133–149. doi:10.1353/jod.2022.0052. S2CID 252909007. Retrieved October 31, 2023.
  5. ^ "URUGUAY UNDER A DICTATOR.; Senor Cuestas Executes a Coup d'Etat and Dissolves the Assembly. (Published 1898)". The New York Times. February 11, 1898.
  6. ^ Weyland, Kurt (February 4, 2021). Assault on Democracy - Kurt Weyland - Google Книги. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108844338. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  7. ^ "Germany 1933: from democracy to dictatorship". Anne Frank Website. September 28, 2018.
  8. ^ "The March Revolution in Uruguay 1933". onwar.com.
  9. ^ XX sajandi kroonika, I osa. Eesti Entsüklopeediakirjastus. Tallinn, 2002. p. 383
  10. ^ Deletant, Dennis. Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and His Regime, Romania 1940–1944, Palgrave Macmillan, 2006.
  11. ^ "The Bolivian Revolution". latinamericanstudies.org.
  12. ^ Pauker, Guy J. (1967). "Indonesia: The Year of Transition". Asian Survey. 7 (2): 138–150. doi:10.2307/2642526. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2642526.
  13. ^ "Declaration of Martial Law". Official Gazette. Republic of the Philippines. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
  14. ^ The Military in Politics Library of Congress Country Studies
  15. ^ Kenney, Charles D. (2004). Fujimori's coup and the breakdown of democracy in Latin America. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 0-268-03171-1.
  16. ^ Kommersant (September 30, 2015). Все перевороты XXI века || [All coups of XXI century].
  17. ^ Landfried, Christine (February 7, 2019). Judicial Power: How Constitutional Courts Affect Political Transformations - Google Книги. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108425667. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  18. ^ Hastedt, Glenn P.; Knickrehm, Kay M. (2003). International Politics in a Changing World - Glenn P. Hastedt, Kay M. Knickrehm - Google Книги. Longman. ISBN 9780205189939. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  19. ^ http://politeia.ru/files/articles/rus/Politeia-2000-2(16).pdf [bare URL PDF]
  20. ^ "Making of a strongman: In July 1997, Hun Sen took full control of the country – and his party". The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved October 23, 2023.
  21. ^ Desafíos actuales de Asia oriental. Pedrosa, Fernando, Noce, Cecilia, Povse, Max. ISBN 9789502331188
  22. ^ Casey, Nicholas; Torres, Patricia (March 30, 2017). "Venezuela Muzzles Legislature, Moving Closer to One-Man Rule". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
  23. ^ "4 claves para entender la crisis política que atraviesa Perú tras la disolución del Congreso (y lo que puede pasar ahora)". BBC News (in Spanish). Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  24. ^ "Peru military, police back Vizcarra as rebel lawmakers vow loyalty to VP". Reuters. September 30, 2019. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  25. ^ Montes, Juan; Otis, John (October 2, 2019). "Peruvian Vice President Resigns After Congress Fails to Oust Nation's Leader". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  26. ^ "Malaysia's frustrated 'No. 2' leaders pull off political coup". March 22, 2020.
  27. ^ "Инвестклимат в России определяется ФСБ»: Сергей Гуриев о новом правительстве и «конституционном самоперевороте". February 6, 2020.
  28. ^ "Putin's Meaningless Coup". August 2, 2020.
  29. ^ Hill, Fiona (September 7, 2021). There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century - Fiona Hill - Google Книги. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 9780358574316. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  30. ^ Meléndez-Sánchez, Manuel; Levitsky, Steven (May 20, 2021). "El Salvador's President Launched a 'Self-Coup.' Watch for Creeping Corruption and Authoritarianism". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 6, 2021. Retrieved April 26, 2023.
  31. ^ "Saied's Textbook Self-Coup in Tunisia". August 2, 2021.
  32. ^ Tamburini, Francesco (2022). "'How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love Autocracy': Kais Saied's "Constitutional Self-Coup" in Tunisia". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 58 (6): 904–921. doi:10.1177/00219096221079322. S2CID 246962926.
  33. ^ "OPINION - Tunisia's dangerous moment: A self-coup".
  34. ^ "Sudan's self-coup and four factors that will determine what comes next | African Arguments". October 27, 2021.
  35. ^ Barry S. Levitt (2006), "A Desultory Defense of Democracy: OAS Resolution 1080 and the Inter-American Democratic Charter, Latin American Politics and Society, Volume 48, Issue 3, September 2006, Pages: 93–123. pp104-5
  36. ^ Ingraham, Christopher (January 22, 2021). "Coup attempts usually usher in long stretches of democratic decline, data shows". The Washington Post.
  37. ^ "Mahathir proposes to lead 'unity government' - sources". Rueters. February 25, 2020.
  38. ^ Pion-Berlin, David; Bruneau, Thomas; Goetze, Richard B. Jr. (April 7, 2022). "The Trump self-coup attempt: comparisons and civil–military relations". Government and Opposition. FirstView (4): 789–806. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.13. S2CID 248033246.
  39. ^ Multiple sources:
  40. ^ Carvalho, Diego (October 17, 2023). "Brazil's Bolsonaro Plotted Coup After Election Defeat, Congressional Probe Finds". Bloomberg. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  41. ^ Arias, Juan (August 25, 2023). "Brazilian military caught in the crossfire after failed coup attempt against Lula's government". El País. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  42. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (February 14, 2023). "Netanyahu's Judicial Coup Could Destroy His Start-Up Nation". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 19, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
  43. ^ Friedman, Thomas L. (March 28, 2023). "Netanyahu Cannot Be Trusted". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 28, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
  44. ^ Kingsley, Patrick (July 23, 2023). "Israel's Identity Hangs in Balance Ahead of Key Vote on New Law". The New York Times. Archived from the original on July 23, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
  45. ^ "A Coup d'État in Israel? : The Bitter Harvest of Colonialism". CrimethInc. March 27, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
  46. ^ Harari, Yuval Noah (March 9, 2023). "This Is Definitely a Coup. Israel Is on Its Way to Becoming a Dictatorship". Haaretz. Archived from the original on March 9, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
  47. ^ Freedland, Jonathan (March 31, 2023). "Netanyahu is leading a coup against his own country. But the threat is not only to Israel". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on April 1, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
  48. ^ Starr, Michael (January 8, 2023). "30,000 march in Tel Aviv against 'coup d'état' Levin judicial reform". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Archived from the original on January 8, 2023. Retrieved August 1, 2023.
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