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Brominated vegetable oil (BVO) is a complex mixture of plant-derived triglycerides that have been modified by atoms of the element bromine bonded to the fat molecules. Brominated vegetable oil is used to help emulsify citrus-flavored soft drinks, preventing them from separating during distribution. Brominated vegetable oil has been used by the soft drink industry since 1931, generally at a level of about 8 ppm.^[1]^[2]

Careful control of the type of oil used allows bromination of it to produce BVO with a specific density of 1.33 g/mL, which is 33% greater than water (1 g/mL). As a result, it can be mixed with less-dense flavoring agents such as citrus oil to produce an oil which matches the density of water or other products. The droplets containing BVO remain suspended in the water rather than separating and floating to the surface.^[2]

Alternative food additives used for the same purpose include sucrose acetate isobutyrate (SAIB, E444) and glycerol ester of wood rosin (ester gum, E445).

Similar iodinated oils have been used as contrast agents and for goiter prophylaxis in populations with low dietary iodine intake.

Chemical structure of a representative constituent of BVO, featuring, from the top, brominated linoleate, linolenoate, and oleate esters.^[2]

Brominated vegetable oil has the CAS number 8016-94-2 and the EC number 232-416-5.^[3]

Regulation and use

Vereinigte Staaten

In the United States, BVO was designated in 1958 as generally recognized as safe (GRAS),^[2] but this was withdrawn by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1970.^[4] On July 3,2024, the FDA revoked regulations allowing the use of BVO in food.^[5] The agency concluded that the intended use of BVO in food is no longer considered safe after the results of studies conducted in collaboration with the National Institutes of Health (NIH) found the potential for adverse health effects in humans.

In October 2023, California Governor Gavin Newsom approved a law that banned the manufacture, sale, and distribution of brominated vegetable oil (along with three other additives: potassium bromate, propylparaben, and Red 3). This was the first law in the U.S. to ban it.^[6] The ban of its use in foods will go into effect in 2027.^[7]^[8]

Other countries

In Canada, BVO is currently permitted as a food additive, but only in beverages containing citrus or spruce oils.^[9]

In the European Union, BVO is banned from use as a food additive; it was originally banned in the UK and several other European countries in 1970;^[10]^[11] and any BVO-containing products that may slip through the regulations are pulled from shelves upon discovery.^[12] In the EU, beverage companies commonly use glycerol ester of wood rosin or locust bean gum as an alternative to BVO.

In India, standards for soft drinks have prohibited the use of BVO since 1990.^[13]

In Japan, the use of BVO as a food additive has been banned since 2010.^[2]

Health effects

There are case reports of adverse effects associated with excessive consumption of BVO-containing products. One case reported that a man who consumed two to four liters of a soda containing BVO on a daily basis experienced memory loss, tremors, fatigue, loss of muscle coordination, headache, and ptosis of the right eyelid, as well as elevated serum chloride.^[14] In the two months it took to correctly diagnose the problem, the patient also lost the ability to walk. Eventually, bromism was diagnosed and hemodialysis was prescribed which resulted in a reversal of the disorder.^[15]

References

^ "Pepsi Product Information: Ingredient Glossary". PepsiCo. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. Retrieved 2007-09-17.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Paul Bendig; Lisa Maier; Walter Vetter (2012). "Brominated vegetable oil in soft drinks – an underrated source of human organobromine intake". Food Chemistry. 133 (3): 678–682. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.058.
^ "EC Inventory". echa.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-11-04.
^ Food additives. Brominated vegetable oils; removal from list of substances generally recognized as safe. Federal Register (1970), 35(18), 1049
^ "FDA Revokes Regulation Allowing the Use of Brominated Vegetable Oil". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2024-07-02.
^ California isn’t banning Skittles, but four additives will be removed by Marlene Cimons, Washington Post, Oct. 11, 2023. The article notes that Red dye No. 3, bromated vegetable oil, potassium bromate and propyl paraben all have been linked to risk of cancer and hyperactivity in children.
^ "AB-418 The California Food Safety Act". ca.gov.
^ Hernandez, Joe. "California becomes the first state to ban 4 food additives linked to disease". NPR. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
^ "List of Permitted Food Additives with Other Accepted Uses". Health Canada. 27 November 2006. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
^ "Brominated vegetable oil: Why is BVO in my drink?". Mayo Clinic. April 5, 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-06-18. Retrieved 2014-02-17.
^ Friberg, Stig; Larsson, Kare; Sjoblom, Johan (2003-11-04). Food Emulsions. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-91322-2.
^ "Banned emulsifier in soft drink". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2020-06-18.
^ "DIRECTORS' REPORT 1990-91". Ministry of Food Processing Industries.
^ Horowitz BZ (1997). "Bromism from excessive cola consumption". Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 35 (3): 315–320. doi:10.3109/15563659709001219. PMID 9140329.
^ Matthew Alice (1999-07-29). "Straight from the Hip: What is Brominated Vegetable Oil?". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 2007-09-17.

External links

[1] "Pepsi Product Information: Ingredient Glossary". PepsiCo. Archived from the original on 2008-01-08. Retrieved 2007-09-17.

[Bendig-2] Paul Bendig; Lisa Maier; Walter Vetter (2012). "Brominated vegetable oil in soft drinks – an underrated source of human organobromine intake". Food Chemistry. 133 (3): 678–682. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.058.

[3] "EC Inventory". echa.europa.eu. Retrieved 2023-11-04.

[4] Food additives. Brominated vegetable oils; removal from list of substances generally recognized as safe. Federal Register (1970), 35(18), 1049

[5] "FDA Revokes Regulation Allowing the Use of Brominated Vegetable Oil". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Retrieved 2024-07-02.

[6] California isn’t banning Skittles, but four additives will be removed by Marlene Cimons, Washington Post, Oct. 11, 2023. The article notes that Red dye No. 3, bromated vegetable oil, potassium bromate and propyl paraben all have been linked to risk of cancer and hyperactivity in children.

[7] "AB-418 The California Food Safety Act". ca.gov.

[8] Hernandez, Joe. "California becomes the first state to ban 4 food additives linked to disease". NPR. Retrieved 11 October 2023.

[9] "List of Permitted Food Additives with Other Accepted Uses". Health Canada. 27 November 2006. Retrieved 2020-12-09.

[10] "Brominated vegetable oil: Why is BVO in my drink?". Mayo Clinic. April 5, 2013. Archived from the original on 2020-06-18. Retrieved 2014-02-17.

[:0-11] Friberg, Stig; Larsson, Kare; Sjoblom, Johan (2003-11-04). Food Emulsions. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-203-91322-2.

[12] "Banned emulsifier in soft drink". www.europarl.europa.eu. Retrieved 2020-06-18.

[13] "DIRECTORS' REPORT 1990-91". Ministry of Food Processing Industries.

[14] Horowitz BZ (1997). "Bromism from excessive cola consumption". Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology. 35 (3): 315–320. doi:10.3109/15563659709001219. PMID 9140329.

[sdreader-15] Matthew Alice (1999-07-29). "Straight from the Hip: What is Brominated Vegetable Oil?". San Diego Reader. Retrieved 2007-09-17.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|Type of vegetable oil used in the soft drinks industry}}
+{{Short description|Soft drink additive}}
-'''Brominated vegetable oil''' ('''BVO''') is a complex mixture of plant-derived [[triglycerides]] that have been reacted to contain atoms of the [[Chemical element|element]] [[bromine]] bonded to the molecules. Brominated vegetable oil is used primarily to help [[Emulsion|emulsify]] [[citrus]]-flavored [[soft drinks]], preventing them from separating during distribution. Brominated vegetable oil has been used by the soft drink industry since 1931, generally at a level of about 8&nbsp;[[Parts-per notation|ppm]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pepsiproductfacts.com/glossary.php?ltr=b&print=1 |title=Pepsi Product Information: Ingredient Glossary |publisher=[[PepsiCo]] |accessdate=2007-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108164644/http://www.pepsiproductfacts.com/glossary.php?ltr=b&print=1 |archive-date=2008-01-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Bendig>{{Cite journal | author = Paul Bendig | author2 = Lisa Maier | author3 = Walter Vetter | title = Brominated vegetable oil in soft drinks – an underrated source of human organobromine intake | journal = Food Chemistry | volume = 133 | issue = 3 | year = 2012 | pages = 678–682 | doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.058  }}</ref>
+'''Brominated vegetable oil''' ('''BVO''') is a complex mixture of plant-derived [[triglycerides]] that have been modified by atoms of the [[Chemical element|element]] [[bromine]] bonded to the fat molecules. Brominated vegetable oil is used to help [[Emulsion|emulsify]] [[citrus]]-flavored [[soft drinks]], preventing them from separating during distribution. Brominated vegetable oil has been used by the soft drink industry since 1931, generally at a level of about 8&nbsp;[[Parts-per notation|ppm]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pepsiproductfacts.com/glossary.php?ltr=b&print=1 |title=Pepsi Product Information: Ingredient Glossary |publisher=[[PepsiCo]] |accessdate=2007-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108164644/http://www.pepsiproductfacts.com/glossary.php?ltr=b&print=1 |archive-date=2008-01-08 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Bendig>{{Cite journal | author = Paul Bendig | author2 = Lisa Maier | author3 = Walter Vetter | title = Brominated vegetable oil in soft drinks – an underrated source of human organobromine intake | journal = Food Chemistry | volume = 133 | issue = 3 | year = 2012 | pages = 678–682 | doi = 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.058  }}</ref>
-Careful control of the type of oil used allows bromination of it to produce BVO with a specific [[density]] of 1.33&nbsp;g/mL, which is noticeably greater than that of water (1&nbsp;g/mL). As a result, it can be mixed with less-dense flavoring agents such as citrus flavor oil to produce a resulting oil, the density of which matches that of water or other products. The droplets containing BVO remain suspended in the water rather than separating and floating at the surface.<ref name=Bendig/>
+Careful control of the type of oil used allows bromination of it to produce BVO with a specific [[density]] of 1.33&nbsp;g/mL, which is 33% greater than water (1&nbsp;g/mL). As a result, it can be mixed with less-dense flavoring agents such as citrus oil to produce an oil which matches the density of water or other products. The droplets containing BVO remain suspended in the water rather than separating and floating to the surface.<ref name=Bendig/>
 Alternative [[food additives]] used for the same purpose include [[sucrose acetate isobutyrate]] (SAIB, E444) and [[glycerol ester of wood rosin]] (ester gum, E445).
-[[File:BVOstructure.png|thumb|420px|Chemical structure of a representative constituent of BVO, featuring, from the top, brominated [[linoleic acid|linoleate]], [[linolenic acid|linolenoate]], and  [[oleic acid|oleate]] esters.<ref name=Bendig/>]]
+Similar [[iodized oil|iodinated oils]] have been used as contrast agents and for goiter prophylaxis in populations with low dietary iodine intake.
-== Regulation and use ==
+[[File:BVOstructure.png|thumb|420px|Chemical structure of a representative constituent of BVO, featuring, from the top, brominated [[linoleic acid|linoleate]], [[linolenic acid|linolenoate]], and [[oleic acid|oleate]] esters.<ref name=Bendig/>]]
-=== United States ===
-As of May 2023, two U.S. states [[California]] and [[New York (state)|New York]] are considering banning the use of brominated vegetable oil in foods because it acts as an endocrine disrupter, especially affecting the thyroid hormone and may also harm the reproductive system.<ref name=NJTimesMay2023>[https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/13/well/eat/food-additive-ban.html Two States Have Proposed Bans on Common Food Additives Linked to Health Concerns] by Dana G. Smith, April 13, 2023 on the New York Times website. Last access 5/23/2023.</ref>
+Brominated vegetable oil has the [[CAS number]] 8016-94-2 and the [[European Community number|EC number]] 232-416-5.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EC Inventory |url=https://echa.europa.eu/information-on-chemicals/ec-inventory/-/dislist/details/232-416-5 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=echa.europa.eu |language=en-GB}}</ref>
-In the United States, BVO was designated in 1958 as [[generally recognized as safe]] (GRAS),<ref name=Bendig/> but this was withdrawn by the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] in 1970.<ref>Food additives.  Brominated vegetable oils; removal from list of substances generally recognized as safe. [[Federal Register]]  (1970), 35(18), 1049</ref>  The U.S. [[Code of Federal Regulations]] currently imposes restrictions on the use of BVO as a [[food additive]] in the [[United States]], limiting the concentration to 15 [[Parts-per notation|ppm]],<ref>{{Cite journal | author = D.L. Turner | title = Determination of brominated vegetable oil concentrations in soft drinks using a specific ion electrode | journal = Journal of Food Science | volume = 37 | issue = 5 | year = 1972 | pages = 791–792 | doi=10.1111/j.1365-2621.1972.tb02754.x }}</ref> limiting the amount of free [[fatty acid]]s to 2.5 percent, and limiting the [[iodine value]] to 16.<ref name=FDA>{{cite web |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=180.30 |title=Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21—Food and Drugs, Chapter&nbsp;I—Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, Subchapter&nbsp;B—Food for Human Consumption, Part 180—Food Additives Permitted in Food or in Contact with Food on an Interim Basis Pending Additional Study |work=[[Title 21 of the Code of Federal Regulations]] |accessdate=2007-09-17 }}</ref>
+== Regulation and use ==
-An online petition at [[Change.org]] asking PepsiCo to stop adding BVO to Gatorade and other products collected over 200,000 signatures by January 2013.<ref name="NYT121312">{{cite news|last=Strom|first=Stephanie|title=Another look at a drink ingredient, Brominated Vegetable OIl|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/13/business/another-look-at-a-drink-ingredient-brominated-vegetable-oil.html?adxnnl=1&pagewanted=all&adxnnlx=1356247075-ofsnEpX9vqp4LrvhH2hbxg|work=New York Times|date=13 December 2012 |accessdate=23 December 2012}}</ref> The petition pointed out that since Gatorade is sold in countries where BVO is not approved, there is already an existing formulation without this ingredient. PepsiCo announced in January 2013 that it would no longer use BVO in Gatorade.<ref name=NYT012513>{{cite news|title=PepsiCo Will Halt Use of Additive in Gatorade|url=http://dinersjournal.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/25/gatorade-listens-to-a-teen-and-changes-its-formula/|accessdate=2013-01-26 |newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 25, 2013|author=Stephanie Strom|format=blog by NYT journalist}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Gatorade to remove controversial ingredient|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/gatorade-remove-controversial-ingredient-172531703--finance.html|publisher=AP|accessdate=2013-01-26}}</ref>  As of 2023, many large beverage brands, including Coca-Cola and Pepsi, have stopped using the chemical, but it's still found in some smaller grocery store brands.<ref name=NJTimesMay2023 />
+=== United States ===
-On May 5, 2014, [[The Coca-Cola Company|Coca-Cola]] and [[PepsiCo]] said they would remove BVO from their products.<ref>{{cite news | title = Coke, Pepsi dropping 'BVO' from all drinks | first = Candice | last = Choi | publisher = [[Associated Press]] | url = http://bigstory.ap.org/article/mtn-dew-latest-drop-controversial-ingredient | date = May 5, 2014 | accessdate = May 6, 2014}}</ref> As of 2020, [[Mountain Dew]], manufactured by [[PepsiCo]],<ref name="PepsiCo2">{{cite web|title=PepsiCo Beverage Information|url=http://www.pepsicobeveragefacts.com/Home/Product?formula=44316%2A01%2A01-07&form=RTD&size=20|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609115839/http://www.pepsicobeveragefacts.com/Home/Product?formula=44316*01*01-07&form=RTD&size=20|archive-date=2016-06-09|access-date=2019-04-05}}</ref> no longer uses BVO in the main line of beverages,<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Facts About Your Favorite Beverages (U.S.) {{!}} product|url=https://www.pepsicobeveragefacts.com/Home/product?formula=44316*01*01-10&form=RTD&size=20|access-date=2020-06-07|website=www.pepsicobeveragefacts.com}}</ref> but the original BVO-containing formula is still sometimes sold as the lesser distributed "[[List of Mountain Dew flavors and varieties|Mountain Dew Throwback]]" beverage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mountain Dew Throwback Soda - Google Search|url=https://www.google.com/search?kgmid=/g/11hz34xf6_&hl=en-US&q=Mountain+Dew+Throwback+Soda|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.google.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-18|title=Mountain Dew Throwback Soda, 12 Fl Oz, 12 Count - Walmart.com - Walmart.com|url=https://www.walmart.com/ip/Mountain-Dew-Throwback-Soda-12-Fl-Oz-12-Count/16935501|access-date=2020-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618180532/https://www.walmart.com/ip/Mountain-Dew-Throwback-Soda-12-Fl-Oz-12-Count/16935501|archive-date=2020-06-18}}</ref>
+In the United States, BVO was designated in 1958 as [[generally recognized as safe]] (GRAS),<ref name=Bendig/> but this was withdrawn by the [[U.S. Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) in 1970.<ref>Food additives.  Brominated vegetable oils; removal from list of substances generally recognized as safe. [[Federal Register]]  (1970), 35(18), 1049</ref> On July 3,2024, the FDA revoked regulations allowing the use of BVO in food.<ref>{{cite web | title=FDA Revokes Regulation Allowing the Use of Brominated Vegetable Oil | website=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | url=https://www.fda.gov/food/cfsan-constituent-updates/fda-revokes-regulation-allowing-use-brominated-vegetable-oil-bvo-food | ref={{sfnref | U.S. Food and Drug Administration}} | access-date=2024-07-02}}</ref> The agency concluded that the intended use of BVO in food is no longer considered safe after the results of studies conducted in collaboration with the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) found the potential for adverse health effects in humans.
-BVO is used in [[Sun Drop]], made by the [[Dr Pepper Snapple Group]].<ref name="DPSG2">{{cite web|title=Dr Pepper Snapple Group Product Facts|url=https://www.dpsgproductfacts.com/en/product/SUNDROP_CITRUS_SODA_20}}</ref> Numerous [[generic citrus sodas]] also use it, including; "Mountain Lightning"/[[Walmart Canada|Walmart]] sodas, "Clover Valley"/[[Dollar General]] sodas, "Orangette" and Stars & Stripes.<ref>{{Cite web|title=No product found|url=https://www.fooducate.com/product/Stars-Stripes-Flavored-Soda-Sweet-Orange/7E7B5980-42B1-11E1-AFF9-1231380C18FB|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.fooducate.com|language=en}}</ref> BVO is much less frequently used as an emulsifier in non-[[Carbonated water|carbonated]] drinks, such as [[Flavored syrup|flavoring syrups]] for caffeinated beverages<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=September 2018|title=Skinny Mixes/Syrups: Nutrition & Ingredients information|url=https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0033/9148/8089/files/Nutritional-Information-Skinny-Mixes.pdf?17851856526021361623|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200618161746/https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0033/9148/8089/files/Nutritional-Information-Skinny-Mixes.pdf?17851856526021361623%2350|archive-date=June 18, 2020|access-date=June 18, 2020|website=}}</ref> and specialty juices.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Thick & Easy Thickened Beverage 72461 4 Oz Case of 24, Prune Flavor|url=https://www.walmart.com/ip/Thick-Easy-Thickened-Beverage-72461-4-Oz-Case-of-24-Prune-Flavor/835993718|access-date=2020-06-18|website=Walmart.com|language=en}}</ref>
+In October 2023, [[California]] Governor Gavin Newsom approved a law that banned the manufacture, sale, and distribution of brominated vegetable oil (along with three other additives: [[potassium bromate]], [[propylparaben]], and [[Erythrosine|Red 3]]). This was the first law in the U.S. to ban it.<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wellness/2023/10/11/california-skittles-ban-chemicals-food/ California isn’t banning Skittles, but four additives will be removed] by Marlene Cimons, Washington Post, Oct. 11, 2023. The article notes that Red dye No. 3, bromated vegetable oil, potassium bromate and propyl paraben all have been linked to risk of cancer and hyperactivity in children.</ref> The ban of its use in foods will go into effect in 2027.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billCompareClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB418&showamends=false|title=AB-418 The California Food Safety Act.|publisher=[[ca.gov]]|lang=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hernandez |first1=Joe |title=California becomes the first state to ban 4 food additives linked to disease |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/10/10/1204839281/california-ban-food-additives-red-dye-3-propylparaben-candy |publisher=NPR |access-date=11 October 2023}}</ref>
-BVO is one of four substances that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has defined as [[interim food additives]];<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/IngredientsPackagingLabeling/FoodAdditivesIngredients/ucm091048.htm|title=Food Additive Status List|date=26 August 2021 |publisher=[[Food and Drug Administration]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9453&page=31|title=Enhancing the Regulatory Decision-Making Approval Process for Direct Food Ingredient Technologies|year=1999 |publisher=[[The National Academies Press]]|doi=10.17226/9453 |pmid=25077191 |isbn=978-0-309-06486-6 |author1=Institute of Medicine (US) Food Forum }}</ref> the other three are [[acrylonitrile]] [[copolymer]]s, [[mannitol]], and [[saccharin]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=9453&page=31 |title=Enhancing the Regulatory Decision-Making Approval Process for Direct Food Ingredient Technologies |pages=31 |year=1999 |publisher=[[Institute of Medicine]] |doi=10.17226/9453 |pmid=25077191 |isbn=978-0-309-06486-6 |accessdate=2007-09-17 |author1=Institute of Medicine (US) Food Forum }}</ref>
-=== Canada ===
+=== Other countries ===
-BVO is currently permitted as a food additive in Canada, but only in beverages containing citrus or spruce oils.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety/food-additives/lists-permitted/8-other-accepted-uses.html | title = List of Permitted Food Additives with Other Accepted Uses | date = 27 November 2006 | publisher = [[Health Canada]] | accessdate = 2020-12-09}}</ref>
+In [[Canada]], BVO is currently permitted as a food additive, but only in beverages containing citrus or spruce oils.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-nutrition/food-safety/food-additives/lists-permitted/8-other-accepted-uses.html | title = List of Permitted Food Additives with Other Accepted Uses | date = 27 November 2006 | publisher = [[Health Canada]] | accessdate = 2020-12-09}}</ref>
+In the [[European Union]], BVO is banned from use as a food additive; it was originally banned in the UK and several other European countries in 1970;<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mayoclinic.org/bvo/expert-answers/faq-20058236 |title= Brominated vegetable oil: Why is BVO in my drink? |website= [[Mayo Clinic]] |date= April 5, 2013 |accessdate=2014-02-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618183119/http://www.mayoclinic.org/bvo/expert-answers/faq-20058236 |archive-date=2020-06-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last1=Friberg |first1=Stig |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2XvHZtRRA7sC&dq=%22+In+1970,+the+United+Kingdom+and+several+other+European+countries+withdrew+their+permission+for+the+use+of+BVO%22&pg=PA488 |title=Food Emulsions |last2=Larsson |first2=Kare |last3=Sjoblom |first3=Johan |date=2003-11-04 |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-203-91322-2 |language=en}}</ref> and any BVO-containing products that may slip through the regulations are pulled from shelves upon discovery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banned emulsifier in soft drink|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2015-013572_EN.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.europarl.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> In the EU, beverage companies commonly use [[glycerol ester of wood rosin]] or [[locust bean gum]] as an alternative to BVO.
-=== Europe ===
-In the [[European Union]], BVO is banned from use as a food additive;<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mayoclinic.org/bvo/expert-answers/faq-20058236 |title= Brominated vegetable oil: Why is BVO in my drink? |website= [[Mayo Clinic]] |date= April 5, 2013 |accessdate=2014-02-17}}</ref> and any BVO-containing products that may slip through the regulations are pulled from shelves upon discovery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banned emulsifier in soft drink|url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/E-8-2015-013572_EN.html|access-date=2020-06-18|website=www.europarl.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> In the EU, beverage companies commonly use glycerol ester of wood rosin or [[locust bean gum]] as an alternative to BVO.
+In [[India]], standards for [[soft drink]]s have prohibited the use of BVO since 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mofpi.nic.in/ContentPage.aspx?CategoryId=989 |title=DIRECTORS' REPORT 1990-91 |publisher=Ministry of Food Processing Industries}}</ref>
-=== India ===
-Standards for [[soft drink]]s in [[India]] have prohibited the use of BVO since 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mofpi.nic.in/ContentPage.aspx?CategoryId=989 |title=DIRECTORS' REPORT 1990-91 |publisher=Ministry of Food Processing Industries}}</ref>
+In [[Japan]], the use of BVO as a food additive has been banned since 2010.<ref name=Bendig/><!-- Quote: "In European and most other countries, BVO has been prohibited for decades, while its use was just recently discontinued in Japan." -->
-=== Japan ===
-The use of BVO as a food additive has been banned in Japan since 2010.<ref name=Bendig/><!-- Quote: "In European and most other countries, BVO has been prohibited for decades, while its use was just recently discontinued in Japan." -->
 == Health effects ==
@@ Line 44: / Line 39: @@
 * [http://www.inchem.org/documents/jecfa/jecmono/v48aje02.htm WHO/Food and Agriculture Organization 1970 report]
 * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=6665731&itool=iconabstr&query_hl=6&itool=pubmed_docsum Behavioral and reproductive effects of chronic developmental exposure to brominated vegetable oil in rats]
-* [http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnNavigation.cfm?filter=brominated&sortColumn=&rpt=eafusListing FDA Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) entry for brominated vegetable oil]
+* [http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnNavigation.cfm?filter=brominated&sortColumn=&rpt=eafusListing FDA Everything Added to Food in the United States (EAFUS) entry for brominated vegetable oil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601203255/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnNavigation.cfm?filter=brominated&sortColumn=&rpt=eafusListing |date=2016-06-01 }}
 * [https://mobil.bfr.bund.de/cm/343/gesundheitliche-bewertung-von-erfrischungsgetraenken-mit-zugesetzten-bromierten-pflanzenoelen.pdf Gesundheitliche Bewertung von Erfrischungsgetränken mit zugesetzten bromierten Pflanzenölen. Stellungnahme Nr. 023/2014 des Bundesinstituts für Risikobewertung vom 4. Juli 2014]