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{{other uses|Cosmos (disambiguation)}}
{{other uses|Cosmos (disambiguation)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
{{Automatic taxobox
|image = 2015-10-02 Cosmos fields in Japan 秋のコスモス畑 DSCF5806☆彡.jpg
| image = Cosmos bipinnatus (2).jpg
|image_caption = ''[[Cosmos bipinnatus]]''
| image_caption = ''[[Cosmos bipinnatus|C. bipinnatus]]''
| image2 = Correo - Cadillo (Cosmos sulphureus) (15183920495).jpg
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|display_parents = 2
| image2_caption = ''[[Cosmos sulphureus|C. sulphureus]]''
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|taxon = Cosmos
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| display_parents = 2
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|authority = [[Antonio José Cavanilles|Cav.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2986 |title=Genus ''Cosmos'' Cav. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1998-09-07 |access-date=2011-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002644/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2986 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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| taxon = Cosmos
|synonyms_ref = <ref name=k>[https://archive.today/20141115185154/http://dixon.iplantcollaborative.org/CompositaeWeb/default.aspx?Page=NameDetails&TabNum=0&NameId=e2c79980-bdb4-4c38-bc11-d7fd875c48e9 Flann, C (ed) 2009+ Global Compositae Checklist ]</ref>
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| authority = [[Antonio José Cavanilles|Cav.]]<ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2986 |title=Genus ''Cosmos'' Cav. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=1998-09-07 |access-date=2011-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002644/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?2986 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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|synonyms =
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=GCD_1076796/>
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| synonyms =
* ''Cosmea'' <small>Willd.</small>
* ''Cosmea'' <small>Willd.</small>
* ''Adenolepis'' <small>Less.</small>
* ''Adenolepis'' <small>Less.</small>
* ''Cosmus'' <small>Pers.</small>
* ''Cosmea'' <small> Willd.</small>
* ''Cosmos'' sect. ''Eucosmos'' <small>Sherff</small>
* ''Cosmos'' sect. ''Eucosmos'' <small>Sherff</small>
* ''Gosmos'' <small>Motomi Ito, spelling variant, apparently accidental</small>
* ''Cosmus'' <small>Pers.</small>
| range_map =
}}
}}


'''''Cosmos''''' is a [[genus]], with the same common name of '''cosmos''', consisting of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Asteraceae|sunflower family]].<ref>Cavanilles, Antonio José. 1791. Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum 1(1): 9–10, pl. 14</ref><ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40015099 Tropicos, ''Cosmos'' Cav.]</ref>
'''''Cosmos''''' is a [[genus]], with the same common name of '''cosmos''', consisting of [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Asteraceae|sunflower family]].<ref>Cavanilles, Antonio José. 1791. Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum 1(1): 9–10, pl. 14</ref><ref>[http://www.tropicos.org/Name/40015099 Tropicos, ''Cosmos'' Cav.]</ref>

==Name==
The generic name Cosmos derives either from the Greek κόσμος (cosmos) ‘(ordered) world’ -in reference to the neat, orderly arrangement of the floral structures <ref>Harvesting History https://harvesting-history.com/cosmos/#:~:text=The%20name%2C%20Cosmos%2C%20comes%20from,arrangement%20of%20the%20plant's%20petals. Retrieved at 23.02 on Saturday 27/7/24.</ref> - or the Greek κόσμημα (kósmima) ‘jewel’ - in reference to the jewel-like colours of the [[Pseudanthium#Capitulum|capitula]] (composite flowers).<ref>The joy of plants https://www.thejoyofplants.co.uk/cosmos Retrieved at 23.19 on Saturday 27/7/24.</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
''Cosmos'' are [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s or [[annual plant]]s growing {{convert|0.3|-|2|m|abbr=on}} tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, [[pinnate]], or bipinnate, and arranged in opposite pairs. The [[flower]]s are produced in a [[inflorescence|capitulum]] with a ring of broad ray florets and a center of disc florets; flower color is very variable between the different species. The genus includes several [[ornamental plant]]s popular in gardens. Numerous [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s have been selected and named.
''Cosmos'' are [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant]]s or [[annual plant]]s growing {{convert|0.3|-|2|m|abbr=on}} tall. The [[leaf|leaves]] are simple, [[pinnate]], or bipinnate, and arranged in opposite pairs. The [[flower]]s are produced in a [[inflorescence|capitulum]] with a ring of broad ray florets and a center of disc florets; flower color varies noticeably between the different species. The genus includes several [[ornamental plant]]s popular in gardens. Numerous [[Hybrid (biology)#Hybrid plants|hybrids]] and [[cultivar]]s have been selected and named.

⚫
==Distribution==
⚫
''Cosmos'' species are [[native plant|native]] to scrub and meadowland in [[Mexico]] where most of the species occur. In the [[United States]], some varieties may be found as far north as the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, but the range also extends through [[Central America]] to [[South America]] as far south as [[Paraguay]]{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}. One species, ''C. bipinnatus,'' is naturalized across much of the eastern United States and eastern Canada.<ref>[http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Cosmos Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps]</ref>

⚫
It is also widespread over the high eastern plains of [[South Africa]], where it was introduced via contaminated horsefeed during the [[Second Boer War|Anglo-Boer War]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandys|first=Celia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6f8jSkWWxAC&q=cosmos|title=Chasing Churchill: The Travels of Winston Churchill|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2009|isbn=978-0786740154|quote=The South African Light Horse, having no baggage train and living largely off the country, were able to range widely across Natal. How widely can be seen from the spread of the beautiful pink cosmos flower, a native of Argentina which was imported into South Africa in the British Army's horse fodder. Just as cairns on the battlefields mark where soldiers fell, so their route is marked by the pink swathes of cosmos. As my children picked bunches of these lovely flowers for me I wondered if the seeds from which they originated had germinated in the belly of my grandfather's horse as he had ridden that way.|page=92}}</ref>


==Species==
==Species==
[[File:Cosmos flower field -3 (8101335885).jpg|thumb|Cosmos flowers in [[Showa Memorial Park]], Japan]]
[[File:Cosmos flower field -3 (8101335885).jpg|thumb|[[Showa Memorial Park]], Japan]]
[[File:Cosmos and girl 120122.jpg|thumb|Cosmos and a girl]]
[[File:Cosmos and girl 120122.jpg|frameless|right|alt=Cosmos and a girl]]
[[File:Cosmos sulphureus - flower view 01.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Cosmos sulphureus]]'']]
[[File:Cosmos sulphureus - flower view 01.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Cosmos sulphureus|C. sulphureus]]'']]
[[File:Yellow cosmos flower.jpg|frameless|right]]
; Accepted species<ref name=k/>
Accepted species:<ref name=GCD_1076796>{{cite GCD |title=''Cosmos'' Cav.. |id=1076796 |access-date=2023-05-17}}</ref>
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* ''[[Cosmos atrosanguineus]]'' <small>(Hook.) Voss</small>
* ''[[Cosmos atrosanguineus]]'' <small>(Hook.) Voss</small>
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* ''[[Cosmos concolor]]'' <small>Sherff</small>
* ''[[Cosmos concolor]]'' <small>Sherff</small>
* ''[[Cosmos crithmifolius]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Cosmos crithmifolius]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Cosmos dahlioides]] ''
* ''[[Cosmos dahlioides]]''
* ''[[Cosmos deficiens]]'' <small>(Sherff) Melchert</small>
* ''[[Cosmos deficiens]]'' <small>(Sherff) Melchert</small>
* ''[[Cosmos herzogii]]'' <small>Sherff</small>
* ''[[Cosmos herzogii]]'' <small>Sherff</small>
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* ''[[Cosmos scabiosoides]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Cosmos scabiosoides]]'' <small>Kunth</small>
* ''[[Cosmos schaffneri]]'' <small>Sherff</small>
* ''[[Cosmos schaffneri]]'' <small>Sherff</small>
* ''[[Cosmos scherfii]]'' <small>Melchert</small>
* ''[[Cosmos sessilis]]'' <small>Sherff</small>
* ''[[Cosmos sessilis]]'' <small>Sherff</small>
* ''[[Cosmos sherffii]]'' <small>Melchert</small>
* ''[[Cosmos sherffii]]'' <small>Melchert</small>
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* ''[[Cosmos sulphureus]]'' <small>Cav.</small>
* ''[[Cosmos sulphureus]]'' <small>Cav.</small>
}}
}}

⚫
==Distribution==
⚫
''Cosmos'' species are [[native plant|native]] to scrub and meadowland in [[Mexico]] where most of the species occur. In the [[United States]], some varieties may be found as far north as the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, but the range also extends through [[Central America]] to [[South America]] as far south as [[Paraguay]]{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}. One species, ''[[Cosmos bipinnatus|C. bipinnatus]]'', is naturalized across much of the eastern United States and eastern Canada.<ref>[http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Cosmos Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps]</ref>

⚫
It is also widespread over the high eastern plains of [[South Africa]], where it was introduced via contaminated horsefeed during the [[Second Boer War|Anglo-Boer War]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sandys|first=Celia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D6f8jSkWWxAC&q=cosmos|title=Chasing Churchill: The Travels of Winston Churchill|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2009|isbn=978-0786740154|quote=The South African Light Horse, having no baggage train and living largely off the country, were able to range widely across Natal. How widely can be seen from the spread of the beautiful pink cosmos flower, a native of Argentina which was imported into South Africa in the British Army's horse fodder. Just as cairns on the battlefields mark where soldiers fell, so their route is marked by the pink swathes of cosmos. As my children picked bunches of these lovely flowers for me I wondered if the seeds from which they originated had germinated in the belly of my grandfather's horse as he had ridden that way.|page=92}}</ref>


==Gallery==
==Gallery==
<gallery>
<gallery>
File:Cosmos sulphureus കോസ്‌മോസ്‌ പൂവ്‌.jpeg|Yellow cosmos flower in [[Kerala]], India
File:Cosmos sulphureus കോസ്‌മോസ്‌ പൂവ്‌.jpeg|[[Kerala]], India|alt=Flower in [[Kerala]], India
File:Cosmos yellow orange.JPG|Yellow-orange cosmos, Kerala, India
File:Cosmos yellow orange.JPG|Kerala|alt=Yellow-orange, Kerala, India
File:Gokayama Suganuma 五箇山菅沼地区 PA101521.jpg|Cosmos and old house in Japan
File:Gokayama Suganuma 五箇山菅沼地区 PA101521.jpg|Old house in Japan
File:CosmosDSC 0005.JPG|Cosmos flower in Korea
File:CosmosDSC 0005.JPG|[[Korea]]
File:Cosmos-atrosanguineus.jpg|''[[Cosmos atrosanguineus]]'', the chocolate cosmos
File:Cosmos-atrosanguineus.jpg|''[[Cosmos atrosanguineus]]'', the chocolate cosmos
</gallery>
</gallery>
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[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Asteraceae genera]]
[[Category:Butterfly food plants]]
[[Category:Butterfly food plants]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Antonio José Cavanilles]]


{{asteroideae-stub}}

Revision as of 22:44, 27 July 2024

For other uses, see Cosmos (disambiguation).

Cosmos
C. bipinnatus
C. sulphureus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Subfamily: Asteroideae
Tribe: Coreopsideae
Genus: Cosmos
Cav.[1]
Synonyms[2]
  • Cosmea Willd.
  • Adenolepis Less.
  • Cosmea Willd.
  • Cosmos sect. Eucosmos Sherff
  • Cosmus Pers.

Cosmos is a genus, with the same common name of cosmos, consisting of flowering plants in the sunflower family.[3][4]

Name

The generic name Cosmos derives either from the Greek κόσμος (cosmos) ‘(ordered) world’ -in reference to the neat, orderly arrangement of the floral structures [5] - or the Greek κόσμημα (kósmima) ‘jewel’ - in reference to the jewel-like colours of the capitula (composite flowers).[6]

Description

Cosmos are herbaceous perennial plants or annual plants growing 0.3–2 m (1 ft 0 in – 6 ft 7 in) tall. The leaves are simple, pinnate, or bipinnate, and arranged in opposite pairs. The flowers are produced in a capitulum with a ring of broad ray florets and a center of disc florets; flower color varies noticeably between the different species. The genus includes several ornamental plants popular in gardens. Numerous hybrids and cultivars have been selected and named.

Species

Showa Memorial Park, Japan
Cosmos and a girl
C. sulphureus

Accepted species:[2]

Distribution

Cosmos species are native to scrub and meadowland in Mexico where most of the species occur. In the United States, some varieties may be found as far north as the Olympic Peninsula in Washington, but the range also extends through Central America to South America as far south as Paraguay[citation needed]. One species, C. bipinnatus, is naturalized across much of the eastern United States and eastern Canada.[7]

It is also widespread over the high eastern plains of South Africa, where it was introduced via contaminated horsefeed during the Anglo-Boer War.[8]

References

  1. ^ "Genus Cosmos Cav". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 1998-09-07. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2011-02-13.
  2. ^ a b Compositae Working Group (CWG). "Cosmos Cav." Global Compositae Database. Retrieved 2023-05-17.
  3. ^ Cavanilles, Antonio José. 1791. Icones et Descriptiones Plantarum 1(1): 9–10, pl. 14
  4. ^ Tropicos, Cosmos Cav.
  5. ^ Harvesting History https://harvesting-history.com/cosmos/#:~:text=The%20name%2C%20Cosmos%2C%20comes%20from,arrangement%20of%20the%20plant's%20petals. Retrieved at 23.02 on Saturday 27/7/24.
  6. ^ The joy of plants https://www.thejoyofplants.co.uk/cosmos Retrieved at 23.19 on Saturday 27/7/24.
  7. ^ Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution maps
  8. ^ Sandys, Celia (2009). Chasing Churchill: The Travels of Winston Churchill. Hachette UK. p. 92. ISBN 978-0786740154. The South African Light Horse, having no baggage train and living largely off the country, were able to range widely across Natal. How widely can be seen from the spread of the beautiful pink cosmos flower, a native of Argentina which was imported into South Africa in the British Army's horse fodder. Just as cairns on the battlefields mark where soldiers fell, so their route is marked by the pink swathes of cosmos. As my children picked bunches of these lovely flowers for me I wondered if the seeds from which they originated had germinated in the belly of my grandfather's horse as he had ridden that way.
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