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{{Short description|Main-belt asteroid}}
{{Infobox Planet
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
| minorplanet = yes
{{Infobox planet
| width = 25em
| minorplanet = yes
| bgcolour = #FFFFC0
| name = 7638 Gladman
| apsis =
| background = #D6D6D6
| name = Gladman
| symbol =
| image =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| caption =
| discovery_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="MPC-object" />
| discovery = yes
| discovered = 26 October 1984
| discovery_ref =
| discoverer = [[E. Bowell]]
| discoverer = [[Edward Bowell|E. Bowell]]
| discovery_site = [[Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory]]
| discovery_site = [[Anderson Mesa Station|Anderson Mesa Stn.]]
| mpc_name = (7638) Gladman
| discovered = October 26, 1984
| alt_names = 1984 UX{{·}}1969 AF<br />1988 UN
| designations = yes
| pronounced =
| mp_name = 7638
| named_after = [[Brett J. Gladman]]&thinsp;<ref name="springer" /><br />{{small|(Canadian astronomer)}}
| alt_names = 1984 UX
| mp_category = {{nowrap|[[main-belt]]&thinsp;<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}{{small|([[Kirkwood gap|middle]])}}&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" />}}<br />[[Background asteroid|background]]&thinsp;<ref name="Ferret" />
| named_after = [[Brett J. Gladman]]
| orbit_ref = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
| mp_category =
| epoch = 27 April 2019 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2458600.5)
| orbit_ref =
| epoch = May 14, 2008
| uncertainty = 0
| observation_arc = 49.46 [[Julian year (astronomy)|yr]] (18,066 d)
| aphelion = 3.3342648
| aphelion = 3.3331 [[Astronomical unit|AU]]
| perihelion = 1.7451744
| perihelion = 1.7459 AU
| semimajor =
| semimajor = 2.5395 AU
| eccentricity = 0.3128476
| eccentricity = 0.3125
| period = 1478.3493277
| period = 4.05 yr (1,478 d)
| avg_speed =
| mean_anomaly = 198.89[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| inclination = 6.82071
| mean_motion = {{Deg2DMS|0.2435|sup=ms}} / day
| asc_node = 10.06875
| inclination = 6.8157°
| mean_anomaly = 304.10515
| asc_node = 9.9754°
| arg_peri = 22.42399
| arg_peri = 22.493°
| satellites =
| mean_diameter = {{val|5.839|0.405|ul=km}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><ref name="WISE" />
| physical_characteristics = yes
| rotation = {{val|17.3|0.1|ul=h}}<ref name="Brinsfield-2009b" />
| dimensions =
| albedo = {{val|0.248|0.071}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><br />{{val|0.2480|0.0715}}<ref name="WISE" />
| mass =
| spectral_type = [[S-type asteroid|S]]/[[S-type asteroid|Sk]] {{small|([[Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey|S3OS2]])}}<ref name="Lazzaro-2004" />
| density =
| abs_magnitude = 13.3<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|13.478|0.005}} {{small|(R)}}<ref name="Waszczak-2015" /><br />13.5<ref name="MPC-object" /><ref name="jpldata" />
| surface_grav =
| escape_velocity =
| sidereal_day =
| axial_tilt =
| pole_ecliptic_lat =
| pole_ecliptic_lon =
| albedo =
| temperatures=
| temp_name1 =
| mean_temp_1 =
| max_temp_1 =
| temp_name2 =
| max_temp_2 =
| spectral_type =
| abs_magnitude = 13.2
}}
}}
'''7638 Gladman''' (1984 UX) is a [[Asteroid belt|main-belt]] [[asteroid]] discovered on October 26, 1984 by [[E. Bowell]] at the [[Anderson Mesa Station of the Lowell Observatory]]. It is named for astronomer [[Brett Gladman]] in recognition of his contributions to planetary astronomy.
== External links ==
*[http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=7638+Gladman JPL Small-Body Database Browser on 7638 Gladman]


'''7638 Gladman''', provisional designation {{mp|1984 UX}}, is a stony background [[asteroid]] from the central region of the [[asteroid belt]], approximately {{convert|5.8|km|mi|abbr=off|sigfig=2|sp=us}} in diameter. It was discovered on 26 October 1984, by American astronomer [[Edward Bowell]] at Lowell's [[Anderson Mesa Station]] near Flagstaff, Arizona.<ref name="MPC-object" /> The [[S-type asteroid]] has a [[rotation period]] of 17.3 hours.<ref name="lcdb" /> It was named after Canadian astronomer [[Brett J. Gladman]].<ref name="springer" />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gladman}}
[[Category:Main Belt asteroids]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1984]]


== Orbit and classification ==
{{beltasteroid-stub}}


''Gladman'' is a non-[[Asteroid family|family]] asteroid from the main belt's [[Background asteroid|background population]].<ref name="Ferret" /> It orbits the Sun in the [[Kirkwood gap|central]] asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7–3.3&nbsp;[[Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 4 years and 1 month (1,478 days; [[semi-major axis]] of 2.54&nbsp;AU). Its orbit has an [[orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.31 and an [[orbital inclination|inclination]] of 7[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> ''Gladman'' is not far from a prominent [[Kirkwood gap]] at 2.5&nbsp;AU, which corresponds to a 3:1 [[orbital resonance]] with the gas giant Jupiter, where the [[Alinda asteroid]] are located. However, ''Gladman''{{'s}} eccentricity is lower than that of most Alinda asteroids.
[[de:(7638) Gladman]]

[[fa:سیارک ۷۶۳۸]]
It was first observed as {{mp|1969 AF}} at [[Crimea–Nauchnij]] in January 1969. The asteroid's [[observation arc]] begins with its first used observation at [[Palomar Observatory|Palomar]] in November 1984, one month after its official discovery at Anderson Mesa.<ref name="MPC-object" />
[[it:7638 Gladman]]

[[hu:7638 Gladman]]
== Naming ==
[[pl:7638 Gladman]]

[[pt:7638 Gladman]]
This [[minor planet]] was named for Canadian astronomer [[Brett J. Gladman]] (born 1966), [[discoverer of minor planets]] and co-discoverer of 6 irregular [[moons of Uranus]]: [[Caliban (moon)|Caliban]], [[Sycorax (moon)|Sycorax]], [[Prospero (moon)|Prospero]], [[Setebos (moon)|Setebos]], [[Stephano (moon)|Stephano]] and [[Ferdinand (moon)|Ferdinand]]. He participated in surveys of [[trans-Neptunian object]]s. He is also known for his research and modeling on the dynamical evolution and transport of [[near-Earth object]]s and [[meteorite]]s, respectively.<ref name="springer" /> The approved {{MoMP|7638|naming citation}} was published by the [[Minor Planet Center]] on 28 July 1999 ({{small|[[Minor Planet Circulars|M.P.C.]] 35486}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" />

== Physical characteristics ==

''Gladman'' has been characterized as a stony [[S-type asteroid]] in the Tholen-like taxonomy of the [[Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey]] (S3OS2). In their SMASS-like taxonomy, S3OS2 classified ''Gladman'' as an Sk-subtype that transitions to the [[K-type asteroid]]s.<ref name="Lazzaro-2004" />

=== Rotation period ===

Three rotational [[lightcurve]]s of ''Gladman'' have been obtained from [[Photometry (astronomy)|photometric]] observations.<ref name="Brinsfield-2009b" /><ref name="Waszczak-2015" /><ref name="geneva-obs" /> In October 2014, observations by French amateur astronomer [[Laurent Bernasconi]] gave a fragmentary lightcurve with a [[rotation period]] of 15 hours and brightness variation of 0.21 [[Magnitude (astronomy)|magnitude]] ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=1+]]}}). Subsequent photometric observations by James W. Brinsfield at the Via Capote Observatory {{Obscode|G69}} in October 2010, and by astronomers at the [[Palomar Transient Factory]] in March 2014, gave an improved period of {{val|17.3}} (best) and {{val|16.1956}} hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.50 and 0.25, respectively ({{small|[[LCDB quality code|U=2/2]]}}).<ref name="lcdb" />

=== Diameter and albedo ===

According to the survey carried out by NASA's [[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]] with its subsequent [[NEOWISE]] mission, the asteroid measures 5.839 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an [[astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.248,<ref name="WISE" /><ref name="Masiero-2011" /> while the ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 5.9 kilometers with an [[absolute magnitude]] of 13.5.<ref name="lcdb" />

== References ==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
|type = 2018-07-03 last obs.
|title = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 7638 Gladman (1984 UX)
|url = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2007638
|publisher = [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
|access-date = 15 January 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="springer">{{cite book
|title = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (7638) Gladman
|last = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
|publisher = [[Springer Berlin Heidelberg]]
|page = 607
|date = 2007
|isbn = 978-3-540-00238-3
|doi = 10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_6592
|chapter = (7638) Gladman }}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-object">{{cite web
|title = 7638 Gladman (1984 UX)
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=7638
|access-date = 15 January 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
|title = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
|work = Minor Planet Center
|url = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
|access-date = 5 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="geneva-obs">{{cite web
|title = Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (7638) Gladman
|last = Behrend |first = Raoul
|publisher = [[Geneva Observatory]]
|url = http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page5cou.html#007638
|access-date = 5 November 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Masiero-2011">{{Cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
|first2 = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
|first3 = T. |last3 = Grav
|first4 = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
|first5 = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
|first6 = J. |last6 = Dailey
|first7 = P. R. M. |last7 = Eisenhardt
|first8 = R. S. |last8 = McMillan
|first9 = T. B. |last9 = Spahr
|first10 = M. F. |last10 = Skrutskie
|first11 = D. |last11 = Tholen
|first12 = R. G. |last12 = Walker
|first13 = E. L. |last13 = Wright
|first14 = E. |last14 = DeBaun
|first15 = D. |last15 = Elsbury
|first16 = T. IV |last16 = Gautier
|first17 = S. |last17 = Gomillion
|first18 = A. |last18 = Wilkins
|date = November 2011
|title = Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 20
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...68M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68
|arxiv = 1109.4096|s2cid = 118745497 }}</ref>

<ref name="Ferret">{{cite web
|title = Small Bodies Data Ferret
|work = Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0
|url = https://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/PropertySearch/familyForm.action
|access-date = 3 May 2018
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170802210005/http://sbntools.psi.edu/ferret/PropertySearch/familyForm.action
|archive-date = 2 August 2017
}}</ref>

<ref name="Lazzaro-2004">{{Cite journal
|first1 = D. |last1 = Lazzaro
|first2 = C. A. |last2 = Angeli
|first3 = J. M. |last3 = Carvano
|first4 = T. |last4 = Mothé-Diniz
|first5 = R. |last5 = Duffard
|first6 = M. |last6 = Florczak
|date = November 2004
|title = S3OS2: the visible spectroscopic survey of 820 asteroids
|url = http://sirrah.troja.mff.cuni.cz/yarko-site/tmp/eos/NEW/spectral_type_figure/s3os2.pdf
|journal = Icarus
|volume = 172
|issue = 1
|pages = 179–220
|bibcode = 2004Icar..172..179L
|doi = 10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.006
|access-date = 4 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
|title = LCDB Data for (7638) Gladman
|publisher = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
|url = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=7638%7CGladman
|access-date = 3 May 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = A. |last1 = Mainzer
|first2 = T. |last2 = Grav
|first3 = J. |last3 = Masiero
|first4 = E. |last4 = Hand
|first5 = J. |last5 = Bauer
|first6 = D. |last6 = Tholen
|first7 = R. S. |last7 = McMillan
|first8 = T. |last8 = Spahr
|first9 = R. M. |last9 = Cutri
|first10 = E. |last10 = Wright
|first11 = J. |last11 = Watkins
|first12 = W. |last12 = Mo
|first13 = C. |last13 = Maleszewski
|date = November 2011
|title = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results
|journal = The Astrophysical Journal
|volume = 741
|issue = 2
|page = 25
|bibcode = 2011ApJ...741...90M
|doi = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90
|arxiv = 1109.6407
|s2cid = 35447010 }} ([http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/741/2/68/fulltext/apj398969t1_mrt.txt catalog])</ref>

<ref name="Brinsfield-2009b">{{Cite journal
|author = Brinsfield, James W.
|date = April 2009
|title = Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Via Capote Observatory: 2008 4th Quarter
|journal = The Minor Planet Bulletin
|volume = 36
|issue = 2
|pages = 64–66
|issn = 1052-8091
|bibcode = 2009MPBu...36...64B}}</ref>

<ref name="Waszczak-2015">{{cite journal
|display-authors = 6
|first1 = Adam |last1 = Waszczak
|first2 = Chan-Kao |last2 = Chang
|first3 = Eran O. |last3 = Ofek
|first4 = Russ |last4 = Laher
|first5 = Frank |last5 = Masci
|first6 = David |last6 = Levitan
|first7 = Jason |last7 = Surace
|first8 = Yu-Chi |last8 = Cheng
|first9 = Wing-Huen |last9 = Ip
|first10 = Daisuke |last10 = Kinoshita
|first11 = George |last11 = Helou
|first12 = Thomas A. |last12 = Prince
|first13 = Shrinivas |last13 = Kulkarni
|date = September 2015
|title = Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry
|journal = The Astronomical Journal
|volume = 150
|issue = 3
|page = 35
|bibcode = 2015AJ....150...75W
|doi = 10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75
|arxiv = 1504.04041|s2cid = 8342929 }}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|7638}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Minor planets navigator |(7637) 1984 DN |number=7638 |7639 Offutt}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gladman}}
[[Category:Background asteroids|007638]]
[[Category:Discoveries by Edward L. G. Bowell]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]
[[Category:Astronomical objects discovered in 1984|19841026]]

Latest revision as of 14:39, 17 August 2024

7638 Gladman
Discovery [1]
Discovered byE. Bowell
Discovery siteAnderson Mesa Stn.
Discovery date26 October 1984
Designations
(7638) Gladman
Named after
Brett J. Gladman [2]
(Canadian astronomer)
1984 UX · 1969 AF
1988 UN
main-belt [1][3] · (middle) [4]
background [5]
Orbital characteristics [3]
Epoch 27 April 2019 (JD 2458600.5)
Uncertainty parameter 0
Observation arc49.46 yr (18,066 d)
Aphelion3.3331 AU
Perihelion1.7459 AU
2.5395 AU
Eccentricity0.3125
4.05 yr (1,478 d)
198.89°
0° 14m 36.6s / day
Inclination6.8157°
9.9754°
22.493°
Physical characteristics
5.839±0.405 km[6][7]
17.3±0.1 h[8]
0.248±0.071[6]
0.2480±0.0715[7]
S/Sk (S3OS2)[9]
13.3[7]
13.478±0.005 (R)[10]
13.5[1][3]

7638 Gladman, provisional designation 1984 UX, is a stony background asteroid from the central region of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.8 kilometers (3.6 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 26 October 1984, by American astronomer Edward Bowell at Lowell's Anderson Mesa Station near Flagstaff, Arizona.[1] The S-type asteroid has a rotation period of 17.3 hours.[4] It was named after Canadian astronomer Brett J. Gladman.[2]

Orbit and classification

[edit]

Gladman is a non-family asteroid from the main belt's background population.[5] It orbits the Sun in the central asteroid belt at a distance of 1.7–3.3 AU once every 4 years and 1 month (1,478 days; semi-major axis of 2.54 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.31 and an inclination of 7° with respect to the ecliptic.[3] Gladman is not far from a prominent Kirkwood gap at 2.5 AU, which corresponds to a 3:1 orbital resonance with the gas giant Jupiter, where the Alinda asteroid are located. However, Gladman's eccentricity is lower than that of most Alinda asteroids.

It was first observed as 1969 AF at Crimea–Nauchnij in January 1969. The asteroid's observation arc begins with its first used observation at Palomar in November 1984, one month after its official discovery at Anderson Mesa.[1]

Naming

[edit]

This minor planet was named for Canadian astronomer Brett J. Gladman (born 1966), discoverer of minor planets and co-discoverer of 6 irregular moons of Uranus: Caliban, Sycorax, Prospero, Setebos, Stephano and Ferdinand. He participated in surveys of trans-Neptunian objects. He is also known for his research and modeling on the dynamical evolution and transport of near-Earth objects and meteorites, respectively.[2] The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 28 July 1999 (M.P.C. 35486).[11]

Physical characteristics

[edit]

Gladman has been characterized as a stony S-type asteroid in the Tholen-like taxonomy of the Small Solar System Objects Spectroscopic Survey (S3OS2). In their SMASS-like taxonomy, S3OS2 classified Gladman as an Sk-subtype that transitions to the K-type asteroids.[9]

Rotation period

[edit]

Three rotational lightcurves of Gladman have been obtained from photometric observations.[8][10][12] In October 2014, observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi gave a fragmentary lightcurve with a rotation period of 15 hours and brightness variation of 0.21 magnitude (U=1+). Subsequent photometric observations by James W. Brinsfield at the Via Capote Observatory (G69) in October 2010, and by astronomers at the Palomar Transient Factory in March 2014, gave an improved period of 17.3 (best) and 16.1956 hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.50 and 0.25, respectively (U=2/2).[4]

Diameter and albedo

[edit]

According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, the asteroid measures 5.839 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.248,[7][6] while the Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for stony asteroids of 0.20 and calculates a diameter of 5.9 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 13.5.[4]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "7638 Gladman (1984 UX)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(7638) Gladman". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (7638) Gladman. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 607. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_6592. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
  3. ^ a b c d "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 7638 Gladman (1984 UX)" (2018-07-03 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 15 January 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d "LCDB Data for (7638) Gladman". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  5. ^ a b "Small Bodies Data Ferret". Nesvorny HCM Asteroid Families V3.0. Archived from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2018.
  6. ^ a b c Masiero, Joseph R.; Mainzer, A. K.; Grav, T.; Bauer, J. M.; Cutri, R. M.; Dailey, J.; et al. (November 2011). "Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 20. arXiv:1109.4096. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...68M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68. S2CID 118745497.
  7. ^ a b c d Mainzer, A.; Grav, T.; Masiero, J.; Hand, E.; Bauer, J.; Tholen, D.; et al. (November 2011). "NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results". The Astrophysical Journal. 741 (2): 25. arXiv:1109.6407. Bibcode:2011ApJ...741...90M. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90. S2CID 35447010. (catalog)
  8. ^ a b Brinsfield, James W. (April 2009). "Asteroid Lightcurve Analysis at the Via Capote Observatory: 2008 4th Quarter". The Minor Planet Bulletin. 36 (2): 64–66. Bibcode:2009MPBu...36...64B. ISSN 1052-8091.
  9. ^ a b Lazzaro, D.; Angeli, C. A.; Carvano, J. M.; Mothé-Diniz, T.; Duffard, R.; Florczak, M. (November 2004). "S3OS2: the visible spectroscopic survey of 820 asteroids" (PDF). Icarus. 172 (1): 179–220. Bibcode:2004Icar..172..179L. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2004.06.006. Retrieved 4 May 2018.
  10. ^ a b Waszczak, Adam; Chang, Chan-Kao; Ofek, Eran O.; Laher, Russ; Masci, Frank; Levitan, David; et al. (September 2015). "Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry". The Astronomical Journal. 150 (3): 35. arXiv:1504.04041. Bibcode:2015AJ....150...75W. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/150/3/75. S2CID 8342929.
  11. ^ "MPC/MPO/MPS Archive". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
  12. ^ Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (7638) Gladman". Geneva Observatory. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
[edit]
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