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{{Short description|First Nation in Alberta, Canada}}
{{Short description|First Nation in Alberta, Canada}}
{{For|other Blackfoot/Blackfeet people|Blackfoot (disambiguation)}}
{{About||other Blackfoot/Blackfeet people|Blackfoot (disambiguation)|the white supremacist organization|Blood Tribe (neo-Nazi group)}}
{{Infobox First Nation
{{Infobox First Nation
| band_name = Blood Tribe<br/>Kainai Nation
| band_name = Blood Tribe<br/>Kainai Nation
| endonym = {{lang|bla|Káínaa}}
| endonym = {{lang|bla|Káínaa / ᖿᖱᖻᖷ}}
| band_number = 435
| band_number = 435
| image = Kainai Nation.JPG
| image = Kainai Nation.JPG
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| reserve = [[Blood 148A]]
| reserve = [[Blood 148A]]
| area = 1362.639
| area = 1362.639
| pop_year = 2019
| pop_year = 2021
| on_reserve = 4,572<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population. |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Blood%20148&DGUIDlist=2021A00054803802&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |website=Statistics Canada |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=16 April 2024 |ref=Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023. (accessed April 16, 2024).}}</ref>
| on_reserve = 8,751
| off_reserve = 3,948
| total_pop = 12,963
| total_pop = 12,699
| chief = Roy Fox
| chief = Roy Fox
| council =
| council =
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| tribal_council =
| tribal_council =
| website = {{official URL}}
| website = {{official URL}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=First Nation Detail|website=Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=August 20, 2019|url=http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=435&lang=eng}}</ref>
| footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|title=First Nation Detail: Blood|website=[[Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada]]|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=August 20, 2019|url=http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=435&lang=eng}}</ref>
}}
}}
[[File:Flag of the Blood Tribe.svg|thumb|Flag of the Blood Tribe]]
[[File:Flag of the Blood Tribe.svg|thumb|Flag of the Blood Tribe]]
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[[File:Kainai Nation..jpg|thumb|Kainai Nation [[town sign|entry sign]]]]
[[File:Kainai Nation..jpg|thumb|Kainai Nation [[town sign|entry sign]]]]


The '''Kainai Nation''' (or {{lang|bla|Káínawa}}, or '''Blood Tribe''') ({{lang-bla|Káínaa}}) is a [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] [[band government]] in southern [[Alberta]], Canada, with a population of 12,800 members in 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bloodtribe.org/|title=Blood Tribe - Kainaiwa|website=Blood Tribe - Kainaiwa}}</ref> up from 11,791 in December 2013.<ref>Blood Tribe Registered Population - Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada - {{cite web|url=http://pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER%3D435%26lang%3Deng |title=Registered Population |access-date=2014-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201172341/http://pse5-esd5.ainc-inac.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=435&lang=eng |archive-date=2014-02-01 }}</ref>
The '''Kainai Nation''' ({{lang-bla|ᖿᖱᖻᖳ|Káínaa}} or {{lang|bla|ᖿᖱᖻᖷ}}, <small>romanized</small>: ''Káínawa'', '''Blood Tribe''') is a [[First Nations in Canada|First Nations]] [[band government]] in southern [[Alberta]], Canada, with a population of 12,965 members in 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Branch |first=Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Communications |date=2008-11-14 |title=First Nation Profiles |url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=435&lang=eng |access-date=2024-08-02 |website=fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca}}</ref> up from 11,791 in December 2013.<ref>Blood Tribe Registered Population - Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada - {{cite web|url=https://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNRegPopulation.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=435&lang=eng |website=[[Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada]] |publisher=Government of Canada |title=Registered Population: Blood |access-date=2014-01-23 }}</ref>


{{lang|bla|Akáínaa}} translates directly to 'many chief' (from {{lang|bla|aká}}, 'many' and {{lang|bla|nínaa}}, 'chief') while {{lang|bla|Káína}} translates directly to 'many chief people'. The enemy Plains Cree called the Kainai {{lang|crk|Miko-Ew}}, 'stained with blood', thus 'the bloodthirsty, cruel', therefore, the common English name for the tribe is the ''Blood tribe''.
{{lang|bla|Akáínaa}} translates directly to 'many chief' (from {{lang|bla|aká}}, 'many' and {{lang|bla|nínaa}}, 'chief') while {{lang|bla|Káína}} translates directly to 'many chief people'. The enemy Plains Cree call the Kainai {{lang|crk|mihkowiyiniw}},<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search results |url=http://www.creedictionary.com/search/index.php?q=mihkowiyiniw&scope=1&cwr=27461 |access-date=2023-02-02 |website=www.creedictionary.com}}</ref> 'stained with blood', thus 'the bloodthirsty, cruel', therefore, the common English name for the tribe is the ''Blood tribe''.


The Kainai speak a language of the Blackfoot linguistic group; their dialect is closely related to those of the [[Siksika Nation|Siksika]] and [[Piikani Nation|Piikani]]. They are one of three nations comprising the [[Blackfoot Confederacy]].
The Kainai speak a language of the [[Blackfoot language|Blackfoot linguistic group]]; their dialect is closely related to those of the [[Siksika Nation|Siksika]] and [[Piikani Nation|Piikani]]. They are one of three nations comprising the [[Blackfoot Confederacy]].


At the time treaties such as [[Treaty 7]] were signed, the Kainai were situated on the [[Oldman River|Oldman]], [[Belly River|Belly]], and [[St. Mary River (Alberta–Montana)|St. Mary]] rivers west of [[Lethbridge]], Alberta. The Kainai [[Indian reserve|reserve]] [[Blood 148]] is currently the largest in [[Canada]] with 4,570 inhabitants<ref>[https://www.statcan.gc.ca] - 2016 Census Aboriginal Population Profile</ref> on {{cvt|545|sqmi|order=flip}} and is located {{convert|200|km}} south of [[Calgary]].
At the time treaties such as [[Treaty 7]] were signed, the Kainai were situated on the [[Oldman River|Oldman]], [[Belly River|Belly]], and [[St. Mary River (Alberta–Montana)|St. Mary]] rivers west of [[Lethbridge]], Alberta. The Kainai [[Indian reserve|reserve]] [[Blood 148]] is currently the largest in [[Canada]] with 4,570 inhabitants<ref>[https://www.statcan.gc.ca] - 2016 Census Aboriginal Population Profile</ref> on {{cvt|545|sqmi|order=flip}} and is located {{convert|200|km}} south of [[Calgary]].
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The Kainai Nation is governed by an elected council of twelve to fifteen, with one chief. The term of office is four years. Historical chiefs of the Kainai are below:
The Kainai Nation is governed by an elected council of twelve to fifteen, with one chief. The term of office is four years. Historical chiefs of the Kainai are below:


* Last of the Hereditary Chiefs Traditional Chief Jim Shot Both Sides (1956–1980)
* Last of the hereditary chiefs, Traditional Chief Jim Shot Both Sides (1956–1980)
*
* Chief Chris Shade (1996–2004)
* Chief Chris Shade (1996–2004)
* Chief Charles Weasel Head (2004–2016)
* Chief Charles Weasel Head (2004–2016)
* Chief Roy Fox (Makiinimaa – Curlew) (2016–Present)
* Chief Roy Fox (Makiinimaa – Curlew) (2016–present)


<!--current councillors transcluded from [[Blood Indian Reserve No. 148]]-->{{:Blood Indian Reserve No. 148}}
<!--current councillors transcluded from [[Blood Indian Reserve No. 148]]-->{{:Blood Indian Reserve No. 148}}


=== Police force ===
=== Police force ===
In pre-treaty times, the ''iikunuhkahtsi'' were a [[pan-tribal sodality|society]] responsible for the punishment of misdeeds. The Blood reserve is currently policed by the Blood Tribe Police, with 31 officers in 2015.
In pre-treaty times, the {{lang|bla|iikunuhkahtsi}} were a [[Pantribal sodality|society]] responsible for the punishment of misdeeds. {{As of|2015}} the Blood reserve was policed by the Blood Tribe Police, with 31 officers.
<gallery |="" align="center">
<gallery |="" align="center">


Image:George Catlin - Buffalo Bulls Back Fat - Smithsonian.jpg|[[Buffalo Bull's Back Fat|Stu-mick-o-súcks]], Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe, 1832 by [[George Catlin]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = Stu-mick-o-súcks, Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe by George Catlin | work = Smithsonian American Art Museum | access-date = 2012-08-10 | url = http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=3949}}</ref>
Image:George Catlin - Buffalo Bulls Back Fat - Smithsonian.jpg|[[Buffalo Bull's Back Fat|Stu-mick-o-súcks]], Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe, 1832 by [[George Catlin]]<ref>{{Cite web | title = Stu-mick-o-súcks, Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe by George Catlin | work = Smithsonian American Art Museum | access-date = 2012-08-10 | url = http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=3949}}</ref>
Image:Chief of the Blood indians War chief of the Piekann indians and Koutani indian 0079v.jpg|Chief of the Blood Indians, War chief of the Piekann Indians and Koutani Indians by [[Karl Bodmer]]
Image:Chief of the Blood indians War chief of the Piekann indians and Koutani indian 0079v.jpg|Chief of the Blood Indians, War chief of the Piekann Indians and a Koutani Indian, by [[Karl Bodmer]]
Image:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 079.jpg|Stsimaki (Reluctant-to-be-woman) - Blood by [[Edward S. Curtis]]
Image:Edward S. Curtis Collection People 079.jpg|Stsimaki (Reluctant-to-be-woman) - Blood by [[Edward S. Curtis]]
Image:Apio-mita White Dog - Blood.jpg|Apio-mita White Dog - Blood
Image:Apio-mita White Dog - Blood.jpg|Apio-mita White Dog - Blood
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* [[Faye HeavyShield]] - artist
* [[Faye HeavyShield]] - artist
*[[Marie Smallface Marule]] - academic administrator, activist, and educator
*[[Marie Smallface Marule]] - academic administrator, activist, and educator
*[[Natawista Iksina]] (1825-1893) - interpreter and diplomat
*[[Natawista Iksina]] (1825–1893) - interpreter and diplomat
* [[Jerry Potts]]
* [[Jerry Potts]]
* [[Circle of the Sun#Pete Standing Alone|Pete Standing Alone]]
* [[Circle of the Sun#Pete Standing Alone|Pete Standing Alone]]
* [[Seen from afar (1810-1869)]] - PEENAQUIM (Pe-na-koam, Penukwiim, translated as seen from afar, far seer, far off in sight, and far off dawn; also known as Onis tay say nah que im, Calf Rising in Sight, and Bull Collar), chief of the Blood tribe of the Blackfoot nation; b. c. 1810, probably in what is now southern Alberta, son of Two Suns; d. 1869 near the present city of Lethbridge, ALB<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/peenaquim_9E.html|title=Biography – PEENAQUIM – Volume IX (1861-1870) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography|website=www.biographi.ca}}</ref>
* [[Seen from afar (1810–1869)]] - PEENAQUIM (Pe-na-koam, Penukwiim, translated as seen from afar, far seer, far off in sight, and far off dawn; also known as Onis tay say nah que im, Calf Rising in Sight, and Bull Collar), chief of the Blood tribe of the Blackfoot nation; b. c. 1810, probably in what is now southern Alberta, son of Two Suns; d. 1869 near the present city of Lethbridge, ALB<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/peenaquim_9E.html|title=Biography – PEENAQUIM – Volume IX (1861-1870) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography|website=www.biographi.ca}}</ref>
* [[Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers]] - Kainai and [[Sami people|Sámi]] actress, producer, [[Filmmaking|filmmaker]] and curatorial assistant<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dowell|first=K. L.|date=2015|title=The future looks rad from where I stand: A review of claiming space: Voices of urban aboriginal youth at the UBC museum of anthropology|journal=Anthropologica|volume=57|issue=1|id={{ProQuest|1690736642}}}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcnu.org/about-bcnu/human-rights-and-equity/elle-maija-tailfeathers|title=Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers|website=www.bcnu.org|access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfu.ca/sfuwoodwards/events/events1/2016-2017-fall/Elle-MaijaTailfeathersAndBanchiHanuse.html|title=Film Screenings: Banchi Hanuse and Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers - SFU Woodward's - Simon Fraser University|website=www.sfu.ca|access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Indigenous Youth Wellness|title=Decolonization with Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJvbku5yv_c|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>
* [[Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers]] - Kainai and [[Sami people|Sámi]] actress, producer, [[Filmmaking|filmmaker]] and curatorial assistant<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dowell|first=K. L.|date=2015|title=The future looks rad from where I stand: A review of claiming space: Voices of urban aboriginal youth at the UBC museum of anthropology|journal=Anthropologica|volume=57|issue=1|id={{ProQuest|1690736642}}}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bcnu.org/about-bcnu/human-rights-and-equity/elle-maija-tailfeathers|title=Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers|website=www.bcnu.org|access-date=2016-09-17|archive-date=2016-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912195630/https://www.bcnu.org/about-bcnu/human-rights-and-equity/elle-maija-tailfeathers|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfu.ca/sfuwoodwards/events/events1/2016-2017-fall/Elle-MaijaTailfeathersAndBanchiHanuse.html|title=Film Screenings: Banchi Hanuse and Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers - SFU Woodward's - Simon Fraser University|website=www.sfu.ca|access-date=2016-09-17}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Indigenous Youth Wellness|title=Decolonization with Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vJvbku5yv_c|access-date=2019-02-06}}</ref>
* [[Esther Tailfeathers]]<ref name="University of Lethbridge">{{Cite web |title=Medical doctor and changemaker, Dr. Esther Tailfeathers, to receive University of Lethbridge honorary degree {{!}} UNews |url=https://www.ulethbridge.ca/unews/article/medical-doctor-and-changemaker-dr-esther-tailfeathers-receive-university-lethbridge-honorary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605160016/https://www.ulethbridge.ca/unews/article/medical-doctor-and-changemaker-dr-esther-tailfeathers-receive-university-lethbridge-honorary |archive-date=2024-06-05 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=[[University of Lethbridge]] |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Tom Three Persons]] - Rodeo athlete and rancher, best known for winning the saddle bronc competition at the inaugural Calgary Stampede in 1912
* [[Tom Three Persons]] - Rodeo athlete and rancher, best known for winning the saddle bronc competition at the inaugural Calgary Stampede in 1912


== In popular culture ==
== In popular culture ==
In 1960, the Kainai and their [[Sun Dance]] were featured in the [[National Film Board of Canada]] (NFB) documentary ''[[Circle of the Sun]]''. Tribal leaders had been concerned that the Sun Dance might be dying out, and had permitted filming as a visual record.<ref name="Rosenthal">{{cite book|last=Rosenthal|first=Alan |author2=John Corner|title=New challenges for documentary|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=90–91|isbn=0-7190-6899-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7byAre88gYC&q=%22Circle+of+the+Sun%22+low&pg=PA90|date=2005-05-13 }}</ref><ref name="curators">{{cite web|url=http://www.nfb.ca/film/circle-of-the-sun|title=Circle of the Sun|last=Low|first=Colin|author2=Gil Cardinal|work=Curator's comments|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|access-date=4 December 2009}}</ref>
In 1960, the Kainai and their [[Sun Dance]] were featured in the [[National Film Board of Canada]] (NFB) documentary ''[[Circle of the Sun]]''. Tribal leaders had been concerned that the Sun Dance might be dying out, and had permitted filming as a visual record.<ref name="Rosenthal">{{cite book|last=Rosenthal|first=Alan |author2=John Corner|title=New challenges for documentary|publisher=Manchester University Press|pages=90–91|isbn=0-7190-6899-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7byAre88gYC&q=%22Circle+of+the+Sun%22+low&pg=PA90|date=2005-05-13 }}</ref><ref name="curators">{{cite web|url=http://www.nfb.ca/film/circle-of-the-sun|title=Circle of the Sun|last=Low|first=Colin|author2=Gil Cardinal|work=Curator's comments|publisher=National Film Board of Canada|access-date=4 December 2009}}</ref> This documentary was later referenced by electronic music duo [[Boards of Canada]] on their debut album [[Music Has the Right to Children|''Music Has The Right to Children'']], with song titles such as "Kanai Industries" and "Pete Standing Alone" paying homage to the tribe and its leader.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-03 |title=Why Boards of Canada’s Music Has the Right to Children Is the Greatest Psychedelic Album of the ’90s |url=https://pitchfork.com/features/article/why-boards-of-canadas-music-has-the-right-to-children-is-the-greatest-psychedelic-album-of-the-90s/ |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=Pitchfork |language=en-US}}</ref>


In 1973, the NFB released the documentary ''Kainai'', which discusses the construction and consequences of a factory on their property.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kainai |url=http://onf-nfb.gc.ca/en/our-collection/?idfilm=12553 |website=onf-nfb.gc.ca |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref>
In 1973, the NFB released the documentary ''Kainai'', which discusses the construction and consequences of a factory on their property.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kainai |url=http://onf-nfb.gc.ca/en/our-collection/?idfilm=12553 |website=onf-nfb.gc.ca |publisher=National Film Board of Canada |access-date=14 January 2023}}</ref>
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== Historical newspapers ==
== Historical newspapers ==
[[File:Kainai News Oct 15 1968.jpg|thumb|Kainai News, Volume 1, Issue 9, October 15, 1968]]
[[File:Kainai News Oct 15 1968.jpg|thumb|''Kainai News'', Volume 1, Issue 9, October 15, 1968]]


* The ''Kainai News''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150916071459/http://www.uleth.ca/lib/digitized_Collections/sanews.asp Kainai News (1968-1991)]</ref> was one of Canada's first aboriginal newspapers and instrumental in the history of aboriginal journalism in Canada. It was published in southern Alberta by the Blood Indian Tribe and later by Indian News Media. Content focused on a range of local issues within the reserve as well as national issues such as the [[Indian Act]], the [[1969 White Paper|Whitepaper]] and [[Indian Act#Bill C-31|Bill C-31]]. Of particular significance are editorial cartoons by Everett Soop which were a regular feature of the newspaper. Its first editor way Caen Bly, granddaughter of Senator [[James Gladstone]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanderson|first=Kay|title=200 Remarkable Alberta Women|year=1999|publisher=Famous Five Foundation|location=Calgary|page=101|url=http://www.ourfutureourpast.ca/loc_hist/page.aspx?id=917872}}</ref>
* The ''Kainai News''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150916071459/http://www.uleth.ca/lib/digitized_Collections/sanews.asp Kainai News (1968–1991)]</ref> was one of Canada's first aboriginal newspapers and instrumental in the history of aboriginal journalism in Canada. It was published in southern Alberta by the Blood Indian Tribe and later by Indian News Media. Content focused on a range of local issues within the reserve as well as national issues such as the [[Indian Act]], the [[1969 White Paper|Whitepaper]] and [[Indian Act#Bill C-31|Bill C-31]]. Of particular significance are editorial cartoons by Everett Soop which were a regular feature of the newspaper. Its first editor way Caen Bly, granddaughter of Senator [[James Gladstone]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Sanderson|first=Kay|title=200 Remarkable Alberta Women|year=1999|publisher=Famous Five Foundation|location=Calgary|page=101|url=http://www.ourfutureourpast.ca/loc_hist/page.aspx?id=917872}}</ref>
* The ''Sun Dance Echo''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150916071459/http://www.uleth.ca/lib/digitized_Collections/sanews.asp Sun Dance Echo (1964-1966)]</ref> was a predecessor to the ''Kainai News''. It was edited by Reggie Black Plume and occasionally contained articles by [[Hugh Dempsey]].
* The ''Sun Dance Echo''<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150916071459/http://www.uleth.ca/lib/digitized_Collections/sanews.asp Sun Dance Echo (1964–1966)]</ref> was a predecessor to the ''Kainai News''. It was edited by Reggie Black Plume and occasionally contained articles by [[Hugh Dempsey]].


== Communities ==
== Communities ==
The Kainai nation communities include:<ref>Blood Tribe - About Us & Communities listed {{cite web |url=http://www.bloodtribe.org/content/about-us |title=About us &#124; bloodtribe |access-date=2014-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131114911/http://www.bloodtribe.org/content/about-us |archive-date=2014-01-31 }}</ref>
The Kainai nation communities include:<ref>Blood Tribe - About Us & Communities listed {{cite web |url=http://www.bloodtribe.org/content/about-us |title=About us &#124; bloodtribe |access-date=2014-01-23 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131114911/http://www.bloodtribe.org/content/about-us |archive-date=2014-01-31 }}</ref>


* Bullhorn / Pomiipisskian / ᑲᒍᑯᔈᖽᑉᖳᐡ
* Bullhorn
* Fish Creek
* Fish Creek / Akaomisko / ᖳᖿᐠᒍᔈᖾ
* Ft Whoop Up
* Ft Whoop Up / Akaisakoyi / ᖳᖼᓭᖾᔪ
* Levern
* Levern / Iisoitapi / ᖱᓴᖱᒣᑯ
* Moses Lake
* Moses Lake / Aakoohkiimiksi / ᖳᖾᑊᖽᒍᖽᐧ
* Old Agency
* Old Agency / Mokowan / Mokoan / ᒐᖾᖷᐡ
* [[Stand Off, Alberta|Standoff]]
* [[Stand Off, Alberta|Standoff]] / Tattsikiitapi / ᒣᒧᐧᖽᒣᑯ


== See also ==
== See also ==
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111230044232/http://www.nfb.ca/playlist/pete-standing-alone-trilogy/ ''Pete Standing Alone Trilogy''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111230044232/http://www.nfb.ca/playlist/pete-standing-alone-trilogy/ ''Pete Standing Alone Trilogy''], [[National Film Board of Canada]]
* [http://www.albertasource.ca/treaty7/traditional/kainai_fox.html Brief biography of former chief Roy Fox]
* [http://www.albertasource.ca/treaty7/traditional/kainai_fox.html Brief biography of former chief Roy Fox]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150916071459/http://www.uleth.ca/lib/digitized_Collections/sanews.asp Kainai News (1968-1991)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150916071459/http://www.uleth.ca/lib/digitized_Collections/sanews.asp Kainai News (1968–1991)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110621010914/http://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.org/ Blackfoot Digital Library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110621010914/http://www.blackfootdigitallibrary.org/ Blackfoot Digital Library]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131220083101/http://www.treaty7.org/BloodTribe.aspx Blood Tribe page at Treaty 7 Management Corporation website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131220083101/http://www.treaty7.org/BloodTribe.aspx Blood Tribe page at Treaty 7 Management Corporation website]
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{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Blackfoot tribe]]
[[Category:Kainai Nation| ]]
[[Category:First Nations governments in Alberta]]
[[Category:First Nations governments in Alberta]]

Latest revision as of 18:23, 2 August 2024

For other Blackfoot/Blackfeet people, see Blackfoot (disambiguation). For the white supremacist organization, see Blood Tribe (neo-Nazi group).
Blood Tribe
Kainai Nation
Band No. 435
Káínaa / ᖿᖱᖻᖷ
Shield of the Kainai Nation
MenschenBlackfoot
TreatyTreaty 7
HauptsitzStand Off
ProvinceAlberta
Land[1]
Main reserveBlood 148
Other reserve(s)
Blood 148A
Land area1362.639 km2
Population (2021)[1]
On reserve4,572[2]
Total population12,963
Government[1]
ChiefRoy Fox
Council
  • Floyd Big Head
  • Clarence Black Water
  • Diandra Bruised Head
  • Winston Day Chief
  • Tony Delaney
  • Dorothy First Rider
  • Martin Heavy Head
  • Travis Plaited Hair
  • Richard Red Crow
  • Maria Russell
  • Piinaakoyim Tailfeathers
  • Marcel Weasel Head
Website
bloodtribe.org Edit this at Wikidata
Flag of the Blood Tribe
Stand Off community at night. Kainai Nation.
Kainai Nation entry sign

The Kainai Nation (Blackfoot: ᖿᖱᖻᖳ, romanized: Káínaa or ᖿᖱᖻᖷ, romanized: Káínawa, Blood Tribe) is a First Nations band government in southern Alberta, Canada, with a population of 12,965 members in 2024,[3] up from 11,791 in December 2013.[4]

Akáínaa translates directly to 'many chief' (from aká, 'many' and nínaa, 'chief') while Káína translates directly to 'many chief people'. The enemy Plains Cree call the Kainai mihkowiyiniw,[5] 'stained with blood', thus 'the bloodthirsty, cruel', therefore, the common English name for the tribe is the Blood tribe.

The Kainai speak a language of the Blackfoot linguistic group; their dialect is closely related to those of the Siksika and Piikani. They are one of three nations comprising the Blackfoot Confederacy.

At the time treaties such as Treaty 7 were signed, the Kainai were situated on the Oldman, Belly, and St. Mary rivers west of Lethbridge, Alberta. The Kainai reserve Blood 148 is currently the largest in Canada with 4,570 inhabitants[6] on 1,410 km2 (545 sq mi) and is located 200 kilometres (120 mi) south of Calgary.

Economy

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The Kainai Nation is engaged in diverse enterprises and they trade with domestic and international partners. Ammolite mining for example provides a rare highly demanded gem mineral to Asia for Feng Shui. Ammolite is currently known only to be found in the Bearpaw Formation as unique conditions of prehistoric times were optimal for the fossilization of marine life into ammolite.[7] Over the years, mining operations have uncovered several oceanic dinosaur fossils which have been stored for study at the Royal Tyrrell Museum; however, they belong to the Kainai Nation.(Lawrynuik)[8]

Specific claims

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The Kainai Nation filed many specific claims with the federal government. In 2017, a federal court ruled that the Crown had underestimated the band's population, which resulted in the band's reserve being smaller than it should have been. As such, the Blood Tribe reserve could be expanded by 421 square kilometres (163 sq mi), but the community could seek a cash-in-lieu-of-land settlement for this claim instead.[9]

In July 2019, the Kainai Nation settled a claim over Crown mismanagement of the band's ranching assets. The community received a $150 million cash settlement. Chief Roy Fox said that $123 million of this settlement will be used to develop "housing, capital works, a new administration building and a new skating rink".[10]

Regierung

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Band council

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The Kainai Nation is governed by an elected council of twelve to fifteen, with one chief. The term of office is four years. Historical chiefs of the Kainai are below:

  • Last of the hereditary chiefs, Traditional Chief Jim Shot Both Sides (1956–1980)
  • Chief Chris Shade (1996–2004)
  • Chief Charles Weasel Head (2004–2016)
  • Chief Roy Fox (Makiinimaa – Curlew) (2016–present)

Blood Tribe Councillors (2019)[11]

  1. Dorothy First Rider (Itoomomaahkaa – Front Runner)
  2. Floyd Big Head (Piitaika’tsis – Eagle Arrow)
  3. Kyla Crow (Komiikakato’saakii – Round Star Woman)
  4. Martin Heavy Head (Ponokaiksikksinamm – White Elk)
  5. Joanne Lemieux (Aahkoyinnimaakii – Pipe Woman)
  6. Robin Little Bear (Soyiikayaakii – Mink Woman)
  7. Kirby Many Fingers (Apanssaapii – Counting Coup)
  8. Hank Shade (Aapiisii – Coyote)
  9. Lance Tailfeathers (Naatsikapoikkanaa – Two Stars Shining)
  10. Tim Tailfeathers (Naato’kisikapiohkitopiyi – Rides Two Grey Horse)
  11. Marcel Weasel Head (Niitsayoohkiitohkitopiyi)
  12. Franklyn White Quills (Makoyaapii – Wolf Old Man)

Police force

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In pre-treaty times, the iikunuhkahtsi were a society responsible for the punishment of misdeeds. As of 2015 the Blood reserve was policed by the Blood Tribe Police, with 31 officers.

  • Stu-mick-o-súcks, Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe, 1832 by George Catlin[12]
    Stu-mick-o-súcks, Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe, 1832 by George Catlin[12]
  • Chief of the Blood Indians, War chief of the Piekann Indians and a Koutani Indian, by Karl Bodmer
    Chief of the Blood Indians, War chief of the Piekann Indians and a Koutani Indian, by Karl Bodmer
  • Stsimaki (Reluctant-to-be-woman) - Blood by Edward S. Curtis
    Stsimaki (Reluctant-to-be-woman) - Blood by Edward S. Curtis
  • Apio-mita White Dog - Blood
    Apio-mita White Dog - Blood
  • Niukskai-Stamik Three Bulls - Blood
    Niukskai-Stamik Three Bulls - Blood
  • Kaistosinikyi Kill-For-Nothing - Blood
    Kaistosinikyi Kill-For-Nothing - Blood
  • Atso Tohkomi Call-on-All-Sides - Blood
    Atso Tohkomi Call-on-All-Sides - Blood
  • Astanighkyi Come-Singing - Blood
    Astanighkyi Come-Singing - Blood
  • Astanighkyi Come-Singing - Blood
    Astanighkyi Come-Singing - Blood
  • Makoyepuk Wolf-Child - Blood
    Makoyepuk Wolf-Child - Blood
  • Makoyepuk Wolf-Child - Blood
    Makoyepuk Wolf-Child - Blood
  • A Blood horseman
    A Blood horseman

Notable people

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In 1960, the Kainai and their Sun Dance were featured in the National Film Board of Canada (NFB) documentary Circle of the Sun. Tribal leaders had been concerned that the Sun Dance might be dying out, and had permitted filming as a visual record.[19][20] This documentary was later referenced by electronic music duo Boards of Canada on their debut album Music Has The Right to Children, with song titles such as "Kanai Industries" and "Pete Standing Alone" paying homage to the tribe and its leader.[21]

In 1973, the NFB released the documentary Kainai, which discusses the construction and consequences of a factory on their property.[22]

In 2006, community leader Rick Tailfeathers contributed a small ammolite carving of a buffalo skull to the Six String Nation project. The object was permanently mounted on the interior of Voyageur, the guitar at the heart of the project.[23] Following a presentation about the project in September 2014 at Tatsikiisaapo'p Middle School, project creator Jowi Taylor was presented with a braid of sweet grass by school principal Ramona Big Head. The braid resides in the headstock area in the bed of the guitar case.

On National Aboriginal Day in 2011, the NFB released the Pete Standing Alone trilogy, which includes Circle of the Sun, Standing Alone and a 2010 film, Round Up, documenting 50 years of the Kainai Nation as well as the life of elder Pete Standing Alone.[24]

Historical newspapers

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Kainai News, Volume 1, Issue 9, October 15, 1968
  • The Kainai News[25] was one of Canada's first aboriginal newspapers and instrumental in the history of aboriginal journalism in Canada. It was published in southern Alberta by the Blood Indian Tribe and later by Indian News Media. Content focused on a range of local issues within the reserve as well as national issues such as the Indian Act, the Whitepaper and Bill C-31. Of particular significance are editorial cartoons by Everett Soop which were a regular feature of the newspaper. Its first editor way Caen Bly, granddaughter of Senator James Gladstone.[26]
  • The Sun Dance Echo[27] was a predecessor to the Kainai News. It was edited by Reggie Black Plume and occasionally contained articles by Hugh Dempsey.

Communities

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The Kainai nation communities include:[28]

  • Bullhorn / Pomiipisskian / ᑲᒍᑯᔈᖽᑉᖳᐡ
  • Fish Creek / Akaomisko / ᖳᖿᐠᒍᔈᖾ
  • Ft Whoop Up / Akaisakoyi / ᖳᖼᓭᖾᔪ
  • Levern / Iisoitapi / ᖱᓴᖱᒣᑯ
  • Moses Lake / Aakoohkiimiksi / ᖳᖾᑊᖽᒍᖽᐧ
  • Old Agency / Mokowan / Mokoan / ᒐᖾᖷᐡ
  • Standoff / Tattsikiitapi / ᒣᒧᐧᖽᒣᑯ

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "First Nation Detail: Blood". Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved August 20, 2019.
  2. ^ "Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population". Statistics Canada. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  3. ^ Branch, Government of Canada; Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada; Communications (2008-11-14). "First Nation Profiles". fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-08-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Blood Tribe Registered Population - Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada - "Registered Population: Blood". Crown–Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
  5. ^ "Search results". www.creedictionary.com. Retrieved 2023-02-02.
  6. ^ [1] - 2016 Census Aboriginal Population Profile
  7. ^ Lawrynuik, S (Feb 22, 2017).'It's like nothing else on earth: Rarest of Gemstones fuels boom for Alberta miners'.CBC News, retrieved from http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/ammolite-mine-expansion-canada-gems-1.3993105, retrieved on Nov 28, 2017
  8. ^ Narine, S(2002).Fossil discovered in mining operation, Alberta Sweetgrass 9(11) retrieved from http://www.ammsa.com/publications/alberta-sweetgrass/fossil-discovered-mining-operation, retrieved on Nov 28, 2017
  9. ^ "Blood Tribe reserve in southwestern Alberta could expand following court ruling". The Star. 2019-06-12. Retrieved 2019-07-05.
  10. ^ "'The right thing to do': Alberta reserve to get $150M in historic cattle claim". The Star. Canadian Press. 2019-07-04. Retrieved 2019-07-05.
  11. ^ "Chief and Council". Blood Tribe. Archived from the original on January 24, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2019.
  12. ^ "Stu-mick-o-súcks, Buffalo Bull's Back Fat, Head Chief, Blood Tribe by George Catlin". Smithsonian American Art Museum. Retrieved 2012-08-10.
  13. ^ "Biography – PEENAQUIM – Volume IX (1861-1870) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca.
  14. ^ Dowell, K. L. (2015). "The future looks rad from where I stand: A review of claiming space: Voices of urban aboriginal youth at the UBC museum of anthropology". Anthropologica. 57 (1). ProQuest 1690736642.
  15. ^ "Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers". www.bcnu.org. Archived from the original on 2016-09-12. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
  16. ^ "Film Screenings: Banchi Hanuse and Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers - SFU Woodward's - Simon Fraser University". www.sfu.ca. Retrieved 2016-09-17.
  17. ^ Indigenous Youth Wellness, Decolonization with Elle-Máijá Tailfeathers, retrieved 2019-02-06
  18. ^ "Medical doctor and changemaker, Dr. Esther Tailfeathers, to receive University of Lethbridge honorary degree | UNews". University of Lethbridge. Archived from the original on 2024-06-05. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  19. ^ Rosenthal, Alan; John Corner (2005-05-13). New challenges for documentary. Manchester University Press. pp. 90–91. ISBN 0-7190-6899-1.
  20. ^ Low, Colin; Gil Cardinal. "Circle of the Sun". Curator's comments. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 4 December 2009.
  21. ^ "Why Boards of Canada's Music Has the Right to Children Is the Greatest Psychedelic Album of the '90s". Pitchfork. 2018-04-03. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  22. ^ "Kainai". onf-nfb.gc.ca. National Film Board of Canada. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  23. ^ Jowi., Taylor (2009). Six string nation : 64 pieces, 6 strings, 1 Canada, 1 guitar. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 9781553653936. OCLC 302060380.
  24. ^ Anderson, Kelly (17 June 2011). "NFB celebrates National Aboriginal Day". Realscreen. Toronto. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  25. ^ Kainai News (1968–1991)
  26. ^ Sanderson, Kay (1999). 200 Remarkable Alberta Women. Calgary: Famous Five Foundation. p. 101.
  27. ^ Sun Dance Echo (1964–1966)
  28. ^ Blood Tribe - About Us & Communities listed "About us | bloodtribe". Archived from the original on 2014-01-31. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
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