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{{Short description|Events of the 1970s related to jazz music}}
{| class="infobox"
{{Jazz by decade}}
|- style="background:#f3f3f3;"

| style="text-align:center;"| [[1960s in jazz|1960s]] <sup>.</sup> '''1970s in jazz''' <sup>.</sup> [[1980s in jazz|1980s]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Other topics: N/A
|}
[[File:Art Blakey 1973.jpg|thumb|right|[[Art Blakey]], 1973]]
[[File:Art Blakey 1973.jpg|thumb|right|[[Art Blakey]], 1973]]
In the '''1970s in jazz''', jazz became increasingly influenced by [[Latin jazz]], combining rhythms from African and Latin American countries, often played on instruments such as [[conga]], [[timbales|timbale]], [[güiro]], and [[claves]], with jazz and classical harmonies played on typical jazz instruments (piano, double bass, etc.). Artists such as [[Chick Corea]], [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]] and [[Al Di Meola]] increasingly influenced the genre with [[jazz fusion]], a hybrid form of jazz-rock [[Jazz fusion|fusion]] which was developed by combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments, and the highly amplified stage sound of rock musicians such as [[Jimi Hendrix]]. All Music Guide states that "..until around 1967, the worlds of jazz and rock were nearly completely separate." However, "...as rock became more creative and its musicianship improved, and as some in the jazz world became bored with [[hard bop]] and did not want to play strictly [[free jazz|avant-garde music]], the two different idioms began to trade ideas and occasionally combine forces."<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d299|pure_url=yes}} |title=Explore: Fusion |website=AllMusic |access-date=November 28, 2010}}</ref>
In the '''1970s in jazz''', jazz became increasingly influenced by [[Latin jazz]], combining rhythms from African and Latin American countries, often played on instruments such as [[conga]], [[timbales|timbale]], [[güiro]], and [[claves]], with jazz and classical harmonies played on typical jazz instruments (piano, double bass, etc.). Artists such as [[Chick Corea]], [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]] and [[Al Di Meola]] increasingly influenced the genre with [[jazz fusion]], a hybrid form of jazz-rock [[Jazz fusion|fusion]] which was developed by combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments, and the highly amplified stage sound of rock musicians such as [[Jimi Hendrix]]. All Music Guide states that "..until around 1967, the worlds of jazz and rock were nearly completely separate." However, "...as rock became more creative and its musicianship improved, and as some in the jazz world became bored with [[hard bop]] and did not want to play strictly [[free jazz|avant-garde music]], the two different idioms began to trade ideas and occasionally combine forces."<ref>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d299|pure_url=yes}} |title=Explore: Fusion |website=AllMusic |access-date=November 28, 2010}}</ref>
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Miles Davis made the breakthrough into fusion in the 1970s with his album ''[[Bitches Brew]]''. Musicians who worked with Davis formed the four most influential fusion groups: [[Weather Report]] and [[Mahavishnu Orchestra]] emerged in 1971 and were soon followed by [[Return to Forever]] and [[The Headhunters]]. Although jazz purists protested the blend of jazz and rock, some of jazz's significant innovators crossed over from the contemporary hard bop scene into fusion. Jazz fusion music often uses mixed meters, odd time signatures, syncopation, and complex chords and harmonies. In addition to using the electric instruments of rock, such as the electric guitar, electric bass, electric piano, and synthesizer keyboards, fusion also used the powerful amplification, [[Distortion (music)|"fuzz" pedals]], [[wah-wah pedal]]s, and other effects used by 1970s-era rock bands. Notable performers of jazz fusion included [[Miles Davis]], keyboardists [[Joe Zawinul]], [[Chick Corea]], [[Herbie Hancock]], vibraphonist [[Gary Burton]], drummer [[Tony Williams (drummer)|Tony Williams]], violinist [[Jean-Luc Ponty]], guitarists [[Larry Coryell]], [[Al Di Meola]], [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]] and [[Frank Zappa]], saxophonist [[Wayne Shorter]], and bassists [[Jaco Pastorius]] and [[Stanley Clarke]]. Jazz fusion was also popular in Japan where the band [[Casiopea]] released over thirty albums praising Jazz Fusion.
Miles Davis made the breakthrough into fusion in the 1970s with his album ''[[Bitches Brew]]''. Musicians who worked with Davis formed the four most influential fusion groups: [[Weather Report]] and [[Mahavishnu Orchestra]] emerged in 1971 and were soon followed by [[Return to Forever]] and [[The Headhunters]]. Although jazz purists protested the blend of jazz and rock, some of jazz's significant innovators crossed over from the contemporary hard bop scene into fusion. Jazz fusion music often uses mixed meters, odd time signatures, syncopation, and complex chords and harmonies. In addition to using the electric instruments of rock, such as the electric guitar, electric bass, electric piano, and synthesizer keyboards, fusion also used the powerful amplification, [[Distortion (music)|"fuzz" pedals]], [[wah-wah pedal]]s, and other effects used by 1970s-era rock bands. Notable performers of jazz fusion included [[Miles Davis]], keyboardists [[Joe Zawinul]], [[Chick Corea]], [[Herbie Hancock]], vibraphonist [[Gary Burton]], drummer [[Tony Williams (drummer)|Tony Williams]], violinist [[Jean-Luc Ponty]], guitarists [[Larry Coryell]], [[Al Di Meola]], [[John McLaughlin (musician)|John McLaughlin]] and [[Frank Zappa]], saxophonist [[Wayne Shorter]], and bassists [[Jaco Pastorius]] and [[Stanley Clarke]]. Jazz fusion was also popular in Japan where the band [[Casiopea]] released over thirty albums praising Jazz Fusion.


In the mid-1970s, [[jazz funk]] became popular, characterized by a strong [[beat (music)|back beat]] ([[Groove (music)|groove]]), electrified sounds,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rhapsody.com/jazz/jazzfunk/more.html |title=Free Jazz-Funk Music: Album, Track and Artist Charts |publisher=Rhapsody Online&nbsp;— Rhapsody.com|access-date=November 28, 2010|archive-date=September 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920131709/http://www.rhapsody.com/jazz/jazzfunk/more.html }}</ref> and often, the presence of the first electronic [[analog synthesizers]]. The integration of [[Funk]], [[soul music|Soul]], and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is indeed quite wide and ranges from strong [[Musical improvisation#Jazz improvisation|jazz improvisation]] to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz [[riff]]s, and jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals.<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d202|pure_url=yes}} |title=allmusic |website=allmusic |access-date=November 28, 2010}}</ref>
In the mid-1970s, [[jazz funk]] became popular, characterized by a strong [[beat (music)|back beat]] ([[Groove (music)|groove]]), electrified sounds,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rhapsody.com/jazz/jazzfunk/more.html |title=Free Jazz-Funk Music: Album, Track and Artist Charts |publisher=Rhapsody Online&nbsp;— Rhapsody.com|access-date=November 28, 2010|archive-date=September 20, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920131709/http://www.rhapsody.com/jazz/jazzfunk/more.html }}</ref> and often, the presence of the first electronic [[analog synthesizers]]. The integration of [[funk]], [[soul music|soul]], and [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]] music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is indeed quite wide and ranges from strong [[Musical improvisation#Jazz improvisation|jazz improvisation]] to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz [[riff]]s, and jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals.<ref name=allmusic>{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=explore|id=style/d202|pure_url=yes}} |title=allmusic |website=allmusic |access-date=November 28, 2010}}</ref>

''[[Reader's Digest]]'' measured the most popular forms of jazz from 1910 to the 1970s, and the 1970 to 1975 part of the chart listed [[Bebop|modern jazz]] or bebop as the most popular subgenre, [[blues]] as the second-most popular form, [[ragtime]] revival and other traditional forms as the third-most, [[free jazz]] as fourth-most, [[Jazz fusion|jazz rock]] as the fifth-most popular, and [[big band]] as the least popular.<ref>{{Cite book |title=The Story of America |publisher=[[Reader's Digest]] |year=1975 |editor-last=Calkins |editor-first=Caroll C. |location=United States |pages=398–399 |editor-last2=Balaban |editor-first2=Priscilla B. |editor-last3=Kelleher |editor-first3=Mary |editor-last4=Latham |editor-first4=Frank B. |editor-last5=Conefrey |editor-first5=Rosemarie |editor-last6=Huber |editor-first6=Robert V. |editor-last7=Pace |editor-first7=Georgea A. |editor-last8=Woodward |editor-first8=Robert J.}}</ref>

{{horizontal TOC|limit=2|nonum=y}}


==1970s jazz standards==
==1970s jazz standards==
* 1971 – "[[Spain (composition)|Spain]]".<ref>''[[#refTheNewRealBookVol2|The New Real Book, Volume II]]'', p. 339</ref> Jazz fusion composition by [[Chick Corea]]. First recorded on [[Return to Forever]]'s ''[[Light as a Feather]]''. The famous theme from the second movement of [[Joaquín Rodrigo]]'s ''[[Concierto de Aranjuez]]'' is often used as an introduction for the song.
* 1971 – "[[Spain (composition)|Spain]]".<ref>''[[#refTheNewRealBookVol2|The New Real Book, Volume II]]'', p. 339</ref> Jazz fusion composition by [[Chick Corea]]. First recorded on [[Return to Forever]]'s ''[[Light as a Feather]]''. The famous theme from the second movement of [[Joaquín Rodrigo]]'s ''[[Concierto de Aranjuez]]'' is often used as an introduction for the song.
* 1972 – "[[Little Sunflower]]".<ref>''[[#refTheRealBookVol2|The Real Book, Volume II]]'', p. 244</ref> Composed by [[Freddie Hubbard]] with lyrics by [[Al Jarreau]].
* 1972 – "[[Little Sunflower (composition)|Little Sunflower]]".<ref>''[[#refTheRealBookVol2|The Real Book, Volume II]]'', p. 244</ref> Composed by [[Freddie Hubbard]] with lyrics by [[Al Jarreau]].
* 1972 – "[[Red Clay (song)|Red Clay]]".<ref>''[[#refTheRealBookVol1|The Real Book, Volume I]]'', p. 338</ref> Jazz fusion composition by [[Freddie Hubbard]].
* 1972 – "[[Red Clay (song)|Red Clay]]".<ref>''[[#refTheRealBookVol1|The Real Book, Volume I]]'', p. 338</ref> Jazz fusion composition by [[Freddie Hubbard]].
* 1972 – "[[Waters of March]]" – 1972 [[bossa nova]] song by [[Antonio Carlos Jobim]]. Known in Portuguese as "Águas de Março".
* 1972 – "[[Waters of March]]" – 1972 [[bossa nova]] song by [[Antonio Carlos Jobim]]. Known in Portuguese as "Águas de Março".
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* [[Keith Jarrett]]: ''[[Expectations (Keith Jarrett album)|Expectations]]''
* [[Keith Jarrett]]: ''[[Expectations (Keith Jarrett album)|Expectations]]''
* [[Chick Corea]]: ''[[Piano Improvisations Vol. 1]]'' and ''[[Piano Improvisations Vol. 2|Vol. 2]]''
* [[Chick Corea]]: ''[[Piano Improvisations Vol. 1]]'' and ''[[Piano Improvisations Vol. 2|Vol. 2]]''
* [[Joe Zawinul]]: ''[[Zawinul]]''
* [[Joe Zawinul]]: ''[[Zawinul (album)|Zawinul]]''
* [[Joe McPhee]]: ''[[Trinity (Joe McPhee album)|Trinity]]''
* [[Joe McPhee]]: ''[[Trinity (Joe McPhee album)|Trinity]]''
* [[Oliver Nelson]]: ''[[Swiss Suite]]''
* [[Oliver Nelson]]: ''[[Swiss Suite]]''
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* [[Derek Bailey (guitarist)|Derek Bailey]]: ''[[Company 1]] ''
* [[Derek Bailey (guitarist)|Derek Bailey]]: ''[[Company 1]] ''
* [[Jan Garbarek]]: ''[[Dis (album)|Dis]]''
* [[Jan Garbarek]]: ''[[Dis (album)|Dis]]''
* [[Irene Schweizer]]: ''[[Wilde Senoritas]] ''
* [[Irene Schweizer]]: ''[[Wilde Señoritas]] ''
* [[Toshiko Akiyoshi]]: ''[[Road Time]] ''
* [[Toshiko Akiyoshi]]: ''[[Road Time]] ''
* [[Albert Mangelsdorff]]: ''[[Tromboneliness]] ''
* [[Albert Mangelsdorff]]: ''[[Tromboneliness]] ''
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* [[Pat Metheny]]: ''[[Watercolors (Pat Metheny album)|Watercolors]]''
* [[Pat Metheny]]: ''[[Watercolors (Pat Metheny album)|Watercolors]]''
* [[John Scofield]]: ''[[East Meets West (John Scofield album)|East Meets West]] ''
* [[John Scofield]]: ''[[East Meets West (John Scofield album)|East Meets West]] ''
* [[Leroy Jenkins (jazz musician)|Leroy Jenkins]]: ''[[Solo Concert]] ''
* [[Leroy Jenkins (jazz musician)|Leroy Jenkins]]: ''[[Solo Concert (Leroy Jenkins album)|Solo Concert]] ''
* [[Julius Hemphill]]: ''[[Blue Boye]] ''
* [[Julius Hemphill]]: ''[[Blue Boyé]] ''
* [[Michael Mantler]]: ''[[Movies (Michael Mantler album)|Movies]]''
* [[Michael Mantler]]: ''[[Movies (Michael Mantler album)|Movies]]''
* [[Abdul Wadud]]: ''[[By Myself (Abdul Wadud album)|By Myself]] ''
* [[Abdul Wadud]]: ''[[By Myself (Abdul Wadud album)|By Myself]] ''
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* [[George Russell (composer)|George Russell]]: ''[[Vertical Form 6]] ''
* [[George Russell (composer)|George Russell]]: ''[[Vertical Form 6]] ''
* [[Joanne Brackeen]]: ''[[Aft (album)|Aft]]''
* [[Joanne Brackeen]]: ''[[Aft (album)|Aft]]''
* [[Julius Hemphill]]: ''[[Roi Boye and the Gotham Minstrels]] ''
* [[Julius Hemphill]]: ''[[Roi Boyé & the Gotham Minstrels]] ''
* [[Kenny Wheeler]]: ''[[Deer Wan]] ''
* [[Kenny Wheeler]]: ''[[Deer Wan]] ''
* [[Irene Schweizer]]: ''[[Hexensabbat]] ''
* [[Irene Schweizer]]: ''[[Hexensabbat]] ''
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* [[Wadada Leo Smith|Leo Smith]]: ''[[The Mass on the World]] ''
* [[Wadada Leo Smith|Leo Smith]]: ''[[The Mass on the World]] ''
* [[Roscoe Mitchell]]: ''[[L-R-G / The Maze / S II Examples]] ''
* [[Roscoe Mitchell]]: ''[[L-R-G / The Maze / S II Examples]] ''
* [[Leroy Jenkins (jazz musician)|Leroy Jenkins]]: ''[[Legend of Ai Glatson]] ''
* [[Leroy Jenkins (jazz musician)|Leroy Jenkins]]: ''[[The Legend of Ai Glatson]] ''
* [[Rova Saxophone Quartet]]: ''[[Cinema Rovate]] ''
* [[Rova Saxophone Quartet]]: ''[[Cinema Rovate]] ''
* [[Gerry Hemingway]]: ''[[Kwambe]] ''
* [[Gerry Hemingway]]: ''[[Kwambe]] ''
* [[Sam Rivers (jazz musician)|Sam Rivers]]: ''[[Waves (Sam Rivers album)|Waves]]''
* [[Sam Rivers (jazz musician)|Sam Rivers]]: ''[[Waves (Sam Rivers album)|Waves]]''
* [[George E. Lewis]]: ''[[Imaginary Suite]] ''
* [[George E. Lewis]]: ''[[Imaginary Suite]] ''
* [[Don Pullen]]: ''[[Warriors (Don Pullen album)|Warriors]]''
* [[Don Pullen]]: ''[[Warriors (jazz album)|Warriors]]''
* [[Guenter Hampel]]: ''[[Oasis (Gunter Hampel album)|Oasis]]''
* [[Guenter Hampel]]: ''[[Oasis (Gunter Hampel album)|Oasis]]''
* [[Cecil Taylor]]: ''[[3 Phasis]] ''
* [[Cecil Taylor]]: ''[[3 Phasis]] ''
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|work=Discogs
|work=Discogs
|access-date=2010-11-28}}</ref>
|access-date=2010-11-28}}</ref>
* [[Anthony Braxton]]: ''[[Alto Saxophone Improvisations]]''
* [[Anthony Braxton]]: ''[[Alto Saxophone Improvisations 1979]]''
* [[Dollar Brand]]: ''[[African Marketplace]]''
* [[Dollar Brand]]: ''[[African Marketplace]]''
* [[Martial Solal]]: ''[[Four Keys]]''
* [[Martial Solal]]: ''[[Four Keys]]''
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* [[James Newton]]: ''[[Mystery School]]''
* [[James Newton]]: ''[[Mystery School]]''
* [[Art Pepper]]: ''[[Straight Life (Art Pepper album)|Straight Life]]''
* [[Art Pepper]]: ''[[Straight Life (Art Pepper album)|Straight Life]]''
* [[Anthony Davis (composer)|Anthony Davis]]: ''[[Hidden Voices]]''
* [[Anthony Davis (composer)|Anthony Davis]]: ''[[Hidden Voices (album)|Hidden Voices]]''
* [[Errol Parker]]: ''[[Doodles (Errol Parker album)|Doodles]]''<ref>{{cite journal
* [[Errol Parker]]: ''[[Doodles (Errol Parker album)|Doodles]]''<ref>{{cite journal
|title=Jazz journal international, Volume 43
|title=Jazz journal international, Volume 43
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* [[John Surman]]: ''[[Upon Reflection]]''
* [[John Surman]]: ''[[Upon Reflection]]''
* [[Joseph Jarman]]: ''[[The Magic Triangle]]''
* [[Joseph Jarman]]: ''[[The Magic Triangle]]''
* [[Max Roach]] & [[Anthony Braxton]]: ''[[One in Two]]''
* [[Max Roach]] & [[Anthony Braxton]]: ''[[One in Two – Two in One]]''
* [[Woody Shaw]]: ''[[Woody III]]''
* [[Woody Shaw]]: ''[[Woody III]]''
* [[Max Roach]]: ''[[Pictures In A Frame]]''
* [[Max Roach]]: ''[[Pictures in a Frame]]''
* [[Ralph Towner]]: ''[[Solo Concert]]''
* [[Ralph Towner]]: ''[[Solo Concert (Ralph Towner album)|Solo Concert]]''
* [[Kenny Wheeler]]: ''[[Around 6]]''
* [[Kenny Wheeler]]: ''[[Around 6]]''
* [[Billy Bang]]: ''[[Distinction Without A Difference]]''
* [[Billy Bang]]: ''[[Distinction Without a Difference (album)|Distinction Without a Difference]]''
* [[Cecil McBee]]: ''[[Alternate Spaces]]''
* [[Cecil McBee]]: ''[[Alternate Spaces]]''
* [[Fred Anderson (musician)|Fred Anderson]]: ''[[Dark Day (Fred Anderson album)|Dark Day]]''
* [[Fred Anderson (musician)|Fred Anderson]]: ''[[Dark Day (Fred Anderson album)|Dark Day]]''

Revision as of 16:19, 1 August 2024

Jazz by decade
Art Blakey, 1973

In the 1970s in jazz, jazz became increasingly influenced by Latin jazz, combining rhythms from African and Latin American countries, often played on instruments such as conga, timbale, güiro, and claves, with jazz and classical harmonies played on typical jazz instruments (piano, double bass, etc.). Artists such as Chick Corea, John McLaughlin and Al Di Meola increasingly influenced the genre with jazz fusion, a hybrid form of jazz-rock fusion which was developed by combining jazz improvisation with rock rhythms, electric instruments, and the highly amplified stage sound of rock musicians such as Jimi Hendrix. All Music Guide states that "..until around 1967, the worlds of jazz and rock were nearly completely separate." However, "...as rock became more creative and its musicianship improved, and as some in the jazz world became bored with hard bop and did not want to play strictly avant-garde music, the two different idioms began to trade ideas and occasionally combine forces."[1] On June 16, 1972 the New York Jazz Museum opened in New York City at 125 West 55th Street in a one and one-half story building. It became the most important institution for jazz in the world with a 25,000 item archive, free concerts, exhibits, film programs, etc.

Carlos Santana, one of the pioneers of the Latin jazz-fusion genre

Miles Davis made the breakthrough into fusion in the 1970s with his album Bitches Brew. Musicians who worked with Davis formed the four most influential fusion groups: Weather Report and Mahavishnu Orchestra emerged in 1971 and were soon followed by Return to Forever and The Headhunters. Although jazz purists protested the blend of jazz and rock, some of jazz's significant innovators crossed over from the contemporary hard bop scene into fusion. Jazz fusion music often uses mixed meters, odd time signatures, syncopation, and complex chords and harmonies. In addition to using the electric instruments of rock, such as the electric guitar, electric bass, electric piano, and synthesizer keyboards, fusion also used the powerful amplification, "fuzz" pedals, wah-wah pedals, and other effects used by 1970s-era rock bands. Notable performers of jazz fusion included Miles Davis, keyboardists Joe Zawinul, Chick Corea, Herbie Hancock, vibraphonist Gary Burton, drummer Tony Williams, violinist Jean-Luc Ponty, guitarists Larry Coryell, Al Di Meola, John McLaughlin and Frank Zappa, saxophonist Wayne Shorter, and bassists Jaco Pastorius and Stanley Clarke. Jazz fusion was also popular in Japan where the band Casiopea released over thirty albums praising Jazz Fusion.

In the mid-1970s, jazz funk became popular, characterized by a strong back beat (groove), electrified sounds,[2] and often, the presence of the first electronic analog synthesizers. The integration of funk, soul, and R&B music and styles into jazz resulted in the creation of a genre whose spectrum is indeed quite wide and ranges from strong jazz improvisation to soul, funk or disco with jazz arrangements, jazz riffs, and jazz solos, and sometimes soul vocals.[3]

Reader's Digest measured the most popular forms of jazz from 1910 to the 1970s, and the 1970 to 1975 part of the chart listed modern jazz or bebop as the most popular subgenre, blues as the second-most popular form, ragtime revival and other traditional forms as the third-most, free jazz as fourth-most, jazz rock as the fifth-most popular, and big band as the least popular.[4]

1970s jazz standards

1970

Main article: 1970 in jazz

Events

Album releases

Deaths

Births

1971

Main article: 1971 in jazz

Album releases

Deaths

Births

1972

Main article: 1972 in jazz

Events

Album releases

Deaths

Births

1973

Main article: 1973 in jazz
McCoy Tyner in 1973

Album releases

Deaths

Births

1974

Main article: 1974 in jazz

Album releases

Deaths

Duke Ellington died on May 24

Births

1975

Main article: 1975 in jazz
Joe Pass, 1975

Album releases

Deaths

Births

1976

Main article: 1976 in jazz

Album releases

Deaths

Births

1977

Main article: 1977 in jazz
Ben Riley Heath Brothers, 1977

Album releases

Deaths

Births

1978

Main article: 1978 in jazz
Bill Evans, Montreaux Jazz Festival, 1978

Album releases

Deaths

Births

1979

Main article: 1979 in jazz

Album releases

Deaths

Births

References

  1. ^ "Explore: Fusion". AllMusic. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  2. ^ "Free Jazz-Funk Music: Album, Track and Artist Charts". Rhapsody Online — Rhapsody.com. Archived from the original on September 20, 2008. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  3. ^ "allmusic". allmusic. Retrieved November 28, 2010.
  4. ^ Calkins, Caroll C.; Balaban, Priscilla B.; Kelleher, Mary; Latham, Frank B.; Conefrey, Rosemarie; Huber, Robert V.; Pace, Georgea A.; Woodward, Robert J., eds. (1975). The Story of America. United States: Reader's Digest. pp. 398–399.
  5. ^ The New Real Book, Volume II, p. 339
  6. ^ The Real Book, Volume II, p. 244
  7. ^ The Real Book, Volume I, p. 338
  8. ^ The Real Book, Volume II, p. 79
  9. ^ The Real Book, Volume II, p. 268
  10. ^ Send in the Clowns at jazzstandards.com - retrieved on February 20 * 1974–2009 Archived March 6, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ The Real Book, Volume I, p. 41
  12. ^ The New Real Book, Volume II, p. 20
  13. ^ The Real Book, Volume II, p. 46
  14. ^ 8:30 review on Allmusic - retrieved on November 28, 2010
  15. ^ "Lesli Dalaba, Wayne Horvitz, Polly Bradfield - Trumpet Songs And Dances". Discogs. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  16. ^ "Jazz journal international, Volume 43". Billboard Limited. 1990. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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