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{{Short description|Research stations built on the ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean}} |
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{{More citations needed|date=July 2008}} |
{{More citations needed|date=July 2008}} |
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[[File: |
[[File:Stamp of USSR 1851.jpg|thumb|Soviet drifting ice station depicted on a 1955 stamp.]] |
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A '''drifting ice station''' is a temporary or semi-permanent facility built on an [[Drift ice|ice floe]]. During the [[Cold War]] the [[Soviet Union]] and the [[United States]] maintained a number of stations in the [[Arctic Ocean]] on floes such as [[Fletcher's Ice Island]] for research and [[espionage]], the latter of which were often little more than quickly constructed shacks. Extracting personnel from these stations proved difficult and in the case of the United States, employed early versions of the [[Fulton surface-to-air recovery system]]. |
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'''Soviet and Russian manned drifting ice stations''' are [[research station]]s built on the ice of the high latitudes of the [[Arctic Ocean]]. They are important contributors to [[arctic exploration|exploration]] of the [[Arctic]]. The stations are named '''North Pole''' ('''NP'''; {{lang-ru|Северный полюс|translit=Severny polyus}}, {{lang|ru|СП}}), followed by an ordinal number: [[North Pole-1]], etc. |
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==Overview== |
==Overview== |
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Soviet and Russian-staffed drifting ice stations are [[research station]]s built on the ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. They are important contributors to [[arctic exploration|exploration]] of the [[Arctic]]. The stations are named "North Pole'''"''' (NP; {{lang-ru|Северный полюс|translit=Severny polyus}}, {{lang|ru|СП}}), followed by an ordinal number: [[North Pole-1]], etc. NP drift stations carry out the program of complex year-round research in the fields of [[oceanology]], ice studies, [[meteorology]], [[aerology]], [[geophysics]], [[hydrochemistry]], hydrophysics, and [[marine biology]]. On average, an NP station is the host for 600 to 650 ocean depth measurements, 3500 to 3900 complex meteorology measurements, 1200 to 1300 temperature measurements and sea water probes for [[chemical analysis]], and 600 to 650 [[research balloon]] launches. {{cn|date=July 2024}} [[Magnetism|Magnetic]], [[ionosphere]], ice and other observations are also carried out there. Regular measurements of the ice floe coordinates provide the data on the direction and speed of its drift. |
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The modern |
The modern NP drifting ice station resembles a small settlement with housing for polar explorers and special buildings for the scientific equipment. Usually an NP station begins operations in April and continues for two or three years until the [[Drift ice|ice floe]] reaches the [[Greenland Sea]]. Polar explorers are replaced yearly. Since 1937 some 800 people were drifting at NP stations. |
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There are two groups of |
There are two groups of NP stations: |
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*stations, drifting on the [[pack ice]] (i.e. relatively thin and short-lived ice): |
*stations, drifting on the [[pack ice]] (i.e. relatively thin and short-lived ice): NP-1 through NP-5, NP-7 through NP-17, NP-20, NP-21 |
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*stations, drifting on ice islands ([[glacier]] fragments, that were split from the shore): |
*stations, drifting on ice islands ([[glacier]] fragments, that were split from the shore): NP-6, NP-18, NP-19, NP-22. |
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All |
All NP stations are organized by the Russian (former Soviet) [[Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute]] (AARI). |
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==History== |
==History== |
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The idea to use the [[drift ice]] for the exploration of nature in the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean came from [[Fridtjof Nansen]], who fulfilled it on ''[[Fram (ship)|Fram]]'' between 1893 and 1896. The first stations to use drift ice as means of scientific exploration of the Arctic originated in the [[Soviet Union]] in 1937, when the first such station in the world, North Pole-1, started operations.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/history/history_drifting.html | title=North Pole drifting stations (1930s-1980s) | publisher=Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution | access-date=April 30, 2009}}</ref> |
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North Pole-1 was established on May |
North Pole-1 was established on 21 May 1937 some 20 km from the [[North Pole]] by the expedition into the high latitudes. Sever-1, led by [[Otto Schmidt]]. "NP-1" operated for 9 months, during which the ice floe travelled 2,850 kilometres. On 19 February 1938, Soviet [[ice breaker]]s ''[[Icebreaker Taymyr|Taimyr]]'' and ''Murman'' took off four polar explorers from the station, who immediately became famous in the USSR and were awarded titles [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]: [[hydrobiology|hydrobiologist]] [[Pyotr Shirshov]], geophysicist [[Yevgeny Konstantinovich Fyodorov|Yevgeny Fyodorov]], [[radio]]man [[Ernst Krenkel]] and their leader [[Ivan Papanin]]. |
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Since 1954 Soviet |
Since 1954 Soviet NP stations worked continuously, with one to three such stations operating simultaneously each year. The total distance drifted between 1937 and 1973 was over 80,000 kilometres. North Pole-22 is particularly notable for its record drift, lasting nine years. On 28 June 1972 the ice floe with [[North Pole-19]] passed over the North Pole for the first time ever. |
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During such long-term observations by |
During such long-term observations by NP stations numerous important discoveries in [[physical geography]] were made such as valuable conclusions on regularities and the connection between processes in the polar region of the [[Earth]]'s [[hydrosphere]] and [[Earth's atmosphere|atmosphere]] and the deep water [[Lomonosov Ridge]],<ref>{{Cite book |
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|title=Surface at the Pole |
|title=Surface at the Pole |
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|last=Calvert |first=James, Vice Admiral USN Ret. |
|last=Calvert |first=James, Vice Admiral USN Ret. |
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| |
|orig-year=1960 |
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|year=1996 |
|year=1996 |
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|publisher=Bluejacket Books |location=Annapolis, Maryland |
|publisher=Bluejacket Books |location=Annapolis, Maryland |
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|isbn=1-55750-119-X |
|isbn=1-55750-119-X |
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|ref=harv |
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|page=86 |
|page=86 |
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}}</ref> which crosses the Arctic Ocean, other large features of the ocean bottom's relief, the discovery of two systems of the drift (circular and "wash-out"), the fact of [[cyclone]]s' active penetration into the [[Central Arctic]]. |
}}</ref> which crosses the Arctic Ocean, other large features of the ocean bottom's relief, the discovery of two systems of the drift (circular and "wash-out"), and the fact of [[cyclone]]s' active penetration into the [[Central Arctic]]. |
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The last Soviet |
The last Soviet NP station, North Pole-31, was closed in July 1991. |
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In the post-Soviet era, Russian exploration of the Arctic by drifting ice stations was suspended for twelve years. The year 2003 was notable for Russia's return into the Arctic. {{As of|2006}}, three |
In the post-Soviet era, Russian exploration of the Arctic by drifting ice stations was suspended for twelve years. The year 2003 was notable for Russia's return into the Arctic. {{As of|2006}}, three NP stations had carried out scientific measurements and research since then: "NP-32" through "NP-34".{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} The latter was closed on 25 May 2006.{{Citation needed|date=June 2009}} |
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"NP-35" started operations on September |
"NP-35" started operations on 21 September 2007 at the point {{Coord|81|26|N|103|30|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-35 (start)}}, when flags of Russia and [[Saint Petersburg]] were raised there. 22 scientists, led by A.A.Visnevsky are working on the ice floe. Establishment of the station was the third stage of the [[Arktika 2007]] expedition. An appropriate ice floe was searched for from ''[[Akademik Fedorov]]'' [[research vessel]], accompanied by [[nuclear icebreaker]] ''Rossiya'', using [[Mil Mi-8|MI-8 helicopters]], for a week, until an ice floe with an area of 16 square kilometres was found.<ref>[http://www.aari.nw.ru/docs/press_release/20070921_sp35.html September 21, 2007 Press-Release]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} by [[AARI]]</ref> The ice has since shrunk significantly, however, and the station is now being abandoned ahead of schedule.<ref name=AP>[http://green.yahoo.com/news/ap/20080714/ap_on_re_as/russia_polar_station.html 14 July 2008 news story] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718141354/http://green.yahoo.com/news/ap/20080714/ap_on_re_as/russia_polar_station.html |date=18 July 2008 }} by the [[Associated Press]]</ref> |
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==Replacement== |
==Replacement== |
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Since the mid-2000s it became difficult to find a suitable ice floe to station camp on,<ref name=tass>[https://tass.ru/nauka/4266579 TASS, Artics Today, in Russian]</ref><ref name=Fontanka>[https://www.fontanka.ru/2018/12/20/151/ Admiralty Shipyard begun building a "North Pole" drifting station] [[Fontanka.ru]], 20 Decemped 2018, in Russian</ref> due to |
Since the mid-2000s it became difficult to find a suitable ice floe to station camp on,<ref name=tass>[https://tass.ru/nauka/4266579 TASS, Artics Today, in Russian]</ref><ref name="Fontanka">[https://www.fontanka.ru/2018/12/20/151/ Admiralty Shipyard begun building a "North Pole" drifting station] [[Fontanka.ru]], 20 Decemped 2018, in Russian</ref> due to [[global warming]], and several stations had to be evacuated prematurely because of unexpectedly fast thawing of the ice,<ref name=AP /> so in 2008 an idea to replace the ice camps with a drifting [[research vessel]] as a station core was proposed.<ref name=tass /> After almost a decade of deliberation, a contract of building the station vessel was awarded to [[Admiralty Shipyard]] in [[Saint Petersburg]] in 2017.<ref>[https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3433833?from=four_business Admiralty Shipyard goes adrift], [[Kommersant]], 9 October 2017, in Russian</ref> This will take a form of a large self-propelled ice resistant [[barge]] of ~10000 tons displacement, getting to the initial point of the mission by itself or with a help of an [[icebreaker]] and continuing to drift with the surrounding ice.<ref name="Fontanka" /> The barge, intended to function autonomously for 2–3 years, but equipped to be supplied by air or passing icebreakers, and equipped with the required research equipment, is expected to be commissioned in 2020.{{update inline|date=July 2021}}<ref name=Fontanka /> |
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==Past stations== |
==Past stations== |
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</timeline> |
</timeline> |
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{| |
{| class="wikitable" |
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|- bgcolor="#efefef" |
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! rowspan="2" | Head of the first shift |
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! colspan="2" | Drift dates |
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| rowspan=2 | '''Head of the first shift''' |
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! colspan=2 | |
! colspan="2" | Drift coordinates |
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! rowspan="2" | Distance (km) |
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! Began |
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! Ended |
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! Start |
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! Finish |
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| [[North Pole-1]]||[[Ivan Papanin|I.D.Papanin]]||May 21, 1937||February 19, 1938||{{Coord|89|25|N|78|40|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-1 (start)}}||{{Coord|70|40|N|19|16|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-1 (finish)}}||2,850 |
| [[North Pole-1]]||[[Ivan Papanin|I.D. Papanin]]||May 21, 1937||February 19, 1938||{{Coord|89|25|N|78|40|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-1 (start)}}||{{Coord|70|40|N|19|16|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-1 (finish)}}||2,850 |
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|- |
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| [[North Pole-2]]||[[Mikhail Somov|M.M.Somov]]||April 2, 1950||April 11, 1951||{{Coord|76|03|N|166|36|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-2 (start)}}||{{Coord|81|44|N|163|48|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-2 (finish)}}||2,600 |
| [[North Pole-2]]||[[Mikhail Somov|M.M. Somov]]||April 2, 1950||April 11, 1951||{{Coord|76|03|N|166|36|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-2 (start)}}||{{Coord|81|44|N|163|48|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-2 (finish)}}||2,600 |
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| North Pole-3||[[Aleksei Treshnikov|A.F. Trioshnikov]]||April 4, 1954||April 20, 1955||{{Coord|85|58|N|175|00|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-3 (start)}}||{{Coord|86|00|N|24|00|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-3 (finish)}}||1,865 |
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| North Pole-4||[[Yevgeny Tolstikov|E.I. Tolstikov]]||April 8, 1954||April 19, 1957||{{Coord|75|48|N|178|25|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-4 (start)}}||{{Coord|85|52|N|00|00|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-4 (finish)}}||6,970 |
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| North Pole-5||N.A. Volkov||April 21, 1955||October 8, 1956||{{Coord|82|10|N|156|51|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-5 (start)}}||{{Coord|84|18|N|63|20|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-5 (finish)}}||3,630 |
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|{{ill|Weddell 1 Station|ru|Уэдделл-1|lt=Weddell 1|preserve=1}}||||April 12, 1957||December 1, 1957||{{Coord|71|36|S|49|45|W|scale:5000000_region:AQ|name=Weddell 1 (start)}}||{{Coord|65|38|S|52|25|W|scale:5000000_region:AQ|name=Weddell 1 (end)}}||750 |
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| North Pole-6||K.A. Sychev||April 19, 1956||September 14, 1959||{{Coord|74|24|N|177|04|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-6 (start)}}||{{Coord|82|06|N|03|56|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-6 (finish)}}||8,650 |
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| North Pole-7||V.A. Vedernikov||April 23, 1957||April 11, 1959||{{Coord|82|06|N|164|11|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-7 (start)}}||{{Coord|85|14|N|33|03|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-7 (finish)}}||3,520 |
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| [[North Pole- |
| [[Operation Coldfeet|North Pole-8]]||V.M. Rogachyov||April 27, 1959||March 19, 1962||{{Coord|76|11|N|164|24|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-8 (start)}}||{{Coord|83|15|N|132|30|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-8 (finish)}}||6,090 |
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| North Pole-9||V.A. Shamontyev||April 26, 1960||March 28, 1961||{{Coord|77|23|N|163|00|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-9 (start)}}||{{Coord|86|36|N|76|00|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-9 (finish)}}||2,660 |
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| {{nowrap|North Pole-10}}||N.A. Kornilov||October 17, 1961||April 29, 1964||{{Coord|75|27|N|177|10|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-10 (start)}}||{{Coord|88|32|N|90|30|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-10 (finish)}}||3,960 |
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| North Pole-11||N.N. Bryazgin||April 16, 1962||April 20, 1963||{{Coord|77|10|N|165|58|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-11 (start)}}||{{Coord|81|10|N|139|34|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-11 (finish)}}||2,400 |
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| North Pole-12||L.N. Belyakov||April 30, 1963||April 25, 1965||{{Coord|76|50|N|165|34|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-12 (start)}}||{{Coord|81|06|N|145|47|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-12 (finish)}}||1,595 |
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| North Pole-13||A.Ya. Buzuyev||April 22, 1964||April 20, 1967||{{Coord|73|55|N|161|19|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-13 (start)}}||{{Coord|87|55|N|03|32|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-13 (finish)}}||3,545 |
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| North Pole-14||Yu.B. Konstantinov||May 1, 1965||February 12, 1966||{{Coord|72|42|N|175|25|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-14 (start)}}||{{Coord|76|59|N|154|49|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-14 (finish)}}||1,040 |
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| North Pole-15||V.V. Panov||April 15, 1966||March 25, 1968||{{Coord|78|49|N|168|08|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-15 (start)}}||{{Coord|85|45|N|10|30|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-15 (finish)}}||2,330 |
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| North Pole-16||Yu. B. Konstantinov||April 10, 1968||March 22, 1972||{{Coord|75|31|N|172|00|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-16 (start)}}||{{Coord|86|00|N|85|27|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-16 (finish)}}||5,850 |
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| North Pole-17||N.I. Blinov||April 18, 1968||October 16, 1969||{{Coord|80|30|N|165|26|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-17 (start)}}||{{Coord|86|48|N|25|20|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-17 (finish)}}||1,750 |
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| North Pole-18||N.N. Ovchinnikov||October 9, 1969||October 24, 1971||{{Coord|75|10|N|165|02|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-18 (start)}}||{{Coord|86|06|N|153|51|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-18 (finish)}}||5,240 |
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| [[North Pole- |
| [[North Pole-19]]||[[Arthur Chilingarov|A.N. Chilingarov]]||November 7, 1969||April 16, 1973||{{Coord|74|54|N|160|13|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-19 (start)}}||{{Coord|83|08|N|16|17|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole19- (finish)}}||6,705 |
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| North Pole-20||Yu. P. Tikhonov||April 22, 1970||May 17, 1972||{{Coord|75|56|N|175|22|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-20 (start)}}||{{Coord|81|44|N|166|47|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-20 (finish)}}||3,780 |
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| North Pole-21||G.I. Kizino||April 30, 1972||May 17, 1974||{{Coord|74|06|N|178|15|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-21 (start)}}||{{Coord|86|16|N|143|35|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-21 (finish)}}||3,605 |
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| North Pole-22||V.G. Moroz||September 13, 1973||April 8, 1982||{{Coord|76|16|N|168|31|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-22 (start)}}||{{Coord|86|10|N|00|00|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-22 (finish)}}||17,069 |
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| North Pole-23||V.M. Piguzov||December 5, 1975||November 1, 1978||{{Coord|73|51|N|178|25|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-23 (start)}}||{{Coord|87|40|N|22|31|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-23 (finish)}}||5,786 |
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| North Pole-24||I.K. Popov||June 23, 1978||November 19, 1980||{{Coord|76|45|N|163|00|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-24 (start)}}||{{Coord|86|03|N|29|40|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-24 (finish)}}||5,652 |
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| North Pole-25||V.S. Sidorov||May 16, 1981||April 20, 1984||{{Coord|75|01|N|168|35|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-25 (start)}}||{{Coord|85|50|N|122|15|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-25 (finish)}}||5,754 |
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| North Pole-26||V.S. Sidorov||May 21, 1983||April 9, 1986||{{Coord|78|30|N|174|46|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-26 (start)}}||{{Coord|82|46|N|170|31|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-26 (finish)}}||5,380 |
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| North Pole-27||Yu. P. Tikhonov||June 2, 1984||May 20, 1987||{{Coord|78|31|N|160|30|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-27 (start)}}||{{Coord|86|28|N|09|02|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-27(finish)}}||5,655 |
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| North Pole-28||A.F. Chernyshov||May 21, 1986||January 23, 1989||{{Coord|80|40|N|168|29|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-28 (start)}}||{{Coord|79|40|N|03|09|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-28 (finish)}}||7,634 |
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| North Pole-29||V.V. Lukin||June 10, 1987||August 19, 1988||{{Coord|80|22.8|N|112|59|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-29 (start)}}||{{Coord|84|42.8|N|56|34.3|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-29 (finish)}}||2,686 |
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| North Pole-30||V.M. Piguzov||October 9, 1987||April 4, 1991||{{Coord|74|18|N|171|24|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-30 (start)}}||{{Coord|82|31|N|126|26|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-30 (finish)}}||7,675 |
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| North Pole-31||V.S. Sidorov||October 22, 1988||July 25, 1991||{{Coord|76|35|N|153|10|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-31 (finish)}}||{{Coord|73|33|N|161|04|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-31 (finish)}}||5,475 |
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| North Pole-32||V.S. Koshelev||April 25, 2003||March 6, 2004||{{Coord|87|52.5|N|148|03|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-32 (start)}}||{{Coord|84|41|N|03|33|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-32 (finish)}}||2,418 |
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| North Pole-33||A.A. Visnevsky||September 9, 2004||October 5, 2005||{{Coord|85|05|N|156|31|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-33 (start)}}||{{Coord|86|14|N|95|54|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-33 (finish)}}||3,156 |
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| North Pole-34||T.V. Petrovsky||September 19, 2005||May 25, 2006||{{Coord|85|39|N|115|19|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-34 (start)}}||{{Coord|87|26|N|07|39|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-34 (finish)}}||2,032 |
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| last =Скалина |
| last =Скалина |
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| first =Ирина |
| first =Ирина |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = |
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| title =Опасный дрейф; Полярников эвакуируют на судне "Михаил Сомов" |
| title =Опасный дрейф; Полярников эвакуируют на судне "Михаил Сомов" |
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| work = |
| work =Российская газета |
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| publisher ="Российская газета" |
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| date =10 July 2008 |
| date =10 July 2008 |
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| url =http://www.rg.ru/2008/07/10/reg-pomorskij/SP-35.html |
| url =http://www.rg.ru/2008/07/10/reg-pomorskij/SP-35.html |
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| format =web |
| format =web |
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| doi = |
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⚫ | |||
| last =Skalina |
| last =Skalina |
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| first =Irina |
| first =Irina |
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| authorlink = |
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| coauthors = |
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| title =A dangerous drift; Polarnik evacuated on the ship "Mikhail Somov" |
| title =A dangerous drift; Polarnik evacuated on the ship "Mikhail Somov" |
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| work =Google Translation |
| work =Google Translation |
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| url =https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rg.ru/2008/07/10/reg-pomorskij/SP-35.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9%2B%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258E%25D1%2581%2B35%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DGBI%26sa%3DG |
| url =https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&u=http://www.rg.ru/2008/07/10/reg-pomorskij/SP-35.html&sa=X&oi=translate&resnum=1&ct=result&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%25D0%25A1%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25BD%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9%2B%25D0%25BF%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258E%25D1%2581%2B35%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26hs%3DGBI%26sa%3DG |
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||September 21, 2007||July 22, 2008|| {{Coord|81|30|N|103|54|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-35 (start)}}|| {{Coord|81|00|N|31|18|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-35 (finish)}} ||3,614 |
||September 21, 2007||July 22, 2008|| {{Coord|81|30|N|103|54|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-35 (start)}}|| {{Coord|81|00|N|31|18|E|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-35 (finish)}} ||3,614 |
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| [[North Pole-37]] ||Sergey Lesenkov || September 7, 2009 || May 31, 2010 || {{Coord|81|28|N|164|35|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-37 (start)}} || {{Coord|80|04|N|140|40|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-37 (finish)}} || 2,076 |
| [[North Pole-37]] ||Sergey Lesenkov || September 7, 2009 || May 31, 2010 || {{Coord|81|28|N|164|35|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-37 (start)}} || {{Coord|80|04|N|140|40|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-37 (finish)}} || 2,076 |
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|- |
|- |
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| North Pole-38 ||Tomash Petrovskiy || October 14, 2010 || September 20, 2011 || {{Coord|76|07|N|176|32|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-38 (start)}} || {{Coord|83|53|N|154|18|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-38 (finish)}} || 3,024 |
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|- |
|- |
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| North Pole-39 ||Alexander Ipatov || October 2, 2011 || September 15, 2012 || {{Coord|84|10|N|148|49|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-39 (start)}} || {{Coord|83|57|N|96|44|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-39 (finish)}} || 1,885 |
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|- |
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| North Pole-40 ||Nikolai Fomichev || October 1, 2012 || June 7, 2013 || {{Coord|85|21|N|142|53|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-40 (start)}} || {{Coord|82|25|N|130|25|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-40 (finish)}} || 1,736 |
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|- |
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| North Pole-2015 ||Dmitrij Mamadaliev || April 11, 2015 || August 9, 2015 || |
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{{Coord|89|34|N|17|08|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-2015 (start)}} |
{{Coord|89|34|N|17|08|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-2015 (start)}} |
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|| {{Coord|86|15|N|07|52|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-2015 (finish)}} || 714 |
|| {{Coord|86|15|N|07|52|W|scale:5000000_region:XN|name=North Pole-2015 (finish)}} || 714 |
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*[[Icebreaker Sedov]] |
*[[Icebreaker Sedov]] |
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*[[Konstantin Badygin]] |
*[[Konstantin Badygin]] |
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*[[ |
*[[Project Coldfeet]] |
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*''[[Ice Station Zebra]]'' |
*''[[Ice Station Zebra]]'' |
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{{Reflist}} |
{{Reflist}} |
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*[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] - for some information in the text and in the table |
*[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]] - for some information in the text and in the table |
||
*{{ |
*{{in lang|ru}}[http://www.aari.nw.ru/clgmi/np33/sp.asp "North Pole" scientific research stations drift characteristics]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} at the [[Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute]] - for some information in the table |
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*{{ |
*{{cite web |language=ru |url=http://www.gazeta.ru/2004/03/04/oa_113859.shtml |title=История станций "Северный полюс" |publisher=gazeta.ru |trans-title=History of "North Pole" stations |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004203013/http://www.gazeta.ru/2004/03/04/oa_113859.shtml |archive-date=2008-10-04}} - for some milestones in the exploration |
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*I.P. Romanov |
*{{citation |first1=I.P. |last1=Romanov |first2= Yu. B. |last2=Konstantinov |first3=N.A. |last3=Kornilov |title="North Pole" Drifting Stations (1937–1991) |location=Saint Petersburg |publisher=Gidrometeoizdat |date=1997 |url=http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Atlas/Meteorology/HTML/HISTORY/COLLECTION/NPhistory.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930224455/http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Atlas/Meteorology/HTML/HISTORY/COLLECTION/NPhistory.htm |archive-date=2007-09-30 |quote=Condensed English version edited by V.F. Radionov and F. Fetterer}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
||
*[http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0060.html Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations (1954-1990)] at [[NSIDC]] |
*[http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0060.html Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations (1954-1990)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140119003406/http://nsidc.org/data/nsidc-0060.html |date=2014-01-19 }} at [[NSIDC]] |
||
*[http://www.aari.nw.ru/google/np.kmz "NP-2" to "NP-34" drift trajectories] a [[Google Earth]] file from the [[Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute]], presenting trajectories of the drift of "NP-2" through "NP-34" |
*[http://www.aari.nw.ru/google/np.kmz "NP-2" to "NP-34" drift trajectories] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209050523/http://www.aari.nw.ru/google/np.kmz |date=2006-12-09 }} a [[Google Earth]] file from the [[Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute]], presenting trajectories of the drift of "NP-2" through "NP-34" |
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* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2273 Arctic Drifting Ice Stations Reports (1950-1958)] at Dartmouth College Library |
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{{Drifting stations NP|state=uncollapsed}} |
{{Drifting stations NP|state=uncollapsed}} |
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{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}} |
{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}} |
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{{Authority control}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Soviet And Russian Manned Drifting Ice Stations}} |
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[[Category:Exploration of the Arctic]] |
[[Category:Exploration of the Arctic]] |
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[[Category:Polar exploration by Russia and the Soviet Union]] |
[[Category:Polar exploration by Russia and the Soviet Union]] |
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[[Category:Arctic research]] |
[[Category:Arctic research]] |
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[[Category:Research stations]] |
[[Category:Research stations in the Arctic]] |
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[[Category:Russian inventions]] |
[[Category:Russian inventions]] |
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[[Category:Arctic expeditions]] |
[[Category:Arctic expeditions]] |
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[[Category:Sea ice|Drifting station]] |
[[Category:Sea ice|Drifting station]] |
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[[Category:North Pole]] |
Latest revision as of 14:20, 3 August 2024
This article needs additional citations for verification. (July 2008) |
A drifting ice station is a temporary or semi-permanent facility built on an ice floe. During the Cold War the Soviet Union and the United States maintained a number of stations in the Arctic Ocean on floes such as Fletcher's Ice Island for research and espionage, the latter of which were often little more than quickly constructed shacks. Extracting personnel from these stations proved difficult and in the case of the United States, employed early versions of the Fulton surface-to-air recovery system.
Übersicht
[edit]Soviet and Russian-staffed drifting ice stations are research stations built on the ice of the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean. They are important contributors to exploration of the Arctic. The stations are named "North Pole" (NP; Russian: Северный полюс, romanized: Severny polyus, СП), followed by an ordinal number: North Pole-1, etc. NP drift stations carry out the program of complex year-round research in the fields of oceanology, ice studies, meteorology, aerology, geophysics, hydrochemistry, hydrophysics, and marine biology. On average, an NP station is the host for 600 to 650 ocean depth measurements, 3500 to 3900 complex meteorology measurements, 1200 to 1300 temperature measurements and sea water probes for chemical analysis, and 600 to 650 research balloon launches. [citation needed] Magnetic, ionosphere, ice and other observations are also carried out there. Regular measurements of the ice floe coordinates provide the data on the direction and speed of its drift.
The modern NP drifting ice station resembles a small settlement with housing for polar explorers and special buildings for the scientific equipment. Usually an NP station begins operations in April and continues for two or three years until the ice floe reaches the Greenland Sea. Polar explorers are replaced yearly. Since 1937 some 800 people were drifting at NP stations.
There are two groups of NP stations:
- stations, drifting on the pack ice (i.e. relatively thin and short-lived ice): NP-1 through NP-5, NP-7 through NP-17, NP-20, NP-21
- stations, drifting on ice islands (glacier fragments, that were split from the shore): NP-6, NP-18, NP-19, NP-22.
All NP stations are organized by the Russian (former Soviet) Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute (AARI).
History
[edit]The idea to use the drift ice for the exploration of nature in the high latitudes of the Arctic Ocean came from Fridtjof Nansen, who fulfilled it on Fram between 1893 and 1896. The first stations to use drift ice as means of scientific exploration of the Arctic originated in the Soviet Union in 1937, when the first such station in the world, North Pole-1, started operations.[1]
North Pole-1 was established on 21 May 1937 some 20 km from the North Pole by the expedition into the high latitudes. Sever-1, led by Otto Schmidt. "NP-1" operated for 9 months, during which the ice floe travelled 2,850 kilometres. On 19 February 1938, Soviet ice breakers Taimyr and Murman took off four polar explorers from the station, who immediately became famous in the USSR and were awarded titles Hero of the Soviet Union: hydrobiologist Pyotr Shirshov, geophysicist Yevgeny Fyodorov, radioman Ernst Krenkel and their leader Ivan Papanin.
Since 1954 Soviet NP stations worked continuously, with one to three such stations operating simultaneously each year. The total distance drifted between 1937 and 1973 was over 80,000 kilometres. North Pole-22 is particularly notable for its record drift, lasting nine years. On 28 June 1972 the ice floe with North Pole-19 passed over the North Pole for the first time ever.
During such long-term observations by NP stations numerous important discoveries in physical geography were made such as valuable conclusions on regularities and the connection between processes in the polar region of the Earth's hydrosphere and atmosphere and the deep water Lomonosov Ridge,[2] which crosses the Arctic Ocean, other large features of the ocean bottom's relief, the discovery of two systems of the drift (circular and "wash-out"), and the fact of cyclones' active penetration into the Central Arctic.
The last Soviet NP station, North Pole-31, was closed in July 1991.
In the post-Soviet era, Russian exploration of the Arctic by drifting ice stations was suspended for twelve years. The year 2003 was notable for Russia's return into the Arctic. As of 2006[update], three NP stations had carried out scientific measurements and research since then: "NP-32" through "NP-34".[citation needed] The latter was closed on 25 May 2006.[citation needed]
"NP-35" started operations on 21 September 2007 at the point 81°26′N 103°30′E / 81.433°N 103.500°E, when flags of Russia and Saint Petersburg were raised there. 22 scientists, led by A.A.Visnevsky are working on the ice floe. Establishment of the station was the third stage of the Arktika 2007 expedition. An appropriate ice floe was searched for from Akademik Fedorov research vessel, accompanied by nuclear icebreaker Rossiya, using MI-8 helicopters, for a week, until an ice floe with an area of 16 square kilometres was found.[3] The ice has since shrunk significantly, however, and the station is now being abandoned ahead of schedule.[4]
Replacement
[edit]Since the mid-2000s it became difficult to find a suitable ice floe to station camp on,[5][6] due to global warming, and several stations had to be evacuated prematurely because of unexpectedly fast thawing of the ice,[4] so in 2008 an idea to replace the ice camps with a drifting research vessel as a station core was proposed.[5] After almost a decade of deliberation, a contract of building the station vessel was awarded to Admiralty Shipyard in Saint Petersburg in 2017.[7] This will take a form of a large self-propelled ice resistant barge of ~10000 tons displacement, getting to the initial point of the mission by itself or with a help of an icebreaker and continuing to drift with the surrounding ice.[6] The barge, intended to function autonomously for 2–3 years, but equipped to be supplied by air or passing icebreakers, and equipped with the required research equipment, is expected to be commissioned in 2020.[needs update][6]
Past stations
[edit]See also
[edit]- List of research stations in the Arctic
- List of Russian explorers
- Soviet Antarctic Expedition
- Barneo, one-month tourist ice camp annual since 2002
- Icebreaker Sedov
- Konstantin Badygin
- Project Coldfeet
- Ice Station Zebra
References
[edit]- ^ "North Pole drifting stations (1930s-1980s)". Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Retrieved April 30, 2009.
- ^ Calvert, James, Vice Admiral USN Ret. (1996) [1960]. Surface at the Pole. Annapolis, Maryland: Bluejacket Books. p. 86. ISBN 1-55750-119-X.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ September 21, 2007 Press-Release[permanent dead link] by AARI
- ^ a b 14 July 2008 news story Archived 18 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine by the Associated Press
- ^ a b TASS, Artics Today, in Russian
- ^ a b c Admiralty Shipyard begun building a "North Pole" drifting station Fontanka.ru, 20 Decemped 2018, in Russian
- ^ Admiralty Shipyard goes adrift, Kommersant, 9 October 2017, in Russian
- ^ Скалина, Ирина (10 July 2008). "Опасный дрейф; Полярников эвакуируют на судне "Михаил Сомов"" (web). Российская газета. Retrieved 2008-07-12.(Russian/English)Skalina, Irina (July 10, 2008). "A dangerous drift; Polarnik evacuated on the ship "Mikhail Somov"" (web). Google Translation. Rossiyskaya Gazeta. Retrieved 2008-07-12.
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia - for some information in the text and in the table
- (in Russian)"North Pole" scientific research stations drift characteristics[permanent dead link] at the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute - for some information in the table
- "История станций "Северный полюс"" [History of "North Pole" stations] (in Russian). gazeta.ru. Archived from the original on 2008-10-04. - for some milestones in the exploration
- Romanov, I.P.; Konstantinov, Yu. B.; Kornilov, N.A. (1997), "North Pole" Drifting Stations (1937–1991), Saint Petersburg: Gidrometeoizdat, archived from the original on 2007-09-30,
Condensed English version edited by V.F. Radionov and F. Fetterer
External links
[edit]- Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations (1954-1990) Archived 2014-01-19 at the Wayback Machine at NSIDC
- "NP-2" to "NP-34" drift trajectories Archived 2006-12-09 at the Wayback Machine a Google Earth file from the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, presenting trajectories of the drift of "NP-2" through "NP-34"
- Arctic Drifting Ice Stations Reports (1950-1958) at Dartmouth College Library