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{{Short description|Italian fairy tale}} |
{{Short description|Italian fairy tale}} |
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'''The Enchanted Snake''' or '''The Snake''' is an Italian fairy tale |
'''The Enchanted Snake''' or '''The Snake''' ([[Neapolitan language|Neapolitan]]: ''Lo serpe'')<ref>{{cite book |title=Lo cunto de li cunti (Il Pentamerone): Testo conforme alla prima stampa del MDCXXXIV - VI |last=Basile |first=Giambattista |editor-last=Croce |editor-first=Benedetto |date=1891 |publisher=Napoli |pages=209–219 |url=https://archive.org/details/locuntodelicunti01basi/page/209/mode/1up}}</ref> is an Italian [[fairy tale]] written by author [[Giambattista Basile]] in the ''[[Pentamerone]]'', as the fifth story of the second day.<ref>Giambattista Basile, ''The Pentamerone'' [http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/pentamerone/14serpent1911.html "The Snake"]</ref> The tale is related to the international cycle of the ''[[Animal as Bridegroom]]'' or ''The Search for the Lost Husband'', wherein a human maiden marries a prince cursed to be an animal, loses him and has to search for him. |
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| ⚫ | It is [[Aarne-Thompson]] type 425A, |
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| ⚫ | It is [[Aarne-Thompson]] type 425A, "The (Animal) Monster as Bridegroom". Others of this type include ''[[The Black Bull of Norroway]]'', ''[[The Brown Bear of Norway]]'', ''[[The Daughter of the Skies]]'', ''[[The Enchanted Pig]]'', ''[[The Tale of the Hoodie]]'', ''[[Master Semolina]]'', ''[[The Sprig of Rosemary]]'', ''[[East of the Sun and West of the Moon]]'', and ''[[White-Bear-King-Valemon]]''.<ref name="surlalunefairytales.com">Heidi Anne Heiner, "[http://www.surlalunefairytales.com/eastsunwestmoon/other.html Tales Similar to East of the Sun & West of the Moon]"</ref> The second part of the tale, wherein the heroine finds the cure for her lover's ailment and cures him, ties it to tale type ATU 432, "[[The Prince as Bird]]". |
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== Translations == |
== Translations == |
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The tale has been variously translated as ''The Enchanted Snake'', by author [[Andrew Lang]] for ''[[The Green Fairy Book]]'',<ref>{{cite book |title=The green fairy book |last=Lang |first=Andrew |date=1902 |location=New York |publisher=Longmans, Green |pages=186–193 |url=http://www.mythfolklore.net/andrewlang/372.htm}}</ref> as ''The Serpent Prince'', by illustrator [[Edmund Dulac]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Dulac |first=Edmund |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/25513/pg25513-images.html#Page_32 |title=Edmund Dulac's Fairy-Book: Fairy Tales of the Allied Nations |location=New York |publisher=George H. Doran Company |date=1916 |pages=31–44}}</ref> also as ''The Serpent Prince'' for a 1849 publication,<ref>{{cite book |last=Montalba |first=Anthony R. |title=Fairy Tales From All Nations |location=London |publisher=Chapman & Hall |date=1849 |pages=384–397 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/34956/pg34956-images.html#THE_SERPENT_PRINCE}}</ref> as ''Grannonia and the Fox'',<ref>''Cinderella and other classic Italian fairy tales''. New York: Children's Classics; Avenel, N.J.: Distributed by Outlet Book Co., 1993. pp. 85-94.</ref> and by Nancy Canepa as ''The Serpent''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Canepa |first1=Nancy |chapter=The Golden Trunk: Fourth Entertainment of the Fifth Day |pages=169–176 |id={{Project MUSE|442810|type=chapter}} |title=Giambattista Basile's The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones |date=2007 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-3738-7 }}</ref> |
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==Synopsis== |
==Synopsis== |
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A poor woman longed for a child. One day, she saw a little snake in the forest and said that even snakes had children; the little snake offered to be hers. The woman and her husband raised the snake. When it was grown, it wanted to marry, and not to another snake but to the king's daughter. |
A poor woman named Sapatella longed for a child. One day, she saw a little snake in the forest and said that even snakes had children; the little snake offered to be hers. The woman and her husband, called Cola Mattheo, raised the snake. When it was grown, it wanted to marry, and not to another snake but to the king's daughter. The father went to ask, and the king said that the snake should have her if he could turn all the fruit in the orchard into gold. The snake told his father to gather up all the pits he could find and sow them in the orchard; when they sprang up, all the fruits were gold. |
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The king then demanded that the walls and paths of his palace be turned to precious stones; the snake had his father gathered up broken crockery and threw it at the walls and paths, which transformed them, making them glitter with the many coloured gems. |
The king then demanded that the walls and paths of his palace be turned to precious stones; the snake had his father gathered up broken crockery and threw it at the walls and paths, which transformed them, making them glitter with the many coloured gems. |
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The king then demanded that the castle be turned to gold; the snake had his father rub the walls with a herb, which transformed them. |
The king then demanded that the castle be turned to gold; the snake had his father rub the walls with a herb, which transformed them. |
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The king told his daughter, Grannonia, he had tried to put off this suitor but failed. |
The king told his daughter, Grannonia, he had tried to put off this suitor but failed. Grannonia said that she would obey him. The snake came in a car of gold, drawn by elephants; everyone else ran off in fright, but Grannonia stood her ground. The snake took her into a room, where he shed his skin and [[Shapeshifting|became]] a handsome young man. The king, fearing that his daughter was being eaten, looked through the keyhole, and seeing this, grabbed the skin and burned it. The youth exclaimed that the king was a fool, turned into a dove, and flew off. |
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[[File:Goble grannonia fox.jpg|thumb|right|Princess Grannonia meets the helpful fox. Illustration from ''Stories from the Pentamerone'' (1911, Macmillan).]] |
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| ⚫ | Grannonia set out in search of him. |
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| ⚫ | Grannonia set out in search of him. She met a [[donor (fairy tale)|fox]] and traveled with him. In the morning as the princess remarked on the wondrous sounds of the birdsongs, the fox told her the birdsong would be even better if she knew what the birds were saying: that a prince had been cursed to take a snake's form for seven years, that near the end of the time, he had fallen in love with and married a princess, but that his snake skin had been burned, and he had struck his head while he fled, and was now in the care of doctors. The fox then told her that the blood of the birds would cure him, and he caught them for her. Then he told her that his blood was also needed; she persuaded him to go with her and killed him. |
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| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | She went to her husband's father and promised to cure the prince if he would marry her; the king agreed and she cured him. The prince refused because he had already pledged himself to another woman. The princess, pleased, revealed that she was that woman and they married.<ref>Basile, Giambattista; Strange, E. F. (Ed.); Taylor, John Edward (translator). ''Stories from the Pentamerone''. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. 1911. pp. 110-121.</ref> |
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==Analysis== |
==Analysis== |
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=== Tale type === |
=== Tale type === |
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The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as types ATU 425A, "The Animal (Monster) as Bridegroom", ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird", and ATU 433, "The Prince as Serpent".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Canepa |first1=Nancy |chapter=The Golden Trunk: Fourth Entertainment of the Fifth Day |page=169 (footnote) |id={{Project MUSE|442810|type=chapter}} |title=Giambattista Basile's The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones |date=2007 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-3738-7 }}</ref> |
The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as types ATU 425A, "The Animal (Monster) as Bridegroom", ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird", and ATU 433, "The Prince as Serpent".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Canepa |first1=Nancy |chapter=The Golden Trunk: Fourth Entertainment of the Fifth Day |page=169 (footnote) |id={{Project MUSE|442810|type=chapter}} |title=Giambattista Basile's The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones |date=2007 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-3738-7 }}</ref> French scholars [[Paul Delarue]] and Marie-Louise Thèneze recognize the tale as a combination of types: AT 433A (subtype of type ATU 433) and ATU 432.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Delarue |first1=Paul |last2=Ténèze |first2=Marie-Louise |title=Le conte populaire français; catalogue raisonné des versions de France et des pays de langue française d'outre-mer: Canada, Louisiane, îlots français des États-Unis, Antilles françaises, Haïti, Ile Maurice, La Réunion |date=1957 |publisher=Érasme |isbn=978-2-7068-0623-0 |oclc=1625284 |language=French |page=115 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCQBEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22Le+serpent+%3B+T.+433+A+avec+T.+432%22&pg=PA115}}</ref> |
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===Motifs=== |
===Motifs=== |
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The episode of the heroine overhearing the animals that talk about how to cure the ailed prince occurs in tale type ATU 432, "[[The Prince as Bird]]".<ref>Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. pp. 146-147.</ref> |
The episode of the heroine overhearing the animals that talk about how to cure the ailed prince occurs in tale type ATU 432, "[[The Prince as Bird]]".<ref>Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. ''The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography''. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. pp. 146-147.</ref> |
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==== The animal husband ==== |
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==Adaptations== |
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According to Letterio di Francia, in many Italian variants the prince is either transformed into a serpent or is an enchanted pig.<ref>Di Francia, Letterio (Curatore). ''Fiabe e novelle calabresi''. Prima e seconda parte. Torino: Giovanni Chiantore. 1935. p. 33.</ref> In turn, according to Greek folklorist {{ill|Georgios A. Megas|el|Γεώργιος Μέγας}}'s quantitative analysis, among the many forms of the enchanted husband in Italian variants, he appears as a serpent in 11 tales and as a pig in 10 texts.<ref>{{cite book |last=Megas |first=Georgios A. |title=Das Märchen von Amor und Psyche in der griechischen Volksüberlieferung |series=Πραγματειαι της Ακαδημιας Αθηνων |volume=30 |location=Athens |publisher=Grapheion Dēmosieumatōn tēs Akadēmias Athēnōn |date=1971 |page=88 |language=DE}}</ref> |
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The tale was also part of ''Fairy Tales of the Allied Nations'', a compilation of fairy tales by famed illustrator [[Edmund Dulac]], with the name ''The Serpent Prince''.<ref>Dulac, Edmund. ''Edmund Dulac’s Fairy-Book: Fairy Tales of the Allied Nations''. New York: George H. Doran Company. 1916. pp. 31-44.</ref> Likewise, the tale was translated as ''The Serpent Prince'', in a 1849 publication.<ref>{{cite book |last=Montalba |first=Anthony R. |title=Fairy Tales From All Nations |location=London |publisher=Chapman & Hall |date=1849 |pages=384-397 |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/34956/pg34956-images.html#THE_SERPENT_PRINCE}}</ref> |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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== Further reading == |
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* {{cite journal |last=Borghese |first=Lucia |title='LO SERPE', OVVERO I DUE BASILE DEI FRATELLI GRIMM |journal=Belfagor |volume=61 |issue=6 |date=2006 |pages=671–87 |jstor=26150507 |lang=Italian}} Accessed 19 June 2024. |
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{{Animal as Bridegroom}} |
{{Animal as Bridegroom}} |
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Latest revision as of 23:54, 28 July 2024
The Enchanted Snake or The Snake (Neapolitan: Lo serpe)[1] is an Italian fairy tale written by author Giambattista Basile in the Pentamerone, as the fifth story of the second day.[2] The tale is related to the international cycle of the Animal as Bridegroom or The Search for the Lost Husband, wherein a human maiden marries a prince cursed to be an animal, loses him and has to search for him.
It is Aarne-Thompson type 425A, "The (Animal) Monster as Bridegroom". Others of this type include The Black Bull of Norroway, The Brown Bear of Norway, The Daughter of the Skies, The Enchanted Pig, The Tale of the Hoodie, Master Semolina, The Sprig of Rosemary, East of the Sun and West of the Moon, and White-Bear-King-Valemon.[3] The second part of the tale, wherein the heroine finds the cure for her lover's ailment and cures him, ties it to tale type ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird".
Translations
[edit]The tale has been variously translated as The Enchanted Snake, by author Andrew Lang for The Green Fairy Book,[4] as The Serpent Prince, by illustrator Edmund Dulac,[5] also as The Serpent Prince for a 1849 publication,[6] as Grannonia and the Fox,[7] and by Nancy Canepa as The Serpent.[8]
Synopsis
[edit]A poor woman named Sapatella longed for a child. One day, she saw a little snake in the forest and said that even snakes had children; the little snake offered to be hers. The woman and her husband, called Cola Mattheo, raised the snake. When it was grown, it wanted to marry, and not to another snake but to the king's daughter. The father went to ask, and the king said that the snake should have her if he could turn all the fruit in the orchard into gold. The snake told his father to gather up all the pits he could find and sow them in the orchard; when they sprang up, all the fruits were gold.
The king then demanded that the walls and paths of his palace be turned to precious stones; the snake had his father gathered up broken crockery and threw it at the walls and paths, which transformed them, making them glitter with the many coloured gems.
The king then demanded that the castle be turned to gold; the snake had his father rub the walls with a herb, which transformed them.
The king told his daughter, Grannonia, he had tried to put off this suitor but failed. Grannonia said that she would obey him. The snake came in a car of gold, drawn by elephants; everyone else ran off in fright, but Grannonia stood her ground. The snake took her into a room, where he shed his skin and became a handsome young man. The king, fearing that his daughter was being eaten, looked through the keyhole, and seeing this, grabbed the skin and burned it. The youth exclaimed that the king was a fool, turned into a dove, and flew off.
Grannonia set out in search of him. She met a fox and traveled with him. In the morning as the princess remarked on the wondrous sounds of the birdsongs, the fox told her the birdsong would be even better if she knew what the birds were saying: that a prince had been cursed to take a snake's form for seven years, that near the end of the time, he had fallen in love with and married a princess, but that his snake skin had been burned, and he had struck his head while he fled, and was now in the care of doctors. The fox then told her that the blood of the birds would cure him, and he caught them for her. Then he told her that his blood was also needed; she persuaded him to go with her and killed him.
She went to her husband's father and promised to cure the prince if he would marry her; the king agreed and she cured him. The prince refused because he had already pledged himself to another woman. The princess, pleased, revealed that she was that woman and they married.[9]
Analysis
[edit]Tale type
[edit]The tale is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as types ATU 425A, "The Animal (Monster) as Bridegroom", ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird", and ATU 433, "The Prince as Serpent".[10] French scholars Paul Delarue and Marie-Louise Thèneze recognize the tale as a combination of types: AT 433A (subtype of type ATU 433) and ATU 432.[11]
Motifs
[edit]The urging of her father to marry the beast because he had promised her represents a factor clearly present in arranged marriages. This tale has been interpreted as symbolically representing an arranged marriage; the bride's revulsion to marrying a stranger being symbolized by his bestial form.[12]
The episode of the heroine overhearing the animals that talk about how to cure the ailed prince occurs in tale type ATU 432, "The Prince as Bird".[13]
The animal husband
[edit]According to Letterio di Francia, in many Italian variants the prince is either transformed into a serpent or is an enchanted pig.[14] In turn, according to Greek folklorist Georgios A. Megas's quantitative analysis, among the many forms of the enchanted husband in Italian variants, he appears as a serpent in 11 tales and as a pig in 10 texts.[15]
See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Basile, Giambattista (1891). Croce, Benedetto (ed.). Lo cunto de li cunti (Il Pentamerone): Testo conforme alla prima stampa del MDCXXXIV - VI. Napoli. pp. 209–219.
- ^ Giambattista Basile, The Pentamerone "The Snake"
- ^ Heidi Anne Heiner, "Tales Similar to East of the Sun & West of the Moon"
- ^ Lang, Andrew (1902). The green fairy book. New York: Longmans, Green. pp. 186–193.
- ^ Dulac, Edmund (1916). Edmund Dulac's Fairy-Book: Fairy Tales of the Allied Nations. New York: George H. Doran Company. pp. 31–44.
- ^ Montalba, Anthony R. (1849). Fairy Tales From All Nations. London: Chapman & Hall. pp. 384–397.
- ^ Cinderella and other classic Italian fairy tales. New York: Children's Classics; Avenel, N.J.: Distributed by Outlet Book Co., 1993. pp. 85-94.
- ^ Canepa, Nancy (2007). "The Golden Trunk: Fourth Entertainment of the Fifth Day". Giambattista Basile's The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones. Wayne State University Press. pp. 169–176. ISBN 978-0-8143-3738-7. Project MUSE chapter 442810.
- ^ Basile, Giambattista; Strange, E. F. (Ed.); Taylor, John Edward (translator). Stories from the Pentamerone. London: Macmillan and Co., Limited. 1911. pp. 110-121.
- ^ Canepa, Nancy (2007). "The Golden Trunk: Fourth Entertainment of the Fifth Day". Giambattista Basile's The Tale of Tales, or Entertainment for Little Ones. Wayne State University Press. p. 169 (footnote). ISBN 978-0-8143-3738-7. Project MUSE chapter 442810.
- ^ Delarue, Paul; Ténèze, Marie-Louise (1957). Le conte populaire français; catalogue raisonné des versions de France et des pays de langue française d'outre-mer: Canada, Louisiane, îlots français des États-Unis, Antilles françaises, Haïti, Ile Maurice, La Réunion (in French). Érasme. p. 115. ISBN 978-2-7068-0623-0. OCLC 1625284.
- ^ Maria Tatar, Off with Their Heads! p. 140-1 ISBN 0-691-06943-3.
- ^ Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. pp. 146-147.
- ^ Di Francia, Letterio (Curatore). Fiabe e novelle calabresi. Prima e seconda parte. Torino: Giovanni Chiantore. 1935. p. 33.
- ^ Megas, Georgios A. (1971). Das Märchen von Amor und Psyche in der griechischen Volksüberlieferung. Πραγματειαι της Ακαδημιας Αθηνων (in German). Vol. 30. Athens: Grapheion Dēmosieumatōn tēs Akadēmias Athēnōn. p. 88.