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{{short description|Inhabitants of Spain and their descendants who immigrated to the Americas}}
:''"Peninsular" redirects here. For the geographical formation, see [[peninsula]].
{{Distinguish|Peninsula}}
{{Expand language|topic=|langcode=es|otherarticle=Peninsular|date=July 2019}}


In the [[colonial]] [[caste]] system of [[Spanish America]], a '''''peninsular''''' was a [[Spain|Spanish-born]] [[Spanish people|Spaniard]] residing in the [[New World]], as opposed to a person of full Spanish descent born in the Americas (known as [[Criollo (people)|criollos]]).
In the context of the [[Spanish Empire]], a '''''peninsular''''' ({{IPA|es|peninsuˈlaɾ}}, [[grammatical number|pl.]] ''peninsulares'') was a [[Spanish people|Spaniard]] born in [[Spain]] residing in the [[New World]], [[Spanish East Indies]], or [[Spanish Guinea]].<ref name="EB">{{cite web | title=Peninsular | website=Encyclopedia Britannica | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/peninsular | access-date=2021-06-12}}</ref> In the context of the [[Portuguese Empire]], '''''reinóis''''' (singular ''reinol'') were [[Portuguese people]] born in [[Portugal]] residing primarily in [[Portuguese America]]; children born in Brazil to two ''reinóis'' parents were known as [[wikt::pt:mazombo|''mazombos'']].


Spaniards born in the [[Spanish Philippines]] were called ''insular/es'' or originally ''filipino/s''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wickberg|first=E.|date=March 1964|title=The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/1129/CEAS.1964.n10.pdf?sequence=1|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian History|volume=5|pages=63|doi=10.1017/S0217781100002222 |hdl=1808/1129 |via=KU ScholarWorks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Perdon|first=Renato|date=December 31, 2013|title=The origin of Filipino|url=https://muntingnayon.com/103/103140/|website=Munting Nayon}}</ref>'','' before "[[Filipinos|Filipino]]" now came to be known as all of the [[Philippine nationality law|modern citizens]] of the now sovereign independent [[Philippines]]. Spaniards born in the colonies of the [[New World]] that today comprises the [[Hispanic America]] are called ''[[criollo people|criollos]]'' (individuals of full Spanish descent born in the New World).
Peninsulares held high official power or positions in the Americas. Apart from the distinction of peninsulares from [[Criollo (people)|criollos]], there were also ''[[mestizo]]s'' (of mixed Spanish and Amerindian ancestry), [[mulatto]]s (of mixed Spanish and black ancestry), [[Amerindian]]s, zambos (mixed Amerindian and black ancestry) and finally Blacks. In some places and epochs, they were called depreciatively '''''godos''''', or in [[Mexico]], '''''gachupines'''''.


Higher offices in [[Spanish America]] and the Spanish Philippines were held by ''peninsulares''. Apart from the distinction of ''peninsulares'' from ''criollo'', the ''[[casta]]s'' system distinguished also ''[[mestizo]]s'' of mixed Spanish and Amerindian ancestry in the Americas, and '<nowiki/>''[[Filipino Mestizos|mestizos]] de español''<nowiki/>' (mixed Spanish and [[Ethnic groups in the Philippines|native Filipino]] ([[Spanish Filipino]])), or '''[[Torna atrás|tornatrás]]''<nowiki/>' (mixed Spanish and [[Sangley]] [[Chinese people|Chinese]] ([[Chinese Filipino]])) in the [[Philippines]] / [[Spanish East Indies]], ''[[mulatto|mulato]]s'' (of mixed Spanish and black ancestry), ''[[Amerindian|indio]]s'' (Amerindians / Native Filipinos), ''[[zambo]]s'' (mixed Amerindian and black ancestry) and finally ''[[Black people|negros]]''. In some places and times, such as during the [[Spanish American wars of independence|wars of independence]], ''peninsulares'' or members of conservative parties were called depreciatively ''[[name of the Goths|godos]]'' (meaning ''Goths'', referring to the "[[Visigothic Kingdom|Visigoths]]", who had ruled Spain and were considered the origin of Spanish aristocracy) or, in [[Mexico]], ''[[Gachupín|gachupines]]''.<ref name="DRAE">[https://dle.rae.es/?id=IgwbtzF gachupín] in the [[Diccionario de la lengua española]]</ref> ''Godos'' is still used pejoratively in the Canary Islands for the peninsular Spanish, and in Chile for Spaniards.<ref name="RAE">{{cite book |title=Diccionario de la lengua española |date=2019 |publisher=Real Academia Española, Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española |edition=electrónica 23.3 |url=https://dle.rae.es/godo |access-date=12 August 2020 |language=es |chapter=godo}}</ref>
Colonial officials at the highest levels arrived from Spain or [[Portugal]] to fulfill their duty to govern [[Iberians|Iberian]] colonies in [[Latin America]]. Often, the Peninsulares had large quantities of land. They defended the [[Cádiz]] monopoly on trade, upsetting the criollos, prone to smuggle with British and French colonies. They worked to preserve Spanish or Portuguese power and acted as agents of patrol, in certain cases.


==See also==
In colonial social hierarchy, the ''peninsulares'' were nominally at the top, followed by criollos, who developed a fully-entrenched powerful local aristocracy during the 17th and 18th century . In the French Revolution, the peninsulares were generally conservative.
*[[Dominant minority]]
*[[Isleños]]
*[[Gachupín]]
*[[List of governors in the viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata]]
*[[List of viceroys of New Granada]]
*[[List of viceroys of New Spain]]
*[[List of viceroys of Peru]]


==References==
The Clunk Was Here
{{Reflist}}


{{White people}}
''Peninsulares'' was also a Spanish brand of [[cigarette]]s.


[[Category:Ethnic groups in the Americas]]
{{hist-stub}}
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Latin America]]

[[Category:Ethnic groups]]
[[Category:Latin American caste system]]
[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:White Latin Americans]]

[[he:פנינסולרים]]

Latest revision as of 02:38, 13 August 2024

Not to be confused with Peninsula.

In the context of the Spanish Empire, a peninsular (Spanish pronunciation: [peninsuˈlaɾ], pl. peninsulares) was a Spaniard born in Spanien residing in the New World, Spanish East Indies, or Spanish Guinea.[1] In the context of the Portuguese Empire, reinóis (singular reinol) were Portuguese people born in Portugal residing primarily in Portuguese America; children born in Brazil to two reinóis parents were known as mazombos.

Spaniards born in the Spanish Philippines were called insular/es or originally filipino/s[2][3], before "Filipino" now came to be known as all of the modern citizens of the now sovereign independent Philippines. Spaniards born in the colonies of the New World that today comprises the Hispanic America are called criollos (individuals of full Spanish descent born in the New World).

Higher offices in Spanish America and the Spanish Philippines were held by peninsulares. Apart from the distinction of peninsulares from criollo, the castas system distinguished also mestizos of mixed Spanish and Amerindian ancestry in the Americas, and 'mestizos de español' (mixed Spanish and native Filipino (Spanish Filipino)), or 'tornatrás' (mixed Spanish and Sangley Chinese (Chinese Filipino)) in the Philippines / Spanish East Indies, mulatos (of mixed Spanish and black ancestry), indios (Amerindians / Native Filipinos), zambos (mixed Amerindian and black ancestry) and finally negros. In some places and times, such as during the wars of independence, peninsulares or members of conservative parties were called depreciatively godos (meaning Goths, referring to the "Visigoths", who had ruled Spain and were considered the origin of Spanish aristocracy) or, in Mexico, gachupines.[4] Godos is still used pejoratively in the Canary Islands for the peninsular Spanish, and in Chile for Spaniards.[5]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Peninsular". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  2. ^ Wickberg, E. (March 1964). "The Chinese Mestizo in Philippine History" (PDF). Journal of Southeast Asian History. 5: 63. doi:10.1017/S0217781100002222. hdl:1808/1129 – via KU ScholarWorks.
  3. ^ Perdon, Renato (December 31, 2013). "The origin of Filipino". Munting Nayon.
  4. ^ gachupín in the Diccionario de la lengua española
  5. ^ "godo". Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (electrónica 23.3 ed.). Real Academia Española, Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española. 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
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