Foreign relations of Ethiopia: Difference between revisions
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{{Short description| |
{{Short description|none}} <!-- "none" is preferred when the title is sufficiently descriptive; see [[WP:SDNONE]] --> |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} |
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} |
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{{Politics of Ethiopia}} |
{{Politics of Ethiopia}} |
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[[File:Diplomatic relations of Ethiopia.svg|300px|thumb|Nations with which Ethiopia has diplomatic relations]] |
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The '''foreign relations of Ethiopia''' refers to overall diplomatic relationship of Ethiopia. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ethiopia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] oversees foreign relations and diplomatic missions of the country. |
The '''foreign relations of Ethiopia''' refers to overall diplomatic relationship of Ethiopia. The [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Ethiopia)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] oversees foreign relations and diplomatic missions of the country. |
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In the early 15th century, Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with European kingdoms for the first time since the Aksumite era. [[Atse]] [[Dawit I]] first made contact with the [[Republic of Venice]] by requesting for religious artifacts and craftsmen. A letter from [[Henry IV of England]] to the Ethiopian Emperor survives.<ref>Mortimer, Ian (2007) ''The Fears of Henry IV'', p. 111. {{ISBN|1-84413-529-2}}</ref> In 1428, [[Yeshaq I]] sent two emissaries to [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], who sent his own emissaries that failed to complete the return trip home to Aragon.<ref>[[#Beshah|Beshah]], pp. 13–14.</ref> |
In the early 15th century, Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with European kingdoms for the first time since the Aksumite era. [[Atse]] [[Dawit I]] first made contact with the [[Republic of Venice]] by requesting for religious artifacts and craftsmen. A letter from [[Henry IV of England]] to the Ethiopian Emperor survives.<ref>Mortimer, Ian (2007) ''The Fears of Henry IV'', p. 111. {{ISBN|1-84413-529-2}}</ref> In 1428, [[Yeshaq I]] sent two emissaries to [[Alfonso V of Aragon]], who sent his own emissaries that failed to complete the return trip home to Aragon.<ref>[[#Beshah|Beshah]], pp. 13–14.</ref> |
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The first continuous relations with a European country began in 1508 with Portugal under [[Dawit II]] (Lebna Dengel), who had just inherited the throne from his father.<ref>[[#Beshah|Beshah]], p. 25.</ref> In 1487, King John II of Portugal sent two emissaries to the Orient, Pero da Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva; Afonso would die on this mission.<ref>{{Cite book|date=5 November 2004|title=A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDODAgAAQBAJ|isbn=9781134553044|last1=Newitt|first1=Malyn}}</ref> By the end of Middle Ages, the Ethiopian Empire was in a 13 year long war with neighboring Muslim states, and a Portuguese expedition force was sent from [[Goa]], [[India]] to aid the Ethiopian Army due to an ongoing [[Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)|rivalry with the Ottoman Empire]], who provided logistical support to the Adal Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jesuits in Ethiopia |url=http://home.iscte-iul.pt/~mjsr/html/expo_jesuits/index.htm#:~:text=The%20Jesuits%20in%2016/17th,the%20Jesuit%20missionaries%20in%201633. |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=home.iscte-iul.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baldridge |first=Cates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-UASH0jE5cC&q=Portuguese+mission+to+ethiopia |title=Prisoners of Prester John: The Portuguese Mission to Ethiopia in Search of the Mythical King, 1520-1526 |date=2014-01-10 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9019-6 |language=en}}</ref> |
The first continuous relations with a European country began in 1508 with Portugal under [[Dawit II]] (Lebna Dengel), who had just inherited the throne from his father.<ref>[[#Beshah|Beshah]], p. 25.</ref> In 1487, King John II of Portugal sent two emissaries to the Orient, Pero da Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva; Afonso would die on this mission.<ref>{{Cite book|date=5 November 2004|title=A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400–1668|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HDODAgAAQBAJ|isbn=9781134553044|last1=Newitt|first1=Malyn|publisher=Routledge }}</ref> By the end of Middle Ages, the Ethiopian Empire was in a 13 year long war with neighboring Muslim states, and a Portuguese expedition force was sent from [[Goa]], [[India]] to aid the Ethiopian Army due to an ongoing [[Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts (1538–1559)|rivalry with the Ottoman Empire]], who provided logistical support to the Adal Sultanate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jesuits in Ethiopia |url=http://home.iscte-iul.pt/~mjsr/html/expo_jesuits/index.htm#:~:text=The%20Jesuits%20in%2016/17th,the%20Jesuit%20missionaries%20in%201633. |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=home.iscte-iul.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Baldridge |first=Cates |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1-UASH0jE5cC&q=Portuguese+mission+to+ethiopia |title=Prisoners of Prester John: The Portuguese Mission to Ethiopia in Search of the Mythical King, 1520-1526 |date=2014-01-10 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-9019-6 |language=en}}</ref> |
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===Early modern period=== |
===Early modern period=== |
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====Post-Zemene Mesafint==== |
====Post-Zemene Mesafint==== |
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[[File: British departure.jpg|thumb|The [[British Expedition to Abyssinia|British expeditionary]] force moving artillery across the [[Ethiopian Highlands]]]] |
[[File: British departure.jpg|thumb|The [[British Expedition to Abyssinia|British expeditionary]] force moving artillery across the [[Ethiopian Highlands]]]] |
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Emperor [[Tewodros II]] reinstated the imperial power and foreign relations. His connection of [[Queen Victoria]] and other European leaders unfavorable when he sent unresponsive letter to the Queen, eventually leading to brief war with the [[British Empire]]. The British sent 13,000 soldiers, 26,000 men for logistical support and 40,000 animals including war elephants from India during their expedition, resulting in Tewodros suicide at [[Battle of Magdala|Magdala]] in 1868. Not only modernized the empire, but he also paved the way of coherence the succession for subsequent emperors.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian History Abyssinia {{!}} Learn About The Background|url=https://www.ethiopianadventuretours.com/about-ethiopia/ethiopian-history|access-date=2022-01-01|website=www.ethiopianadventuretours.com}}</ref> Ethiopia was briefly isolated from world power in the post-Zemene Mesafint period; Emperor [[Yohannes IV]] faced Egyptian invasion as they laid linkage of [[Suez Canal]] to Massawa, and opening road between [[Adi Quala|Addi Quala]] and Gundet used to penetrate the [[Ethiopian Empire]]. Yohannes IV on other side was reluctant to improve the road from the Ethiopian Highland to the coast of Red Sea. According to British assistant [[John Kirkham (adventurer)|John Kirkham]], he "preferred to keep his money hoarded up". Likewise, German traveller [[Gerhard Rohlfs]] asserted that he wanted to build churches rather than roads. Road working, on the sides, was completed by Swedish missionaries at [[Monkulu]]. British traveller [[Augustus B. Wylde]] supposed that Abyssinians were "in fear of foreign invasion" where lastly commented "I suppose they are right".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |date=2004 |title=Economic change in late nineteenth and early twentieth Century Ethiopia: a period of accelerated innovation |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2004_num_20_1_1075 |journal=Annales d'Éthiopie |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=195–219 |doi=10.3406/ethio.2004.1075}}</ref> |
Emperor [[Tewodros II]] reinstated the imperial power and foreign relations. His connection of [[Queen Victoria]] and other European leaders unfavorable when he sent unresponsive letter to the Queen, eventually leading to brief war with the [[British Empire]]. The British sent 13,000 soldiers, 26,000 men for logistical support and 40,000 animals including war elephants from India during their expedition, resulting in Tewodros suicide at [[Battle of Magdala|Magdala]] in 1868. Not only modernized the empire, but he also paved the way of coherence the succession for subsequent emperors.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Ethiopian History Abyssinia {{!}} Learn About The Background|url=https://www.ethiopianadventuretours.com/about-ethiopia/ethiopian-history|access-date=2022-01-01|website=www.ethiopianadventuretours.com}}</ref> Ethiopia was briefly isolated from world power in the post-Zemene Mesafint period; Emperor [[Yohannes IV]] faced Egyptian invasion as they laid linkage of [[Suez Canal]] to Massawa, and opening road between [[Adi Quala|Addi Quala]] and Gundet used to penetrate the [[Ethiopian Empire]]. Yohannes IV on other side was reluctant to improve the road from the Ethiopian Highland to the coast of Red Sea. According to British assistant [[John Kirkham (adventurer)|John Kirkham]], he "preferred to keep his money hoarded up". Likewise, German traveller [[Gerhard Rohlfs]] asserted that he wanted to build churches rather than roads. Road working, on the sides, was completed by Swedish missionaries at [[Monkulu]]. British traveller [[Augustus B. Wylde]] supposed that Abyssinians were "in fear of foreign invasion" where lastly commented "I suppose they are right".<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Pankhurst |first=Richard |author-link=Richard Pankhurst (historian) |date=2004 |title=Economic change in late nineteenth and early twentieth Century Ethiopia: a period of accelerated innovation |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2004_num_20_1_1075 |journal=[[Annales d'Éthiopie]] |volume=20 |issue=1 |pages=195–219 |doi=10.3406/ethio.2004.1075}}</ref> |
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Wylde noted that the first Ethiopian diaspora took place in mid-1880s, who had been from Massawa to Europe, adapting European trousers. This was strictly outlawed by the Emperor. The empire nonetheless, was surged into modernization by foreign contribution, numerous missionary schools were expanded by Swedish Protestants at Monkulu and the French Lazarist at [[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]], the later described by Wylde "a very useful education" with "very well conducted". Ethiopia had received broad European population in the 19th-century: Jean Baraglion of French origin who had lived for over a decade and according to Wylde, he enjoyed monopoly at [[Adwa]]. Despite rejoice, Baraglion encountered at least two rivals, a Hungarian named André who made an artificial limbs, and a Greek who have lived to [[Shewa]] over several years.<ref name=":1" /> |
Wylde noted that the first Ethiopian diaspora took place in mid-1880s, who had been from Massawa to Europe, adapting European trousers. This was strictly outlawed by the Emperor. The empire nonetheless, was surged into modernization by foreign contribution, numerous missionary schools were expanded by Swedish Protestants at Monkulu and the French Lazarist at [[Keren, Eritrea|Keren]], the later described by Wylde "a very useful education" with "very well conducted". Ethiopia had received broad European population in the 19th-century: Jean Baraglion of French origin who had lived for over a decade and according to Wylde, he enjoyed monopoly at [[Adwa]]. Despite rejoice, Baraglion encountered at least two rivals, a Hungarian named André who made an artificial limbs, and a Greek who have lived to [[Shewa]] over several years.<ref name=":1" /> |
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In 1952, Eritrea federated with Ethiopia with majority vote in the United Nations and this attitude declined by 1961, culminating in the [[Eritrean War of Independence]] since armed forces formed such as the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF). |
In 1952, Eritrea federated with Ethiopia with majority vote in the United Nations and this attitude declined by 1961, culminating in the [[Eritrean War of Independence]] since armed forces formed such as the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF). |
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[[File:Eritrean Independence War Map.png|thumb|[[Eritrean War of Independence]] map in 1970s]] |
[[File:Eritrean Independence War Map.png|thumb|[[Eritrean War of Independence]] map in 1970s]] |
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Oppositions against Haile Selassie came to existence with students began marching through 1960s and early 1970s, chanting "land for tiller" and embracing several Marxist-Leninist theme.<ref>{{Cite |
Oppositions against Haile Selassie came to existence with students began marching through 1960s and early 1970s, chanting "land for tiller" and embracing several Marxist-Leninist theme.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=30 August 2022 |title="Land to the Tiller": Unrealized Agenda of the Revolution |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=39–63 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/622237/pdf |last1=Yemane-Ab |first1=Abera |doi=10.14321/nortafristud.16.1.0039 |s2cid=156651118 }}</ref> Haile Selassie deposed on 12 September 1974 by officers of [[Ethiopian Army]] led by [[Aman Andom]] named Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army. The committee renamed itself Provisional Military Administrative Council known as the [[Derg]] after abolishing the Ethiopian Empire in March 1975. |
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===The Derg era=== |
===The Derg era=== |
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During the [[Tigray War]], Ethiopia was allied to countries such as [[Turkey]],<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Declan |date=2021-12-20 |title=Foreign Drones Tip the Balance in Ethiopia's Civil War |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/20/world/africa/drones-ethiopia-war-turkey-emirates.html |access-date=2021-12-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE air bridge provides military support to Ethiopia gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/25/uae-air-bridge-provides-military-support-to-ethiopia-govt |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> and [[Iran]]<ref name=":22" /> who supplied [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]] to the Ethiopian government.<ref name=":9" /> With involvement of [[Eritrean Defence Forces]] (EDF), the US President [[Joe Biden]] designated six targets of sanction per Executive Order 14046, which was signed in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imposing Sanctions in Connection with the Conflict in Ethiopia|url=https://www.state.gov/imposing-sanctions-in-connection-with-the-conflict-in-ethiopia/|access-date=2022-01-01|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref> |
During the [[Tigray War]], Ethiopia was allied to countries such as [[Turkey]],<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Walsh |first=Declan |date=2021-12-20 |title=Foreign Drones Tip the Balance in Ethiopia's Civil War |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/20/world/africa/drones-ethiopia-war-turkey-emirates.html |access-date=2021-12-22 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[United Arab Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=UAE air bridge provides military support to Ethiopia gov't |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/25/uae-air-bridge-provides-military-support-to-ethiopia-govt |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> and [[Iran]]<ref name=":22" /> who supplied [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|drones]] to the Ethiopian government.<ref name=":9" /> With involvement of [[Eritrean Defence Forces]] (EDF), the US President [[Joe Biden]] designated six targets of sanction per Executive Order 14046, which was signed in September 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imposing Sanctions in Connection with the Conflict in Ethiopia|url=https://www.state.gov/imposing-sanctions-in-connection-with-the-conflict-in-ethiopia/|access-date=2022-01-01|website=United States Department of State|language=en}}</ref> |
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==Diplomatic relations== |
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List of countries which Ethiopia maintains diplomatic relations with: |
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{| class="wikitable sortable" |
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! colspan="3" |[[File:Diplomatic relations of Ethiopia.svg|frameless|425x425px]] |
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!# |
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!Country |
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!Date |
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|1 |
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|{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |
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|{{dts|1841}}<ref name="britain">{{Cite web|title=Addis Ababa |url=https://roomfordiplomacy.com/addis-ababa/ |access-date=5 February 2024|website=Room for Diplomacy |date=18 January 2015 |language=en|archive-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205002700/https://roomfordiplomacy.com/addis-ababa/|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|2 |
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|{{Flag|France}} |
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|{{dts|20 March 1897}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bureau |first=Jacques |url=https://books.openedition.org/cfee/588 |title=France Éthiopie - Cent ans de relations: Prologue diplomatique |chapter=Prologue diplomatique |series=Bulletins de la Maison des études éthiopiennes |date=1997 |pages=3–7 |publisher=Centre français des études éthiopiennes |isbn=9782821872295 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|3 |
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|{{Flag|Italy}} |
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|{{dts|24 June 1897}}<ref name="Italia : Ministero delle Finanze">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U46adFpzgAIC&dq=Trattato+di+amicizia+e+commercio+del+24+giugno+1897+Italia+e+Etiopia&pg=PA360 |title=I trattati di commercio, dogana e navigazione fra l'Italia e gli altri stati in vigore al ... |publisher=Italia : Ministero delle Finanze |year=1911 |pages=360 |language=it}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|4 |
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|{{Flag|United States}} |
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|{{dts|27 December 1903}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Countries |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/all |access-date=12 November 2021 |website=Office of the Historian}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|5 |
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|{{Flag|Germany}} |
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|{{dts|7 March 1905}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=100 Jahre diplomatische Beziehungen Deutschland-Äthiopien |url=https://www.hsozkult.de/event/id/event-54613 |access-date=1 July 2023 |website=hsozkult.de |language=de}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|6 |
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|{{Flag|Greece}} |
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|{{dts|25 November 1917}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2017 |title=Celebrating a century old relationship between Ethiopia and Greece |url=https://www.ethiosports.com/2017/11/25/celebrating-a-century-old-relationship-between-ethiopia-and-greece/ |website=Ethio Sports |access-date=5 March 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|7 |
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|{{Flag|Belgium}} |
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|{{dts|25 March 1923}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lukian Prijac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPG4CgAAQBAJ&dq=consulat+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+Belgique+transformee+en+Legation+25+mars+1923+et+le+premier+Ministre+Plenipotentiaire&pg=PA178 |title=Foreign relations with Ethiopia human and diplomatic history (from its origins to present) |publisher=Lit |year=2015 |isbn=9783643126580 |pages=178 |language=en, fr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|8 |
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|{{Flag|Turkey}} |
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|{{dts|30 January 1926}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Disisleri Bakanligi yilligi 1964-1965. Page 289|url=http://diad.mfa.gov.tr/diad/yillik/yillik-1964-1965.pdf}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|9 |
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|{{Flag|Egypt}} |
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|{{dts|1927}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Egyptian-Ethiopian relations |url=http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Templates/Articles/tmpArticles.aspx?CatID=1193 |publisher=State Information Service}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|10 |
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|{{Flag|Japan}} |
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|{{dts|18 November 1930}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Japan: Political reports 1938-1942 |year=2002 |pages=461}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|11 |
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|{{Flag|Colombia}} |
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|{{dts|1 January 1937}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=África, Medio Oriente y Asia Central |url=https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/internacional/politica/regiones |access-date=29 June 2023 |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|12 |
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|{{Flag|Russia}} |
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|{{dts|21 April 1943}}<ref>[http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/va2/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=home.document&identifier=5034E5DA-96B6-175C-903517DD990A490E&sort=collection&item=Horn%20of%20Africa%20Crisis "Soviet Foreign Ministry, Background Report on Soviet-Ethiopian Relations, 3 April 1978"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509062827/http://legacy.wilsoncenter.org/va2/index.cfm?topic_id=1409&fuseaction=home.document&identifier=5034E5DA-96B6-175C-903517DD990A490E&sort=collection&item=Horn%20of%20Africa%20Crisis |date=9 May 2012 }}, Cold War International History Project Virtual Archive (accessed 6 July 2009)</ref> |
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|- |
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|13 |
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|{{Flag|Poland}} |
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|{{dts|1 September 1943}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Witold Ryszard Korsak |url=http://www.videofact.com/polska/gotowe/k/korsak/korsak.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908053237/http://www.videofact.com/polska/gotowe/k/korsak/korsak.html |archive-date=2008-09-08 |access-date=2022-01-14 |language=pl}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|14 |
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|{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |
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|{{dts|11 February 1944}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Petruf |first=Pavol |title=Československá zahraničná politika 1945 – 1992 |pages=99–119 |language=sk}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|15 |
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|{{Flag|Norway}} |
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|{{dts|28 April 1945}}<ref>{{cite web|date=27 April 1999|title=Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/ud/vedlegg/protokoll/diplomatiske_forbindelser.pdf|access-date=18 October 2021|website=regjeringen.no|language=no}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|16 |
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|{{Flag|Chile}} |
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|{{dts|16 October 1945}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reseña histórica de la presencia chilena en África |url=https://www.bcn.cl/obtienearchivo?id=repositorio/10221/12006/1/91367_BCNINFORME_GRID_01-08-2011_JJ_AFRICA.doc |access-date=11 May 2023 |page=6 |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|17 |
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|{{Flag|Sweden}} |
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|{{dts|27 December 1945}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Africa, January 1950-December 1950 |publisher=University Publications of America |year=1999 |pages=333 |quote=Ethiopia ... Sweden M. Widar Bagge , Minister , 27th December , 1945}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|18 |
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|{{Flag|India}} |
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|{{dts|1 July 1948}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chronicle of International Events for the Period |publisher=Library of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |year=1948 |pages=915}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|19 |
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|{{Flag|Austria}} |
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|{{dts|23 July 1948}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Foreign relations with Ethiopia human and diplomatic history (from its origins to present) |publisher=Lit |year=2015 |pages=31}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|20 |
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|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} |
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|{{dts|25 May 1949}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952 |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2006 |pages=149}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|21 |
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|{{Flag|Lebanon}} |
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|{{dts|31 July 1949}}<ref>{{Cite book|title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952|publisher=LexisNexis, 2006|pages=311}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|22 |
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|{{Flag|Iraq}} |
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|{{dts|14 September 1949}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Middle East Journal - Volume 4 |publisher=Middle East Institute |year=1950 |pages=89}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|23 |
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|{{Flag|Mexico}} |
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|{{dts|1 November 1949}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=COMISIONES UNIDAS DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES Y DE RELACIONES EXTERIORES, ÁFRICA. |url=https://infosen.senado.gob.mx/sgsp/gaceta/63/1/2016-04-26-1/assets/documentos/Dict_Rel_Ext_ETIOPIA.pdf |access-date=9 July 2023 |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|24 |
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|{{Flag|Denmark}} |
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|{{dts|21 February 1950}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Udenrigsministeriets kalender |publisher=Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet |year=1952 |pages=160 |language=da}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|25 |
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|{{Flag|Venezuela}} |
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|{{dts|19 September 1950}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho |publisher=Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores |year=2003 |pages=528–529 |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|26 |
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|{{Flag|Netherlands}} |
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|{{dts|6 November 1950}}<ref name="Rechtsgeleerd magazin Themis2">{{Cite book |title=Rechtsgeleerd magazin Themis |publisher=Tjeenk Willink |year=1953 |pages=388 |language=nl}}</ref> |
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|27 |
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|{{Flag|Iran}} |
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|{{dts|1950}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Embassy of the Islamic Republic of Iran - Addis Ababa |url=https://addisababa.mfa.gov.ir/en/printnews/627852 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|28 |
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|{{Flag|Brazil}} |
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|{{dts|9 January 1951}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Latin America, 1951 |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2005 |pages=86}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|29 |
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|{{Flag|Spain}} |
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|{{dts|27 April 1951}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diario de acontecimientos mundiales del segundo trimestre de 1951 |url=https://www.cepc.gob.es/sites/default/files/2021-12/32536rpi006165.pdf |access-date=29 June 2023 |page=168 |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|30 |
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|{{Flag|Serbia}} |
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|{{dts|4 March 1952}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Keesing's Contemporary Archives - Volume 8 |publisher=Keesing's Limited |year=1950 |pages=12093}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|31 |
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|{{Flag|Switzerland}} |
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|{{dts|2 May 1952}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=More about the bilateral relations between Switzerland and Ethiopia |url=https://www.eda.admin.ch/countries/ethiopia/en/home/switzerland-and/bilateral-relations/more-about-the-bilateral-relations-between-switzerland-and-ethio.html |website=eda.admin.ch |access-date=9 March 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|32 |
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|{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |
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|{{dts|3 June 1956}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005) |url=http://filip-nikolov.com/files/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%20%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%20%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.doc |language=bg}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|33 |
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|{{Flag|Sudan}} |
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|{{dts|27 June 1956}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Republic of the Sudan |year=1957 |pages=27}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|— |
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|{{Flag|Holy See}} |
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|{{dts|20 March 1957}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations of the Holy See |url=https://holyseemission.org/contents/mission/diplomatic-relations-of-the-holy-see.php |access-date=5 September 2022}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|34 |
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|{{Flag|Romania}} |
|||
|{{dts|2 July 1957}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations of Romania |url=https://www.mae.ro/en/node/2187 |website=Ministerul Afacerilor Externe |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|35 |
|||
|{{Flag|Pakistan}} |
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|{{dts|28 December 1957}}<ref name="Ethiopia Observer">{{Cite book |title=Ethiopia Observer |publisher=1956 |pages=160}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
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|36 |
|||
|{{Flag|Albania}} |
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|{{dts|26 June 1958}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=International Affairs |publisher=Znanye Publishing House |year=1958 |pages=110}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|37 |
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|{{Flag|Liberia}} |
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|{{dts|1958}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=This is Ethiopia |publisher=Ethiopia. Embassy (U.S.) |year=1958 |pages=15}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|38 |
|||
|{{Flag|Portugal}} |
|||
|{{dts|6 January 1959}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Países |url=https://portaldiplomatico.mne.gov.pt/relacoesbilaterais/paises |access-date=2 July 2022 |language=pt}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
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|39 |
|||
|{{Flag|Haiti}} |
|||
|{{dts|5 April 1959}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 1959 |title=Ethiopia Establishes Embassy Here Ambassador Arrives |url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/01/50/23/00228/AA00015023_00228.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101084745/https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/01/50/23/00228/AA00015023_00228.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Haiti Sun |pages=1, 13}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|40 |
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|{{Flag|Ghana}} |
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|{{dts|10 April 1959}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=W. Scott Thompson |title=Ghana's foreign policy, 1957-1966; diplomacy, ideology, and the new state. |publisher=Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press |year=1969 |pages=445}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|41 |
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|{{Flag|Finland}} |
|||
|{{dts|17 July 1959}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Finland and Ethiopia |url=https://finlandabroad.fi/web/eth/finland-and-ethiopia |website=Finland Abroad |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
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|42 |
|||
|{{Flag|Hungary}} |
|||
|{{dts|17 November 1959}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hungary |publisher=Pannonia Press |year=1969 |pages=80}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
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|43 |
|||
|{{Flag|Jordan}} |
|||
|{{dts|16 May 1960}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yitzhak Oron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LooyExir7EC&dq=Jordan+and+Ethiopia+establish+diplomatic+relations+at+Embassy+level+16+May+1960&pg=PA337 |title=Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1 |publisher=Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited |year=1960 |pages=337 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
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|44 |
|||
|{{Flag|Somalia}} |
|||
|{{dts|14 December 1960}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Diplomatic Relations |url=http://www.mfa.somaligov.net/Diplomatic%20Relations.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724073959/http://www.mfa.somaligov.net/Diplomatic%20Relations.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=5 February 2022 |work=Government of Somalia}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|45 |
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|{{Flag|Indonesia}} |
|||
|{{dts|20 June 1961}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ethiopia, Indonesia Celebrate 60th Anniversary Of Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-indonesia-celebrate-60th-anniversary-of-diplomatic-relations/ |website=Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C |date=20 June 2021 |access-date=1 February 2024}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
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|46 |
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|{{Flag|Yemen}} |
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|{{dts|28 September 1961}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yitzhak Oron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzZ71Eh5QvMC&dq=first+Ethiopian+Minister+presented+his+credentials+to+Crown+Prince+Yemen+Badr+...+1961&pg=PA707 |title=Middle East Record Volume 2, 1961 Volume 2 |publisher=Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center |year=1961 |pages=707 |access-date=25 November 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|47 |
|||
|{{Flag|Israel}} |
|||
|{{dts|24 October 1961}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joyce |first=Jennifer A. |date=15 June 2000 |title=ETHIOPIA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS WITH ISRAEL 1955-1998 |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA378841.pdf |access-date=5 September 2023 |page=94}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
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|48 |
|||
|{{Flag|Guinea}} |
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|{{dts|22 June 1962}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJkaMHnX5y8C&dq=ambassador+Guinea+to+Ethiopia+Seydou+Diallo&pg=PA8 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 124-125 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1962 |pages=18 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|49 |
|||
|{{Flag|Tunisia}} |
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|{{dts|31 July 1962}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKwsWaAMQqMC&dq=Ghana+and+Ethiopia+establish+diplomatic+relations&pg=RA7-PA3 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 148-149 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1962 |pages=13 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|50 |
|||
|{{Flag|Morocco}} |
|||
|{{dts|5 August 1963}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopie |url=http://www.diplomatie.ma/Politique%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re/Afrique/Relationsbilaterales/tabid/177/vw/1/ItemID/95/language/en-US/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129174415/http://www.diplomatie.ma/Politique%C3%A9trang%C3%A8re/Afrique/Relationsbilaterales/tabid/177/vw/1/ItemID/95/language/en-US/Default.aspx |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=21 November 2023 |website=Royaume du Maroc Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation |language=fr}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
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|51 |
|||
|{{Flag|Cameroon}} |
|||
|{{dts|9 August 1963}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e0sd7EW_O-4C&dq=Mustapha+Yenu+Musa+presented+credentials&pg=RA2-PA12 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 157-158 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1963 |pages=12}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|52 |
|||
|{{Flag|South Korea}} |
|||
|{{dts|23 December 1963}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24478.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722070453/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24478.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |access-date=17 January 2022 |website=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (South Korea)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|53 |
|||
|{{Flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |
|||
|{{dts|1963}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Études congolaises Volume 4 |publisher=Institut politiques congolais and Center de recheret d'information socio-politiques |year=1963 |pages=61 |language=fr |quote=Arrivée à Léopoldville du premier ambassadeur d'Ethiopie, le major-général Jacob Guebre Lioul}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|54 |
|||
|{{Flag|Mali}} |
|||
|{{dts|23 March 1964}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1964 |pages=33}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|55 |
|||
|{{Flag|Thailand}} |
|||
|{{dts|10 April 1964}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=สหพันธ์สาธารณรัฐประชาธิปไตยเอธิโอเปีย (Ethiopia) (MFA Thailand in Thai)|url=https://www.mfa.go.th/th/content/5d5bd20e15e39c3060027abf?cate=5f1aba0039164819fc32c0ba}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|56 |
|||
|{{Flag|Tanzania}} |
|||
|{{dts|1 June 1964}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997 |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1999 |pages=576}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|57 |
|||
|{{Flag|Uganda}} |
|||
|{{dts|4 June 1964}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Diplomatic Missions and Other Representatives in Uganda |publisher=Uganda. Ministry of Foreign Affairs |year=1966 |pages=19}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|58 |
|||
|{{Flag|Kenya}} |
|||
|{{dts|26 June 1964}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia, Kenya to Mark 55th Anniversary |url=https://www.ena.et/web/eng/w/en_8336 |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=ena.et}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian Embassy in Nairibi, Kenya: History of the Embassy |url=https://www.embassypages.com/ethiopia-embassy-nairobi-kenya |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=Embassy Pages}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|59 |
|||
|{{Flag|Malawi}} |
|||
|{{dts|30 July 1964}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts no.151-152 |publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service |year=1964 |pages=13}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|60 |
|||
|{{Flag|Nigeria}} |
|||
|{{dts|1964}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nlebem |first=Anthony |date=12 February 2020 |title=Nigeria and Ethiopia deepen cooperation, with Visa waver, others |url=https://businessday.ng/africa/article/nigeria-and-ethiopia-deepen-cooperation-with-visa-waver-others/ |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|61 |
|||
|{{Flag|Senegal}} |
|||
|{{dts|1964}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2016 |title=Ethiopia and #Senegal have a long and historic bilateral relations. |url=https://m.facebook.com/MFAEthiopia/photos/a.625130940847486/1312151585478748/?type=3 |website=The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia in Facebook |access-date=15 March 2024}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|62 |
|||
|{{Flag|Burundi}} |
|||
|{{dts|9 June 1965}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecxr4N5t9EIC&dq=pascal+...+ambassador+of+burundi+in+ethiopia&pg=PP21 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 111-115 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1965 |pages=12 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|63 |
|||
|{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} |
|||
|{{dts|7 July 1965}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1965 |pages=335}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|64 |
|||
|{{Flag|Zambia}} |
|||
|{{dts|8 July 1965}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1965 |pages=327}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|65 |
|||
|{{Flag|Niger}} |
|||
|{{dts|6 October 1965}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 389-398 |publisher=La Documentation africaine |year=1965 |language=fr}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|66 |
|||
|{{Flag|Canada}} |
|||
|{{dts|13 October 1965}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Linwood |first=DeLong |date=January 2020 |title=A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019 |url=https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019 |access-date=26 June 2023}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|67 |
|||
|{{Flag|Australia}} |
|||
|{{dts|13 December 1965}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vol. 36 No. 12 (December 1965) |url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1207792277 |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=Trove |language=en}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|68 |
|||
|{{Flag|Malaysia}} |
|||
|{{dts|1965}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=ETHIOPIA INVESTMENT AND TRADE OPPORTUNITIES: PRESENTED TO MALAYSIAN INVESTORS |url=https://www.massa.net.my/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ETHIOPIA-INVESTMENT-OPPORTUNITIES-TO-MALAYSIAN-COMPANIES-1.pdf |website=massa.net.my |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|69 |
|||
|{{Flag|Ivory Coast}} |
|||
|{{dts|4 March 1966}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 399-412 |publisher=La Documentation africaine |year=1966 |language=fr}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|70 |
|||
|{{Flag|Jamaica}} |
|||
|{{dts|22 March 1966}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations |url=http://mfaft.gov.jm/jm/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations |access-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308040029/http://mfaft.gov.jm/jm/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations |archive-date=8 March 2016 |date=16 April 2021}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|71 |
|||
|{{Flag|Benin}} |
|||
|{{dts|7 May 1966}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1966 |pages=531}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|72 |
|||
|{{Flag|Mauritania}} |
|||
|{{dts|21 September 1966}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 2262-2303 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1966 |pages=5}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|73 |
|||
|{{Flag|Kuwait}} |
|||
|{{dts|9 October 1966}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fJh0K7kzGgC&dq=KUWAIT+,+ETHIOPIA++establish+diplomatic+relations+9+October+1966&pg=PP12 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 196-200 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1966 |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|74 |
|||
|{{Flag|Gambia}} |
|||
|{{dts|17 October 1966}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gambia: Report for the Years... |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office, 1966 |pages=12}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|75 |
|||
|{{Flag|Rwanda}} |
|||
|{{dts|26 October 1966}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 2262-2303 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1966 |pages=6}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|76 |
|||
|{{Flag|Mongolia}} |
|||
|{{dts|24 January 1967}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2019 |title=Deputy Foreign Minister meets Ambassador of Ethiopia |url=https://montsame.mn/en/read/206162 |website=Mongolian National News Agency |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|77 |
|||
|{{Flag|Panama}} |
|||
|{{dts|17 August 1967}}<ref>{{cite web|title=RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ|url=http://www.mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806131148/https://mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf|archive-date=6 August 2020|access-date=30 November 2021|page=195}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|78 |
|||
|{{Flag|Peru}} |
|||
|{{dts|10 September 1967}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicecanciller se reúne con el Exministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Etiopía y candidato a Director General de la OMS |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/7948-vicecanciller-se-reune-con-el-exministro-de-relaciones-exteriores-de-etiopia-y-candidato-a-director-general-de-la-oms |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=gob.pe}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|79 |
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|{{Flag|Botswana}} |
|||
|{{dts|19 October 1967}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999 |pages=82–87}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|80 |
|||
|{{Flag|Republic of the Congo}} |
|||
|{{dts|1967}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.146901/page/n387/mode/1up |title=The Europa Year Book 1967 A World Survey Vol.-ii |publisher=Europa Publications Limited |year=1967 |pages=376}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|81 |
|||
|{{Flag|Sierra Leone}} |
|||
|{{dts|26 March 1968}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 2701-2756 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1968 |pages=6}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|82 |
|||
|{{Flag|Argentina}} |
|||
|{{dts|28 March 1968}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Comunicado conjunto estableciendo de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre los Gobiernos de la República Argentina y del Imperio de Etiopía |url=https://tratados.cancilleria.gob.ar/tratado_ficha.php?id=maSlnQ== |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Biblioteca Digital de Tratados |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|83 |
|||
|{{Flag|Burkina Faso}} |
|||
|{{dts|11 April 1968}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 2701-2756 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1968 |pages=10}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|84 |
|||
|{{Flag|Iceland}} |
|||
|{{dts|20 May 1968}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|url=https://www.government.is/ministries/ministry-for-foreign-affairs/protocol/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/|access-date=1 August 2021|website=Government of Iceland}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|85 |
|||
|{{Flag|Singapore}} |
|||
|{{dts|31 March 1969}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Diplomatic & consular list |url=https://www.mfa.gov.sg/Overseas-Missions/-/media/D74B3129AEFA44BB8FC411746F005489.ashx |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore |page=}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|86 |
|||
|{{Flag|Chad}} |
|||
|{{dts|21 October 1969}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1969 |pages=1544}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|87 |
|||
|{{Flag|Central African Republic}} |
|||
|{{dts|15 September 1970}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chronologie politique africaine - Volume 11 |publisher=Centre d'etude des relations internationales |year=1970 |pages=45 |language=fr}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|88 |
|||
|{{Flag|Guyana}} |
|||
|{{dts|13 October 1970}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Diplomatic relations |url=http://www.minfor.gov.gy/diplomatic-relations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190216065040/https://www.minfor.gov.gy/diplomatic-relations/ |archive-date=16 February 2019 |access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|89 |
|||
|{{Flag|China}} |
|||
|{{dts|24 November 1970}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/focac/183534.htm |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=china.org.cn}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|90 |
|||
|{{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}} |
|||
|{{dts|1970}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Week in the Horn – 23.02.2018: The President of Equatorial Guinea on an official visit to Ethiopia |url=https://mfaethiopiablog.wordpress.com/2018/02/23/a-week-in-the-horn-23-02-2018/ |access-date=27 February 2024 |website=The Official Blog of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia|date=23 February 2018 }}</ref> |
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|- |
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|91 |
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|{{Flag|Eswatini}} |
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|{{dts|1 January 1971}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1971 |pages=1982}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|— |
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|{{Flag|Sovereign Military Order of Malta}} |
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|{{dts|February 1971}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Marchés tropicaux et méditerranéens, 27 |year=1971 |pages=766 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|92 |
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|{{Flag|Nepal}} |
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|{{dts|15 April 1971}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2022 |title=Rajendra Giri: Connecting Nepal and Ethiopia |url=https://www.newbusinessage.com/MagazineArticles/view/3358#google_vignette |website=New Business Age |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|93 |
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|{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} |
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|{{dts|1972}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2016 |title=Sri Lanka opens a Resident Mission in Ethiopia |url=https://mfa.gov.lk/slemb-ethiopia/ |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Sri Lanka |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|94 |
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|{{Flag|North Korea}} |
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|{{dts|5 June 1975}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=DPRK Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.ncnk.org/sites/default/files/issue-briefs/DPRK_Diplo_Relations_August2016.pdf |access-date=14 July 2022 |publisher=NCNK |pages=8–9}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|95 |
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|{{Flag|Cuba}} |
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|{{dts|18 July 1975}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Memoria anual 2015 |url=https://archivo.cubaminrex.cu/sites/default/files/memoria_anual_2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507190813/https://archivo.cubaminrex.cu/sites/default/files/memoria_anual_2015.pdf |archive-date=7 May 2019 |page=19-25 |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|96 |
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|{{Flag|Libya}} |
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|{{dts|11 October 1975}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 5021-5096 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1975 |pages=7}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|97 |
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|{{Flag|Vietnam}} |
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|{{dts|23 February 1976}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 2010 |title=Africa |url=https://lamdong.gov.vn/sites/lderd/operationnotes/countriesandregions/SitePages/africa.aspx |access-date=29 April 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|98 |
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|{{Flag|Bangladesh}} |
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|{{dts|19 September 1976}}<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNbL-vJxM3IC&dq=Ambassador+to+Ethiopia+Mr+Mohammad+Sultan,+Bangladesh+ambassador+to+Egypt,+has+been+accredited&pg=PA120-IA208 |title=Translations on South and East Asia Volumes 675-690 |publisher=Joint Publications Research Service |year=1976 |pages=120 |access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|99 |
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|{{Flag|Philippines}} |
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|{{dts|7 February 1977}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2017 |title=Today we celebrate 40 years of formal diplomatic relations with Ethiopia! |url=https://twitter.com/DFAPHL/status/828740399984418818 |access-date=31 July 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|100 |
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|{{Flag|Angola}} |
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|{{dts|13 July 1977}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Middle East Economic Digest - Volume 21 - Page 17 |year=1977}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|101 |
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|{{Flag|Grenada}} |
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|{{dts|17 September 1979}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 6208-6259 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1979 |pages=8}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|102 |
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|{{Flag|Djibouti}} |
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|{{dts|15 December 1979}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etat des Relations |url=http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818144121/http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 |archive-date=18 August 2013 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation Internationale Djibouti |language=fr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|103 |
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|{{Flag|Luxembourg}} |
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|{{dts|19 March 1980}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vol. 35, No. 1/2, BIOGRAPHIE DES CHEFS DE MISSION DIPLOMATIQUE A BRUXELLES 1970-1982 / BIOGRAPHY OF THE HEADS OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION IN BRUSSELS |publisher=Egmont Institute |year=1982}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|104 |
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|{{Flag|Syria}} |
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|{{dts|26 August 1980}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Middle East Economic Digest - Volume 24 |publisher=1980 |pages=39}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|105 |
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|{{Flag|Zimbabwe}} |
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|{{dts|August 1980}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sub-Saharan Africa Report - Issues 2261-2264 |publisher=Foreign Broadcast Information Service. |year=1980 |pages=19}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|106 |
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|{{Flag|Afghanistan|2013}} |
|||
|{{dts|6 September 1981}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Le Mois en Afrique Issues 186-193 |publisher=1981 |pages=159 |language=fr |quote=ADDIS ABEBA, 6 septembre. - L'Afghanistan et l'Ethiopie ont annoncé leur décision de porter leurs relations diplomatiques au niveau des ambassades ...}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|107 |
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|{{Flag|Seychelles}} |
|||
|{{dts|14 April 1982}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Ethiopian Ambassador Accredited |url=https://www.jamesalixmichel.com/presidency-press-releases/2329/New-Ethiopian-Ambassador-Accredited |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=jamesalixmichel.com}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|108 |
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|{{Flag|Malta}} |
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|{{dts|30 November 1982}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Le Mois en Afrique Issues 205-210 |publisher=1983 |pages=173 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|109 |
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|{{Flag|Togo}} |
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|{{dts|11 December 1982}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Le Mois en Afrique - Volume 17, Issues 194-199 |publisher=1982 |pages=158 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|110 |
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|{{Flag|Cape Verde}} |
|||
|{{dts|October 1983}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ежегодник Большой Советской Энциклопедии. 1984. Выпуск двадцать восьмой. Часть II |url=https://istmat.org/files/uploads/61867/ezhegodnik_28_vyp._1984_chast_2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031112938/https://istmat.org/files/uploads/61867/ezhegodnik_28_vyp._1984_chast_2.pdf |archive-date=31 October 2022 |access-date=4 March 2024 |page=321 |language=ru}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|111 |
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|{{Flag|Nicaragua}} |
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|{{dts|7 May 1984}}<ref name="UNDL">{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Ethiopia and ... |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/search?ln=en&as=1&m1=p&p1=Diplomatic+relations+between+Ethiopia+and+...&f1=series&op1=a&m2=a&p2=&f2=&op2=a&m3=a&p3=&f3=&dt=&d1d=&d1m=&d1y=&d2d=&d2m=&d2y=&rm=&action_search=Search&sf=year&so=a&rg=50&c=United+Nations+Digital+Library+System&of=hb&fti=0&fti=0 |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|112 |
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|{{Flag|Bolivia}} |
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|{{dts|8 December 1987}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
|||
|- |
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|113 |
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|{{Flag|Lesotho}} |
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|{{dts|1987}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=Lesotho, Facts and Figures, 1987/88 |publisher=Publications Section, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting |year=1988 |pages=26}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|114 |
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|{{Flag|Cambodia}} |
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|1980s<ref>{{Cite web|title=LIST OF MEMBER STATES OF THE UNITED NATIONS (193) HAVING DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS WITH CAMBODIA|url=https://www.mfaic.gov.kh/page/2021-02-10-LIST-OF-MEMBER-STATES-OF-THE-UNITED-NATIONS--193--HAVING-DIPLOMATIC-RELATIONS-WITH-CAMBOIDA|access-date=2 October 2021|website=mfaic.gov.kh}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|115 |
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|{{Flag|Namibia}} |
|||
|{{dts|1990}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=10 February 2023 |title=Ethiopia, Namibia Relations Built On Solid Foundations Of African Fraternity, Pan-Africanism: Envoy |url=https://www.fanabc.com/english/ethiopia-namibia-relations-built-on-solid-foundations-of-african-fraternity-pan-africanism-envoy/ |access-date=17 July 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|116 |
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|{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |
|||
|{{dts|2 November 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia |url=https://mfa.gov.az/en/category/africa/ethiopia |website=Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|117 |
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|{{Flag|Slovenia}} |
|||
|{{dts|6 November 1992}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Đogić |first=Mojca Pristavec |date=September 2016 |title=Priznanja samostojne Slovenije |url=https://fotogalerija.dz-rs.si/datoteke/Publikacije/Zborniki_RN/2016/Priznanja_samostojne_Slovenije_.pdf |access-date=11 July 2023 |language=sl}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|118 |
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|{{Flag|Ukraine}} |
|||
|{{dts|1 April 1993}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Features of the world |url=https://i-lug.gov.ua/en/country/ethiopia |website=i-lug.gov.ua |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|119 |
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|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} |
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|{{dts|5 May 1993}}<ref name="Longman">{{Cite book |title=Keesing's Record of World Events - Volume 39 - Page 39488 |publisher=Longman |year=1993}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|120 |
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|{{Flag|Eritrea}} |
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|{{dts|22 May 1993}}<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |title=Eritrea Update |publisher=Provisional Government of Eritrea (EPLF), Mission to the USA and Canada |year=1992}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|121 |
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|{{Flag|Georgia}} |
|||
|{{dts|29 June 1993}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://mfa.gov.ge/MainNav/ForeignPolicy/BilateralRelations.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220619062211/https://mfa.gov.ge/MainNav/ForeignPolicy/BilateralRelations.aspx |archive-date=19 June 2022 |access-date=1 September 2022}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|122 |
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|{{Flag|Armenia}} |
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|{{dts|2 December 1993}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ethiopia - Bilateral relations |url=https://www.mfa.am/en/bilateral-relations/et |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia|access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
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|123 |
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|{{Flag|Belarus}} |
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|{{dts|18 May 1994}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Belarus-Ethiopia|url=https://kenya.mfa.gov.by/en/bilateral_relations/Belarus_Ethiopia/|website=29 July 2021}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|124 |
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|{{Flag|Ireland}} |
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|{{dts|1994}}<ref name="Ireland-Ethiopia relations">{{cite web |title=Ireland-Ethiopia relations |url=https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/ethiopia/our-role/ireland-ethiopia-relations/ |access-date=2 November 2020}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|125 |
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|{{flag|South Africa}} |
|||
|{{dts|6 January 1995}}<ref>{{Cite book |title=South African Yearbook of International Law: Suid-Afrikaanse Jaarboek Vir Volkereg |publisher=VerLoren Van Themaat Centre for International Law, University of South Africa |year=1995 |volume=20 |page=341}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|126 |
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|{{Flag|Oman}} |
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|{{dts|7 February 1995}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
|||
|- |
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|127 |
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|{{Flag|Slovakia}} |
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|{{dts|10 May 1995}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
|||
|- |
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|128 |
|||
|{{Flag|Qatar}} |
|||
|{{dts|16 July 1995}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mofa.gov.qa/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85?country=ET#The-World|title=قطر و العالم|website=www.mofa.gov.qa|accessdate=20 June 2023|archive-date=29 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629175308/https://www.mofa.gov.qa/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85?country=ET#The-World|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|129 |
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|{{Flag|Croatia}} |
|||
|{{dts|17 October 1995}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Bilateral relations - Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations|url=https://mvep.gov.hr/foreign-policy/bilateral-relations/date-of-recognition-and-establishment-od-diplomatic-relations/22800|access-date=5 February 2022|website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Croatia}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|130 |
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|{{Flag|Mauritius}} |
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|{{dts|June 1996}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://mauritius-addisababa.govmu.org/Pages/index.aspx |access-date=16 July 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|131 |
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|{{Flag|Uzbekistan}} |
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|{{dts|15 July 1996}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS |url=https://mfa.uz/en/pages/strani-kotoriye-uzbekistan-ustanovil-diplomaticheskiye-otnosheniya |access-date=15 June 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|132 |
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|{{Flag|Lithuania}} |
|||
|{{dts|19 October 1998}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2014 |title=Ethiopia |url=https://urm.lt/default/en/bilateral-ethiopia |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania |access-date=14 March 2024 |archive-date=14 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240314144411/https://urm.lt/default/en/bilateral-ethiopia |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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|- |
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|133 |
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|{{Flag|Bahrain}} |
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|{{dts|28 November 1999}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral relations |url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=73&language=en-US |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505195337/https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=73&language=en-US |archive-date=5 May 2012 |access-date=15 May 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|134 |
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|{{Flag|Costa Rica}} |
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|Before 1999<ref>{{Cite book |title=Memoria |year=1999 |pages=364 |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|135 |
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|{{Flag|North Macedonia}} |
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|{{dts|17 July 2000}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
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|- |
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|136 |
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|{{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} |
|||
|{{dts|16 February 2004}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic and Consular List |url=https://foreign.gov.vc/foreign/images/stories/DiplomaticRelations/Updated_Diplomatic_List_Revised-as_at_February_2020_1_1.pdf |access-date=11 July 2023 |pages=104–112}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|137 |
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|{{Flag|Saint Lucia}} |
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|{{dts|3 August 2004}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
|||
|- |
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|138 |
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|{{Flag|Estonia}} |
|||
|{{dts|23 August 2005}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia |url=https://www.vm.ee/rahvusvaheline-suhtlus-uleilmne-eestlus/suhted-teiste-riikidega/diplomaatiliste-suhete |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=26 October 2022 |language=et}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|139 |
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|{{Flag|Laos}} |
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|{{dts|9 December 2005}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
|||
|- |
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|140 |
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|{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |
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|{{dts|12 February 2007}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
|||
|- |
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|141 |
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|{{Flag|Dominican Republic}} |
|||
|{{dts|27 September 2007}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS |url=http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/AllItems.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004004739/http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gob.do/ecc/Lists/Establecimiento%20de%20Relaciones%20Diplomticas/AllItems.aspx |archive-date=4 October 2017 |access-date=26 March 2022 |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|142 |
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|{{Flag|Latvia}} |
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|{{dts|11 March 2008}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2020 |title=Ethiopia invites Latvia to strengthen its presence in Africa |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/article/ethiopia-invites-latvia-strengthen-its-presence-africa |website=mfa.gov.lv |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|143 |
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|{{Flag|Dominica}} |
|||
|{{dts|2009}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=HOSTING OF FIRST VIRTUAL PRESENTATION OF CREDENTIALS CEREMONY JUNE 2021 |url=http://presidentoffice.gov.dm/notices/151-hosting-of-first-virtual-presentation-of-credentials-ceremony-june-2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820221917/http://presidentoffice.gov.dm/notices/151-hosting-of-first-virtual-presentation-of-credentials-ceremony-june-2021 |archive-date=20 August 2021 |access-date=21 August 2021}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|144 |
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|{{Flag|Paraguay}} |
|||
|{{dts|29 September 2010}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 September 2010 |title=Masivo relacionamienton diplomatico |url=https://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/politica/masivo-relacionamiento-diplomatico-166483.html |access-date=28 January 2024 |website=abc.com.py |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|145 |
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|{{Flag|Fiji}} |
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|{{dts|6 January 2011}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
|||
|- |
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|146 |
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|{{Flag|Uruguay}} |
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|{{dts|23 March 2011}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
|||
|- |
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|147 |
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|{{Flag|Montenegro}} |
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|{{dts|10 June 2011}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
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|- |
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|148 |
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|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}} |
|||
|{{dts|5 September 2011}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakh-Ethiopian political relations |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-addis-ababa/activities/1836?lang=en |website=Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Ethiopia |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|149 |
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|{{Flag|New Zealand}} |
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|{{dts|6 December 2011}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pres. Girma receives credentials of ten ambassadors (December 7, 2011) |url=http://www.mfa.gov.et/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207124900/http://www.mfa.gov.et/ |archive-date=7 December 2011 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|150 |
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|{{Flag|Solomon Islands}} |
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|{{dts|22 December 2011}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
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|- |
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|151 |
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|{{Flag|Ecuador}} |
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|{{dts|23 January 2012}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
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|- |
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|152 |
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|{{Flag|South Sudan}} |
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|{{dts|27 February 2012}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2012 |title=President Kiir Receives 3 Ambassadors' Credentials |url=http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ID/6542/Default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401131722/http://www.gurtong.net/ECM/Editorial/tabid/124/ID/6542/Default.aspx |archive-date=1 April 2012}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|153 |
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|{{Flag|Guatemala}} |
|||
|{{dts|20 June 2012}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoy se celebran 10 años de relaciones diplomáticas con Etiopía. Guatemala reafirma el compromiso por estrechar aún más los vínculos de amistad y cooperación |url=https://twitter.com/MinexGt/status/1538808884533596160?s=20 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=MINEX Guatemala |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|154 |
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|{{Flag|Tajikistan}} |
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|{{dts|3 July 2012}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF STATES WITH WHICH THE REPUBLIC OF TAJIKISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS |url=https://mfa.tj/uploads/main/2023/04/11,04,2023,15,37.pdf |access-date=13 November 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|155 |
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|{{Flag|Moldova}} |
|||
|{{dts|24 June 2013}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bilateral relations|url=https://mfa.gov.md/en/content/republic-afghanistan|access-date=31 July 2021|website=MFA Moldova}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|156 |
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|{{Flag|Turkmenistan}} |
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|{{dts|11 November 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=STATES WITH WHICH TURKMENISTAN ESTABLISHED DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS |url=https://www.mfa.gov.tm/en/articles/55?breadcrumbs=no |access-date=17 March 2022 |archive-date=8 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190508101911/https://www.mfa.gov.tm/en/articles/55?breadcrumbs=no |url-status=live }}</ref> |
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|- |
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|157 |
|||
|{{Flag|Myanmar}} |
|||
|{{dts|28 December 2015}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2015 |title=Ethiopia and Myanmar Establish Diplomatic Relations |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201512282708.html |website=allAfrica |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|158 |
|||
|{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |
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|{{dts|23 July 2016}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2016 |title=Kyrgyzstan, Ethiopia set up diplomatic relations |url=https://akipress.com/news:580373:Kyrgyzstan,_Ethiopia_set_up_diplomatic_relations/ |website=AKIpress News Agency |access-date=14 March 2024}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|159 |
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|{{Flag|El Salvador}} |
|||
|{{dts|28 October 2016}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=REGISTRO DE FECHAS DE ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RD |url=https://www.transparencia.gob.sv/institutions/rree/documents/338286/download |access-date=9 March 2022 |language=es}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|160 |
|||
|{{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} |
|||
|{{dts|1 March 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.foreign.gov.kn/2906-2/ |access-date=1 April 2021 |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Saint Kitts and Nevis}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|161 |
|||
|{{Flag|Maldives}} |
|||
|{{dts|6 August 2018}}<ref name="UNDL" /> |
|||
|- |
|||
|162 |
|||
|{{Flag|San Marino}} |
|||
|{{dts|7 November 2018}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Relazione sugli Accordi di Stabilimento della relazioni diplomatiche |url=https://www.consigliograndeegenerale.sm/on-line/home/scheda17158229.html |access-date=3 December 2021 |language=it}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|163 |
|||
|{{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} |
|||
|Before March 2020<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1237278838566072320 |user=ghanamfa |title=Ambassador of Antigua and Barbuda to Ethiopia with concurrent accreditation to Ghana, H.E. Franklin Francis, has called on the Minister for Foreign Affairs and Regional Integration, Hon. Shirley Ayorkor Botchwey. |date=2020-03-10}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|164 |
|||
|{{Flag|Monaco}} |
|||
|{{dts|20 October 2020}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 October 2020|title=Diplomatie : de nouveaux Ambassadeurs accrédités : Lituanie – Arménie – Colombie - Ethiopie|language=fr|url=https://www.gouv.mc/Action-Gouvernementale/Monaco-a-l-International/La-Diplomatie-et-la-Presence-Internationale/Actualites/Diplomatie-de-nouveaux-Ambassadeurs-accredites-Lituanie-Armenie-Colombie-Ethiopie|access-date=3 January 2022}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|165 |
|||
|{{Flag|Algeria}} |
|||
|Unknown |
|||
|- |
|||
|166 |
|||
|{{Flag|Comoros}} |
|||
|Unknown |
|||
|- |
|||
|167 |
|||
|{{Flag|Cyprus}} |
|||
|Unknown<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Acting President of the Republic received the credentials of the Ambassador of Ethiopia |url=https://www.pio.gov.cy/en/press-releases-article.html?id=8506#flat |access-date=14 March 2024 |website=Press and Information Office}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|168 |
|||
|{{Flag|Gabon}} |
|||
|Unknown |
|||
|- |
|||
|169 |
|||
|{{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}} |
|||
|Unknown<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 January 2022 |title=Entrega das Cartas Credenciais hoje do Embaixador Ibrahima Sano à Presidente da Etiópia, Sra. Sahle-Work Zewde. |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/mne.gw/posts/entrega-das-cartas-credenciais-hoje-do-embaixador-ibrahima-sano-à-presidente-da-/4676207742473558/ |access-date=3 March 2024 |language=pt}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|170 |
|||
|{{Flag|Madagascar}} |
|||
|Unknown |
|||
|- |
|||
|171 |
|||
|{{Flag|Mozambique}} |
|||
|Unknown |
|||
|- |
|||
|— |
|||
|{{Flag|State of Palestine}} |
|||
|Unknown |
|||
|- |
|||
|— |
|||
|{{Flag|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} |
|||
|Unknown |
|||
|- |
|||
|172 |
|||
|{{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}} |
|||
|Unknown |
|||
|} |
|||
==Africa== |
==Africa== |
||
Line 119: | Line 832: | ||
* Algeria has an embassy in [[Addis Ababa]]. |
* Algeria has an embassy in [[Addis Ababa]]. |
||
* Ethiopia closed its embassy in Algiers in 2021. |
* Ethiopia closed its embassy in Algiers in 2021. |
||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Angola}} |
|||
|13 July 1977 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 July 1977<ref>{{Cite book |title=Middle East Economic Digest - Volume 21 - Page 17 |publisher=1977}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Benin}} |
|||
|7 May 1966 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1966 when first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Dahomey ( resident in Lagos ) Mr. Dawit Abdou presented his credentials.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1966 |pages=531}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Burkina Faso}} |
|||
|11 April 1968 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 April 1968 when the first Ethiopian ambassador to Upper Volta , Ato Haile Mechecha , has presented his credentials to President Lamizana<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 2701-2756 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1968 |pages=10}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Burundi}} |
|||
|9 June 1965 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1965 when the Burundi government has appointed its Ambassador in Addis Ababa, Pascar Bugiriza<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ecxr4N5t9EIC&dq=pascal+...+ambassador+of+burundi+in+ethiopia&pg=PP21 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 111-115 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1965 |pages=12 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Central African Republic}} |
|||
|15 September 1970 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 September 1970<ref>{{Cite book |title=Chronologie politique africaine - Volume 11 |publisher=Centre d'etude des relations internationales |year=1970 |pages=45 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Chad}} |
|||
|21 October 1969 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 October 1969 when the first Ambassador of Chad to Ethiopia , M. Abdurahman Musa , presented his credentials to Emperor Haile Selassie<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1969 |pages=1544}}</ref> |
|||
|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
||
|{{flag| |
|{{flag|Djibouti }}||15 December 1979 |
||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1966 when first Ambassador of Ethiopia in Cote d'Ivoire presented his credentials<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 399-412 |publisher=La Documentation africaine |year=1966 |language=fr}}</ref> |
|||
* Côte d'Ivoire has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
|||
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Abidjan]]. |
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|- valign="top" |
|||
|{{flag|Djibouti }}||<!--Date started--> |
|||
|See [[Djibouti–Ethiopia relations]] |
|See [[Djibouti–Ethiopia relations]] |
||
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1979.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Etat des Relations |url=http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818144121/http://www.djibdiplomatie.dj/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=439&Itemid=17 |archive-date=18 August 2013 |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Ministere des Affaires Etrangeres et de la Cooperation Internationale Djibouti |language=fr}}</ref> |
|||
Diplomatic relations between Ethiopia and [[Djibouti]] were established in 1984.<ref name="MFA-Dj">[http://mfa.gov.et/Foreign_Policy_And_Relation/Bilateral.php "Ethiopia - Djibouti relations"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325095640/http://mfa.gov.et/Foreign_Policy_And_Relation/Bilateral.php |date=25 March 2012 }}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs website (Retrieved 9 October 2009)</ref> The border between the two countries is based on the Franco-Ethiopian convention of 20 March 1897, which was later finalized in a protocol dated 16 January 1954 and rendered effective on 28 February of that year.<ref>[http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS154.pdf "Djibouti – Ethiopia Boundary"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109115403/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS154.pdf |date=9 November 2013 }}, U.S. Department of State, International Boundary Study No. 154 – 20 February 1976</ref> In October 1991, the Ethiopian and Djiboutian governments signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation further solidifying relations. Since 1991, the two countries have signed over 39 protocol agreements.<ref name=MFA-Dj/> |
|||
The border between the two countries is based on the Franco-Ethiopian convention of 20 March 1897, which was later finalized in a protocol dated 16 January 1954 and rendered effective on 28 February of that year.<ref>[http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS154.pdf "Djibouti – Ethiopia Boundary"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109115403/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS154.pdf |date=9 November 2013 }}, U.S. Department of State, International Boundary Study No. 154 – 20 February 1976</ref> In October 1991, the Ethiopian and Djiboutian governments signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation further solidifying relations. Since 1991, the two countries have signed over 39 protocol agreements.<ref name="MFA-Dj">[http://mfa.gov.et/Foreign_Policy_And_Relation/Bilateral.php "Ethiopia - Djibouti relations"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325095640/http://mfa.gov.et/Foreign_Policy_And_Relation/Bilateral.php|date=25 March 2012}}, Ministry of Foreign Affairs website (Retrieved 9 October 2009)</ref> |
|||
Djibouti remains a major economic partner of Ethiopia. On 13 April 2002, the two countries signed an agreement concerning the use of the [[Port of Djibouti]] and the transit of cargo, which was later ratified by the Ethiopian [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]] on 4 June of the same year.<ref>[http://www.ethiopar.net/type/English/hopre/bills/2004_2005/Proc%20No.%20284-%202002%20Ethio-Djibouti%20Utilization%20of%20Port%20of%20Dj.pdf "Ethio-Djibouti Utilization of Port of Djibouti and Services to Cargo in Transit Agreement Ratification Proclamation No. 284/2002"] (Retrieved 13 July 2010) {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> About 70% of the Port of Djibouti's activity consists of imports to and exports from neighboring Ethiopia, which depends on the harbour as its main maritime outlet. The port also serves as an international refueling center and transshipment hub.<ref name="Cdpafoid">{{cite web|last=Bansal|first=Ridhima|title=Current Development Projects and Future Opportunities in Djibouti|url=http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/current-development-projects-and-future-opportunities-in-djibouti/|publisher=Association of African Entrepreneurs|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327074151/http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/current-development-projects-and-future-opportunities-in-djibouti/|archive-date=27 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, both countries share ownership of the [[Ethio-Djibouti Railways|Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railroad]]. |
Djibouti remains a major economic partner of Ethiopia. On 13 April 2002, the two countries signed an agreement concerning the use of the [[Port of Djibouti]] and the transit of cargo, which was later ratified by the Ethiopian [[Federal Parliamentary Assembly]] on 4 June of the same year.<ref>[http://www.ethiopar.net/type/English/hopre/bills/2004_2005/Proc%20No.%20284-%202002%20Ethio-Djibouti%20Utilization%20of%20Port%20of%20Dj.pdf "Ethio-Djibouti Utilization of Port of Djibouti and Services to Cargo in Transit Agreement Ratification Proclamation No. 284/2002"] (Retrieved 13 July 2010) {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> About 70% of the Port of Djibouti's activity consists of imports to and exports from neighboring Ethiopia, which depends on the harbour as its main maritime outlet. The port also serves as an international refueling center and transshipment hub.<ref name="Cdpafoid">{{cite web|last=Bansal|first=Ridhima|title=Current Development Projects and Future Opportunities in Djibouti|url=http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/current-development-projects-and-future-opportunities-in-djibouti/|publisher=Association of African Entrepreneurs|access-date=26 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327074151/http://www.aaeafrica.org/start/current-development-projects-and-future-opportunities-in-djibouti/|archive-date=27 March 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> Additionally, both countries share ownership of the [[Ethio-Djibouti Railways|Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railroad]]. |
||
Line 167: | Line 853: | ||
* Disputes over Eritrea's border alignment led to the [[Eritrean-Ethiopian War]] (1998–2000), which was resolved by an [[Algiers Agreement (2000)|independent boundary commission's]] [[boundary delimitation|delimitation]] decision in 2002. However, demarcation has been delayed, despite intense international intervention, by Ethiopian insistence that the decision ignored "human geography," made technical errors in the delimitation, and determined that certain disputed areas, specifically [[Badme]], fall to Eritrea. Eritrea meanwhile insists on not deviating from the commission's decision. The [[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|peacekeepers]] monitoring the disputed boundary were forced to withdraw in July 2008<ref name="UN_SRES18272008">{{UN document |docid=S-RES-1827(2008) |type=Resolution |body=Security Council |year=2008 |resolution_number=1827 |accessdate=17 August 2008|date=30 July 2008}}</ref> having considered their remaining options<ref name="UN_S2008226">{{UN document |docid=S-2008-226 |type=Document |body=Security Council |year=2008 |document_number=226 |accessdate=17 August 2008|title=Special report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|date=7 April 2008}}</ref> after experiencing serious difficulties in supporting its troops.<ref name="UN_S2008145">{{UN document |docid=S-2008-145 |type=Document |body=Security Council |year=2008 |document_number=145 |accessdate=17 August 2008|title=Special report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|date=3 March 2008}}</ref> |
* Disputes over Eritrea's border alignment led to the [[Eritrean-Ethiopian War]] (1998–2000), which was resolved by an [[Algiers Agreement (2000)|independent boundary commission's]] [[boundary delimitation|delimitation]] decision in 2002. However, demarcation has been delayed, despite intense international intervention, by Ethiopian insistence that the decision ignored "human geography," made technical errors in the delimitation, and determined that certain disputed areas, specifically [[Badme]], fall to Eritrea. Eritrea meanwhile insists on not deviating from the commission's decision. The [[United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|peacekeepers]] monitoring the disputed boundary were forced to withdraw in July 2008<ref name="UN_SRES18272008">{{UN document |docid=S-RES-1827(2008) |type=Resolution |body=Security Council |year=2008 |resolution_number=1827 |accessdate=17 August 2008|date=30 July 2008}}</ref> having considered their remaining options<ref name="UN_S2008226">{{UN document |docid=S-2008-226 |type=Document |body=Security Council |year=2008 |document_number=226 |accessdate=17 August 2008|title=Special report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|date=7 April 2008}}</ref> after experiencing serious difficulties in supporting its troops.<ref name="UN_S2008145">{{UN document |docid=S-2008-145 |type=Document |body=Security Council |year=2008 |document_number=145 |accessdate=17 August 2008|title=Special report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea|date=3 March 2008}}</ref> |
||
*In July 2018, leaders both countries [[2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit|signed]] a peace treaty to put a formal end to a state of war between both nations paving the way for greater economic cooperation and improved ties between them.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-eritrea-economy/ex-foes-ethiopia-eritrea-eye-peace-dividend-after-historic-deal-idUSKBN1JZ2KS| title = Reuters| website = [[Reuters]]}}</ref> |
*In July 2018, leaders both countries [[2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit|signed]] a peace treaty to put a formal end to a state of war between both nations paving the way for greater economic cooperation and improved ties between them.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ethiopia-eritrea-economy/ex-foes-ethiopia-eritrea-eye-peace-dividend-after-historic-deal-idUSKBN1JZ2KS| title = Reuters| website = [[Reuters]]}}</ref> |
||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Eswatini}} |
|||
|1 January 1971 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 January 1971 when the first Swaziland Ambassador to Ethiopia, Mr. Martin Ndiniso, has presented his credentials to Emperor Haile Selassie.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1971 |pages=1982}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Gambia}} |
|||
|17 October 1966 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 October 1966<ref>{{Cite book |title=Gambia: Report for the Years... |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office, 1966 |pages=12}}</ref> |
|||
|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
||
|{{flag|Ghana}}||<!--Date started--> |
|{{flag|Ghana}}||<!--Date started--> |
||
Line 180: | Line 858: | ||
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Accra]]. |
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Accra]]. |
||
* Ghana has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Ghana has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
||
|- valign="top" |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{flag|Ivory Coast}}||4 March 1966 |
|||
|{{Flag|Guinea}} |
|||
| |
|||
|22 June 1962 |
|||
* The Ivory Coast has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 June 1962 when Guinea Ambassador to United Arab Republic (Egypt) Mr. Seydou Diallo was received by Emperor Haile Selassie as Ambassador also to Ethiopia<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cJkaMHnX5y8C&dq=ambassador+Guinea+to+Ethiopia+Seydou+Diallo&pg=PA8 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 124-125 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1962 |pages=18 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> |
|||
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Abidjan]]. |
|||
|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
||
|{{flag|Kenya }}||26 June 1964||See [[Ethiopia–Kenya relations]] |
|{{flag|Kenya }}||26 June 1964||See [[Ethiopia–Kenya relations]] |
||
Line 191: | Line 870: | ||
The border between the two countries is based on a treaty signed by Ethiopia and Kenya on 9 June 1970, which determines the present-day boundary, abrogating all previous boundary treaties. This border has been subjected to demarcation.<ref>[http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf "Ethiopia – Kenya Boundary"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf |date=18 March 2009 }}, U.S. State Department International Boundary Study, No. 152 – 15 October 1975</ref> |
The border between the two countries is based on a treaty signed by Ethiopia and Kenya on 9 June 1970, which determines the present-day boundary, abrogating all previous boundary treaties. This border has been subjected to demarcation.<ref>[http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf "Ethiopia – Kenya Boundary"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf |date=18 March 2009 }}, U.S. State Department International Boundary Study, No. 152 – 15 October 1975</ref> |
||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Malawi}} |
|||
|30 June 1964 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 June 1964 when the first Malawi Ambassador to Ethiopia, Mr. Katenga, arrived in Addis Ababa.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin Africa, political, social and cultural series · Volume 1 |publisher=Africa Research, Limited |year=1964 |pages=110}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Mali}} |
|||
|23 March 1964 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 1964 when first Ambassador of the Republic of Mali , Mr. Modibo Diallo , has presented his credentials to Emperor Haile Selassie<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1964 |pages=33}}</ref> |
|||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Mauritania}} |
|||
|21 September 1966 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 September 1966.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 2262-2303 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1966 |pages=5}}</ref> |
|||
|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
||
|{{flag|Morocco}}||5 August 1963 |
|{{flag|Morocco}}||5 August 1963 |
||
Line 216: | Line 883: | ||
* Ethiopia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. |
* Ethiopia is accredited to Namibia from its embassy in Pretoria, South Africa. |
||
* Namibia has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Namibia has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Niger}} |
|||
|6 October 1965 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 October 1965 when first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Niger (resident in Lagos) Mr. Dawit Abdou presented his credentials<ref>{{Cite book |title=Bulletin de l'Afrique noire - Issues 389-398 |publisher=La Documentation africaine |year=1965 |language=fr}}</ref> |
|||
|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
||
|{{flag|Nigeria}}||<!--Date started--> |
|{{flag|Nigeria}}||<!--Date started--> |
||
Line 225: | Line 888: | ||
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Abuja]]. |
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Abuja]]. |
||
* Nigeria has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Nigeria has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Rwanda}} |
|||
|26 October 1966 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 October 1966<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 2262-2303 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1966 |pages=6}}</ref> |
|||
|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
||
|{{flag|Senegal}}||<!--Date started--> |
|{{flag|Senegal}}||<!--Date started--> |
||
Line 234: | Line 893: | ||
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Dakar]]. |
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Dakar]]. |
||
* Senegal has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Senegal has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
||
|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Seychelles}} |
|||
|14 April 1982 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 April 1982<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Ethiopian Ambassador Accredited |url=https://www.jamesalixmichel.com/presidency-press-releases/2329/New-Ethiopian-Ambassador-Accredited |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=jamesalixmichel.com}}</ref> |
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|- |
|||
|{{Flag|Sierra Leone}} |
|||
|26 March 1968 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1968<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 2701-2756 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1968 |pages=6}}</ref> |
|||
|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
||
|{{flag|Somalia }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Ethiopia–Somalia relations]] |
|{{flag|Somalia }}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Ethiopia–Somalia relations]] |
||
Line 254: | Line 905: | ||
The [[Federal Government of Somalia]] was later established on 20 August 2012,<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm">{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html|access-date=24 August 2012|newspaper=Forum on China-Africa Cooperation|date=21 August 2012}}</ref> representing the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm"/> The following month, [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] was elected as the new Somali government's first President, with the Ethiopian authorities welcoming his selection and newly appointed Prime Minister of Ethiopia [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] attending Mohamud's inauguration ceremony.<ref name="Piuinefs">{{cite news|last=Mohamed|first=Mahmoud|title=Presidential inauguration ushers in new era for Somalia|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/09/17/feature-01|access-date=30 September 2012|newspaper=Sabahi|date=17 September 2012}}</ref> |
The [[Federal Government of Somalia]] was later established on 20 August 2012,<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm">{{cite news|title=Somalia: UN Envoy Says Inauguration of New Parliament in Somalia 'Historic Moment'|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201208220474.html|access-date=24 August 2012|newspaper=Forum on China-Africa Cooperation|date=21 August 2012}}</ref> representing the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.<ref name="Fcacsunesinpshm"/> The following month, [[Hassan Sheikh Mohamud]] was elected as the new Somali government's first President, with the Ethiopian authorities welcoming his selection and newly appointed Prime Minister of Ethiopia [[Hailemariam Desalegn]] attending Mohamud's inauguration ceremony.<ref name="Piuinefs">{{cite news|last=Mohamed|first=Mahmoud|title=Presidential inauguration ushers in new era for Somalia|url=http://sabahionline.com/en_GB/articles/hoa/articles/features/2012/09/17/feature-01|access-date=30 September 2012|newspaper=Sabahi|date=17 September 2012}}</ref> |
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|{{flag|Somaliland}}|| |
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|See [[Ethiopia–Somaliland relations]] |
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[[Somaliland]] has had decent economic relations with [[Ethiopia]] since the [[Eritrean–Ethiopian War]], as a large part of Ethiopian exports have been handled via the port of Berbera, since Ethiopia can no longer use [[Eritrea|Eritrean]] ports of [[Massaua]] and [[Assab]]. These relationships stand in contrast to the “traditional hostility” towards Ethiopia felt by many Somalis in other areas, and against the background of low support among many northern Somalis for [[Siad Barre]]'s [[Ogaden War]] against Ethiopia and the [[Somali National Movement]] which Ethiopia assisted financially.<ref>Maria Brons: ''Somaliland: Two years after the declaration of independence'', 1993, ISBN 978-3-928049-23-8 (S. 11, 23, 25)</ref> So far, however, these have not led to official Ethiopian recognition. On 1 January 2024, Ethiopia and Somaliland signed a [[2024 Ethiopia–Somaliland memorandum of understanding|pact]] giving Ethiopia access to the Red Sea in return for eventual recognition, making it the first UN member state to do so.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thesomalidigest.com/somaliland-and-ethiopia-recognition-for-sea-acce | title=Somaliland and Ethiopia: Recognition for Sea Access | date=January 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopia signs agreement to use Somaliland's Red Sea port |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/1/ethiopia-signs-agreement-to-use-somalilands-red-sea-port |access-date=1 January 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/landlocked-ethiopia-signs-pact-use-somalilands-red-sea-port-2024-01-01 {{bare URL inline|date=February 2024}}</ref> |
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|{{flag|South Africa}}||6 January 1995 |
|{{flag|South Africa}}||6 January 1995 |
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Line 263: | Line 918: | ||
|{{flag|Sudan }}||27 June 1956 |
|{{flag|Sudan }}||27 June 1956 |
||
|See [[Ethiopia–Sudan relations]] |
|See [[Ethiopia–Sudan relations]] |
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 June 1956 when accredited first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Sudan Mr. Ato Mellas M. Andom.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Sudan Almanac |publisher=Republic of the Sudan |year=1957 |pages=27}}</ref> |
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[[Alodia]] and the [[Kingdom of Makuria]] had some relations with Ethiopia in Medieval times. |
[[Alodia]] and the [[Kingdom of Makuria]] had some relations with Ethiopia in Medieval times. |
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Line 280: | Line 934: | ||
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Dar-es-Salaam]]. |
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Dar-es-Salaam]]. |
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* Tanzania has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Tanzania has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Togo}} |
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|11 December 1982 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 December 1982 when Ambassador of Ethiopia (resident in Accra) Mr. Kasate Berham Babina presented letters of credence to President of Togo Gnassingbe Eyadema.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Le Mois en Afrique - Volume 17, Issues 194-199 |publisher=1982 |pages=158 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Tunisia}} |
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|31 July 1962 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 July 1962<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dKwsWaAMQqMC&dq=Ghana+and+Ethiopia+establish+diplomatic+relations&pg=RA7-PA3 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 148-149 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1962 |pages=13 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
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|{{Flag|Uganda }}||4 June 1964||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1964 when accredited first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Uganda (resident in Nairobi) Mr. Ato Getachew Mekasha<ref>{{Cite book |title=Diplomatic Missions and Other Representatives in Uganda |publisher=Uganda. Ministry of Foreign Affairs |year=1966 |pages=19}}</ref> |
|{{Flag|Uganda }}||4 June 1964||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1964 when accredited first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Uganda (resident in Nairobi) Mr. Ato Getachew Mekasha<ref>{{Cite book |title=Diplomatic Missions and Other Representatives in Uganda |publisher=Uganda. Ministry of Foreign Affairs |year=1966 |pages=19}}</ref> |
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* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Kampala]]. |
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Kampala]]. |
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* Uganda has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Uganda has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Zambia}} |
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|8 July 1965 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 July 1965 when Chief Mapanza has been appointed the Zambian Ambassador to Ethiopia<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1965 |pages=327}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
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|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}||<!--Date started--> |
|{{flag|Zimbabwe}}||<!--Date started--> |
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Line 314: | Line 956: | ||
* Argentina has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Argentina has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
||
* Ethiopia is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil. |
* Ethiopia is accredited to Argentina from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Bolivia}} |
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|8 December 1987 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 December 1987<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Bolivia and Ethiopia as of 8 Dec. 1987 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1638613?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
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|{{Flag|Brazil}}||9 January 1951 |
|{{Flag|Brazil}}||9 January 1951 |
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Line 328: | Line 966: | ||
|See [[Canada–Ethiopia relations]] |
|See [[Canada–Ethiopia relations]] |
||
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1965<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019 |url=https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019#Beginnings |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Canadian Global Affairs Institute}}</ref> |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1965<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019 |url=https://www.cgai.ca/a_guide_to_canadian_diplomatic_relations_1925_2019#Beginnings |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=Canadian Global Affairs Institute}}</ref> |
||
* Canada has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/ethiopia-ethiopie/index.aspx?lang=eng| title = Embassy of Canada in Addis Ababa (in English and French)}}</ref> |
* Canada has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/ethiopia-ethiopie/index.aspx?lang=eng| title = Embassy of Canada in Addis Ababa (in English and French)| date = 27 July 2021}}</ref> |
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* Ethiopia closed its embassy in Ottawa in 2021. |
* Ethiopia closed its embassy in Ottawa in 2021. |
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*''See also'': [[Ethiopian Canadian]] |
*''See also'': [[Ethiopian Canadian]] |
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Line 348: | Line 986: | ||
|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
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|{{Flag|Ecuador}}||23 January 2012 |
|{{Flag|Ecuador}}||23 January 2012 |
||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations between Ecuador and Ethiopia as of 23 Jan. 2012 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1305467?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations between Ecuador and Ethiopia as of 23 Jan. 2012 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1305467?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library| date=23 January 2012 }}</ref> |
||
* Ecuador is accredited to Ethiopia from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt. |
* Ecuador is accredited to Ethiopia from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt. |
||
* Ethiopia does not have an accreditation to Ecuador. |
* Ethiopia does not have an accreditation to Ecuador. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Grenada}} |
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|17 September 1979 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 September 1979<ref>{{Cite book |title=Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 6208-6259 |publisher=British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service |year=1979 |pages=8}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Guatemala}} |
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|20 June 2012 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 June 2012<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hoy se celebran 10 años de relaciones diplomáticas con Etiopía. Guatemala reafirma el compromiso por estrechar aún más los vínculos de amistad y cooperación |url=https://twitter.com/MinexGt/status/1538808884533596160?s=20 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=MINEX Guatemala |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
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|{{Flag|Guyana}}||13 October 1970 |
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| |
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1970.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.minfor.gov.gy/docs/other/diplomatic_relations_list.pdf |title=Countries with which Guyana has Establishment Diplomatic Relations |access-date=2016-07-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307101008/http://www.minfor.gov.gy/docs/other/diplomatic_relations_list.pdf |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Haiti}} |
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|5 April 1959 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 April 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 5, 1959 |title=Ethiopia Establishes Embassy Here Ambassador Arrives |url=https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/01/50/23/00228/AA00015023_00228.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231101084745/https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/01/50/23/00228/AA00015023_00228.pdf |archive-date=1 November 2023 |access-date=1 November 2023 |website=Haiti Sun |pages=1, 13}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
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|{{Flag|Jamaica}}||22 March 1966 |
|{{Flag|Jamaica}}||22 March 1966 |
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Line 384: | Line 1,006: | ||
|{{Flag|Nicaragua}} |
|{{Flag|Nicaragua}} |
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|7 May 1984 |
|7 May 1984 |
||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Nicaragua and Ethiopia as of 7 May 1984 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1639127?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Nicaragua and Ethiopia as of 7 May 1984 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1639127?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library| date=7 May 1984 }}</ref> |
||
* Nicaragua has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref>[https://nicaraguainvestiga.com/politica/132983-regimen-nombra-asesor-presidencial-embajador-nicaragua-etiopia/ Régimen nombra como asesor presidencial al embajador de Nicaragua en Etiopía (in Spanish)]</ref> |
* Nicaragua has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref>[https://nicaraguainvestiga.com/politica/132983-regimen-nombra-asesor-presidencial-embajador-nicaragua-etiopia/ Régimen nombra como asesor presidencial al embajador de Nicaragua en Etiopía (in Spanish)]</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Panama}} |
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|17 August 1967 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 August 1967<ref>{{Cite web |title=RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ |url=https://mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806131148/https://mire.gob.pa/sites/default/files/documentos/Trasnsparencia/gestion-anual-2011-2012.pdf |archive-date=6 August 2020 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=Memoria 2011-2012 |page=199 |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
|- |
||
|{{Flag|Peru}} |
|{{Flag|Peru}} |
||
|10 September 1967 |
|10 September 1967 |
||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1967<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicecanciller se reúne con el Exministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Etiopía y candidato a Director General de la OMS |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/7948-vicecanciller-se-reune-con-el-exministro-de-relaciones-exteriores-de-etiopia-y-candidato-a-director-general-de-la-oms |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=gob.pe |language=es}}</ref> |
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1967<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vicecanciller se reúne con el Exministro de Relaciones Exteriores de Etiopía y candidato a Director General de la OMS |url=https://www.gob.pe/institucion/rree/noticias/7948-vicecanciller-se-reune-con-el-exministro-de-relaciones-exteriores-de-etiopia-y-candidato-a-director-general-de-la-oms |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=gob.pe |language=es}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} |
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|1 March 2017 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 March 2017<ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Kitts & Nevis and Ethiopia establish diplomatic relations |url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/100052 |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=sknvibes.com}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Saint Lucia}} |
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|3 August 2004 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 August 2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Ethiopia and Saint Lucia as of 3 Aug. 2004 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3843677?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} |
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|16 February 2004 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 February 2004<ref>{{Cite web |title=DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR LIST |url=http://www.foreign.gov.vc/foreign/images/stories/DiplomaticRelations/Updated_Diplomatic_List_Revised-as_at_February_2020_1_1.pdf |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=foreign.gov.vc |page=104 |archive-date=16 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616144127/https://foreign.gov.vc/foreign/images/stories/DiplomaticRelations/Updated_Diplomatic_List_Revised-as_at_February_2020_1_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} |
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|7 July 1965 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 July 1965 when was appointed first Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to Ethiopia Mr. George Daniel<ref>{{Cite book |title=Africa Research Bulletin |publisher=Blackwell |year=1965 |pages=335}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
||
|{{Flag|United States }}||27 December 1903 |
|{{Flag|United States }}||27 December 1903 |
||
|See [[Ethiopia–United States relations]] |
|See [[Ethiopia–United States relations]] |
||
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 December 1903<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: Ethiopia |url=https://history.state.gov/countries/ethiopia |access-date=1 June 2023 |website=history.state.gov}}</ref> |
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* Ethiopia is a strategic partner of the United States in the Global War on Terrorism. |
* Ethiopia is a strategic partner of the United States in the Global War on Terrorism. |
||
* U.S. development assistance to Ethiopia is focused on reducing famine vulnerability, hunger, and poverty and emphasizes economic, governance, and social sector policy reforms. |
* U.S. development assistance to Ethiopia is focused on reducing famine vulnerability, hunger, and poverty and emphasizes economic, governance, and social sector policy reforms. |
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Line 421: | Line 1,022: | ||
|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
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|{{Flag|Uruguay}}||23 March 2011 |
|{{Flag|Uruguay}}||23 March 2011 |
||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations between Ethiopia and Uruguay as of 23 March 2011 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1310574?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations between Ethiopia and Uruguay as of 23 March 2011 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1310574?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library| date=23 March 2011 }}</ref> |
||
* Ethiopia does not have an accreditation to Uruguay. |
* Ethiopia does not have an accreditation to Uruguay. |
||
* Uruguay has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Uruguay has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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Line 452: | Line 1,053: | ||
* Azerbaijan has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref name=":0" /> |
* Azerbaijan has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref name=":0" /> |
||
* Ethiopia maintains an honorary consulate in [[Baku]], Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=EmbassyPages|title=Consulate of Ethiopia in Baku, Azerbaijan|url=https://www.embassypages.com/ethiopia-consulate-baku-azerbaijan}}</ref> |
* Ethiopia maintains an honorary consulate in [[Baku]], Azerbaijan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=EmbassyPages|title=Consulate of Ethiopia in Baku, Azerbaijan|url=https://www.embassypages.com/ethiopia-consulate-baku-azerbaijan}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Bahrain}} |
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|28 November 1999 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=BILATERAL RELATIONS |url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=73&language=en-US&Country=The%20Federal%20Democratic%20Republic%20of%20Ethiopia |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=mofa.gov.bh}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Bangladesh}} |
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|19 September 1976 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 September 1976 when Mr. Mohammad Sultan, Bangladesh Ambassador to Egypt, has been accredited concurrently to Ethiopia.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNbL-vJxM3IC&dq=Mohamed+Sultan+,+ambassador+of+Bangladesh+to+Sudan&pg=PA90-IA238 |title=Translations on South and East Asia Volumes 675-690 |publisher=Joint Publications Research Service |year=1976 |pages=23 |access-date=16 September 2023}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
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|{{flag|China}}||24 November 1970 |
|{{flag|China}}||24 November 1970 |
||
Line 467: | Line 1,060: | ||
* China has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* China has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
||
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Beijing]] and consulates-general in [[Chongqing]], [[Guangzhou]] and [[Shanghai]]. |
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Beijing]] and consulates-general in [[Chongqing]], [[Guangzhou]] and [[Shanghai]]. |
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|- valign="top" |
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|{{flag|Georgia }}||29 June 1993 |
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|See [[Foreign relations of Georgia|Ethiopia–Georgia relations]] |
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 June 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=ურთიერთობები საქართველოსა და ეთიოპიის ფედერაციულ დემოკრატიულ რესპუბლიკას შორის |url=https://mfa.gov.ge/MainNav/ForeignPolicy/BilateralRelations/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820131610/https://mfa.gov.ge/MainNav/ForeignPolicy/BilateralRelations/%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90.aspx |archive-date=20 August 2022 |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=mfa.gov.ge |language=ka}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
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|{{Flag|India}}||1 July 1948 |
|{{Flag|India}}||1 July 1948 |
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Line 485: | Line 1,074: | ||
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Jakarta]]. |
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Jakarta]]. |
||
* Indonesia has an embassy in [[Addis Ababa]]. |
* Indonesia has an embassy in [[Addis Ababa]]. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Iraq}} |
|||
|14 September 1949 |
|||
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 September 1949<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Middle East Journal - Volume 4 |publisher=Middle East Institute |year=1950 |pages=89}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
||
|{{Flag|Israel}}||24 October 1961 |
|{{Flag|Israel}}||24 October 1961 |
||
Line 502: | Line 1,087: | ||
* Japan and Ethiopia explored diplomatic and economic relations in the 1930s in response to perceived common interests; however these contacts lapsed with the commencement of the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] |
* Japan and Ethiopia explored diplomatic and economic relations in the 1930s in response to perceived common interests; however these contacts lapsed with the commencement of the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] |
||
* Relations were reestablished in 1955 and ambassadors exchanged in 1958.<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.et/Foreign_Policy_And_Relation/Bilateral.php "Bilateral relations"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325095640/http://www.mfa.gov.et/Foreign_Policy_And_Relation/Bilateral.php |date=25 March 2012 }}, Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website (Retrieved 28 December 2009)</ref> |
* Relations were reestablished in 1955 and ambassadors exchanged in 1958.<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.et/Foreign_Policy_And_Relation/Bilateral.php "Bilateral relations"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120325095640/http://www.mfa.gov.et/Foreign_Policy_And_Relation/Bilateral.php |date=25 March 2012 }}, Ethiopian Ministry of Foreign Affairs website (Retrieved 28 December 2009)</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Jordan}} |
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|16 May 1960 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 May 1960<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yitzhak Oron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0LooyExir7EC&dq=Jordan+and+Ethiopia+establish+diplomatic+relations+at+Embassy+level+16+May+1960&pg=PA337 |title=Middle East Record Volume 1, 1960 Volume 1 |publisher=Published for The Israel Oriental Society, The Reuven Shiloah Research Center by George Weidenfeld & Nicolson Limited |year=1960 |pages=337 |access-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Kazakhstan}} |
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|5 September 2011 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kazakh-Ethiopian political relations |url=https://www.gov.kz/memleket/entities/mfa-addis-ababa/activities/1836?lang=en |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Ethiopia}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Kuwait}} |
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|9 October 1966 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 October 1966<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fJh0K7kzGgC&dq=KUWAIT+,+ETHIOPIA++establish+diplomatic+relations+9+October+1966&pg=PP12 |title=Daily Report, Foreign Radio Broadcasts Issues 196-200 |publisher=United States. Central Intelligence Agency |year=1966 |access-date=10 June 2023}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Laos}} |
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|9 December 2005 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 December 2005<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Ethiopia and Lao People's Democratic Republic as of 9 Dec. 2005 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3845039?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Lebanon}} |
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|31 July 1949 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 July 1949 when was accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia to Lebanon Mr. Fitaorari Tafesse Habte Mikael<ref>{{Cite book |title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952 |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2006 |pages=311}}</ref> |
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|{{Flag|Malaysia }}||<!--Date started--> |
|{{Flag|Malaysia }}||<!--Date started--> |
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Line 527: | Line 1,092: | ||
* Ethiopia has a consulate-general in [[Kuala Lumpur]],<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysia-ethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=74|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504170819/http://www.malaysia-ethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=74|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2018|title=Consulate General Office of Ethiopia, Kuala Lumpur|publisher=Ethiopia Consulat General Office|access-date=27 January 2014}}</ref> while Malaysia doesn't have any embassy in Ethiopia. |
* Ethiopia has a consulate-general in [[Kuala Lumpur]],<ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://www.malaysia-ethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=74|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180504170819/http://www.malaysia-ethiopia.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=62&Itemid=74|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 May 2018|title=Consulate General Office of Ethiopia, Kuala Lumpur|publisher=Ethiopia Consulat General Office|access-date=27 January 2014}}</ref> while Malaysia doesn't have any embassy in Ethiopia. |
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* Malaysia is one of the major trade partner and also one of the largest investors in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countries.bridgat.com/Ethiopia_Trade_Partners.html|title=Ethiopia Major Trade Partners|publisher=Bridgat|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=16 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216040605/http://countries.bridgat.com/Ethiopia_Trade_Partners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freshplaza.com/article/44294/Ethiopia-Malaysian-company-to-set-up-285mln-birr-mushroom-farm-establishment|title=Ethiopia: Malaysian company to set up 285mln birr mushroom farm establishment|publisher=Fresh Plaza|work=Ethiopian Review|date=25 May 2009|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201185121/http://www.freshplaza.com/article/44294/Ethiopia-Malaysian-company-to-set-up-285mln-birr-mushroom-farm-establishment|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mpocegypt.com/?p=1186|title=Malaysian edible oil producer to build a large refinery in Ethiopia|publisher=Malaysian Palm Oil Council|date=3 April 2013|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112110247/http://mpocegypt.com/?p=1186|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
* Malaysia is one of the major trade partner and also one of the largest investors in Ethiopia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countries.bridgat.com/Ethiopia_Trade_Partners.html|title=Ethiopia Major Trade Partners|publisher=Bridgat|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=16 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140216040605/http://countries.bridgat.com/Ethiopia_Trade_Partners.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freshplaza.com/article/44294/Ethiopia-Malaysian-company-to-set-up-285mln-birr-mushroom-farm-establishment|title=Ethiopia: Malaysian company to set up 285mln birr mushroom farm establishment|publisher=Fresh Plaza|work=Ethiopian Review|date=25 May 2009|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201185121/http://www.freshplaza.com/article/44294/Ethiopia-Malaysian-company-to-set-up-285mln-birr-mushroom-farm-establishment|archive-date=1 February 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mpocegypt.com/?p=1186|title=Malaysian edible oil producer to build a large refinery in Ethiopia|publisher=Malaysian Palm Oil Council|date=3 April 2013|access-date=27 January 2014|archive-date=12 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112110247/http://mpocegypt.com/?p=1186|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Maldives}} |
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|6 August 2018 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 August 2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Ethiopia and Maldives as of 6 Aug. 2018 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3831832?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Nepal}} |
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|15 April 1971 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 April 1971<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bilateral Relations |url=https://mofa.gov.np/foreign-policy/bilateral-relation/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=mofa.gov.np}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
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|{{Flag|North Korea}}||<!--Date started-->1975 |
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| |
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Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1975.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voakorea.com/a/3849967.html|title=에티오피아 "북한과 협력 더이상 없어" | Voice of America - Korean}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Oman}} |
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|7 February 1995 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Oman and Ethiopia as of 7 Feb. 1995 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1481839?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
|- valign="top" |
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|{{Flag|Pakistan}}||28 December 1957||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1957<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ethiopia Observer |publisher=1956 |pages=160}}</ref> |
|{{Flag|Pakistan}}||28 December 1957||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1957<ref>{{Cite book |title=Ethiopia Observer |publisher=1956 |pages=160}}</ref> |
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Line 552: | Line 1,101: | ||
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|{{Flag|Philippines}}||7 February 1977|| |
|{{Flag|Philippines}}||7 February 1977|| |
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1977. |
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Today, February 7, we celebrate 42 years of the establishment of formal diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Ethiopia |url=https://www.facebook.com/dfaphl/posts/today-february-7-we-celebrate-42-years-of-the-establishment-of-formal-diplomatic/1230223497132482/ |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=Department of Foreign Affairs, Republic of the Philippines}}</ref> |
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The Philippines and Ethiopia signed their first air agreement in 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rappler.com/business/industries/171-aviation-tourism/71532-philippines-ethiopia-air-agreement| title = Philippines, Ethiopia sign first air agreement}}</ref> |
The Philippines and Ethiopia signed their first air agreement in 2014.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rappler.com/business/industries/171-aviation-tourism/71532-philippines-ethiopia-air-agreement| title = Philippines, Ethiopia sign first air agreement| date = 9 October 2014}}</ref> |
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|- valign="top" |
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|{{Flag|Qatar }}||16 July 1995 |
|{{Flag|Qatar }}||16 July 1995 |
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|See [[Ethiopia–Qatar relations]] |
|See [[Ethiopia–Qatar relations]] |
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=العلاقات الثنائية |url=https://www.mofa.gov.qa/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85?country=ET#The-World |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=mofa.gov.qa |language=ar}}</ref> |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=العلاقات الثنائية |url=https://www.mofa.gov.qa/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85?country=ET#The-World |access-date=29 June 2023 |website=mofa.gov.qa |language=ar |archive-date=29 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629175308/https://www.mofa.gov.qa/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%B1-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85?country=ET#The-World |url-status=dead }}</ref> |
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* Ethiopia abruptly broke diplomatic ties with Qatar in April 2008, apparently due to statements made by the [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al-Jazeera]] news channel which is based in Qatar. |
* Ethiopia abruptly broke diplomatic ties with Qatar in April 2008, apparently due to statements made by the [[Al Jazeera Arabic|Al-Jazeera]] news channel which is based in Qatar. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} |
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|25 May 1949 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 May 1949 when Minister of Ethiopia to Saudi Arabia (Resident in Cairo) Mr. Taffassa Hapte Mikael presented his credentials.<ref>{{Cite book |title=British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Arabia, The Lebanon, Israel, Syria, Jordan and General, 1952 |publisher=LexisNexis |year=2006 |pages=149}}</ref> |
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|{{Flag|South Korea}}||23 December 1963|| |
|{{Flag|South Korea}}||23 December 1963|| |
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See [[Ethiopia–South Korea relations]] |
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Between The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and The Republic of Korea were established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24478.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa |website=www.mofa.go.kr |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722070453/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24478.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
Between The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and The Republic of Korea were established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1963.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24478.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Korea-Middle East and Africa |website=www.mofa.go.kr |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722070453/http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/middleeast/countries/20070804/1_24478.jsp?menu=m_30_50 |archive-date=22 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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* Infantry men of 6,037 from Ethiopia have participated in the [[Korean War]] to help South Korea. |
* Infantry men of 6,037 from Ethiopia have participated in the [[Korean War]] to help South Korea. |
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Line 572: | Line 1,119: | ||
** The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Seoul]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&query=%EC%A3%BC%ED%95%9C%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EA%B4%80&ie=utf8&sm=tab_she&qdt=0| title = 주한에티오피아대사관 : 네이버 통합검색}}</ref> |
** The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Seoul]].<ref>{{cite web| url = https://search.naver.com/search.naver?where=nexearch&query=%EC%A3%BC%ED%95%9C%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B0%EC%98%A4%ED%94%BC%EC%95%84%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC%EA%B4%80&ie=utf8&sm=tab_she&qdt=0| title = 주한에티오피아대사관 : 네이버 통합검색}}</ref> |
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** Since 1965 South Korea has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eth.mofa.go.kr/english/af/eth/main/index.jsp|title=주 에티오피아 대한민국 대사관 겸 주아프리카연합 대한민국 대표부|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811183603/http://eth.mofa.go.kr/english/af/eth/main/index.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
** Since 1965 South Korea has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eth.mofa.go.kr/english/af/eth/main/index.jsp|title=주 에티오피아 대한민국 대사관 겸 주아프리카연합 대한민국 대표부|access-date=11 August 2017|archive-date=11 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811183603/http://eth.mofa.go.kr/english/af/eth/main/index.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Syria}} |
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|26 August 1980 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1980<ref>{{Cite book |title=Middle East Economic Digest - Volume 24 - Page 39 |year=1980}}</ref> |
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|{{flag|Turkey}}||<!--Date started-->1896<ref name="mfa.gov.tr">{{Cite web | url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-ethiopia.en.mfa| title= Relations between Turkey and Ethiopia}}</ref>||See also [[Ethiopia–Turkey relations]] |
|{{flag|Turkey}}||<!--Date started-->1896<ref name="mfa.gov.tr">{{Cite web | url=http://www.mfa.gov.tr/relations-between-turkey-and-ethiopia.en.mfa| title= Relations between Turkey and Ethiopia}}</ref>||See also [[Ethiopia–Turkey relations]] |
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Line 581: | Line 1,124: | ||
*Turkey has an embassy in [[Addis Ababa]].<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/> |
*Turkey has an embassy in [[Addis Ababa]].<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/> |
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*Trade volume between the two countries was US$398.8 million in 2019 (Ethiopian exports/imports: 27.5/378.3 USD).<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/> |
*Trade volume between the two countries was US$398.8 million in 2019 (Ethiopian exports/imports: 27.5/378.3 USD).<ref name="mfa.gov.tr"/> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|United Arab Emirates}} |
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|5 May 1993 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 May 1993<ref>{{Cite book |title=Keesing's Record of World Events - Volume 39 - Page 39488 |publisher=Longman |year=1993}}</ref> |
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|} |
|} |
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Line 605: | Line 1,144: | ||
|25 March 1923 |
|25 March 1923 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1923 when Consulate General of Belgium transformed into a Legation and the first Minister Plenipotentiary is Maxime Gerard <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lukian Prijac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPG4CgAAQBAJ&dq=consulat+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+Belgique+transformee+en+Legation+25+mars+1923+et+le+premier+Ministre+Plenipotentiaire&pg=PA178 |title=Foreign relations with Ethiopia human and diplomatic history (from its origins to present) |publisher=Lit |year=2015 |pages=178 | isbn=9783643126580 |language=en, fr}}</ref> |
|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1923 when Consulate General of Belgium transformed into a Legation and the first Minister Plenipotentiary is Maxime Gerard <ref>{{Cite book |last=Lukian Prijac |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mPG4CgAAQBAJ&dq=consulat+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9ral+de+Belgique+transformee+en+Legation+25+mars+1923+et+le+premier+Ministre+Plenipotentiaire&pg=PA178 |title=Foreign relations with Ethiopia human and diplomatic history (from its origins to present) |publisher=Lit |year=2015 |pages=178 | isbn=9783643126580 |language=en, fr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |
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|12 February 2007 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 2007<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Bosnia and Herzogovina and Ethiopia as of 12 Feb. 2007 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1639843?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |
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|3 July 1956 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 July 1956<ref>{{Cite web |title=Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005) |url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:cP-cyJ34R9EJ:filip-nikolov.com/files/%25D0%2597%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B4%25D0%25B3%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%2520%25D0%25BF%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D1%2582%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B0/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BB%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2582%25D0%25B8%25D1%2587%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%2520%25D0%25BE%25D1%2582%25D0%25BD%25D0%25BE%25D1%2588%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F.doc&cd=15&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=ua |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=filip-nikolov.com |language=bg}}</ref> |
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|{{flag|Cyprus}}||<!--Date started-->||See [[Foreign relations of Cyprus|Cyprus–Ethiopia relations]] |
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|{{flag|Czech Republic }}||11 February 1944 |
|{{flag|Czech Republic }}||11 February 1944 |
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Line 627: | Line 1,156: | ||
* Denmark has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Denmark has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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* Ethiopia is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. |
* Ethiopia is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Estonia}} |
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|23 August 2005 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 August 2005<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia |url=https://www.vm.ee/rahvusvaheline-suhtlus-uleilmne-eestlus/suhted-teiste-riikidega/diplomaatiliste-suhete |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=vm.ee |language=et}}</ref> |
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|{{Flag|Finland }}||17 July 1959 |
|{{Flag|Finland }}||17 July 1959 |
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|See [[Ethiopia–Finland relations]] |
|See [[Ethiopia–Finland relations]] |
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1959 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1959. |
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* Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. |
* Ethiopia is represented in Finland through its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden. |
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* Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17210&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |title=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Ethiopia |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073842/http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17210&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
* Finland has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17210&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |title=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland about Ethiopia |access-date=13 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073842/http://formin.finland.fi/public/default.aspx?nodeid=17210&culture=en-US&contentlan=2 |archive-date=16 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |
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Line 654: | Line 1,179: | ||
* Ethiopia is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy. |
* Ethiopia is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy. |
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* Greece has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Greece has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Hungary}} |
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|17 November 1959 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 November 1959<ref>{{Cite book |title=Hungary |publisher=Pannonia Press |year=1969 |pages=80}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Iceland}} |
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|20 May 1968 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 May 1968<ref>{{Cite web |title=Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.government.is/ministries/ministry-for-foreign-affairs/protocol/establishment-of-diplomatic-relations/ |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Government of Iceland}}</ref> |
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|{{Flag|Ireland }}||1994||See [[Ethiopia–Ireland relations]] |
|{{Flag|Ireland }}||1994||See [[Ethiopia–Ireland relations]] |
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Line 670: | Line 1,187: | ||
|{{Flag|Italy}}||24 June 1897 |
|{{Flag|Italy}}||24 June 1897 |
||
|See [[Ethiopia–Italy relations]] |
|See [[Ethiopia–Italy relations]] |
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1897.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https:// |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1897.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U46adFpzgAIC&dq=Trattato+di+amicizia+e+commercio+del+24+giugno+1897+Italia+e+Etiopia&pg=PA360 |title=I trattati di commercio, dogana e navigazione fra l'Italia e gli altri stati in vigore al ... |publisher=Italia : Ministero delle Finanze |year=1911 |pages=360 |language=it}}</ref> |
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* Italy was one of the first European countries to open diplomatic relations with Ethiopia. |
* Italy was one of the first European countries to open diplomatic relations with Ethiopia. |
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* Both countries have fought two wars against each other: the [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]] and the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] |
* Both countries have fought two wars against each other: the [[First Italo-Ethiopian War]] and the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]] |
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* Italy has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ambaddisabeba.esteri.it/Ambasciata_AddisAbeba| title = Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa (in English and Italian)| access-date = 14 November 2014| archive-date = 7 May 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160507125655/http://www.ambaddisabeba.esteri.it/Ambasciata_AddisAbeba/| url-status = dead}}</ref> |
* Italy has an embassy in Addis Ababa.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ambaddisabeba.esteri.it/Ambasciata_AddisAbeba| title = Embassy of Italy in Addis Ababa (in English and Italian)| access-date = 14 November 2014| archive-date = 7 May 2016| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160507125655/http://www.ambaddisabeba.esteri.it/Ambasciata_AddisAbeba/| url-status = dead}}</ref> |
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* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ethiopianembassy.it/| title = Embassy of Ethiopia in Rome (in Italian)}}</ref> |
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ethiopianembassy.it/| title = Embassy of Ethiopia in Rome (in Italian)}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Latvia}} |
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|11 March 2008 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 March 2008<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 1, 2021 |title=Dates of Establishment and Renewal of Diplomatic Relations |url=https://www.mfa.gov.lv/en/dates-establishment-and-renewal-diplomatic-relations?utm_source=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2F |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=mfa.gov.lv}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Lithuania}} |
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|19 October 1998 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1998<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations |url=https://jp.mfa.lt/default/en/list-of-countries-with-which-lithuania-has-established-diplomatic-relations |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110123939/https://jp.mfa.lt/default/en/list-of-countries-with-which-lithuania-has-established-diplomatic-relations |archive-date=10 January 2022 |access-date=30 June 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Luxembourg}} |
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|19 March 1980 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 March 1980 when accredited first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Luxembourg (resident in Brussels) Dr. Ghebray Berhane<ref>{{Cite book |title=Vol. 35, No. 1/2, BIOGRAPHIE DES CHEFS DE MISSION DIPLOMATIQUE A BRUXELLES 1970-1982 / BIOGRAPHY OF THE HEADS OF DIPLOMATIC MISSION IN BRUSSELS |publisher=Egmont Institute |year=1982}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Malta}} |
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|30 November 1982 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1982<ref>{{Cite book |title=Le Mois en Afrique Issues 205-210 |publisher=1983 |pages=173 |language=fr}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Montenegro}} |
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|10 June 2011 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations between Montenegro and Ethiopia as of 10 June 2011 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1310599?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|North Macedonia}} |
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|17 July 2000 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 2000<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic relations between Ethiopia and The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia as of 17 July 2000 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1315965?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|{{Flag|Poland }}||14 July 1945||See [[Ethiopia–Poland relations]] |
|{{Flag|Poland }}||14 July 1945||See [[Ethiopia–Poland relations]] |
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* Ethiopia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany. |
* Ethiopia is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany. |
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* Poland has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Poland has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Portugal}} |
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|4 July 1984 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 July 1984<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Ethiopia and Portugal as of 4 July 1984 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1639141?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|{{Flag|Romania }}||2 July 1957 |
|{{Flag|Romania }}||2 July 1957 |
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Line 736: | Line 1,225: | ||
* The Serbian embassy is the former villa of Yugoslav President [[Josip Broz Tito]], which was given as a gift by [[Haile Selassie]] |
* The Serbian embassy is the former villa of Yugoslav President [[Josip Broz Tito]], which was given as a gift by [[Haile Selassie]] |
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* On 27 January 2012, after traveling to Addis Ababa in order to reaffirm Ethiopia's stance on Kosovo regarding Serbia, [[Vuk Jeremić]] and [[Haile Mariam]] signed a memorandum of understanding between the two nations' ministries of foreign affairs.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/politika/potpisan-memorandum-o-saradnji-srbije-i-etiopije_296993.html| title = RTV - 27 January 2012 - Potpisan memorandum o saradnji Srbije i Etiopije (Serbian)}}</ref> |
* On 27 January 2012, after traveling to Addis Ababa in order to reaffirm Ethiopia's stance on Kosovo regarding Serbia, [[Vuk Jeremić]] and [[Haile Mariam]] signed a memorandum of understanding between the two nations' ministries of foreign affairs.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.rtv.rs/sr_lat/politika/potpisan-memorandum-o-saradnji-srbije-i-etiopije_296993.html| title = RTV - 27 January 2012 - Potpisan memorandum o saradnji Srbije i Etiopije (Serbian)}}</ref> |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Slovakia}} |
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|10 May 1995 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 May 1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations Between Slovakia and Ethiopia as of 10 May 1995 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1481607?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|{{flag|Spain }}||27 April 1951 |
|{{flag|Spain }}||27 April 1951 |
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* Ukraine has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Ukraine has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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|{{Flag|United Kingdom }}|| |
|{{Flag|United Kingdom }}||1841||See [[Ethiopia–United Kingdom relations]] |
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The UK established [[Foreign relations of the United Kingdom|diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom]] in 1841.<ref name="britain"/> |
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Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1903 when appointed first Minister Plenipotentiary of United Kingdom to the Abyssinia Sir John Lane Harrington<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mqhCAAAAYAAJ&dq=John+Lane+Harrington+Minister+Plenipotentiary+of+United+Kingdom+to+Abyssinia+December+3%2C+1903&pg=RA4-PA253 |title=The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book for ... |publisher=Great Britain. Foreign Office |year=1907 |pages=253}}</ref> |
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* |
*Ethiopia maintains an [[Embassy of Ethiopia, London|embassy]] in London. |
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* The United Kingdom is accredited to Ethiopia through its embassy in [[Addis Ababa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-addis-ababa|title=British Embassy Addis Ababa|website=GOV.UK|access-date=5 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526105901/https://www.gov.uk/world/organisations/british-embassy-addis-ababa|archive-date=26 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* United Kingdom has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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* During the [[Second World War]] in 1941, the British army [[East African campaign (World War II)|liberated]] Ethiopia from the [[Italian Ethiopia|Italian occupation]] (1936–1941). |
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The UK administered [[Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (Ethiopia)|Ethiopia]] from 1941 to 1942. The UK continued to administered the regions of [[Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement#British Ogaden|Ogaden and Haud]] from 1941, until both territories were relinquished to Ethiopia in 1948 and 1955 respectively.<ref name="ShinnOfcansky2013">{{cite book|last1=Shinn|first1=David H.|last2=Ofcansky|first2=Thomas P.|title=Historical Dictionary of Ethiopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WU92d6sB8JAC&pg=PA309|date=11 April 2013|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7457-2|pages=309–}}</ref> |
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Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/country-and-regional-development-partnership-summaries|title=Country and regional development partnership summaries|website=GOV.UK|date=17 July 2023 |access-date=27 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526234739/https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/country-and-regional-development-partnership-summaries|archive-date=26 May 2024|url-status=live}}</ref> |
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* Australia has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* Australia has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Canberra]]. |
* Ethiopia has an embassy in [[Canberra]]. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Fiji}} |
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|6 January 2011 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 January 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations between Fiji and Ethiopia as of 6 Jan. 2011 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1310591?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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|{{Flag|New Zealand }}||6 December 2011||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pres. Girma receives credentials of ten ambassadors (December 7, 2011) |url=http://www.mfa.gov.et/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207124900/http://www.mfa.gov.et/ |archive-date=7 December 2011 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia}}</ref> |
|{{Flag|New Zealand }}||6 December 2011||Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pres. Girma receives credentials of ten ambassadors (December 7, 2011) |url=http://www.mfa.gov.et/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111207124900/http://www.mfa.gov.et/ |archive-date=7 December 2011 |access-date=20 November 2023 |website=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia}}</ref> |
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* Ethiopia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia. |
* Ethiopia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia. |
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* New Zealand has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
* New Zealand has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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|- |
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|{{Flag|Solomon Islands}} |
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|22 December 2011 |
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|Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 2011<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diplomatic Relations between Solomon Islands and Ethiopia as of 22 Dec. 2011 |url=https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1306734?ln=en |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=United Nations Digital Library}}</ref> |
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{{Main article|Ethiopia–African Union relations}} |
{{Main article|Ethiopia–African Union relations}} |
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[[File:50th Anniversary African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|50th anniversary of African Union Summit at [[Africa Hall]] in Addis Ababa, 2013]] |
[[File:50th Anniversary African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|50th anniversary of African Union Summit at [[Africa Hall]] in Addis Ababa, 2013]] |
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[[Ethiopia]] is one of founding African states of the [[Organization of African Unity]] (OAU) (now the [[African Union]]) on 25 May 1963 under [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Haile Selassie]], headquartered in [[Addis Ababa]]. At the time, the organization evolved up to 54 African states, except [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speeches delivered by His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie 1st Emperor of Ethiopia by jahrastafari89 - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/jahrastafari89/docs/speeches_delivered_by_his_imperial_ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=issuu.com |language=en}}</ref> |
[[Ethiopia]] is one of founding African states of the [[Organization of African Unity]] (OAU) (now the [[African Union]]) on 25 May 1963 under [[Emperor of Ethiopia|Emperor]] [[Haile Selassie]], headquartered in [[Addis Ababa]]. At the time, the organization evolved up to 54 African states, except [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speeches delivered by His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie 1st Emperor of Ethiopia by jahrastafari89 - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/jahrastafari89/docs/speeches_delivered_by_his_imperial_ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=issuu.com |date=14 June 2018 |language=en}}</ref> |
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The country is driving force of maintaining [[UN]]-AU peacekeeping missions, especially in the [[Horn of Africa]] region. The AU does not readily aggregate the preference of each member states. Therefore, every AU norms, institution and overlaps as consensus stated in the AU Constitution Act and its various decision and policy making, and implementation organs. As such, the AU offers for member states like Ethiopia to influence and impact on policy internally and regionally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keeping Peace in Abyei: The Role and Contributions of Ethiopia ← Mehari Taddele Maru |url=https://meharitaddele.info/2019/04/keeping-peace-in-abyei-the-role-and-contributions-of-ethiopia-2/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=meharitaddele.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |last=Large |first=Daniel |date=2010 |title=STABILISING SUDAN: DOMESTIC, SUB-REGIONAL, AND EXTRA-REGIONAL CHALLENGES |publisher=Centre for Conflict Resolution |jstor=resrep05124}}</ref> Today, Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa is home of major organizations such as [[African Union]], [[Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] and [[African Standby Force]]. |
The country is driving force of maintaining [[UN]]-AU peacekeeping missions, especially in the [[Horn of Africa]] region. The AU does not readily aggregate the preference of each member states. Therefore, every AU norms, institution and overlaps as consensus stated in the AU Constitution Act and its various decision and policy making, and implementation organs. As such, the AU offers for member states like Ethiopia to influence and impact on policy internally and regionally.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keeping Peace in Abyei: The Role and Contributions of Ethiopia ← Mehari Taddele Maru |url=https://meharitaddele.info/2019/04/keeping-peace-in-abyei-the-role-and-contributions-of-ethiopia-2/ |access-date=2022-09-02 |website=meharitaddele.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report |last=Large |first=Daniel |date=2010 |title=STABILISING SUDAN: DOMESTIC, SUB-REGIONAL, AND EXTRA-REGIONAL CHALLENGES |publisher=Centre for Conflict Resolution |jstor=resrep05124}}</ref> Today, Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa is home of major organizations such as [[African Union]], [[Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry]], [[United Nations Economic Commission for Africa]] and [[African Standby Force]]. |
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== BRICS == |
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In 2023, Ethiopia was invited to join [[BRICS]] during the group’s 15th Summit and became a member of the organisation in January 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2023/aug/24/five-brics-nations-announce-admission-of-six-new-countries-to-bloc|title=Brics to more than double with admission of six new countries|date=2023-08-24|first=Julian|last=Borger|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=EFE |first=Agencia |date=2024-01-01 |title=Ethiopia officially joins BRICS group of emerging economies |url=https://efe.com/en/latest-news/2024-01-01/ethiopia-officially-joins-brics-group-of-emerging-economies/ |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=EFE Noticias |language=en-US}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
Revision as of 11:32, 26 July 2024
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The foreign relations of Ethiopia refers to overall diplomatic relationship of Ethiopia. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs oversees foreign relations and diplomatic missions of the country.
Ethiopia is one of few early African countries admitted to the League of Nations, becoming a member on 28 September 1923, and was one of the founding members of the United Nations. During the Scramble for Africa, Ethiopia had maintained its full sovereignty over European colonial power and fought the First Italo-Ethiopian War in 1895–96. However, the League did not protect in accord with the envisaged "collective security" of the country, resulted Italy's occupation of Ethiopia for 5 years (1936–1941).
From 1950s, Ethiopia participated to UN peacekeeping missions such as in Korean War and Congo Crisis. Virtually, Ethiopia maintains diplomatic relations to most countries, and is non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.
History
Antiquity
Land of Punt
Punt (2500 BCE – 980 BCE) was predominantly a trading centre dominated by Ancient Egypt to Horn of Africa. Trading commodities includes exports of Egypt; one of the most essential was incense, which was mainly used for religious rituals for embalming corpse. Other were ivory, spices, hides and exotic animals that convey route to coast of Ethiopia, thus Ethiopia has been an integral part of Punt. Egyptian expedition to southeastern African region was generally commenced in the second millennium BC, after stabilizing relations with kingdoms of today's Sudan, the Kush, Napata and Meroë.[1]
South Arabia
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bab_el_Mandeb_NAS-AR_description.png/220px-Bab_el_Mandeb_NAS-AR_description.png)
Some theorists hypothesized Ancient South Arabian people migrated out of Africa to the strait Bab-el-Mandeb when its sea level decreased to current status. When their civilization came to appear from 4th millennium BC, onward Mesopotamia and the Persian Gulf, adaptation of Semitic language was from end of Mediterranean, though they used Canaanite alphabet developed from Syria or Palestine during second millennium BC. Apparently, these languages similarity compared to Hebrew and Phoenician alphabets, even though lacked scholarly consensus. By 500 BC, it was widely spoken such as the Ge'ez language.[2]
Writing system through inscription on stone often detailed historical rival kingdoms in the region, most notability the Saba, Qataban, Himyar, Hadhramaut, Ma'in and others. In 1959, American archeologists collected numerous artifacts and body of inscriptions in the area, belonging to primary sources. The inscription not only detailed about South Arabia, but also the early Ethiopian history associated with Kingdom of Aksum and its rulers.[3]
Kingdom of Aksum
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg/220px-Periplous_of_the_Erythraean_Sea.svg.png)
The Kingdom of Aksum has been a great power in classic Africa; once it has been referenced by Persian prophet Mani in the 3rd century and Greco-Roman trading guide Periplus of the Erythraean Sea in first century. Axum maintained well-defined foreign relations with powerful realms in the era. According to Stuart Munro-Hay witness, the Aksumite had several account of ambassadors that had delegation with neighboring powers. Occasionally, Aksumite contact with foreign powers also attested by archaeological or scarce finds.[4]
Ägypten
Aksumite relations with pre-Roman Egypt was ostensibly uncertain. However, it was considered that Aksumite contact were also existed during the fall of Ptolemaic dynasty with Cleopatra death in 30 BC. Few artifacts were uncovered from Egypt such as cippus of Horus given to Bruce, and illustrated by him, and a few amulet figurines of blue faience[4] or cornaline[4] found at various sites of Ethiopia. Other include the double-uraeus, perhaps brought from Meroë.[4]
Another discoveries are an inscription of Ptolemy III copied by Kosmas at Adulis and ankh'-sign engraved on one of the stelae. During King Ezana's reign, he expedited to the Nile after Meroë was entirely sacked. After its successor Noba emerged, it behaved badly to consign Aksumite ambassadors punished with military expedition. An aggressive mistreatment was objected by tribes such as the Mangurto, the Barya, and the Khasa by asking support, either regarded Aksum would an aide of Noba or possibly a suzerain. Ezana's expedition also attacked Kasu, the remnants of Meroitic state. Nuba, Kasu, and Beja were integral to Ezana's kingdom. Meroitic artifacts have been found in Ethiopian location Addi Galamo (Atse Dera) such as bronze bowls, which was brought from Roman Egypt. It was possibly made up of diorite thumb-ring found by the BIEA expedition at Aksum, and corna line amulet of Harpocrates with typical double-uraeus of the Meroites.[4]
South Arabia
Saba, Himyar and Hadhramawit kingdom commonly known as South Arabian states—had special relations with Ethiopia. Culturally, linguistically, and socially, Aksumite civilization completely inspired by those overseas. While Aksumite intervention to states generally uncertain, it was viable to have a military expedition beginning in 3rd century. During the period of GDRT and Adhebah reign, (’DBH), Aksumite commenced a military treaty with Saba and then with Hadhramawit in the first half of third century.[4]
During Adhebah period, Shamir called Himyar prince Dhu-Raydan sent military aid from Aksum. Later, Aksumite king adopted nominally "king of Saba and Himyar", asserting suzerainty. Foreign contact also continued during the fifth and early sixth centuries between the two sides of Red Sea. Byzantine scholar Procopius told the voyage of crossing Red Sea for five days and nights and that "the harbor of the Homeritae from which they are accustomed to putting to sea is called Boulikas", presumably somewhere near Mukha, and " at the end of the sail across the sea they always put in at the harbor of the Adulitae" at the reign of King Kaleb.[4]
Arabian titles were experienced in South Arabia during Kaleb's reign; after his viceroy deposed by Jewish Himyar king Yusuf Asar, Yemen was no longer requisite to Aksum. The event led Aksumite to decline its dominion. An inscription dated to 543 AD mentioned that the new king named Abraha dealing with the restoration of great dam at Marib, and mentioned embassies from various foreign countries such as Aksum, Rome, Persia and various Arab groups. Procopius noted that Abreha was subordinated by Kaleb, a period which unbeknownst to Abreha regaining the kingdom reputations and he received little damage.[4]
Middle Ages
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Prester_John.jpg/250px-Prester_John.jpg)
Foreign relations in the Middle Ages have impacted by an interaction with Iberian countries—Spain and Portugal—especially the latter had considerable power on internal affairs. Portuguese influence spanned from 1500 to 1672, they had an interest of spreading Jesuit order from 1556 to 1632. According to their narrative effluence, the Portuguese authors underscored their involvement to Ethiopia, but overturned to smoothly decay. Portuguese authors works notably Francisco Álvares, Miguel de Castanhoso, and Pedro Páez survived to this day.[5] Prester John, a fabulous Christian king, spurred the Portuguese to pursue Ethiopia whose kingdom they equates with Garden of Eden. According to the legend, he was born about 1460 and last seen in 1526. There is also speculation about his age where he lived for fifteen or twenty seven years beyond 1526.
Pero da Covilhã profoundly marched overland into the Ethiopian Highlands about the end of 1492 or beginning of 1493, characterized by conquest and superiority. He sent an information to Lisbon a few years later that contributed Vasco da Gama mobilisation to African southern cap into the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese navy almost dominated the coastline of Eastern Hemisphere.[6]
In the early 15th century, Ethiopia sought to make diplomatic contact with European kingdoms for the first time since the Aksumite era. Atse Dawit I first made contact with the Republic of Venice by requesting for religious artifacts and craftsmen. A letter from Henry IV of England to the Ethiopian Emperor survives.[7] In 1428, Yeshaq I sent two emissaries to Alfonso V of Aragon, who sent his own emissaries that failed to complete the return trip home to Aragon.[8]
The first continuous relations with a European country began in 1508 with Portugal under Dawit II (Lebna Dengel), who had just inherited the throne from his father.[9] In 1487, King John II of Portugal sent two emissaries to the Orient, Pero da Covilhã and Afonso de Paiva; Afonso would die on this mission.[10] By the end of Middle Ages, the Ethiopian Empire was in a 13 year long war with neighboring Muslim states, and a Portuguese expedition force was sent from Goa, India to aid the Ethiopian Army due to an ongoing rivalry with the Ottoman Empire, who provided logistical support to the Adal Sultanate.[11][12]
Early modern period
Gondarine period
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/King_Susenyos_I_of_Ethiopia_receives_the_Latin_Patriarch_Afonso_Mendes.jpg/220px-King_Susenyos_I_of_Ethiopia_receives_the_Latin_Patriarch_Afonso_Mendes.jpg)
Since 16th century, Roman Catholicism and the Jesuits increasingly influenced on state power. Besides, the Oromo migrations had vital role in the northern Ethiopia. Among other Jesuit, Spanish Jesuit Pedro Paez had favorable relations to the Emperors of Ethiopia like Za Dengel and Susenyos I, the latter promulgated that Roman Catholicism state administrative to the Empire in 1622 on behalf of Orthodox Tewahedo Church, resulted in grave conflict for the years.
The reign of Emperor Fasilides in 1632 arranged this status by restoring Orthodox Tewahedo state leadership and expelled Jesuits from his land. After founding Gondar in 1636, Ethiopia then prospered again with the beginning of "Gondarine period" characterized as relatively peaceful governance. However, few Franciscan and Capuchin friars said to be lived during the 18th century such as Franciscan Giuseppe Maria di Gerusalemme, Remedius Prutky (who left credible records to the city).
Architecture of this period was slightly influenced by the remnant Jesuits, but also the presence of Arab, Indians (brought by the Jesuits) as well as Turkish in Ottoman occupied northern area had involvement. One of the example is castles in Fasil Ghebbi.
Post-Zemene Mesafint
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/British_departure.jpg/220px-British_departure.jpg)
Emperor Tewodros II reinstated the imperial power and foreign relations. His connection of Queen Victoria and other European leaders unfavorable when he sent unresponsive letter to the Queen, eventually leading to brief war with the British Empire. The British sent 13,000 soldiers, 26,000 men for logistical support and 40,000 animals including war elephants from India during their expedition, resulting in Tewodros suicide at Magdala in 1868. Not only modernized the empire, but he also paved the way of coherence the succession for subsequent emperors.[13] Ethiopia was briefly isolated from world power in the post-Zemene Mesafint period; Emperor Yohannes IV faced Egyptian invasion as they laid linkage of Suez Canal to Massawa, and opening road between Addi Quala and Gundet used to penetrate the Ethiopian Empire. Yohannes IV on other side was reluctant to improve the road from the Ethiopian Highland to the coast of Red Sea. According to British assistant John Kirkham, he "preferred to keep his money hoarded up". Likewise, German traveller Gerhard Rohlfs asserted that he wanted to build churches rather than roads. Road working, on the sides, was completed by Swedish missionaries at Monkulu. British traveller Augustus B. Wylde supposed that Abyssinians were "in fear of foreign invasion" where lastly commented "I suppose they are right".[14]
Wylde noted that the first Ethiopian diaspora took place in mid-1880s, who had been from Massawa to Europe, adapting European trousers. This was strictly outlawed by the Emperor. The empire nonetheless, was surged into modernization by foreign contribution, numerous missionary schools were expanded by Swedish Protestants at Monkulu and the French Lazarist at Keren, the later described by Wylde "a very useful education" with "very well conducted". Ethiopia had received broad European population in the 19th-century: Jean Baraglion of French origin who had lived for over a decade and according to Wylde, he enjoyed monopoly at Adwa. Despite rejoice, Baraglion encountered at least two rivals, a Hungarian named André who made an artificial limbs, and a Greek who have lived to Shewa over several years.[14]
Menelik II
Ethiopia had strong diplomatic relations under Emperor Menelik II with Britain, France and Italy, the latter pursued hegemony to Ethiopian Empire after establishing colony in Eritrea (1882). The British and French rival with Italy due to insecurity with their respective protectorate in East Africa. However, both feared the process of Menelik's Expansions. In 1891, the British policy makers sent a circular note to the other world powers concerning the large portion of Nile Valley belonged to Ethiopia, "the activities and the pretension of the Negus were practically enough in themselves to bring the British to the support of Italian policy in East Africa."[15]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Africa_1909%2C_Edward_Hertslet_%28Horn_of_Africa%2C_detail%29.jpg/220px-Africa_1909%2C_Edward_Hertslet_%28Horn_of_Africa%2C_detail%29.jpg)
On 2 May 1889, the Treaty of Wuchale was signed between Ethiopia and Italy with respective bilingual version. The treaty was signed after the Italian occupation of Eritrea and aimed to create friendship with both countries. The Amharic and Italian language, however confused by Article 17 in which Menelik denounced in 1893, resulting Italy's threatening over the status of newly formed boundary.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Menelik_-_Adoua-2_%28cropped%29.jpg)
In 1895, the First Italo-Ethiopian War began, ending with Italy's defeat at Battle of Adwa by Ethiopian troops who were assisted logistically by Menelik. By early 1900, European agencies opened legation in Addis Ababa and had huge impact on investment in the country's infrastructure (schools, banks, road, railway etc.).
Haile Selassie
During Haile Selassie coronation in 1930, emissaries from the United States, Egypt, Turkey, Sweden, Belgium, and Japan were also presented. Since then, he led the forefront diplomatic relations of Ethiopia with world powers.[16]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg/220px-Italian_artillery_during_the_Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War.jpg)
In 1930s, Ethiopia faced Italian renewed imperialist design. Together with the failure of the League of Nations envision of Ethiopia's "collective security", Italy invaded Ethiopia again in October 1935, culminating in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War. In May 1936, Mussolini declared Ethiopia as part of Italian East Africa by merging with Eritrea and Somaliland. Haile Selassie fled to England's Fairfield House, Bath, and delivered an address that made him a worldwide figure, and the 1935 Time Man of the Year.
On 10 June 1940, Mussolini declared war on France and Britain and attacked British and Commonwealth forces in Egypt, Sudan, Kenya and British Somaliland. In January 1941, the British army together with Arbegnoch ("the Patriots") and Gideon Force occupied Ethiopia. On 5 May, Haile Selassie with auspice of Ethiopian Free Forces entered Addis Ababa and reclaimed his throne while the war continued until November. After their defeat, the Italian began guerrilla offensive in Ethiopia that lasted until the Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces in September 1943.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Captain_Senn_escorts_Emperor_Haile_aboard_USS_Quincy_%28CA-71%29_on_13_February_1945_%2880-G-426882%29.jpg/220px-Captain_Senn_escorts_Emperor_Haile_aboard_USS_Quincy_%28CA-71%29_on_13_February_1945_%2880-G-426882%29.jpg)
On 31 January 1942, the British and Ethiopia signed Anglo-Ethiopian Agreement which Britain recognized Ethiopian sovereignty, except military occupation of Ogaden with their colony in Somaliland and the former Italian colony of Somaliland, creating a single polity. Ethiopians discontent about the privilege of military administration of some south-eastern region until formal agreement signed on 19 December 1944 that ended British advantage in the Ethiopian regions. The Italian Republic signed peace treaty on 10 February 1947 that recognized Ethiopia's sovereignty with agreement to pay $25,000,000 in reparations.[17]
In 1952, Eritrea federated with Ethiopia with majority vote in the United Nations and this attitude declined by 1961, culminating in the Eritrean War of Independence since armed forces formed such as the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF).
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Eritrean_Independence_War_Map.png/220px-Eritrean_Independence_War_Map.png)
Oppositions against Haile Selassie came to existence with students began marching through 1960s and early 1970s, chanting "land for tiller" and embracing several Marxist-Leninist theme.[18] Haile Selassie deposed on 12 September 1974 by officers of Ethiopian Army led by Aman Andom named Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army. The committee renamed itself Provisional Military Administrative Council known as the Derg after abolishing the Ethiopian Empire in March 1975.
The Derg era
The Derg aligned itself with Soviet bloc—had similar Marxist Leninist policy on Ethiopia. The Derg suffered from internal insurgency and ambivalent relations with neighboring countries such as Eritrea and Somalia. In 1977, the Ogaden War was fought between the Derg supported by Cuba, Soviet Union and South Yemen, and Somalia with the United States and Egypt. Although ending on 15 March 1978, the relations between Ethiopia and Somalia marred with political dispute with involvement of the Ogaden National Liberation Front (ONLF) in relations of the disputed Ogaden region.
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0417-012%2C_Berlin%2C_XI._SED-Parteitag.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1986-0417-012%2C_Berlin%2C_XI._SED-Parteitag.jpg)
By the 1990, the Derg and Soviet Union relations was deteriorated after Mengistu Haile Mariam banned the Ethiopian media to use the term glasnost and perestroika, defying Mikhail Gorbachev who was believed has not fondness for him. By early 1990, Mengistu helped emigration of the Ethiopian Jews to Israel by which many Jewish organizations and US Congress discerned Mengistu's task in the lobbying effort.[19]
Federal Democratic Republic era
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Vladimir_Putin_3_December_2001-2.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_3_December_2001-2.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/John_Kerry_and_Hailemariam_Desalegn_2014.jpg/220px-John_Kerry_and_Hailemariam_Desalegn_2014.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Abiy_Ahmed_and_Isaias_Afwerki_speaking_in_Eritrea_2019.jpg/220px-Abiy_Ahmed_and_Isaias_Afwerki_speaking_in_Eritrea_2019.jpg)
After defeating the Derg in 1991, the newly formed coalition the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), led by President and later Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, experienced opposition from factions in Somalia as well as within the country; in May 1991, a pan-Islamist Al-Itihaad al-Islamiya (Islamic Unity) established to consolidate Somalia's power in the Greater Somalia. Relations with Eritrea was somewhat better intensified after its UN-sponsored session from Ethiopia in May 1993.
Later in 1998, their relations was deteriorated after large-scale Eritrean mechanized force penetrated to Badme region, triggering the Eritrean–Ethiopian War. Both countries spent favorable amount of armaments ahead of the war and suffered reportedly 100,000 casualties combined as a direct consequence thereof, excluding indeterminate number of refugees.[20][21][22][23] In December 2000, the two countries government signed Algiers Agreement which finalized the war and created binding judicial commissions, the Eritrea–Ethiopia Border Commission and the Eritrean–Ethiopian Claims Commissions, to oversee the disputed border and related claims. Since then, there was elevated tensions with border conflict and stalemate what is described "war footing" and "no-war-no-peace" with absence of foreign and domestic policy domination. This was ended after Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed came to power in 2018, signed the 2018 Eritrea–Ethiopia summit on 8–9 July.[24]
Meles' government relations with Djibouti was friendly as Djibouti accessed Port of Djibouti to Ethiopia. Ethiopia had 90% imports arrived from Port of Djibouti and 95% of Djiboutian regional exports.[25] In 2006, the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) virtually controlled the whole of southern Somalia and successfully united Mogadishu and imposed Shari'a law. With support of the Transitional Federal Government of Somalia, Ethiopia, under UN peacekeeping mission against War on Terrorism, attacked ICU. The ICU's split eventually led to the formation of Al-Shabaab, regrouping to continue the insurgency against TFG and Ethiopian military presence in Somalia.[26]
In May 2010, the Nile Basin Initiative was signed by five upstream countries such as Ethiopia, Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, and Rwanda and Burundi as Egypt considerate as breach to the 1929 Anglo-Egyptian treaty that gave its right to share water.[27] On 2 April 2011, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) inaugurated construction expected producing 15,000 megawatts of power within 10 years, spending 12 billion dollars of strategy to improve power generating capabilities. Egypt and Sudan continued objecting the filling of the dam in 2020.[28][29]
Under Abiy Ahmed premiership since 2018, Ethiopia repleted its relations Somalia and Eritrea. In October 2018, Ethiopia signed peace agreement with the rebel faction ONLF ending 34 year long conflict since 1984. ONLF has clashed with the Ethiopian troops to contain vast oil and gas deposits, where Chinese oil firms developing two gas field in the area. In 2007, ONLF launched deadly attack against Chinese-run oil field which killed 65 Ethiopians and 9 Chinese nationals.[30]
During the Tigray War, Ethiopia was allied to countries such as Turkey,[31] United Arab Emirates[32] and Iran[31] who supplied drones to the Ethiopian government.[13] With involvement of Eritrean Defence Forces (EDF), the US President Joe Biden designated six targets of sanction per Executive Order 14046, which was signed in September 2021.[33]
Diplomatic relations
List of countries which Ethiopia maintains diplomatic relations with:
![]() | ||
---|---|---|
# | Land | Date |
1 | ![]() |
1841[34] |
2 | ![]() |
20 March 1897[35] |
3 | ![]() |
24 June 1897[36] |
4 | ![]() |
27 December 1903[37] |
5 | ![]() |
7 March 1905[38] |
6 | ![]() |
25 November 1917[39] |
7 | ![]() |
25 March 1923[40] |
8 | ![]() |
30 January 1926[41] |
9 | ![]() |
1927[42] |
10 | ![]() |
18 November 1930[43] |
11 | ![]() |
1 January 1937[44] |
12 | ![]() |
21 April 1943[45] |
13 | ![]() |
1 September 1943[46] |
14 | ![]() |
11 February 1944[47] |
15 | ![]() |
28 April 1945[48] |
16 | ![]() |
16 October 1945[49] |
17 | ![]() |
27 December 1945[50] |
18 | ![]() |
1 July 1948[51] |
19 | ![]() |
23 July 1948[52] |
20 | ![]() |
25 May 1949[53] |
21 | ![]() |
31 July 1949[54] |
22 | ![]() |
14 September 1949[55] |
23 | ![]() |
1 November 1949[56] |
24 | ![]() |
21 February 1950[57] |
25 | ![]() |
19 September 1950[58] |
26 | ![]() |
6 November 1950[59] |
27 | ![]() |
1950[60] |
28 | ![]() |
9 January 1951[61] |
29 | ![]() |
27 April 1951[62] |
30 | ![]() |
4 March 1952[63] |
31 | ![]() |
2 May 1952[64] |
32 | ![]() |
3 June 1956[65] |
33 | ![]() |
27 June 1956[66] |
— | ![]() |
20 March 1957[67] |
34 | ![]() |
2 July 1957[68] |
35 | ![]() |
28 December 1957[69] |
36 | ![]() |
26 June 1958[70] |
37 | ![]() |
1958[71] |
38 | ![]() |
6 January 1959[72] |
39 | ![]() |
5 April 1959[73] |
40 | ![]() |
10 April 1959[74] |
41 | ![]() |
17 July 1959[75] |
42 | ![]() |
17 November 1959[76] |
43 | ![]() |
16 May 1960[77] |
44 | ![]() |
14 December 1960[78] |
45 | ![]() |
20 June 1961[79] |
46 | ![]() |
28 September 1961[80] |
47 | ![]() |
24 October 1961[81] |
48 | ![]() |
22 June 1962[82] |
49 | ![]() |
31 July 1962[83] |
50 | ![]() |
5 August 1963[84] |
51 | ![]() |
9 August 1963[85] |
52 | ![]() |
23 December 1963[86] |
53 | ![]() |
1963[87] |
54 | ![]() |
23 March 1964[88] |
55 | ![]() |
10 April 1964[89] |
56 | ![]() |
1 June 1964[90] |
57 | ![]() |
4 June 1964[91] |
58 | ![]() |
26 June 1964[92][93] |
59 | ![]() |
30 July 1964[94] |
60 | ![]() |
1964[95] |
61 | ![]() |
1964[96] |
62 | ![]() |
9 June 1965[97] |
63 | ![]() |
7 July 1965[98] |
64 | ![]() |
8 July 1965[99] |
65 | ![]() |
6 October 1965[100] |
66 | ![]() |
13 October 1965[101] |
67 | ![]() |
13 December 1965[102] |
68 | ![]() |
1965[103] |
69 | ![]() |
4 March 1966[104] |
70 | ![]() |
22 March 1966[105] |
71 | ![]() |
7 May 1966[106] |
72 | ![]() |
21 September 1966[107] |
73 | ![]() |
9 October 1966[108] |
74 | ![]() |
17 October 1966[109] |
75 | ![]() |
26 October 1966[110] |
76 | ![]() |
24 January 1967[111] |
77 | ![]() |
17 August 1967[112] |
78 | ![]() |
10 September 1967[113] |
79 | ![]() |
19 October 1967[114] |
80 | ![]() |
1967[115] |
81 | ![]() |
26 March 1968[116] |
82 | ![]() |
28 March 1968[117] |
83 | ![]() |
11 April 1968[118] |
84 | ![]() |
20 May 1968[119] |
85 | ![]() |
31 March 1969[120] |
86 | ![]() |
21 October 1969[121] |
87 | ![]() |
15 September 1970[122] |
88 | ![]() |
13 October 1970[123] |
89 | ![]() |
24 November 1970[124] |
90 | ![]() |
1970[125] |
91 | ![]() |
1 January 1971[126] |
— | ![]() |
February 1971[127] |
92 | ![]() |
15 April 1971[128] |
93 | ![]() |
1972[129] |
94 | ![]() |
5 June 1975[130] |
95 | ![]() |
18 July 1975[131] |
96 | ![]() |
11 October 1975[132] |
97 | ![]() |
23 February 1976[133] |
98 | ![]() |
19 September 1976[134] |
99 | ![]() |
7 February 1977[135] |
100 | ![]() |
13 July 1977[136] |
101 | ![]() |
17 September 1979[137] |
102 | ![]() |
15 December 1979[138] |
103 | ![]() |
19 March 1980[139] |
104 | ![]() |
26 August 1980[140] |
105 | ![]() |
August 1980[141] |
106 | ![]() |
6 September 1981[142] |
107 | ![]() |
14 April 1982[143] |
108 | ![]() |
30 November 1982[144] |
109 | ![]() |
11 December 1982[145] |
110 | ![]() |
October 1983[146] |
111 | ![]() |
7 May 1984[147] |
112 | ![]() |
8 December 1987[147] |
113 | ![]() |
1987[148] |
114 | ![]() |
1980s[149] |
115 | ![]() |
1990[150] |
116 | ![]() |
2 November 1992[151] |
117 | ![]() |
6 November 1992[152] |
118 | ![]() |
1 April 1993[153] |
119 | ![]() |
5 May 1993[154] |
120 | ![]() |
22 May 1993[155] |
121 | ![]() |
29 June 1993[156] |
122 | ![]() |
2 December 1993[157] |
123 | ![]() |
18 May 1994[158] |
124 | ![]() |
1994[159] |
125 | ![]() |
6 January 1995[160] |
126 | ![]() |
7 February 1995[147] |
127 | ![]() |
10 May 1995[147] |
128 | ![]() |
16 July 1995[161] |
129 | ![]() |
17 October 1995[162] |
130 | ![]() |
June 1996[163] |
131 | ![]() |
15 July 1996[164] |
132 | ![]() |
19 October 1998[165] |
133 | ![]() |
28 November 1999[166] |
134 | ![]() |
Before 1999[167] |
135 | ![]() |
17 July 2000[147] |
136 | ![]() |
16 February 2004[168] |
137 | ![]() |
3 August 2004[147] |
138 | ![]() |
23 August 2005[169] |
139 | ![]() |
9 December 2005[147] |
140 | ![]() |
12 February 2007[147] |
141 | ![]() |
27 September 2007[170] |
142 | ![]() |
11 March 2008[171] |
143 | ![]() |
2009[172] |
144 | ![]() |
29 September 2010[173] |
145 | ![]() |
6 January 2011[147] |
146 | ![]() |
23 March 2011[147] |
147 | ![]() |
10 June 2011[147] |
148 | ![]() |
5 September 2011[174] |
149 | ![]() |
6 December 2011[175] |
150 | ![]() |
22 December 2011[147] |
151 | ![]() |
23 January 2012[147] |
152 | ![]() |
27 February 2012[176] |
153 | ![]() |
20 June 2012[177] |
154 | ![]() |
3 July 2012[178] |
155 | ![]() |
24 June 2013[179] |
156 | ![]() |
11 November 2015[180] |
157 | ![]() |
28 December 2015[181] |
158 | ![]() |
23 July 2016[182] |
159 | ![]() |
28 October 2016[183] |
160 | ![]() |
1 March 2017[184] |
161 | ![]() |
6 August 2018[147] |
162 | ![]() |
7 November 2018[185] |
163 | ![]() |
Before March 2020[186] |
164 | ![]() |
20 October 2020[187] |
165 | ![]() |
Unknown |
166 | ![]() |
Unknown |
167 | ![]() |
Unknown[188] |
168 | ![]() |
Unknown |
169 | ![]() |
Unknown[189] |
170 | ![]() |
Unknown |
171 | ![]() |
Unknown |
— | ![]() |
Unknown |
— | ![]() |
Unknown |
172 | ![]() |
Unknown |
Africa
Land | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() |
| |
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15 December 1979 | See Djibouti–Ethiopia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 December 1979.[190] The border between the two countries is based on the Franco-Ethiopian convention of 20 March 1897, which was later finalized in a protocol dated 16 January 1954 and rendered effective on 28 February of that year.[191] In October 1991, the Ethiopian and Djiboutian governments signed a Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation further solidifying relations. Since 1991, the two countries have signed over 39 protocol agreements.[192] Djibouti remains a major economic partner of Ethiopia. On 13 April 2002, the two countries signed an agreement concerning the use of the Port of Djibouti and the transit of cargo, which was later ratified by the Ethiopian Federal Parliamentary Assembly on 4 June of the same year.[193] About 70% of the Port of Djibouti's activity consists of imports to and exports from neighboring Ethiopia, which depends on the harbour as its main maritime outlet. The port also serves as an international refueling center and transshipment hub.[194] Additionally, both countries share ownership of the Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railroad. |
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See Egypt–Ethiopia relations
As two of the oldest independent states in Africa, both countries have an ancient relationship in many forms. The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church was under the administration of the Coptic Orthodox Church from ancient times until 1959. Ethiopian and Egyptian armies clashed in the early 19th century over control of territory in what is modern Sudan, and Ethiopia's access to the Red Sea. Both countries established formal diplomatic ties in 1927.[195] More recently, because both countries share a special relationship over the Nile basin, both are members of the Nile Basin Initiative. In 2010s, both countries relationship was deteriorated as a result of Ethiopia failed to reach trilateral agreement with Sudan regarding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project advanced. In 2021, Ethiopia closed its embassy in Cairo due to financial reasons.[196] | |
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22 May 1993 | See Eritrea–Ethiopia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 May 1993 when first Ambassador of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia's to Eritrea Mr. Awalom Woldu Tuku presented his credentials to President Issaias Afwerki.[197] Diplomatic relations were broken on 12 May 1998 when Ethiopia and Eritrea went to war over the disputed border area of Badme.[198] Diplomatic relations were restored on 8 July 2018[199]
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4 March 1966 |
|
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26 June 1964 | See Ethiopia–Kenya relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 June 1964 and opened Ethiopian Embassy in Nairobi.[205][206] Relations between Kenya and Ethiopia date back to the 1954, when the Ethiopian authorities under Haile Selassie I established an honorary consulate general in the British Kenya Colony. In 1961, prior to Kenya's independence, Ethiopia appointed its first ambassador to Kenya, and six years later Kenya opened an embassy in Addis Ababa.[207] The border between the two countries is based on a treaty signed by Ethiopia and Kenya on 9 June 1970, which determines the present-day boundary, abrogating all previous boundary treaties. This border has been subjected to demarcation.[208] |
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5 August 1963 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 August 1963[209]
|
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Ethiopia–Namibia relations refers to the current and historical relationship between Ethiopia and Namibia. During the South African occupation of Namibia, Ethiopia was one of the country's leading proponents abroad; Ethiopia and Liberia were the first two states to bring the question of independence for then South West Africa to the United Nations.[210] Namibia gained independence in 1990. In 2007, the two governments signed an agreement which expanded air travel between the two states.[211] In December 2009, Namibia's Foreign Minister, Marko Hausiku met with Ethiopian Foreign Affairs Minister Seyoum Mesfin and noted the economic, science, technical and cultural agreements in place between the two countries and expressed a desire to improve the trade relations.[212]
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See Ethiopia–Somalia relations
Relations between the peoples of Somalia and Ethiopia stretch back to antiquity, to a common origin. The Ethiopian region is one of the proposed homelands of the Horn of Africa's various Afro-Asiatic communities.[213] During the Middle Ages, Somali Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi (Ahmad Gurey or Gragn) led a Conquest of Abyssinia (Futuh al-Habash), which brought three-quarters of the Christian Ethiopian Empire under the power of the Muslim Adal Sultanate.[214][215] With an army mainly composed of Somalis,[216] Many historians trace the origins of tensions between Somalia and Ethiopia to this war.[217] In the 1960s and 1970s, a territorial dispute over the Ogaden region led to various armed confrontations between the Somalian and Ethiopian militaries. The tensions culminated in the Ogaden War, which saw the Somali army capture most of the disputed territory by September 1977, before finally being expelled by a coalition of communist forces. With changes in leadership in the early 1990s brought on by the start of the Somali Civil War and Ethiopian Civil War, respectively, relations between the Somali and Ethiopian authorities entered a new phase of military cooperation against the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) rebel group and its more radical successor Al-Shabaab. In October 2011, a coordinated multinational operation began against Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia; the Ethiopian military eventually joined the Transitional Federal Government-led mission the following month.[218] The Federal Government of Somalia was later established on 20 August 2012,[219] representing the first permanent central government in the country since the start of the civil war.[219] The following month, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud was elected as the new Somali government's first President, with the Ethiopian authorities welcoming his selection and newly appointed Prime Minister of Ethiopia Hailemariam Desalegn attending Mohamud's inauguration ceremony.[220] | |
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See Ethiopia–Somaliland relations
Somaliland has had decent economic relations with Ethiopia since the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, as a large part of Ethiopian exports have been handled via the port of Berbera, since Ethiopia can no longer use Eritrean ports of Massaua and Assab. These relationships stand in contrast to the “traditional hostility” towards Ethiopia felt by many Somalis in other areas, and against the background of low support among many northern Somalis for Siad Barre's Ogaden War against Ethiopia and the Somali National Movement which Ethiopia assisted financially.[221] So far, however, these have not led to official Ethiopian recognition. On 1 January 2024, Ethiopia and Somaliland signed a pact giving Ethiopia access to the Red Sea in return for eventual recognition, making it the first UN member state to do so.[222][223][224] | |
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6 January 1995 | See Ethiopia–South Africa relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 January 1995[225]
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27 June 1956 | See Ethiopia–Sudan relations
Alodia and the Kingdom of Makuria had some relations with Ethiopia in Medieval times. The Ethiopian Empire fought against Mahdist Sudan in the Mahdist War. Ethiopia and Sudan first established formal relations in 1956.[226] Relations between Ethiopia and Sudan were very good following the end of the Ethiopian Civil War, due to the support that the Sudanese government had given to the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front. However, relations were strained for a time following the 26 June 1995 assassination attempt against Egyptian president Hosni Mubarak as he was leaving the OAU summit meeting in Addis Ababa. The subsequent investigation revealed that Sudan was involved in this act, forcing the Ethiopian government to take a series of steps against Sudan that September, which included closing the Sudanese consulate in Gambela, reducing the number of Sudanese embassy staff, and terminating all Sudan Airways and Ethiopian Airlines flights between the two countries. However the start of the Eritrean-Ethiopian War led to Sudan and Ethiopia put this conflict between them and normalizing their relations by November 1999 when president Omar Hassan al-Bashir made a formal visit to Addis Ababa.[227] A protocol concerning Ethiopian access to Port Sudan was signed between the two countries 5 March 2000 in Khartoum, and this protocol and its subsequent amendment were ratified by the Ethiopian Federal Parliamentary Assembly on 3 July 2003.[228] Efforts to demarcate the porous boundary with Sudan were delayed by the Second Sudanese Civil War. In May 2008, residents along the western Ethiopian border reportedly discovered that the government had agreed to demarcate this boundary when Sudanese soldiers forced them out of their homes. It was reported that as many as 2,000 people were displaced in the Gambela Region, and the Sudanese army reportedly set fire to two dozen Ethiopian farms and imprisoned 34 people in the Amhara Region. However, Prime Minister Meles Zenawi publicly denied that any Ethiopians had been displaced by this agreement.[229] Negotiations over this boundary continues, with the twelfth meeting of the Boundary Commission announced 28 December 2009 at Mek'ele, with Ethiopian representatives from the Tigray, Benishangul-Gumuz, Amhara and Gambela Regions, and from the Sudanese side representatives of the Upper Nile, Blue Nile, Sennar and Al Qadarif Administrations.[230] Despite these border tensions, Sudan remains a major economic partner of Ethiopia. According to the Ethiopian Petroleum Supplier Enterprise (EPSE), Ethiopia in April 2013 imported around $1.12 billion worth of oil from Sudan over the previous six months. In total, about 85% of Ethiopia's yearly oil consumption comes from Sudan via the Port of Djibouti. Ethiopia and Sudan are also in the process of linking their power grids.[231] In 2010s, Sudan—Egypt—Ethiopia joint relations was deteriorated as a result of Ethiopia failed to reach trilateral agreement regarding the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam project advanced. During Tigray War in 2020, there was undissolved clash between their border, furtherly aggravated their relation.[232] |
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1 June 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 June 1964 when Ethiopia's Ambassador Ato Mekasha, presents his credentials[233]
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4 June 1964 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 June 1964 when accredited first Ambassador of Ethiopia to Uganda (resident in Nairobi) Mr. Ato Getachew Mekasha[234]
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|
Americas
Land | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
![]() |
28 March 1968 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 March 1968[235]
|
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9 January 1951 | See Brazil–Ethiopia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 January 1951 when was accredited first Minister of Ethiopia to Brazil Mr. Blatta Dawit Ogbazgy[236]
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13 October 1965 | See Canada–Ethiopia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 October 1965[237]
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16 October 1945 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 October 1945[239]
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30 May 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 30 May 1967[240] |
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18 July 1975 | See Cuba–Ethiopia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1975[241]
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23 January 2012 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 January 2012[242]
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22 March 1966 | See Jamaica–Ethiopia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 March 1966[243]
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1 November 1949 | See Ethiopia–Mexico relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 November 1949[244]
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7 May 1984 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1984[248]
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10 September 1967 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 September 1967[250] |
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27 December 1903 | See Ethiopia–United States relations
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23 March 2011 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 March 2011[252]
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20 July 1950 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 July 1950[253]
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Asia
Land | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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2 December 1993 | See Armenia–Ethiopia relations |
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2 November 1992 | See Azerbaijan–Ethiopia relations |
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24 November 1970 | See China–Ethiopia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 November 1970[259] |
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1 July 1948 | See Ethiopia–India relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 July 1948[260]
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See Ethiopia–Indonesia relations
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24 October 1961 | See Ethiopia–Israel relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 October 1961 when Ethiopia recognized Israel de jure, and agreed to raise the consulate in Addis Ababa to the level of an embassy.[261] Ethiopia severance diplomatic relations with Israel on 23 October 1973.[262] Diplomatic relations were resumed on 3 November 1989[263]
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1930 | See Ethiopia–Japan relations
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See Ethiopia–Malaysia relations
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28 December 1957 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 December 1957[271]
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1989 |
Palestine has an embassy in Addis Ababa. |
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7 February 1977 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 February 1977. The Philippines and Ethiopia signed their first air agreement in 2014.[272] |
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16 July 1995 | See Ethiopia–Qatar relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 July 1995[273]
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23 December 1963 |
See Ethiopia–South Korea relations Between The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and The Republic of Korea were established diplomatic relations on 23 December 1963.[274]
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1896[277] | See also Ethiopia–Turkey relations |
Europa
Land | Date | Notes |
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23 July 1948 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 July 1948[278] |
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18 May 1994 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 May 1994[279]
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25 March 1923 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 March 1923 when Consulate General of Belgium transformed into a Legation and the first Minister Plenipotentiary is Maxime Gerard [280] |
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11 February 1944 | Czechoslovakia and Ethiopia established diplomatic relations on 11 February 1944. The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) recognized the new Czech Republic as on January 1, 1993 and established diplomatic relations accordingly.[281]
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21 February 1950 | See Denmark–Ethiopia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 February 1950 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Denmark to Ethiopia (resident of Athens) Mr. Hubert Wichfeld presented his credentials.[283] 20 January 1967 both countries was raised their diplomatic missions to Embassy level[284]
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17 July 1959 | See Ethiopia–Finland relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 July 1959.
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20 March 1897 | See Ethiopia–France relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 March 1897[286]
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7 March 1905 | See Ethiopia–Germany relations
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See Ethiopia–Greece relations
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1994 | See Ethiopia–Ireland relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1994[288]
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24 June 1897 | See Ethiopia–Italy relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 1897.[289]
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14 July 1945 | See Ethiopia–Poland relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 July 1945[293]
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2 July 1957 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 July 1957[294]
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21 April 1943 | See Ethiopia–Russia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 April 1943[296]
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4 March 1952 | See Ethiopia–Serbia relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 March 1952[297]
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27 April 1951 | See Ethiopia–Spain relations
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 April 1951[299]
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See Ethiopia–Sweden relations
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1 April 1993 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 April 1993[300]
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1841 | See Ethiopia–United Kingdom relations
The UK established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom in 1841.[34]
The UK administered Ethiopia from 1941 to 1942. The UK continued to administered the regions of Ogaden and Haud from 1941, until both territories were relinquished to Ethiopia in 1948 and 1955 respectively.[302] Bilaterally the two countries have a Development Partnership.[303] |
Oceania
Land | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
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13 December 1965 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 December 1965 when accredited first Ambassador of Australia to Ethiopia Mr. W. R. Crocker[304]
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6 December 2011 | Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 December 2011[305]
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Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Foreign relations are upheld by Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the ability and capacity to marshal strategic partners for the continent and the region; to play a central role in Ethiopia's growth into a democratic developmental state and in the achievement of peace and stability in the Horn of Africa.
United Nations
Ethiopia was admitted to the League of Nations on 28 September 1923, becoming one of few African countries to do so due to not colonized by European powers during the 19th century Scramble for Africa. The League envisaged the membership for Ethiopia's "collective security" and protection against external attacks. The League however was unable to maintain Ethiopia's sovereignty as Japan invaded Manchuria, which Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1936.[306]
After its resumption of independence after World War II, Ethiopia was one of the founding members of the United Nations. Since the 1950s, Ethiopia has keeping UN peacekeeping missions toward Korean War and Congo Crisis and some African states like Rwanda and Burundi in 1990s. Ethiopia has now over 80,000 peacekeeping forces that are active.[306]
The UN delivers development and humanitarian plan in Ethiopia with 28 representatives of funds and specialized agencies in the UN Country Team (UNCT). Ethiopia is non-permanent member of the UN Security Council which has close cooperation with the regional organizations the African Union and the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD).[307]
European Union
Ethiopia has strong relations to the European Union while the EU funding financed by the European Development Fund (EDF) with objectives of resilience. Their relations has been defined by Cotonou Agreement article 8 to 13 with strong bilateral partners and dialogue regarding sustainable development on diverse aspect of the country.
In addition, the EU is the second largest trade partner for Ethiopia with total expenditure of 4.1 billion euro; exports representing 12% while Ethiopia exports representing 26% of worldwide exports in 2016. This has been compared to China (8%), Somalia (14%) and Kuwait (13%).[308]
African Union
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/50th_Anniversary_African_Union_Summit_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia.jpg/220px-50th_Anniversary_African_Union_Summit_in_Addis_Ababa%2C_Ethiopia.jpg)
Ethiopia is one of founding African states of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) (now the African Union) on 25 May 1963 under Emperor Haile Selassie, headquartered in Addis Ababa. At the time, the organization evolved up to 54 African states, except Morocco.[309]
The country is driving force of maintaining UN-AU peacekeeping missions, especially in the Horn of Africa region. The AU does not readily aggregate the preference of each member states. Therefore, every AU norms, institution and overlaps as consensus stated in the AU Constitution Act and its various decision and policy making, and implementation organs. As such, the AU offers for member states like Ethiopia to influence and impact on policy internally and regionally.[310][311] Today, Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa is home of major organizations such as African Union, Pan African Chamber of Commerce and Industry, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and African Standby Force.
BRICS
In 2023, Ethiopia was invited to join BRICS during the group’s 15th Summit and became a member of the organisation in January 2024.[312][313]
See also
- Category:Ethiopian diaspora
- Foreign aid to Ethiopia
- List of diplomatic missions in Ethiopia
- List of diplomatic missions of Ethiopia
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs
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Further reading
- Amare Tekle, "The Determinants of the Foreign Policy of Revolutionary Ethiopia", Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Sep., 1989), pp. 479–502
- Orobola Fasehun, "Nigeria and the Ethiopia-Somalia Conflict: A Case Study of Continuity in Nigerian Foreign Policy", Africa Spectrum, 17 (1982), pp. 183–193
External links
- Ministry of Foreign Affairs for Ethiopia's webpage
- A Tangled Political Landscape Raises Questions About African Ally of the U.S. by Michael Deibert, 12 June 2008
- Abdul Mohammed, "Ethiopia’s Strategic Dilemma in the Horn of Africa", Crisis in the Horn of Africa (Social Science Research Council website)
- "U.S. to Test Soviet 'New Thinking': Talks on Africa," The Christian Science Monitor, 4 May 1989.
This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.