CAC CA-23: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Cancelled Australian fighter aircraft}} |
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{|{{Infobox aircraft begin |
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|name= CA-23 |
|name= CA-23 |
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|image=CAC CA-23.png |
|image= File:CAC CA-23.png |
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|retired= |
|retired= |
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|status= Cancelled |
|status= Cancelled |
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|primary user= [[Royal Australian Air Force]] |
|primary user= [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (intended) |
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|more users= |
|more users= |
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|produced= |
|produced= |
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|number built= |
|number built= |
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|unit cost= |
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|developed from= |
|developed from= |
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The '''CAC CA-23''' was a planned [[supersonic]], [[twinjet]], two-seat, [[Night fighter|all-weather]] fighter aircraft designed by [[Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation]]. |
The '''CAC CA-23''' was a planned [[supersonic]], [[twinjet]], two-seat, [[Night fighter|all-weather]] fighter aircraft designed by the [[Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation]] of Australia. |
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==Design and development== |
==Design and development== |
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In 1949, the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF) began assessing replacements for its locally-built [[Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation]] (CAC) [[P-51 Mustang|Mustang |
In 1949, the [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF) began assessing replacements for its locally-built [[Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation]] (CAC) [[P-51 Mustang|Mustang]]s and [[De Havilland Australia]] (DHA) [[De Havilland Vampire|Vampire]]s.<ref>[http://www.airforce.gov.au/raafmuseum/research/aircraft/series2/A94.htm RAAF Museum, 2009, ''A94 CAC Sabre''] (14 December 2012).</ref> US and British designs were considered, including the [[Hawker P.1081]] (which had been developed with the RAAF in mind) and the [[Grumman Panther]]. The [[Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation]] (CAC), which had developed an extensive and proven in-house design capability during [[World War II]], submitted a detailed proposal for a twin-jet, [[all-weather fighter]] with a two-seat cockpit, the CA-23. On the basis of CAC's track record, the Department of Defence Production granted funds to CAC for further development of its concept. |
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| ⚫ | The CAC CA-23 concept included two then-unconventional features. Firstly, its [[planform]] combined a [[delta wing]] with low-set horizontal stabilisers. Secondly, a distinctive, wide nose air intake for the jet engines. It was originally conceived as powered by two [[Rolls-Royce RB.44 Tay|Rolls-Royce Tay]] engines; the final version was however designed for the more powerful [[Rolls-Royce Avon]] turbojet engines. The aircraft was to be fitted with the most up to date radar and electronic equipment. Its anticipated top speed was to be about Mach 1.5, which was much faster than any then-existing aircraft.<ref>Deeb 2006, pp. 14–15.</ref> |
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The [[Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation]] (CAC) had developed an extensive in-house design office and capability stemming from Australian Government funding during [[World War II]]. On the basis of the CAC track record and a detailed proposal, the Department of Defence Production granted funds to develop the CAC CA-23 concept. |
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| ⚫ | Over the life of the project, many mock-up models were made at different scales, with hundreds of detailed drawings, plus wind tunnel tests proving the [[delta wing]] was more than satisfactory. The program was described by a contemporary British visitor to CAC as "a most ambitious design for a fighter and as advanced as anything yet seen in any other part of the world."<ref>RAAF Museum, 2009, ''A94 CAC Sabre''</ref> |
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| ⚫ | The CAC CA-23 [[delta wing]] |
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| ⚫ | The four-year project was cancelled in 1953 after the expenditure of £163,195 with extensive aeronautical R&D testing in wind tunnels in Australia and at the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]] (RAE) in the UK. The testing results were so promising and ground breaking for a delta wing design that RAE requested permission to distribute the data to major UK aircraft manufacturers and [[Avro Canada]].<ref>Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891</ref> |
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| ⚫ | Over the life of the project |
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| ⚫ | The four-year project was cancelled in 1953 after the expenditure of £163,195 with extensive aeronautical R&D testing in wind tunnels in Australia and at the [[Royal Aircraft Establishment]]. The testing results were so promising and ground breaking for a delta wing design that |
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==Controversy and cancellation== |
==Controversy and cancellation== |
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The decision to cancel the CAC CA-23 project was controversial at the time among the Australian political elite and aircraft industry insiders. The official reason given for the cancellation for the project was that it had failed to meet key design criteria as an all-weather jet fighter, in failing to incorporate a working radar design into the nose cone.<ref>Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891</ref> However, the change of the Federal Australian Government had brought about a significant change in policy and priorities around indigenous aircraft design and production. This new policy arose from the November 1951 British mission to Australia on developing aircraft (Aircraft Development Mission) design and cooperation.<ref>Report on the visit to Australia of First Aircraft Development Mission, Australian Archives, CRS MP1472/13, File 51</ref> Further, the appointment of a British officer, Sir James Donald Hardman, as Chief of the Air Staff for the Royal Australian Air Force on 14 January 1952, with supervision of aircraft procurement, saw a fundamental policy shift occur.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=John |date=2007 |chapter=Hardman, Sir James Donald Innes (1899–1982) |title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=17 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |location=Carlton, Victoria |isbn=978-0-52285-382-7 |chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hardman-sir-james-donald-innes-12591/text22677}}</ref> Hardman deemed that aircraft design costs were prohibitive and advanced aeronautical R&D design work should be centralised and resources pooled with Britain, in Britain. From this point forward the policy was to adapt proven aircraft for Australian conditions, not start from scratch. Along with this decision, a series of negative reports by the U.K. Ministry of Supply were cited about the CA-23, which contained false assumptions and data comparisons, that led to terse rebuttal letter from Sir Lawrence J Wackett to U.K. Govt.<ref>Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891</ref> However, in time, the preference for British designed aircraft was subsequently overturned by the following Australian Chief of Air Staff [[John McCauley]], who once again switched back to American designed and Australian built aircraft. |
The decision to cancel the CAC CA-23 project was controversial at the time among the Australian political elite and aircraft industry insiders. The official reason given for the cancellation for the project was that it had failed to meet key design criteria as an all-weather jet fighter, in failing to incorporate a working radar design into the nose cone.<ref>Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891</ref> However, the change of the Federal Australian Government had brought about a significant change in policy and priorities around indigenous aircraft design and production. This new policy arose from the November 1951 British mission to Australia on developing aircraft (Aircraft Development Mission) design and cooperation.<ref>Report on the visit to Australia of First Aircraft Development Mission, Australian Archives, CRS MP1472/13, File 51</ref> Further, the appointment of a British officer, Sir James Donald Hardman, as Chief of the Air Staff for the Royal Australian Air Force on 14 January 1952, with supervision of aircraft procurement, saw a fundamental policy shift occur.<ref>{{cite book |last=McCarthy |first=John |date=2007 |chapter=Hardman, Sir James Donald Innes (1899–1982) |title=Australian Dictionary of Biography |volume=17 |publisher=Melbourne University Press |location=Carlton, Victoria |isbn=978-0-52285-382-7 |chapter-url=http://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hardman-sir-james-donald-innes-12591/text22677}}</ref> Hardman deemed that aircraft design costs were prohibitive and advanced aeronautical R&D design work should be centralised and resources pooled with Britain, in Britain. From this point forward the policy was to adapt proven aircraft for Australian conditions, not start from scratch. Along with this decision, a series of negative reports by the U.K. Ministry of Supply were cited about the CA-23, which contained false assumptions and data comparisons, that led to terse rebuttal letter from Sir Lawrence J Wackett to U.K. Govt.<ref>Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891</ref> However, in time, the preference for British designed aircraft was subsequently overturned by the following Australian Chief of Air Staff [[John McCauley]], who once again switched back to American designed and Australian built aircraft. |
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The CA-23 design work was abandoned in the early 1950s by the [[Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation]], after the government asked CAC to produce an up-engined variant of the [[North American F-86 Sabre]]: the [[CAC Sabre]] was also powered by the Rolls-Royce Avon. In correspondence CAC stated "It is not possible to make significant changes to the Sabre for installation Avon engine area without a team of engineers that has been extended to work on a long-range fighter aircraft".<ref>Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891</ref> The CAC Sabre used a British jet engine that |
The CA-23 design work was abandoned in the early 1950s by the [[Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation]], after the government asked CAC to produce an up-engined variant of the [[North American F-86 Sabre]]: the [[CAC Sabre]] was also powered by the Rolls-Royce Avon. In correspondence CAC stated "It is not possible to make significant changes to the Sabre for installation Avon engine area without a team of engineers that has been extended to work on a long-range fighter aircraft".<ref>Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891</ref> The CAC Sabre used a British jet engine that required extensive redesign work beyond what had been originally expected. |
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==Similarities with other aircraft== |
==Similarities with other aircraft== |
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* [[Hawker P.1081]] |
* [[Hawker P.1081]] |
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* [[CAC Sabre]] |
* [[CAC Sabre]] |
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* [[Supermarine Type 553]] |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Latest revision as of 01:32, 1 August 2024
| CA-23 | |
|---|---|
| |
| Role | All-weather fighter |
| National origin | Australien |
| Manufacturer | Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation |
| Status | Cancelled |
| Primary user | Royal Australian Air Force (intended) |
The CAC CA-23 was a planned supersonic, twinjet, two-seat, all-weather fighter aircraft designed by the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation of Australia.
Design and development
[edit]In 1949, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) began assessing replacements for its locally-built Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC) Mustangs and De Havilland Australia (DHA) Vampires.[1] US and British designs were considered, including the Hawker P.1081 (which had been developed with the RAAF in mind) and the Grumman Panther. The Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC), which had developed an extensive and proven in-house design capability during World War II, submitted a detailed proposal for a twin-jet, all-weather fighter with a two-seat cockpit, the CA-23. On the basis of CAC's track record, the Department of Defence Production granted funds to CAC for further development of its concept.
The CAC CA-23 concept included two then-unconventional features. Firstly, its planform combined a delta wing with low-set horizontal stabilisers. Secondly, a distinctive, wide nose air intake for the jet engines. It was originally conceived as powered by two Rolls-Royce Tay engines; the final version was however designed for the more powerful Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engines. The aircraft was to be fitted with the most up to date radar and electronic equipment. Its anticipated top speed was to be about Mach 1.5, which was much faster than any then-existing aircraft.[2]
Over the life of the project, many mock-up models were made at different scales, with hundreds of detailed drawings, plus wind tunnel tests proving the delta wing was more than satisfactory. The program was described by a contemporary British visitor to CAC as "a most ambitious design for a fighter and as advanced as anything yet seen in any other part of the world."[3]
The four-year project was cancelled in 1953 after the expenditure of £163,195 with extensive aeronautical R&D testing in wind tunnels in Australia and at the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE) in the UK. The testing results were so promising and ground breaking for a delta wing design that RAE requested permission to distribute the data to major UK aircraft manufacturers and Avro Canada.[4]
Controversy and cancellation
[edit]The decision to cancel the CAC CA-23 project was controversial at the time among the Australian political elite and aircraft industry insiders. The official reason given for the cancellation for the project was that it had failed to meet key design criteria as an all-weather jet fighter, in failing to incorporate a working radar design into the nose cone.[5] However, the change of the Federal Australian Government had brought about a significant change in policy and priorities around indigenous aircraft design and production. This new policy arose from the November 1951 British mission to Australia on developing aircraft (Aircraft Development Mission) design and cooperation.[6] Further, the appointment of a British officer, Sir James Donald Hardman, as Chief of the Air Staff for the Royal Australian Air Force on 14 January 1952, with supervision of aircraft procurement, saw a fundamental policy shift occur.[7] Hardman deemed that aircraft design costs were prohibitive and advanced aeronautical R&D design work should be centralised and resources pooled with Britain, in Britain. From this point forward the policy was to adapt proven aircraft for Australian conditions, not start from scratch. Along with this decision, a series of negative reports by the U.K. Ministry of Supply were cited about the CA-23, which contained false assumptions and data comparisons, that led to terse rebuttal letter from Sir Lawrence J Wackett to U.K. Govt.[8] However, in time, the preference for British designed aircraft was subsequently overturned by the following Australian Chief of Air Staff John McCauley, who once again switched back to American designed and Australian built aircraft.
The CA-23 design work was abandoned in the early 1950s by the Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation, after the government asked CAC to produce an up-engined variant of the North American F-86 Sabre: the CAC Sabre was also powered by the Rolls-Royce Avon. In correspondence CAC stated "It is not possible to make significant changes to the Sabre for installation Avon engine area without a team of engineers that has been extended to work on a long-range fighter aircraft".[9] The CAC Sabre used a British jet engine that required extensive redesign work beyond what had been originally expected.
Similarities with other aircraft
[edit]The decision by the Australian Department of Defence Production to grant permission for the distribution of the detailed design drawings and wind tunnel tests of the CA-23 by the U.K. Swept Wing Advisory Committee to 15 British Aircraft manufacturers and Avro Canada has always raised questions and theories around the similarities with the English Electric Lightning and especially the Sukhoi Su-7. The wind tunnel tests carried out by the Royal Aircraft Establishment on the CA-23 and the history of Soviet Agents (Wilfred Vernon and others) associated with the Royal Aircraft Establishment prior to 1953 have led to this conjecture on the similarities.[10] However, no firm conclusions have been made about the design similarities or links.
Specifications
[edit]Data from Australian Military Experimental and Prototype Aircraft[11]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Length: 54 ft (16 m)
- Wingspan: 44 ft (13 m)
- Height: 12 ft (3.7 m)
- Empty weight: 23,325 lb (10,580 kg)
- Powerplant: 2 × Rolls-Royce Avon turbojet engines
Performance
- Maximum speed: Mach 1.5
- Service ceiling: 47,500 ft (14,500 m)
Armament
- Guns: 4 x 0.5 in (12.70 mm) machine-guns with 250 rounds per gun
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Notes
- ^ RAAF Museum, 2009, A94 CAC Sabre (14 December 2012).
- ^ Deeb 2006, pp. 14–15.
- ^ RAAF Museum, 2009, A94 CAC Sabre
- ^ Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891
- ^ Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891
- ^ Report on the visit to Australia of First Aircraft Development Mission, Australian Archives, CRS MP1472/13, File 51
- ^ McCarthy, John (2007). "Hardman, Sir James Donald Innes (1899–1982)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 17. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press. ISBN 978-0-52285-382-7.
- ^ Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891
- ^ Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891
- ^ Lomas, Daniel, Intelligence, Security and the Attlee Governments, 1945–51: An Uneasy Relationship?, Oxford Uni Press
- ^ Deeb, R.; Deeb, W.M.P.R. (2006). Australian Military Experimental and Prototype Aircraft. Lulu Enterprises Incorporated. p. 14. ISBN 9781411648906. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
- Bibliography
- Deeb, Raymond. Australian Military Experimental and Prototype Aircraft. Lulu.com: Wizards Military Publications, 2006. ISBN 978-1411648906.
- Department of Defence Production. Memorandums & Correspondence, 1949–1952; accessed from Australian National Archives 2017
- Australian Archives, CRS A705/1, File 9/1/1891