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{{short description|1959 drama film by Roger Vadim}}
{{use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
{{Infobox film
| name = Les liaisons dangereuses
| name = Les liaisons dangereuses
| image = Les liaisons dangereuses (1959 movie poster).jpg
| image = Les liaisons dangereuses (1959 movie poster).jpg
| image_size =
| caption = French film poster
| caption = French film poster
| director = [[Roger Vadim]]
| director = [[Roger Vadim]]
Line 12: Line 14:
| cinematography = Marcel Grignon
| cinematography = Marcel Grignon
| editing = Victoria Mercanton
| editing = Victoria Mercanton
| distributor = [[Ariane Distribution]]<br />Astor Films (UC/Canada)
| distributor = Ariane Distribution
| released = {{Film date|1959|9|9|df=y}} (France)<br />1961 (US)
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1959|9|9|}}
| runtime = 105 minutes
| runtime = 110 minutes
| country = France
| country = France
| language = French
| language = French
| budget = US$4.3 million
| budget = US$4.3 million
| gross = 4,325,341 admissions (France)<ref>[http://translate.googleusercontent.com/translate_c?depth=1&hl=en&prev=search&rurl=translate.google.com.au&sl=fr&u=http://www.boxofficestory.com/box-office-roger-vadim-c25399894&usg=ALkJrhiz2ycJY4yEWBz1CkBLBbUmym5EAQ Box office information for Roger Vadim films] at Box Office Story</ref>
| gross = 4,325,341 admissions (France)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficestory.com/box-office-roger-vadim-c25399894 |title=Box office information for Roger Vadim films |website=Box Office Story}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''''Les Liaisons dangereuses''''' (Dangerous Liaisons) is a 1959 French-language film, loosely based on [[Les liaisons dangereuses|the 1782 novel]] by [[Pierre Choderlos de Laclos]], set in present-day France.
'''''Les Liaisons dangereuses''''' (Dangerous Liaisons) is a 1959 French [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] [[romance film]] loosely based on [[Les liaisons dangereuses|the 1782 novel]] by [[Pierre Choderlos de Laclos]], set in present-day France.


It was directed by [[Roger Vadim]], and stars [[Jeanne Moreau]], [[Gerard Phillipe]], and [[Annette Stroyberg|Annette Vadim]]. It was a French/Italian co-production.
It was directed by [[Roger Vadim]], and stars [[Jeanne Moreau]], [[Gerard Phillipe]], and [[Annette Stroyberg|Annette Vadim]]. It was a French/Italian co-production.
Line 54: Line 56:


==Production==
==Production==
Fourteen-year-old British school girl Gillian Hills was cast in a lead role,<ref>"German Reds Defy 'Bayonets'" by Joseph B. Fleming. ''The Washington Post and Times-Herald'' 22 Dec 1958: A5.</ref> but public outcry meant this was recast, and Hills played a smaller part.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44523354 |title=Brando's errors will help Wayne. |newspaper=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]] | date=22 July 1959 |access-date=3 January 2015 |page=68 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref>
Fourteen-year-old British school girl Gillian Hills was cast in a lead role,<ref>{{cite news|title=German Reds Defy 'Bayonets' |first=Joseph B. |last=Fleming |work=The Washington Post |date=22 December 1958 |page=A5}}</ref> but public outcry meant this was recast, and Hills played a smaller part.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article44523354 |title=Brando's errors will help Wayne. |newspaper=[[The Australian Women's Weekly]] | date=22 July 1959 |access-date=3 January 2015 |page=68 |via=National Library of Australia}}</ref>


Gerard Philippe reportedly took the role in response to the critical failure of his film ''[[The Gambler (1958 film)|The Gambler]]'' (1958).<ref name="new">"GALLIC CENSORS POUNCE; MLLE. 'B. B.' SUBSIDES" by CYNTHIA GRENIER, PARIS. ''The New York Times'' 11 October 1959: X9.</ref> [[Gérard Philipe]] died almost eight weeks after the film's release. It was the last of his films that was released before his death.<ref name="box">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficestory.com/box-office-gerard-philipe-c25784244|website=Box Office Story|title=Box Office Success of Gerard Philippe films}}</ref>
Gerard Philippe reportedly took the role in response to the critical failure of his film ''[[The Gambler (1958 film)|The Gambler]]'' (1958).<ref name="new">{{cite news|title=Gallic Censors Pounce; Mlle. 'B. B.' Subsides |first=Cynthia |last=Grenier |work=The New York Times |date=11 October 1959 |page=X9}}</ref> [[Gérard Philipe]] died almost eight weeks after the film's release. It was the last of his films that was released before his death.<ref name="box">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficestory.com/box-office-gerard-philipe-c25784244|website=Box Office Story|title=Box Office Success of Gerard Philippe films}}</ref>


===Censorship===
===Censorship===
There was concern the film would be allowed to screen in France at all. Eventually, permission was granted to show it to adults. In September 1959, the film was denied an export license because it was "unrepresentative of French film art", and thus could not be shown outside France.<ref name="new"/><ref>"Daring French Film Banned for Export" ''The Washington Post and Times-Herald'' 10 Sep 1959: B5.</ref>
There was concern the film would not be allowed to screen in France at all. Eventually, permission was granted to show it to adults. In September 1959, the film was denied an export license because it was "unrepresentative of French film art", and thus could not be shown outside France.<ref name="new"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Daring French Film Banned for Export |work=The Washington Post |date=10 September 1959 |page=B5}}</ref>


Two weeks into the film's run in [[Paris]], the film was seized as the result of civil action taken against it by the Society of Men of Letters, who said they were acting to protect the reputation of the original work. They wanted its title changed to ''Les Liaisons Dangereuses '60''.<ref>"FRENCH FILM SEIZED: But Paris Literary Society Then Allows It to Run Special to The New York Times." ''New York Times'' 18 Sep 1959: 25.</ref> This was done.
Two weeks into the film's run in [[Paris]], the film was seized as the result of civil action taken against it by the Society of Men of Letters, who said they were acting to protect the reputation of the original work. They wanted its title changed to ''Les Liaisons Dangereuses '60''.<ref>{{cite news|title=FRENCH FILM SEIZED: But Paris Literary Society Then Allows It to Run |work=The New York Times |date=18 September 1959 |page=25}}</ref> This was done.


The movie was a massive hit at the French box office – the most successful domestic film since 1954.<ref name="times"/>
The movie was a massive hit at the French box office – the most successful domestic film since 1954.<ref name="times"/>


Eventually, the film was allowed to be exported to Japan, Greece, and the Scandinavian countries. Then, in 1961, a full export licence was granted; US and Canadian distribution rights were bought by Astor Films for a reported record sum.<ref name="times">"FRANCE WILL LIFT FILM'S EXPORT BAN: Controversial 'Les Liaisons Dangereuses' Due in Fall" by EUGENE ARCHER. ''New York Times'' 2 Aug 1961: 19.</ref>
Eventually, the film was allowed to be exported to Japan, Greece, and the Scandinavian countries. Then, in 1961, a full export licence was granted; US and Canadian distribution rights were bought by Astor Films for a reported record sum.<ref name="times">{{cite news|title=FRANCE WILL LIFT FILM'S EXPORT BAN: Controversial 'Les Liaisons Dangereuses' Due in Fall |first=Eugene |last=Archer |work=The New York Times |date=2 August 1961 |page=19}}</ref>


===US release===
===US release===
New York censors only allowed the film to be shown after it had been edited to a "darkened" print of two "objectionable" nude scenes (involving Annette Vadim and Jeanne Valerie).<ref>"STATE CENSORS LET FRENCH FILM OPEN" ''New York Times'' 19 Dec 1961: 39.</ref>
New York censors only allowed the film to be shown after it had been edited to a "darkened" print of two "objectionable" nude scenes (involving Annette Vadim and Jeanne Valerie).<ref>{{cite news|title=State Censors Let French Film Open |work=The New York Times |date=19 December 1961 |page=39}}</ref>


In February 1962, the film was pulled from a theater in [[Montclair, New Jersey]], at the request of the police commissioner, as authorized by the Town Council. This occurred after a letter writing campaign following the film's condemnation from the pulpit of a local [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>New York Times February 17, 1962 [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/02/18/113415019.pdf] accessed July 15, 2013</ref> The film had been running for nearly three weeks at that point. The theater continued its run beginning ten days later, the theater's management citing contractual obligations to its American distributor.<ref>[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/02/27/81785435.pdf ''New York Times'' February 27, 1962] accessed July 15, 2013</ref>
In February 1962, the film was pulled from a theater in [[Montclair, New Jersey]], at the request of the police commissioner, as authorized by the Town Council. This occurred after a letter writing campaign following the film's condemnation from the pulpit of a local [[Roman Catholic Church]].<ref>{{cite news|title=French Film Forced Off Screen in Jersey |work=The New York Times |date=February 17, 1962 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/02/18/113415019.pdf |access-date=July 15, 2013}}</ref> The film had been running for nearly three weeks at that point. The theater continued its run beginning ten days later, the theater's management citing contractual obligations to its American distributor.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1962/02/27/81785435.pdf |title='Les Liaisons' Resuming |work=The New York Times |date=February 27, 1962 |access-date=July 15, 2013}}</ref>


==Musical score and soundtrack==
==Musical score and soundtrack==


The film's score was performed by [[Thelonious Monk]], drawing on his existing compositions, as time constraints and a health crisis meant he was unable to compose new material.<ref name="Schonefeld">{{cite news|last=Schonefeld|first=Zach
The film's score was performed by [[Thelonious Monk]], drawing on his existing compositions, as time constraints and a health crisis meant he was unable to compose new material.<ref name="Schonefeld">{{cite news|last=Schonefeld|first=Zach
|url=http://www.newsweek.com/thelonious-monk-jazz-les-liaisons-dangereuses-barney-wilen-589837|title=A Long Lost Thelonious Monk Album is Finally Released Nearly 60 Years Later|work=Newsweek|date=May 18, 2017|access-date=June 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chinen|first=Nate|url=http://wbgo.org/post/new-thelonious-monk-album-emerges-soundtrack-classic-french-film|title=A New Thelonious Monk Album Emerges From the Soundtrack to a Classic French Film|date=March 21, 2017|access-date=June 15, 2017}}</ref> The original recordings by Thelonious Monk, including music not used in the film, were released for the first time in 2017 as a double album in both vinyl and CD editions.<ref name="Schonefeld"/>
|url=http://www.newsweek.com/thelonious-monk-jazz-les-liaisons-dangereuses-barney-wilen-589837|title=A Long Lost Thelonious Monk Album is Finally Released Nearly 60 Years Later|work=Newsweek|date=May 18, 2017|access-date=June 15, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chinen|first=Nate|url=http://wbgo.org/post/new-thelonious-monk-album-emerges-soundtrack-classic-french-film|title=A New Thelonious Monk Album Emerges From the Soundtrack to a Classic French Film|date=March 21, 2017|website=WBGO 45|access-date=June 15, 2017}}</ref> The original recordings by Monk, including music not used in the film, were released for the first time in 2017 as a double album in both vinyl and CD editions.<ref name="Schonefeld"/>


{{Infobox album
{{Infobox album
Line 98: Line 100:
| next_year = 1959
| next_year = 1959
}}
}}
Additional music for the extended party scene by Jack Marray (a pseudonym for [[Duke Jordan]]) was recorded by [[Art Blakey]] and the [[Jazz Messengers]] with [[Barney Wilen]]. The soundtrack, featuring only those tracks recorded by Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers with Barney Wilen, was originally released on the French [[Fontana Records|Fontana]] label.<ref>[http://www.jazzdisco.org/art-blakey/catalog/album-index/#fontana-680-203-ml Art Blakey discography] accessed July 21, 2013</ref><ref>[http://www.jazzdiscography.com/Artists/Blakey/chron.htm Art Blakey chronology] accessed July 214, 2013</ref>
Additional music for the extended party scene by Jack Marray (a pseudonym for [[Duke Jordan]]) was recorded by [[Art Blakey]] and the [[Jazz Messengers]] with [[Barney Wilen]]. The soundtrack, featuring only those tracks recorded by Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers with Barney Wilen, was originally released on the French [[Fontana Records|Fontana]] label.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jazzdisco.org/art-blakey/catalog/album-index/#fontana-680-203-ml |title=Art Blakey discography |website=jazzdisco.org |access-date=July 21, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jazzdiscography.com/Artists/Blakey/chron.htm |title=Art Blakey chronology |website=jazzdisco.org |access-date=July 21, 2013}}</ref>


===Reception===
===Reception===
{{Album ratings
{{Music ratings
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1 = [[Allmusic]]
| rev1Score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="Allmusic"/>
| rev1Score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="Allmusic"/>
}}
}}
[[AllMusic]] reviewer [[Scott Yanow]] states of the Blakey album that "In general, the music manages to stand on its own with the ensemble getting to stretch out a bit on the rare material".<ref name="Allmusic">Yanow, S. [http://www.allmusic.com/album/les-liaisons-dangereuses-mw0000199245 Allmusic Review], accessed June 21, 2013</ref>
[[AllMusic]] reviewer [[Scott Yanow]] states of the Blakey album that "In general, the music manages to stand on its own with the ensemble getting to stretch out a bit on the rare material".<ref name="Allmusic">{{cite web|last=Yanow |first=S. |title=Les Liaisons Dangereuses [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack] |url=http://www.allmusic.com/album/les-liaisons-dangereuses-mw0000199245 |website=[[AllMusic]] |access-date=June 21, 2013}}</ref>


===Track listing===
===Track listing===
Line 139: Line 141:
==External links==
==External links==
* {{IMDb title|53002|Les liaisons dangereuses}}
* {{IMDb title|53002|Les liaisons dangereuses}}
* {{Allmovie title|12172|Les liaisons dangereuses}}
* {{AllMovie title|12172|Les liaisons dangereuses}}


{{Roger Vadim}}{{Jazz Messengers}}{{Duke Jordan}}{{Lee Morgan}}{{Bobby Timmons}}
{{Roger Vadim}}{{Jazz Messengers}}{{Duke Jordan}}{{Lee Morgan}}{{Bobby Timmons}}
{{Les Liaisons dangereuses}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Liaisons Dangereuses}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Liaisons Dangereuses}}
[[Category:French drama films]]
[[Category:French romantic drama films]]
[[Category:French romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Erotic romance films]]
[[Category:Erotic romance films]]
Line 154: Line 156:
[[Category:Films based on French novels]]
[[Category:Films based on French novels]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos]]
[[Category:Adultery in films]]
[[Category:Films about adultery in France]]
[[Category:Works based on Les Liaisons dangereuses]]
[[Category:Works based on Les Liaisons dangereuses]]
[[Category:1950s French films]]
[[Category:1950s French films]]

Latest revision as of 07:44, 1 August 2024

Les liaisons dangereuses
French film poster
Directed byRoger Vadim
Written byRoger Vailland
Claude Brulé
Based onnovel by Choderlos de Laclos
StarringJeanne Moreau
Gérard Philipe
Annette Vadim
Madeleine Lambert
CinematographyMarcel Grignon
Edited byVictoria Mercanton
Music byThelonious Monk
Duke Jordan (as Jack Marray)
Distributed byAriane Distribution
Release date
  • 9 September 1959 (1959-09-09)
Running time
110 minutes
LandFrankreich
SpracheFrench
BudgetUS$4.3 million
Box office4,325,341 admissions (France)[1]

Les Liaisons dangereuses (Dangerous Liaisons) is a 1959 French drama romance film loosely based on the 1782 novel by Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, set in present-day France.

It was directed by Roger Vadim, and stars Jeanne Moreau, Gerard Phillipe, and Annette Vadim. It was a French/Italian co-production.

Synopsis

[edit]

In present-day France, Valmont and Juliette de Merteuil are a married couple who help each other have extramarital affairs.

Juliette's latest lover, Court, breaks up with her in order to be free to pursue his plan to marry the 16-year-old Cecile. Seeking revenge, Juliette encourages Valmont to seduce the virginal Cecile while she holidays at the ski resort of Megève. Cecile is in love with a student, Danceny, but he refuses to marry her until he can support her.

While on holiday, Valmont meets the beautiful and virtuous Marianne, originally from Denmark, who has a small child and is happily married to a young civil servant. He decides to pursue her as well, at first by befriending her and being completely honest as to what sort of person he is.

Valmont succeeds in seducing the virginal Cecile by blackmailing her. Cecile confesses the act to Juliette who encourages her to keep seeing Valmont, and Cecile does so.

Valmont then follows Marianne to Paris and succeeds in seducing her as well. Eventually Valmont genuinely falls in love with Marianne, and she prepares to leave her husband for him. Juliette becomes jealous and sends Marianne a telegram supposedly from Valmont, but with Valmont's reluctant consent, breaking it off with her and saying the seduction was all a game.

Cecile tells Juliette that she is pregnant by Valmont and asks for her help in persuading Danceny to marry her. Instead, Juliette tells Danceny that he should not marry and plans to seduce Danceny herself.

Valmont and Cecile tell Danceny about Juliette's duplicity. However, Juliette then tells him that Cecile and Valmont slept together, and Danceny strikes Valmont, accidentally killing him. While Danceny faces murder charges, Marianne loses her reason with the shock of Valmont's rejection of her and subsequent death.

Valmont has written letters to Juliette throughout the film describing both their actions. Juliette burns the letters, but catches fire herself and is disfigured for life doing so.

Cast

[edit]

Production

[edit]

Fourteen-year-old British school girl Gillian Hills was cast in a lead role,[2] but public outcry meant this was recast, and Hills played a smaller part.[3]

Gerard Philippe reportedly took the role in response to the critical failure of his film The Gambler (1958).[4] Gérard Philipe died almost eight weeks after the film's release. It was the last of his films that was released before his death.[5]

Censorship

[edit]

There was concern the film would not be allowed to screen in France at all. Eventually, permission was granted to show it to adults. In September 1959, the film was denied an export license because it was "unrepresentative of French film art", and thus could not be shown outside France.[4][6]

Two weeks into the film's run in Paris, the film was seized as the result of civil action taken against it by the Society of Men of Letters, who said they were acting to protect the reputation of the original work. They wanted its title changed to Les Liaisons Dangereuses '60.[7] This was done.

The movie was a massive hit at the French box office – the most successful domestic film since 1954.[8]

Eventually, the film was allowed to be exported to Japan, Greece, and the Scandinavian countries. Then, in 1961, a full export licence was granted; US and Canadian distribution rights were bought by Astor Films for a reported record sum.[8]

US release

[edit]

New York censors only allowed the film to be shown after it had been edited to a "darkened" print of two "objectionable" nude scenes (involving Annette Vadim and Jeanne Valerie).[9]

In February 1962, the film was pulled from a theater in Montclair, New Jersey, at the request of the police commissioner, as authorized by the Town Council. This occurred after a letter writing campaign following the film's condemnation from the pulpit of a local Roman Catholic Church.[10] The film had been running for nearly three weeks at that point. The theater continued its run beginning ten days later, the theater's management citing contractual obligations to its American distributor.[11]

Musical score and soundtrack

[edit]

The film's score was performed by Thelonious Monk, drawing on his existing compositions, as time constraints and a health crisis meant he was unable to compose new material.[12][13] The original recordings by Monk, including music not used in the film, were released for the first time in 2017 as a double album in both vinyl and CD editions.[12]

Les Liaisons Dangereuses 1960
Soundtrack album by
Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers with Barney Wilen
Released1960
RecordedJuly 28 & 29, 1959
Nola's Penthouse Sound Studios, New York City
GenreFilm score
Length38:54
LabelFontana
680 203 TL
ProducerMarcel Romano
Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers chronology
At the Jazz Corner of the World
(1959) 		Les Liaisons Dangereuses 1960
(1960) 		Africaine
(1959)

Additional music for the extended party scene by Jack Marray (a pseudonym for Duke Jordan) was recorded by Art Blakey and the Jazz Messengers with Barney Wilen. The soundtrack, featuring only those tracks recorded by Art Blakey and The Jazz Messengers with Barney Wilen, was originally released on the French Fontana label.[14][15]

Reception

[edit]
Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic[16]

AllMusic reviewer Scott Yanow states of the Blakey album that "In general, the music manages to stand on its own with the ensemble getting to stretch out a bit on the rare material".[16]

Track listing

[edit]

All compositions by Duke Jordan

  1. "No Problem (1st Version)" – 7:23
  2. "No Hay Problema" – 4:35
  3. "Prelude In Blue (À "L' Esquinade")" – 6:59
  4. "Valmontana (1st Version)"- 4:46
  5. "Miguel's Party" – 4:23
  6. "Prelude In Blue (Chez Miguel)" – 5:54
  7. "No Problem (2nd Version)" – 6:00
  8. "Weehawken Mad Pad" – 1:50
  9. "Valmontana (2nd Version)" – 4:33
  10. "No Hay Problema (2nd Version)" – 3:53 Bonus track on CD reissue

Most tracks on Duke Jordan's record with the same title in 1962 have the same melodies, but with different track titles. "Prelude In Blue" with "Weehawken Mad Pad" was retitled "The Feeling of Love"; "Valmontana" was changed to "Jazz Vendor"; and "Miguel's Party" to "Subway Inn". The title "No Problem" was left intact.

Musiker

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Box office information for Roger Vadim films". Box Office Story.
  2. ^ Fleming, Joseph B. (22 December 1958). "German Reds Defy 'Bayonets'". The Washington Post. p. A5.
  3. ^ "Brando's errors will help Wayne". The Australian Women's Weekly. 22 July 1959. p. 68. Retrieved 3 January 2015 – via National Library of Australia.
  4. ^ a b Grenier, Cynthia (11 October 1959). "Gallic Censors Pounce; Mlle. 'B. B.' Subsides". The New York Times. p. X9.
  5. ^ "Box Office Success of Gerard Philippe films". Box Office Story.
  6. ^ "Daring French Film Banned for Export". The Washington Post. 10 September 1959. p. B5.
  7. ^ "FRENCH FILM SEIZED: But Paris Literary Society Then Allows It to Run". The New York Times. 18 September 1959. p. 25.
  8. ^ a b Archer, Eugene (2 August 1961). "FRANCE WILL LIFT FILM'S EXPORT BAN: Controversial 'Les Liaisons Dangereuses' Due in Fall". The New York Times. p. 19.
  9. ^ "State Censors Let French Film Open". The New York Times. 19 December 1961. p. 39.
  10. ^ "French Film Forced Off Screen in Jersey" (PDF). The New York Times. 17 February 1962. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  11. ^ "'Les Liaisons' Resuming" (PDF). The New York Times. 27 February 1962. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  12. ^ a b Schonefeld, Zach (18 May 2017). "A Long Lost Thelonious Monk Album is Finally Released Nearly 60 Years Later". Newsweek. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  13. ^ Chinen, Nate (21 March 2017). "A New Thelonious Monk Album Emerges From the Soundtrack to a Classic French Film". WBGO 45. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  14. ^ "Art Blakey discography". jazzdisco.org. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  15. ^ "Art Blakey chronology". jazzdisco.org. Retrieved 21 July 2013.
  16. ^ a b Yanow, S. "Les Liaisons Dangereuses [Original Motion Picture Soundtrack]". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 June 2013.
[edit]
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