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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name=Mende
|name=Mende
|nativename=Mɛnde yia / 𞠗𞢱𞡓𞠣 / [[File:Mehnde yia - orange.png|50px|Mɛnde yia]]
|nativename=Mɛnde yia / {{Script|Mend|𞠗𞢱 𞡓𞠣}} / [[File:Mehnde yia.svg|50px|Mɛnde yia]]
|states=[[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]]
|states=[[Sierra Leone]], [[Liberia]], [[Guinea]]
|region=South central Sierra Leone
|region=South central Sierra Leone
|ethnicity=[[Mende people]]
|ethnicity=[[Mende people]]
|speakers=1.5 million
|speakers={{sigfig|2.541600|2}} million
|date = 2006
|date=2020–2021
|ref=e18
|ref=e27
|dia1=Ko
|dia2=Kpa
|dia3=Sewawa
|dia4=Wanjama
|image=Mendeirv.svg
|image=Mendeirv.svg
|imagescale=0.7
|imagescale=0.7
|script=[[Latin script|Latin]]<br/>[[Mende Kikakui script]]
|script=[[Latin script|Latin]]<br/>[[Mende Kikakui script]]
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|familycolor=Niger-Congo
|fam1=[[Mande languages|Mande]]
|fam1=[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger–Congo]]?
|fam2=Western Mande
|fam2=[[Mande languages|Mande]]
|fam3=[[Southwestern Mande languages|Southwestern]]
|fam3=[[Mande languages|Western]]
|fam4=[[Southwestern Mande languages|Southwestern]]
|fam4=Mende–Loma
|fam5=[[Mande languages|Mende–Loma]]
|fam5=Mende–Bandi
|fam6=[[Mande languages|Mende–Bandi]]
|fam6=Mende–Loko
|fam7=[[Mande languages|Mende–Loko]]
|iso2=men
|iso2=men
|iso3=men
|iso3=men
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}}
}}


'''Mende''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|n|d|i}}<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> (''Mɛnde yia'') is a major language of [[Sierra Leone]], with some speakers in neighboring [[Liberia]] and [[Guinea]]. It is spoken by the [[Mende people]] and by other [[ethnic groups]] as a regional [[lingua franca]] in southern Sierra Leone. In southern Sierra Leone, it is the regional lingua franca that allows all tribes to communicate.
'''Mende''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɛ|n|d|i}}<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> (''Mɛnde yia'') is a major language of [[Sierra Leone]], with some speakers in neighboring [[Liberia]] and [[Guinea]]. It is spoken by the [[Mende people]] and by other [[ethnic groups]] as a regional [[lingua franca]] in southern Sierra Leone.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sengova |first=Joko |date=1987 |title=The national languages of Sierra Leone: A decade of policy experimentation |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0001972000083194/type/journal_article |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=521–522 |doi=10.2307/1159897 |issn=0001-9720}}</ref>


Mende is a [[tonal language]] belonging to the [[Mande languages|Mande language family]]. Early systematic descriptions of Mende were by F. W. Migeod<ref>Migeod, F. W. 1908. [https://archive.org/details/mendelanguagecon00migeuoft ''The Mende language'']. London</ref> and [[Kenneth Crosby]].<ref>Crosby, Kenneth. 1944. ''An Introduction to the Study of Mende''. Cambridge University Press.</ref>
Mende is a [[tonal language]] belonging to the [[Mande languages|Mande language family]]. Early systematic descriptions of Mende were by F. W. Migeod<ref>Migeod, F. W. 1908. [https://archive.org/details/mendelanguagecon00migeuoft ''The Mende language'']. London</ref> and [[Kenneth Crosby]].<ref>Crosby, Kenneth. 1944. ''An Introduction to the Study of Mende''. Cambridge University Press.</ref> [[Ethel G. Aginsky|Ethel Aginsky]] decoded the language in her doctoral work.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Murphy |first=Patricia |date=1972-09-24 |title=Meeting of science, society |url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-los-angeles-times-meeting-of-science/145709550/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |work=The Los Angeles Times |pages=70}}</ref>


==Written forms==
==Written forms==


In 1921, [[Kisimi Kamara]] invented a [[syllabary]] for Mende he called [[Kikakui]] (𞠂𞠁𞠀 / [[File:Ki-ka-ku.png|30px|Kikaku]]). The script achieved widespread use for a time, but has largely been replaced with an [[alphabet]] based on the [[Latin script]], and the Mende script is considered a "failed script".<ref>Unseth, Peter. 2011. Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization. In ''The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts'', ed. by Joshua A. Fishman and Ofelia García, pp. 23-32. New York: Oxford University Press.</ref> The Bible was translated into Mende and published in 1959, in Latin script.{{cn}}
In 1921, [[Kisimi Kamara]] invented a [[syllabary]] for Mende he called [[Kikakui]] ({{Script|Mend|𞠀𞠁𞠂}} / [[File:Ki-ka-ku.svg|30px|Kikaku]]). The script achieved widespread use for a time, but has largely been replaced with an [[alphabet]] based on the [[Latin script]], and the Mende script is considered a "failed script".<ref>{{cite book|last=Unseth |first=Peter |year=2011 |chapter=Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization |title=The Success–Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts |editor1-first=Joshua A. |editor1-last=Fishman| editor2-first=Ofelia |editor2-last=García |pages=23–32 |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> The Bible was translated into Mende and published in 1959, in Latin script.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tuchscherer |first=Konrad |date=1995 |title=African Script and Scripture: The History of the Kikakui (Mende) Writing System for Bible Translations |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1771691 |journal=African Languages and Cultures |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=169–188 |issn=0954-416X}}</ref>


The Latin-based alphabet is: '''[[a]]''', '''[[b]]''', '''[[d]]''', '''[[e]]''', '''[[ɛ]]''', '''[[f]]''', '''[[g]]''', '''[[List of Latin-script digraphs#G|gb]]''', '''[[h]]''', '''[[i]]''', '''[[j]]''', '''[[k]]''', '''[[List of Latin-script digraphs#K|kp]]''', '''[[l]]''', '''[[m]]''', '''[[n]]''', '''[[Ny (digraph)|ny]]''', '''[[o]]''', '''[[ɔ]]''', '''[[p]]''', '''[[s]]''', '''[[t]]''', '''[[u]]''', '''[[v]]''', '''[[w]]''', '''[[y]]'''. <ref>[http://aboutworldlanguages.com/mende Coble, Scott. n.d. "Mende." AboutWorldLanguages.com] (accessed 8 October 2014)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono/PhonologieN.php|title=Langue : mende|website=Systèmes alphabétiques des langues africaines|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref>
The Latin-based alphabet is: '''[[a]]''', '''[[b]]''', '''[[d]]''', '''[[e]]''', '''[[ɛ]]''', '''[[f]]''', '''[[g]]''', '''[[List of Latin-script digraphs#G|gb]]''', '''[[h]]''', '''[[i]]''', '''[[j]]''', '''[[k]]''', '''[[List of Latin-script digraphs#K|kp]]''', '''[[l]]''', '''[[m]]''', '''[[n]]''', '''[[Ny (digraph)|ny]]''', '''[[o]]''', '''[[ɔ]]''', '''[[p]]''', '''[[s]]''', '''[[t]]''', '''[[u]]''', '''[[v]]''', '''[[w]]''', '''[[y]]'''. <ref>[http://aboutworldlanguages.com/mende Coble, Scott. n.d. "Mende." AboutWorldLanguages.com] (accessed 8 October 2014)</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/phono/PhonologieN.php|title=Langue : mende|website=Systèmes alphabétiques des langues africaines|access-date=2019-02-14}}</ref>
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![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Labialized velar consonant|Labiovelar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
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|
|
|k
|k
⚫
|k͡p
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
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|
|
|ɡ
|ɡ
⚫
|ɡ͡b
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
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|
|
|ŋ͡ɡ
|ŋ͡ɡ
⚫
|ŋɡ͡b
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
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|f
|f
|s
|s
⚫
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|
|
|- align="center"
⚫
! rowspan="3" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>plain</small>
⚫
|
⚫
|
⚫
|
⚫
|k͡p
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
⚫
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>voiced</small>
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
|
|
|d͡ʒ
|d͡ʒ
⚫
|
⚫
|ɡ͡b
⚫
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
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|
|
|ɲd͡ʒ
|ɲd͡ʒ
|
⚫
|ŋɡ͡b
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
! colspan="2" |[[Lateral consonant|Lateral]]
|
|
|l
|l
|
|
|
|
|
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|ɲ
|ɲ
|ŋ
|ŋ
|
|
|
|- align="center"
|- align="center"
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|
|
|j
|j
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
|}
|}
<ref>{{Cite book|title=Consonant Mutation in Mende|last=Dwyer|first=David James|year=1969|location=Michigan State University}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Consonant Mutation in Mende|last=Dwyer|first=David James|year=1969|publisher=Michigan State University|type=MA|location=East Lansing, Michigan |doi=10.25335/e7tq-gp12}}</ref>

==Oral literature==
In 1908, F.W.H. Migeod, a British civil servant,<ref name="k777">{{cite web | title=F. W. H. Migeod | website=Horniman Museum and Gardens | url=https://www.horniman.ac.uk/agent/agent-2182/ | access-date=2024-08-11}}</ref> published ''The Mende Language'', which contains 17 stories in Mende with facing-text English translations, along with 13 Mende songs (lyrics only, no music).<ref>Migeod, Frederick William Hugh (1908). ''[https://archive.org/details/mendelanguageco02migegoog/page/n206/mode/2up?view=theater The Mende Language, Containing Useful Phrases, Elementary Grammar, Short Vocabularies, Reading Materials.]'' pp. 200-271.</ref>

Ralph Eberl-Elber, an Austrian ethnologist,<ref name="o924">{{cite web | title=Ralph Eberl-EIber | website=Wien Geschichte Wiki | url=https://www.geschichtewiki.wien.gv.at/Ralph_Eberl-EIber | language=de | access-date=2024-08-11}}</ref> published two Mende tales with English translations as he heard them in Sierra Leone in the 1935.<ref name="j279">{{cite journal | last=Eberl-Elber | first=Ralph | title=Two Mende Tales | journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=10 | issue=1 | year=1939 | issn=13561898 | jstor=607935 | pages=223–234 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/607935 | access-date=2024-08-11}}</ref>

The American anthropologist Marion Dusser de Barenne Kilson worked with Mende storytellers in Sierra Leone as a graduate student in 1959 and 1960 (her husband, the political scientist [[Martin Kilson]], was also conducting research in Sierra Leone at the time). Marion Kilson then returned to Sierra Leone in 1972 for further research and in 1976 she published ''Royal Antelope and Spider: West African Mende Tales'',<ref>Kilson, Marion (1976). ''[https://archive.org/details/royalantelopespi0000unse Royal Antelope and Spider: West African Mende Tales.]''</ref> which contains 100 Mende folktales in both the original Mende and in English translation. The introduction provides an overview of Mende culture along with detailed information about Mende storytelling traditions.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gibbs |first1=Laura |title=Reader's Guide to African Folktales at the Internet Archive |date=25 March 2022 |url=https://archive.org/stream/guideafricafolktales/guideafricafolktales_djvu.txt}}{{Creative Commons text attribution notice|cc=by4|from this source=yes}}</ref>

For Mende proverbs in Mende and English translation, see "Some Mεnde Proverbs," an article published by M. Mary Senior in 1947.<ref name="s028">{{cite journal | last=Senior | first=M. Mary | title=Some Mεnde Proverbs | journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute | publisher=[Cambridge University Press, International African Institute] | volume=17 | issue=3 | year=1947 | issn=00019720 | jstor=1156011 | pages=202–205 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1156011 | access-date=2024-08-11}}</ref>


==In films==
==In films==


Mende was used extensively in the films ''[[Amistad (1997 film)|Amistad]]'' and ''[[Blood Diamond (film)|Blood Diamond]]'' and was the subject of the documentary film ''The Language You Cry In''.
Mende was used extensively in the films ''[[Amistad (1997 film)|Amistad]]'' and ''[[Blood Diamond (film)|Blood Diamond]]'' and was the subject of the documentary film ''The Language You Cry In'' about the connections between the [[Gullah]] people of present-day Georgia and their ancestors from Sierra Leone, beginning with the work of [[Lorenzo Dow Turner]] who documented Gullah memories of the Mende language.<ref name="e135">{{cite web | title=THE LANGUAGE YOU CRY IN | website=California Newsreel | url=https://newsreel.org/video/THE-LANGUAGE-YOU-CRY-IN | access-date=2024-08-11}}</ref>

== Sample text ==
''Numuvuisia Kpɛlɛɛ ta ti le tɛ yɛ nduwɔ ya hu, tao ti nuvuu yei kɛɛ ti lɔnyi maa hɛwungɔ. Kiiya kɛɛ hindaluahu gɔɔla a yɛlɔ ti hun. Fale mahoungɔ ti ti nyɔnyɔhu hoi kia ndeegaa.''

=== Translation ===
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

''(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)''


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 13:08, 12 August 2024

Not to be confused with Mende language (Papua New Guinea).
Mende
Mɛnde yia / 𞠗𞢱 𞡓𞠣‎ / Mɛnde yia
Native toSierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea
RegionSouth central Sierra Leone
EthnicityMende people
Native speakers
2.5 million (2020–2021)[1]
Dialects
  • Ko
  • Kpa
  • Sewawa
  • Wanjama
Latin
Mende Kikakui script
Language codes
ISO 639-2men
ISO 639-3men
Glottologmend1266
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Mende /ˈmɛndi/[2] (Mɛnde yia) is a major language of Sierra Leone, with some speakers in neighboring Liberia and Guinea. It is spoken by the Mende people and by other ethnic groups as a regional lingua franca in southern Sierra Leone.[3]

Mende is a tonal language belonging to the Mande language family. Early systematic descriptions of Mende were by F. W. Migeod[4] and Kenneth Crosby.[5] Ethel Aginsky decoded the language in her doctoral work.[6]

Written forms

[edit]

In 1921, Kisimi Kamara invented a syllabary for Mende he called Kikakui (𞠀𞠁𞠂‎ / Kikaku). The script achieved widespread use for a time, but has largely been replaced with an alphabet based on the Latin script, and the Mende script is considered a "failed script".[7] The Bible was translated into Mende and published in 1959, in Latin script.[8]

The Latin-based alphabet is: a, b, d, e, ɛ, f, g, gb, h, i, j, k, kp, l, m, n, ny, o, ɔ, p, s, t, u, v, w, y. [9][10]

Mende has seven vowels: a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ, u. [11][12]

Phonology

[edit]

Consonants

[edit]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Glottal
Plosive plain p t k k͡p
voiced b d ɡ ɡ͡b
prenasalized m͡b n͡d ŋ͡ɡ ŋɡ͡b
Fricative plain f s h
voiced v
Affricate voiced d͡ʒ
prenasalized ɲd͡ʒ
Lateral l
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Approximant w j

Vowels

[edit]
Front Central Zurück
Schließen Sie i u
Close-mid e o
Open-mid ɛ ɔ
Öffnen Sie a

[13]

Oral literature

[edit]

In 1908, F.W.H. Migeod, a British civil servant,[14] published The Mende Language, which contains 17 stories in Mende with facing-text English translations, along with 13 Mende songs (lyrics only, no music).[15]

Ralph Eberl-Elber, an Austrian ethnologist,[16] published two Mende tales with English translations as he heard them in Sierra Leone in the 1935.[17]

The American anthropologist Marion Dusser de Barenne Kilson worked with Mende storytellers in Sierra Leone as a graduate student in 1959 and 1960 (her husband, the political scientist Martin Kilson, was also conducting research in Sierra Leone at the time). Marion Kilson then returned to Sierra Leone in 1972 for further research and in 1976 she published Royal Antelope and Spider: West African Mende Tales,[18] which contains 100 Mende folktales in both the original Mende and in English translation. The introduction provides an overview of Mende culture along with detailed information about Mende storytelling traditions.[19]

For Mende proverbs in Mende and English translation, see "Some Mεnde Proverbs," an article published by M. Mary Senior in 1947.[20]

In films

[edit]

Mende was used extensively in the films Amistad and Blood Diamond and was the subject of the documentary film The Language You Cry In about the connections between the Gullah people of present-day Georgia and their ancestors from Sierra Leone, beginning with the work of Lorenzo Dow Turner who documented Gullah memories of the Mende language.[21]

Sample text

[edit]

Numuvuisia Kpɛlɛɛ ta ti le tɛ yɛ nduwɔ ya hu, tao ti nuvuu yei kɛɛ ti lɔnyi maa hɛwungɔ. Kiiya kɛɛ hindaluahu gɔɔla a yɛlɔ ti hun. Fale mahoungɔ ti ti nyɔnyɔhu hoi kia ndeegaa.

Translation

[edit]

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Mende at Ethnologue (27th ed., 2024) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh
  3. ^ Sengova, Joko (1987). "The national languages of Sierra Leone: A decade of policy experimentation". Africa. 57 (4): 521–522. doi:10.2307/1159897. ISSN 0001-9720.
  4. ^ Migeod, F. W. 1908. The Mende language. London
  5. ^ Crosby, Kenneth. 1944. An Introduction to the Study of Mende. Cambridge University Press.
  6. ^ Murphy, Patricia (1972-09-24). "Meeting of science, society". The Los Angeles Times. p. 70. Retrieved 2024-04-20.
  7. ^ Unseth, Peter (2011). "Invention of Scripts in West Africa for Ethnic Revitalization". In Fishman, Joshua A.; García, Ofelia (eds.). The Success–Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 23–32.
  8. ^ Tuchscherer, Konrad (1995). "African Script and Scripture: The History of the Kikakui (Mende) Writing System for Bible Translations". African Languages and Cultures. 8 (2): 169–188. ISSN 0954-416X.
  9. ^ Coble, Scott. n.d. "Mende." AboutWorldLanguages.com (accessed 8 October 2014)
  10. ^ "Langue : mende". Systèmes alphabétiques des langues africaines. Retrieved 2019-02-14.
  11. ^ A Mende Orthography Workshop: Ministry of Education, Freetown, January 21-25, 1980
  12. ^ Pemagbi, Joe. 1991. "A guide to Mende orthography." SLADEA.
  13. ^ Dwyer, David James (1969). Consonant Mutation in Mende (MA). East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University. doi:10.25335/e7tq-gp12.
  14. ^ "F. W. H. Migeod". Horniman Museum and Gardens. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  15. ^ Migeod, Frederick William Hugh (1908). The Mende Language, Containing Useful Phrases, Elementary Grammar, Short Vocabularies, Reading Materials. pp. 200-271.
  16. ^ "Ralph Eberl-EIber". Wien Geschichte Wiki (in German). Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  17. ^ Eberl-Elber, Ralph (1939). "Two Mende Tales". Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London. 10 (1). Cambridge University Press: 223–234. ISSN 1356-1898. JSTOR 607935. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  18. ^ Kilson, Marion (1976). Royal Antelope and Spider: West African Mende Tales.
  19. ^ Gibbs, Laura (25 March 2022). Reader's Guide to African Folktales at the Internet Archive. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  20. ^ Senior, M. Mary (1947). "Some Mεnde Proverbs". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 17 (3). [Cambridge University Press, International African Institute]: 202–205. ISSN 0001-9720. JSTOR 1156011. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
  21. ^ "THE LANGUAGE YOU CRY IN". California Newsreel. Retrieved 2024-08-11.
[edit]


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