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|status = DD
|status = DD
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Guo, P. |author2=Li, P. |author3=Rao, D.-q. |year=2012 |title=''Protobothrops kaulbacki'' |page=e.T178685A1541636 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T178685A1541636.en |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref>
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn">{{cite iucn |author=Guo, P. |author-link=species:Peng Guo |author2=Li, P. |author2-link=species:Pi-Peng Li |author3=Rao, D.-q. |author3-link=species:Ding-Qi Rao |year=2012 |title=''Protobothrops kaulbacki '' |page=e.T178685A1541636 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T178685A1541636.en |access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Protobothrops
|genus = Protobothrops
|species = kaulbacki
|species = kaulbacki
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|synonyms =
|synonyms =
*''Trimeresurus kaulbacki'' <br>{{small|M.A. Smith, 1940}}
*''Trimeresurus kaulbacki'' <br>{{small|M.A. Smith, 1940}}
*''P'' [''rotobothrops'']. ''kaulbacki'' <br>{{small|— {{interlanguage link multi|Fred Kraus|fr|Edward Frederick Kraus|lt=Kraus}}, [[Daniel G. Mink|Mink]] & [[Wesley M. Brown|W.M. Brown]], 1996}}<ref name=McD99>[[:fr:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], Touré T (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref><ref name=RDB/>
*''P'' [''rotobothrops'']. ''kaulbacki'' <br>{{small|— [[species:Fred Kraus|Kraus]], [[species:Daniel G. Mink|Mink]] & [[species:Wesley M. Brown|W.M. Brown]], 1996}}<ref name=McD99>[[species:Roy Wallace McDiarmid|McDiarmid RW]], [[Jonathan A. Campbell|Campbell JA]], [[species:T'Shaka A. Touré|Touré TA]] (1999). ''Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1''. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref><ref name=RDB/>
}}
}}


'''''Protobothrops kaulbacki''''', [[Common name|commonly known]] as the '''Kaulback's lance-headed pitviper'''<ref name=RDB/> or '''Kaulback's lance-headed pit viper''',<ref name="iucn"/><ref name=Gum04>Gumprecht A, Tillack F, [[:fr:Nikolaï Orlov (herpétologiste)|Orlov NL]], [[Ashok Captain|Captain A]], Ryabov S (2004). ''Asian Pit vipers''. Berlin: Geitje Books. First Edition. 368 pp. {{ISBN|3-937975-00-4}}.</ref> is a [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[pit viper]] [[species]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Asia]]. No [[subspecies]] are currently recognized.<ref name=RDB/><ref name=ITIS>{{ITIS|id=634919|taxon=''Protobothrops kaulbacki ''|access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref>
'''''Protobothrops kaulbacki''''', [[Common name|commonly known]] as '''Kaulback's lance-headed pitviper'''<ref name=RDB/> or '''Kaulback's lance-headed pit viper''',<ref name="iucn"/><ref name=Gum04>[[species:Andreas Gumprecht|Gumprecht A]], [[species:Frank Tillack|Tillack F]], [[species:Nikolai Liutsianovich Orlov|Orlov NL]], [[Ashok Captain|Captain A]], [[species:Sergei Aleksandrovich Ryabov|Ryabov S]] (2004). ''Asian Pit vipers''. Berlin: Geitje Books. First Edition. 368 pp. {{ISBN|3-937975-00-4}}.</ref> is a [[venomous snake|venomous]] [[pit viper]] [[species]] [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Asia]]. There are no [[subspecies]] that are recognized as being valid.<ref name=RDB/><ref name=ITIS>{{ITIS|id=634919|taxon=''Protobothrops kaulbacki ''|access-date=23 August 2021}}</ref>


==Etymology==
==Etymology==
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''kaulbacki'', is in honor of British explorer [[Ronald Kaulback]].<ref name=RDB/><ref>Smith MA (1940).</ref><ref>[[Peng Guo (zoologist)|Guo, Peng]] (2007). "New evidence on the phylogenetic position of the poorly known Asian pitviper ''Protobothrops kaulbacki'' (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) with a redescription of the species and a revision of the genus ''Protobothrops'' ". ''Herpetological Journal'' '''17''' (4): 237–246.</ref><ref>Beolens, Bo; Watkins. Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Protobothrops kaulbacki'', p. 138).</ref>
The [[Specific name (zoology)|specific name]], ''kaulbacki'', is in honor of British explorer [[Ronald Kaulback]].<ref name=RDB/><ref>[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1940).</ref><ref>Guo, Peng (2007). "New evidence on the phylogenetic position of the poorly known Asian pitviper ''Protobothrops kaulbacki'' (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) with a redescription of the species and a revision of the genus ''Protobothrops'' ". ''Herpetological Journal'' '''17''' (4): 237–246.</ref><ref>[[species:Bo Beolens|Beolens, Bo]]; [[species:Michael Watkins|Watkins, Michael]]; [[species:Michael Grayson|Grayson, Michael]] (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. {{ISBN|978-1-4214-0135-5}}. (''Protobothrops kaulbacki'', p. 138).</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
Adult males of ''P. kaulbacki'' may attain a total length of {{convert|134|cm|in|abbr=on}}, which includes a tail {{convert|22.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Females may grow longer: maximum total length {{convert|141|cm|in|abbr=on}}, tail {{convert|23|cm|in|abbr=on}}. [[Dorsum (anatomy)|Dorsally]], it is green, with a vertebral series of dark angular spots, which may be joined to form a zigzag stripe. The top of the head is black with yellow stripes. Ventrally, except for the whitish throat area, it is gray with large squarish or crescent-shaped yellow spots.<ref name="MASmith1943">[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes''. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Protobothrops kaulbacki'', p. 512).</ref> Scalation includes 25 rows of [[dorsal scales]] at midbody, 201–212 [[ventral scales]], 66–78 [[subcaudal scales]], and 8 [[supralabial scales]] of which the third is the largest.<ref name=Gum04/>
Adult males of ''P. kaulbacki'' may attain a total length of {{convert|134|cm|in|abbr=on}}, which includes a tail {{convert|22.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} long. Females may grow longer: maximum total length {{convert|141|cm|in|abbr=on}}, tail {{convert|23|cm|in|abbr=on}}. [[Dorsum (anatomy)|Dorsally]], it is green, with a vertebral series of dark angular spots, which may be joined to form a zigzag stripe. The top of the head is black with yellow stripes. Ventrally, except for the whitish throat area, it is gray with large squarish or crescent-shaped yellow spots.<ref name="MASmith1943">Smith MA (1943). ''The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes''. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (''Protobothrops kaulbacki'', p. 512).</ref> Scalation includes 25 rows of [[dorsal scales]] at midbody, 201–212 [[ventral scales]], 66–78 [[subcaudal scales]], and 8 [[supralabial scales]] of which the third is the largest.<ref name=Gum04/>


==Geographic range==
==Geographic range==
''Protobothrops kaulbacki'' had originally been known only from the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]], which is "Pangnamdim, north of the Triangle, [[Upper Burma]]" ([[Burma|Myanmar]]).<ref name=McD99/> In 2005 it was reported also from [[Tibet]] (China).<ref name="iucn"/><ref>[[Rao Dingqi|Rao D]], [[Zhao Ermi|Zhao E]] (2005). "A New Record from China – ''Protobothrops kaulbacki'' (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae)". ''Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica'' '''30''': 209-211.</ref> It also occurs in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (NE India).<ref name=RDB/>
''P. kaulbacki'' had originally been known only from the [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]], which is "Pangnamdim, north of the Triangle, [[Upper Burma]]" ([[Burma|Myanmar]]).<ref name=McD99/> In 2005 it was reported also from [[Tibet]] (China).<ref name="iucn"/><ref>[[species:Ding-Qi Rao|Rao D]], [[Zhao Ermi|Zhao E]] (2005). "A New Record from China – ''Protobothrops kaulbacki'' (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae)". ''Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica'' '''30''': 209-211.</ref> It also occurs in [[Arunachal Pradesh]] (NE India).<ref name=RDB/>

==Habitat==
The preferred natural [[habitat]]s of ''P. kaulbacki'' are [[forest]], [[shrubland]], and [[grassland]], at altitudes of {{cvt|1,015|–|1,066|m|ft}}.<ref name="iucn"/>


==Reproduction==
==Reproduction==
''Protobothrops kaulbacki'' is [[Oviparity|oviparous]]. The adult female lays a [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]] of 6–32 [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s in a hole in the ground, and then remains with the eggs to guard them. Eggs measure 48–53&nbsp;mm x 26–27&nbsp;mm (about 2 in x 1 in). Each hatchling is 26–27&nbsp;cm (about 10½ inches) in total length.<ref name="MASmith1943"/>
''P. kaulbacki'' is [[Oviparity|oviparous]]. The adult female lays a [[Clutch (eggs)|clutch]] of 6–32 [[Egg (biology)|egg]]s in a hole in the ground, and then remains with the eggs to guard them. Eggs measure 48–53&nbsp;mm x 26–27&nbsp;mm (about 2 in x 1 in). Each hatchling is 26–27&nbsp;cm (about 10½ inches) in total length.<ref name="MASmith1943"/>

==Behavior==
''P. kaulbacki'' is [[Terrestrial locomotion|terrestrial]]<ref name="iucn"/> and partly arboreal.<ref>Harrington, Sean M.; de Haan, Jordyn M.; Shapiro, Lindsey; [[species:Sara Ruane|Ruane, Sara]] (2018). "Habits and characteristics of arboreal snakes worldwide: arboreality constrains body size but does not affect lineage diversification". ''Biological Journal of the Linnean Society'' '''125''' (1): 61–71.</ref>


==References==
==References==
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==Further reading==
==Further reading==
*Kraus, Fred; Mink, Daniel G.; Brown, Wesley M. (1996). "Crotaline Intergeneric Relationships Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data". ''Copeia'' '''1996''' (4): 763–773. (''Protobothrops kaulbacki'', new combination).
*[[species:Fred Kraus|Kraus, Fred]]; [[species:Daniel G. Mink|Mink, Daniel G.]]; [[species:Wesley M. Brown|Brown, Wesley M.]] (1996). "Crotaline Intergeneric Relationships Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data". ''Copeia'' '''1996''' (4): 763–773. (''Protobothrops kaulbacki'', new combination).
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1940). "The Amphibians and Reptiles obtained by Mr. Ronald Kaulback in Upper Burma". ''Records of the Indian Museum'' '''42''': 465–486. (''Protobothrops kaulbacki'', new species, p. 485, Plate VIII, Figure 5).
*[[Malcolm Arthur Smith|Smith MA]] (1940). "The Amphibians and Reptiles obtained by Mr. Ronald Kaulback in Upper Burma". ''Records of the Indian Museum'' '''42''': 465–486. (''Protobothrops kaulbacki'', new species, p. 485, Plate VIII, Figure 5).



{{Taxonbar|from1=Q5074994|from2=Q7842183}}
{{Taxonbar|from1=Q5074994|from2=Q7842183}}
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[[Category:Reptiles described in 1940]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1940]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Malcolm Arthur Smith]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Malcolm Arthur Smith]]


{{Snake-stub}}

Latest revision as of 09:57, 12 August 2024

Protobothrops kaulbacki
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Viperidae
Genus: Protobothrops
Species:
P. kaulbacki
Binomial name
Protobothrops kaulbacki
(M.A. Smith, 1940)
Synonyms

Protobothrops kaulbacki, commonly known as Kaulback's lance-headed pitviper[3] or Kaulback's lance-headed pit viper,[1][4] is a venomous pit viper species endemic to Asia. There are no subspecies that are recognized as being valid.[3][5]

Etymology

[edit]

The specific name, kaulbacki, is in honor of British explorer Ronald Kaulback.[3][6][7][8]

Description

[edit]

Adult males of P. kaulbacki may attain a total length of 134 cm (53 in), which includes a tail 22.5 cm (8.9 in) long. Females may grow longer: maximum total length 141 cm (56 in), tail 23 cm (9.1 in). Dorsally, it is green, with a vertebral series of dark angular spots, which may be joined to form a zigzag stripe. The top of the head is black with yellow stripes. Ventrally, except for the whitish throat area, it is gray with large squarish or crescent-shaped yellow spots.[9] Scalation includes 25 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 201–212 ventral scales, 66–78 subcaudal scales, and 8 supralabial scales of which the third is the largest.[4]

Geographic range

[edit]

P. kaulbacki had originally been known only from the type locality, which is "Pangnamdim, north of the Triangle, Upper Burma" (Myanmar).[2] In 2005 it was reported also from Tibet (China).[1][10] It also occurs in Arunachal Pradesh (NE India).[3]

Habitat

[edit]

The preferred natural habitats of P. kaulbacki are forest, shrubland, and grassland, at altitudes of 1,015–1,066 m (3,330–3,497 ft).[1]

Reproduction

[edit]

P. kaulbacki is oviparous. The adult female lays a clutch of 6–32 eggs in a hole in the ground, and then remains with the eggs to guard them. Eggs measure 48–53 mm x 26–27 mm (about 2 in x 1 in). Each hatchling is 26–27 cm (about 10½ inches) in total length.[9]

Behavior

[edit]

P. kaulbacki is terrestrial[1] and partly arboreal.[11]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e Guo, P.; Li, P.; Rao, D.-q. (2012). "Protobothrops kaulbacki ". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T178685A1541636. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T178685A1541636.en. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  2. ^ a b McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA (1999). Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
  3. ^ a b c d e Protobothrops kaulbacki at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 23 August 2021.
  4. ^ a b Gumprecht A, Tillack F, Orlov NL, Captain A, Ryabov S (2004). Asian Pit vipers. Berlin: Geitje Books. First Edition. 368 pp. ISBN 3-937975-00-4.
  5. ^ "Protobothrops kaulbacki ". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 23 August 2021.
  6. ^ Smith MA (1940).
  7. ^ Guo, Peng (2007). "New evidence on the phylogenetic position of the poorly known Asian pitviper Protobothrops kaulbacki (Serpentes: Viperidae: Crotalinae) with a redescription of the species and a revision of the genus Protobothrops ". Herpetological Journal 17 (4): 237–246.
  8. ^ Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Protobothrops kaulbacki, p. 138).
  9. ^ a b Smith MA (1943). The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma, Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region. Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. III.—Serpentes. London: Secretary of State for India. (Taylor and Francis, printers). xii + 583 pp. (Protobothrops kaulbacki, p. 512).
  10. ^ Rao D, Zhao E (2005). "A New Record from China – Protobothrops kaulbacki (Reptilia, Serpentes, Viperidae)". Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica 30: 209-211.
  11. ^ Harrington, Sean M.; de Haan, Jordyn M.; Shapiro, Lindsey; Ruane, Sara (2018). "Habits and characteristics of arboreal snakes worldwide: arboreality constrains body size but does not affect lineage diversification". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 125 (1): 61–71.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Kraus, Fred; Mink, Daniel G.; Brown, Wesley M. (1996). "Crotaline Intergeneric Relationships Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Data". Copeia 1996 (4): 763–773. (Protobothrops kaulbacki, new combination).
  • Smith MA (1940). "The Amphibians and Reptiles obtained by Mr. Ronald Kaulback in Upper Burma". Records of the Indian Museum 42: 465–486. (Protobothrops kaulbacki, new species, p. 485, Plate VIII, Figure 5).


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