The Black Panther (newspaper): Difference between revisions

The Black Panther
	Front page for the first issue on April 25, 1967
Format	Tabloid
Founder(s)	Huey P. Newton; Bobby Seale;
Publisher	Black Panther Party
Gegründet	April 25, 1967
Political alignment	Black Power; Communism; Marxism–Leninism;
Sprache	Englisch
Ceased publication	September 16, 1980
Hauptsitz	Oakland, California
Land	Vereinigte Staaten
ISSN	0523-7238
OCLC number	32411926
	Media of the United States; List of newspapers;

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The Black Panther (also called The Black Panther Intercommunal News Service, Black Panther Black Community News Service, and Black Community News Service) was the official newspaper of the Black Panther Party. It began as a four-page newsletter in Oakland, California, in 1967, and was founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.^[1] It was the main publication of the Party and was soon sold in several large cities across the United States, as well as having an international readership. The newspaper distributed information about the party's activities, and expressed through articles the ideology of the Black Panther Party, focusing on both international revolutions as inspiration and contemporary racial struggles of African Americans across the United States.^[2] It remained in circulation until the dissolution of the Party in 1980.

Foundation

The Black Panther Party maintained a commitment to community service, including various "survival programs" developed by individual chapters that, by 1969, became part of the national party's "serve the people program" to connect their commitments to basic social services with community organizing and consciousness raising. The Black Panther Party Newspaper was a critical part of the Party's consciousness-raising program.^[3]

The Black Panther Party Newspaper, variably titled through its duration as The Black Panther Intercommunal News Service, Black Panther Black Community News Service, and Black Community News Service, was published by the Black Panther Party from April 25, 1967,^[4] to September 16, 1980.^[4] The newspaper was most popular from 1968 to 1972, and during this time, sold a hundred thousand copies a week.^[2]

An undergraduate student at San Francisco State, Judy Juanita, served as editor of The Black Panther Party Newspaper during the later 1960s.^[5] In 1969, two-thirds of Black Panther Party members were women and women were heavily represented among the paper's staff and leadership.^[6]

The artist Emory Douglas, who studied at the City College of San Francisco, acted as the newspaper’s graphic arts designer as well as Minister of Culture for the party. Working alongside Douglas were Gayle Asali Dickson and Joan Tarika Lewis, who was the first woman to join the Black Panther Party.^[7] Its final editor until the dissolution of the Party was JoNina Abron.

In its later years, the newspaper was used to rally support for members of the party who became political prisoners.^{[citation needed]}

Format

"The BPP newspaper grew from a four-page newsletter to a full newspaper in about a year and [537] issues were printed."^[8]

Circulation

Circulation was national and international.^[9] From 1968 to 1971, The Black Panther Party Newspaper was the most widely read Black newspaper in the United States, with a weekly circulation of more than 300,000. It sold for 25 cents. Every Panther was required to read and study the newspaper before they could sell it. As it became nationally circulated, The Black Panther Party Newspaper national distribution center was located in San Francisco, with a distribution team led by Andrew Austin, Sam Napier, and Ellis White. Other distribution centers were in Chicago, Kansas, Los Angeles, New York, and Seattle.^[8]

References

^ Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Mark Graham. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-674-00788-8.
^ ^a ^b Jones, Charles E. (Charles Earl), 1953- (1998). The Black Panther party (reconsidered). Baltimore: Black Classic Press. ISBN 0933121970. OCLC 39228699.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Carpini, Michael X. Delli. "Black Panther Party 1966–1982." In James Ciment and Immanuel Ness (eds), Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America, pp. 190–197. Vol. 1, Third Parties in History; Third-Party Maps; American Third Parties A-F. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference, 2000. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
^ ^a ^b "A complete archive of the Black Panther Party's newspapers from beginning to end". Reddit. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
^ Tobar, Hector (April 19, 2013). "Judy Juanita and her 'Virgin Soul'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
^ Cleaver, Kathleen Neal, Women, Power and Revolution, excerpted from Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party. London, England: Routledge, 2001, pp. 123–127.
^ Khandwala, Anoushka (4 January 2021). ""The Black Panther Newspaper Wielded the Potency of Design"". elephant.art. Retrieved May 27, 2022.
^ ^a ^b Jennings, Billy X (May 4, 2015). "Remembering the Black Panther Party Newspaper April 25, 1967–September 1980". San Francisco Bayview. Retrieved February 25, 2017.
^ "Freedom Archives".

External links

The official archives of the Black Panther Party newspaper are located at the African American Museum and Library at Oakland.
Issues and artwork from the 30 issues of the Black Panther in the MoMa's permanent collection can be viewed online.
Images and PDFs of issues of the Black Panther can be found on the official site of the Black Panther Party alumni, It's About Time.

[1] Danky, James Philip; Hady, Maureen E. (1998). African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography. Mark Graham. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-674-00788-8.

[:0-2] Jones, Charles E. (Charles Earl), 1953- (1998). The Black Panther party (reconsidered). Baltimore: Black Classic Press. ISBN 0933121970. OCLC 39228699.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[3] Carpini, Michael X. Delli. "Black Panther Party 1966–1982." In James Ciment and Immanuel Ness (eds), Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America, pp. 190–197. Vol. 1, Third Parties in History; Third-Party Maps; American Third Parties A-F. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference, 2000. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Retrieved February 25, 2017.

[reddit-4] "A complete archive of the Black Panther Party's newspapers from beginning to end". Reddit. 2 June 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2020.

[5] Tobar, Hector (April 19, 2013). "Judy Juanita and her 'Virgin Soul'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 25, 2017.

[6] Cleaver, Kathleen Neal, Women, Power and Revolution, excerpted from Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party. London, England: Routledge, 2001, pp. 123–127.

[7] Khandwala, Anoushka (4 January 2021). ""The Black Panther Newspaper Wielded the Potency of Design"". elephant.art. Retrieved May 27, 2022.

[SFBayview-8] Jennings, Billy X (May 4, 2015). "Remembering the Black Panther Party Newspaper April 25, 1967–September 1980". San Francisco Bayview. Retrieved February 25, 2017.

[9] "Freedom Archives".

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|United States underground newspaper (1967–1980)}}
 {{Infobox newspaper
 | name                 = The Black Panther
 | logo                 = The Black Panther Newspaper Masthead.jpeg
-| image                =
+| image                = The Black Panther, Vol. 1, No. 1, April 25, 1967.pdf
-| caption              = The Black Panther Newspaper Masthead 1967-1980
+| image_alt            = border
+| caption              = Front page for the first issue on April 25, 1967
 | type                 =
 | format               = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
 | owners               =
-| founders             = [[Huey P. Newton]]<br/>[[Bobby Seale]]
+| founders             = {{ubl|[[Huey P. Newton]]|[[Bobby Seale]]}}
-| foundation           = 1967
+| foundation           = {{start date|1967|04|25}}
+| ceased publication   = {{end date|1980|09|16}}
 | publisher            = [[Black Panther Party]]
 | editor               =
@@ Line 17: / Line 20: @@
 | opeditor             =
 | photoeditor          =
-| political            = [[Black Power]]
+| political            = {{ubl|[[Black Power]]|[[Communism]]|[[Marxism–Leninism]]}}
 | language             = English
-| headquarters         = [[Oakland, California]]<br/>United States
+| headquarters         = [[Oakland, California]]
+| publishing_country   = United States
 | circulation          =
 | sister newspapers    =
-| ISSN                 =
+| ISSN                 = 0523-7238
-| oclc                 =
+| oclc                 = 32411926
 | website              =
 }}
-'''''The Black Panther''''' was the official newspaper of the [[Black Panther Party]]. It began as a four-page newsletter in [[Oakland, California]], in 1967, and was founded by [[Huey P. Newton]] and [[Bobby Seale]].  It was the main publication of the party and was soon sold in several large cities across the United States, as well as having an international readership. The newspaper distributed information about the party's activities, and expressed through articles the ideology of the Black Panther Party, focusing on both international revolutions as inspiration and contemporary racial struggles of African Americans across the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/39228699|title=The Black Panther party (reconsidered)|date=1998|publisher=Black Classic Press|others=Jones, Charles E. (Charles Earl), 1953-|isbn=0933121970|location=Baltimore|oclc=39228699}}</ref>
+'''''The Black Panther''''' (also called ''The Black Panther Intercommunal News Service'', ''Black Panther Black Community News Service'', and ''Black Community News Service'') was the official newspaper of the [[Black Panther Party]]. It began as a four-page newsletter in [[Oakland, California]], in 1967, and was founded by [[Huey P. Newton]] and [[Bobby Seale]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Danky |first=James Philip |url=http://archive.org/details/africanamericanne00dank |title=African-American newspapers and periodicals : a national bibliography |last2=Hady |first2=Maureen E. |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press |others=Mark Graham |isbn=978-0-674-00788-8 |pages=93}}</ref>  It was the main publication of the Party and was soon sold in several large cities across the United States, as well as having an international readership. The newspaper distributed information about the party's activities, and expressed through articles the ideology of the Black Panther Party, focusing on both international revolutions as inspiration and contemporary racial struggles of African Americans across the United States.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Black Panther party (reconsidered)|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780933121966|url-access=registration|date=1998|publisher=[[Black Classic Press]]|author=Jones, Charles E. (Charles Earl), 1953-|isbn=0933121970|location=Baltimore|oclc=39228699}}</ref> It remained in circulation until the dissolution of the Party in 1980.
 == Foundation ==
-The [[Black Panther Party]] maintained a commitment to community service including various "survival programs" developed by individual chapters that, by 1969, became part of the national party's "serve the people program" to connect their commitments to basic social services with community organizing and consciousness raising.  The Black Panther Party's Intercommunal News Service published The Black Panther Party Newspaper as a critical part of its consciousness raising program.<ref>Carpini, Michael X. Delli. "Black Panther Party 1966–1982." In James Ciment and Immanuel Ness (eds), ''Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America'', pp. 190–197. Vol. 1, Third Parties in History; Third-Party Maps; American Third Parties A-F. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference, 2000. ''Gale Virtual Reference Library'' (accessed February 25, 2017).</ref>
+The [[Black Panther Party]] maintained a commitment to community service, including various [[Free Breakfast for Children|"survival programs"]] developed by individual chapters that, by 1969, became part of the national party's "serve the people program" to connect their commitments to basic social services with community organizing and consciousness raising.  ''The Black Panther Party Newspaper'' was a critical part of the Party's [[Consciousness raising|consciousness-raising program]].<ref>Carpini, Michael X. Delli. "Black Panther Party 1966–1982." In James Ciment and Immanuel Ness (eds), ''Encyclopedia of Third Parties in America'', pp. 190–197. Vol. 1, Third Parties in History; Third-Party Maps; American Third Parties A-F. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference, 2000. ''Gale Virtual Reference Library''. Retrieved February 25, 2017.</ref>
-The Black Panther Party Newspaper is also known as The Black Panther Intercommunal News Service, Black Panther Black Community News Service, and Black Community News Service, was published by the Black Panther Party from 1969 to 1980. The newspaper was most popular from 1968-1972, and during this time sold a hundred thousand copies a week.<ref name=":0" />
+''The Black Panther Party Newspaper'', variably titled through its duration as ''The Black Panther Intercommunal News Service'', ''Black Panther Black Community News Service'', and ''Black Community News Service'', was published by the Black Panther Party from April 25, 1967,<ref name="reddit">{{cite web |title=A complete archive of the Black Panther Party's newspapers from beginning to end. |date=2 June 2016 |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/communism/comments/4m7axa/a_complete_archive_of_the_black_panther_partys/ |publisher=[[Reddit]] |access-date=30 October 2020}}</ref> to September 16, 1980.<ref name="reddit"/> The newspaper was most popular from 1968 to 1972, and during this time, sold a hundred thousand copies a week.<ref name=":0" />
-An undergraduate student at [[San Francisco State University|San Francisco State]], [[Judy Juanita]], served as editor at The Black Panther Party Newspaper during the later 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2013/apr/19/entertainment/la-ca-jc-judy-juanita-20130421|title=Judy Juanita and her 'Virgin Soul'|last=Tobar|first=Hector|date=April 19, 2013|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=February 25, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|work=|via=}}</ref>  In 1969, two-thirds of Black Panther Party members were women.<ref>Cleaver, Kathleen Neal, ''Women, Power and Revolution, excerpted from Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party.'' London, England: Routledge, 2001, pp. 123–127.</ref>
+An undergraduate student at [[San Francisco State University|San Francisco State]], [[Judy Juanita]], served as editor of ''The Black Panther Party Newspaper'' during the later 1960s.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/books/la-xpm-2013-apr-19-la-ca-jc-judy-juanita-20130421-story.html|title=Judy Juanita and her 'Virgin Soul'|last=Tobar|first=Hector|author-link=Héctor Tobar|date=April 19, 2013|newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref> In 1969, two-thirds of Black Panther Party members were women and women were heavily represented among the paper's staff and leadership.<ref>[[Kathleen Cleaver|Cleaver, Kathleen Neal]], ''Women, Power and Revolution, excerpted from Liberation, Imagination and the Black Panther Party.'' London, England: Routledge, 2001, pp. 123–127.</ref>
+The artist [[Emory Douglas]], who studied at the City College of San Francisco, acted as the newspaper’s graphic arts designer as well as Minister of Culture for the party. Working alongside Douglas were Gayle Asali Dickson and [[Joan Tarika Lewis]], who was the first woman to join the Black Panther Party.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Khandwala |first1=Anoushka |title="The Black Panther Newspaper Wielded the Potency of Design" |url=https://elephant.art/the-black-panther-newspapers-wielded-the-potency-of-visual-culture-04012021/ |website=elephant.art |date=4 January 2021 |access-date=May 27, 2022}}</ref> Its final editor until the dissolution of the Party was [[JoNina Abron-Ervin|JoNina Abron]].
-In its later years it was used to rally support for members of the party who became political prisoners.
+In its later years, the newspaper was used to rally support for members of the party who became [[Political prisoners in the United States|political prisoners]].{{citation needed|date=July 2023}}
 == Format ==
+[[File:Black_Panther_movement_newspaper_(24819735771).jpg|thumb|315x315px|A July 1970 issue of the Black Panther Party newspaper, then titled the ''Black People's News Service''.]]
-"The BPP newspaper grew from a four-page newsletter to a full newspaper in about a year and about 500 issues were printed".<ref name=SFBayview />
+"The BPP newspaper grew from a four-page newsletter to a full newspaper in about a year and [537] issues were printed."<ref name="SFBayview" />
 == Circulation ==
-Circulation was national and international.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.freedomarchives.org/search.php?view_collection=90|title=Freedom Archives|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>  From 1968 to 1971, ''The Black Panther Party Newspaper'' was the most widely read Black newspaper in the United States, with a weekly circulation of more than 300,000.  It sold for 25 cents.  Every Panther was required to read and study the newspaper before they could sell it.  As it became nationally circulated, ''The Black Panther Party Newspaper'' national distribution center was located in San Francisco, with a distribution team led by Andrew Austin, Sam Napier, and Ellis White.  Other distribution centers were in Chicago, Kansas, Los Angeles, New York, and Seattle.<ref name=SFBayview>{{Cite news|url=http://sfbayview.com/2015/05/remembering-the-black-panther-party-newspaper-april-25-1967-september-1980/|title=Remembering the Black Panther Party Newspaper April 25, 1967–September 1980|last=Jennings|first=Billy X|date=May 4, 2015|newspaper=San Francisco Bayview|access-date=February 25, 2017|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|work=|via=}}</ref>
+Circulation was national and international.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://search.freedomarchives.org/search.php?view_collection=90|title=Freedom Archives}}</ref>  From 1968 to 1971, ''The Black Panther Party Newspaper'' was the most widely read Black newspaper in the United States, with a weekly circulation of more than 300,000.  It sold for 25 cents.  Every Panther was required to read and study the newspaper before they could sell it.  As it became nationally circulated, ''The Black Panther Party Newspaper'' national distribution center was located in San Francisco, with a distribution team led by Andrew Austin, Sam Napier, and Ellis White.  Other distribution centers were in Chicago, Kansas, Los Angeles, New York, and Seattle.<ref name=SFBayview>{{Cite news|url=http://sfbayview.com/2015/05/remembering-the-black-panther-party-newspaper-april-25-1967-september-1980/|title=Remembering the Black Panther Party Newspaper April 25, 1967–September 1980|last=Jennings|first=Billy X|date=May 4, 2015|newspaper=San Francisco Bayview|access-date=February 25, 2017}}</ref>
+==See also==
+* [[List of underground newspapers of the 1960s counterculture]]
+* [[Emory Douglas]]
 == References ==
@@ Line 50: / Line 60: @@
 == Further reading ==
-*{{cite web|title=The Black Panther: newspaper of the Black Panther Party|url=http://libcom.org/history/black-panther-newspaper-black-panther-party|website=libcom.org|publisher=libcom.org}}
+*{{cite web |title=The Black Panther: Newspaper of the Black Panther Party |url=https://libcom.org/history/black-panther-newspaper-black-panther-party |website=libcom.org}}
+* Charles Evens Inniss Memorial Library Archives. [https://www.mec.cuny.edu/library/archives-and-special-collections/ The Black Panther Newspapers and Posters – Collection History and Scope]. [[Medgar Evers College]], CUNY, November 2013. (Accessed February 25, 2017.) This online exhibit displays digitized issues of the newspaper ''The Black Panther Intercommunal News Service'' from 1969 to 1973 and the party’s propaganda posters.
+* [http://www.aavw.org/protest/cleaver_panthers_abstract24.html African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War], Document collection: Congress. ''Staff Study by the Committee on Internal Security – House of Representatives. The Black Panther Party Its Origin and Development as Reflected In Its Official Weekly Newspaper'' The Black Panther Black Community News Service''.'' Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1970.
+==External links==
-*Charles Evens Inniss Memorial Library Archives. [https://ceimlarchives4blackpanther.wordpress.com/ The Black Panther Newspapers and Posters - Collection History and Scope]. [[Medgar Evers College]], [[CUNY]], November 2013. Web. February 25, 2017. This online exhibit displays digitized issues of the newspaper The Black Panther Intercommunal News Service from 1969 to 1973 and the party’s propaganda posters.
+* The [https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8cn773c/?query=black+panther+newspaper official archives of the Black Panther Party newspaper] are located at the [[African American Museum and Library at Oakland]].
+* Issues and artwork from the 30 issues of the ''Black Panther'' in the [[Museum of Modern Art|MoMa's]] permanent [https://www.moma.org/artists/70943#works collection can be viewed online].
+* Images and PDFs of issues of the ''Black Panther'' can be found [http://www.itsabouttimebpp.com/BPP_Newspapers/bpp_newspapers_index.html on the official site of the Black Panther Party alumni, It's About Time.]
+{{Black Panther Party}}
-* [http://www.aavw.org/protest/cleaver_panthers_abstract24.html African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War], Document collection: Congress. Staff Study by the Committee on Internal Security – House of Representatives. The Black Panther Party Its Origin and Development as Reflected In Its Official Weekly Newspaper The Black Panther Black Community News Service. Washington, D.C.: GPO, 1970.
+{{African American press}}
+{{authority control}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Panther}}
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Black Panther (Newspaper)}}
-[[Category:Black Panther Party]]
-[[Category:African-American newspapers]]
-[[Category:English-language newspapers]]
-[[Category:Publications established in 1967]]
-[[Category:Counterculture of the 1960s]]
-[[Category:Articles containing timelines]]
 [[Category:1967 establishments in California]]
+[[Category:1980 disestablishments in California]]
+[[Category:Black Panther Party]]
+[[Category:Defunct African-American newspapers]]
+[[Category:Defunct newspapers published in California]]
+[[Category:Newspapers published in the San Francisco Bay Area]]
+[[Category:Newspapers established in 1967]]
+[[Category:Publications disestablished in 1980]]
+[[Category:Socialist newspapers published in the United States]]