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{{Short description|High-crowned cap}}
{{redirect|Calpack|the community in California|Calpack, California}}
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[[File:Wassilij Wassiljewitsch Wereschtschagin 001.jpg|thumb|''Dervishes'', by [[Vasily Vereshchagin|Vereshchagin]]]]
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[[File:Kazakoyun.jpg|thumb|Traditional headgear of unmarried woman in Kazakhstan, Karakalpakstan and Kyrgyzstan]]
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[[File:Müşir Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Balıkesir, 1923.png|right|thumb|[[Atatürk]] wearing a Turkish-style kalpak]]
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[[File:Kyrgyz Manaschi, Karakol.jpg|thumb|A [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] [[Manaschi]] wears a white kalpaks for a special occasion]]


'''Calpack''', '''kalpak''', or '''qalpaq''' (from {{lang-tr|kalpak}} {{IPA-tr|kaɫˈpak|}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/calpack |title=Merriam-Webster Online - Calpack entry |publisher=M-w.com |date=2012-08-31 |access-date=2014-06-03}}</ref> {{lang-kk|қалпақ}}, {{lang-ky|калпак}}, both {{IPA-kk|qɑlˈpɑq|}}; {{lang-bg|калпак}}; {{lang-el|καλπάκι}} (''{{transl|el|kalpaki}}'');<ref>{{cite book|last=Dehèque|first=Félix Désiré|title=Dictionnaire grec–moderne français|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6BEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA271|year=1825|publisher=J. Duplessis et Cie|page=271|quote = {{lang|el|καλπάκι, το}}, {{lang|fr|bonnet fourré}} [fur-lined cap] |language=fr }}</ref> {{lang-pl|kołpak}}; {{lang-uk|ковпак}}, ''{{transl|uk|kovpak}}'') is a high-crowned [[cap]] (usually made of [[felt]] or sheepskin) worn by Circassians, Dagestanis, Chechens, men in [[Turkey]], [[Ukraine]], the [[Balkans]] and throughout [[Central Asia]] and the [[Caucasus]].
'''Calpack''', '''kalpak''', or '''qalpaq''' ({{lang-kaa|калпак}}, {{lang-tr|kalpak}} {{IPA|tr|kaɫˈpak|}};<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.m-w.com/dictionary/calpack |title=Merriam-Webster Online - Calpack entry |publisher=M-w.com |date=2012-08-31 |access-date=2014-06-03}}</ref> {{lang-kk|қалпақ}}, {{lang-ky|калпак}}, both {{IPA-kk|qɑlˈpɑq|}}; {{lang-bg|калпак}}; {{lang-el|καλπάκι}} (''{{transl|el|kalpaki}}'');<ref>{{cite book|last=Dehèque|first=Félix Désiré|title=Dictionnaire grec–moderne français|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6BEAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA271|year=1825|publisher=J. Duplessis et Cie|page=271|quote = {{lang|el|καλπάκι, το}}, {{lang|fr|bonnet fourré}} [fur-lined cap] |language=fr }}</ref> {{lang-pl|kołpak}}; {{lang-ru|колпак}}, ''{{transl|ru|kolpak}}''; {{lang-uk|ковпак}}, ''{{transl|uk|kovpak}}'') is a Turkic high-crowned [[cap]] (usually made of [[felt]] or sheepskin) worn by Bulgarians, Turks, Circassians, Dagestanis, Chechens, Ukrainians, Poles, Russians and throughout [[Central Asia]] and the [[Caucasus]].


The kalpak is used to keep the head warm in winter and shade out the sun during summer. There are different kalpaks for different seasons, with kalpaks used in winter being thicker and the ones used in summer being thinner but broader for shading purposes.
The kalpak is used to keep the head warm in winter and shade out the sun during summer. There are different kalpaks for different seasons, with kalpaks used in winter being thicker and the ones used in summer being thinner but broader for shading purposes.


There are many styles of kalpak. They usually can be folded flat for keeping or carrying when not being worn. The brim can be turned up all the way around. Sometimes there is a cut in the brim so that a two-pointed peak can be formed. Plain white ones are often reserved for festivals and special occasions. Those intended for everyday use may have a black velvet lining. In the Turkic cultures of central Asia, they have a sharp tapering to resemble a mountain, rather than the cyndrical kalpaks of Turkey.
There are many styles of kalpak. They usually can be folded flat for keeping or carrying when not being worn. The brim can be turned up all the way around. Sometimes there is a cut in the brim so that a two-pointed peak can be formed. Plain white ones are often reserved for festivals and special occasions. Those intended for everyday use may have a black velvet lining. In the Turkic cultures of central Asia, they have a sharp tapering to resemble a mountain, rather than the cyndrical kalpaks of Turkey.

The word ''kalpak'' is etymologically Turkic. According to Armenian [[Lexicography|lexicographer]] [[Sevan Nişanyan]], it means ''felt cap''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=kalpak |url=https://www.nisanyansozluk.com/kelime/kalpak |access-date=2023-02-23 |website=Nişanyan Sözlük |language=tr}}</ref> According to Turkish [[Turkology|Turcologist]] and [[Lexicography|lexicographer]] Hasan Eren, it means ''cap made of leather, fur or fabric''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Eren |first=Hasan |title=Eren Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü (ETDES) |publisher=[[Turkish Language Association]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-975-17-4616-0 |location=Ankara |language=Turkish}}</ref> The word ''kalpak'' has passed from [[Turkish language|Turkish]] to [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]], [[Serbian language|Serbian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]], [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Tajik language|Tajik]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and other [[Slavic languages]].<ref name=":0" /> The oldest informations about Turkic peoples wearing kalpak is found in ancient Chinese sources.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Türk |first=Emine Bilgehan |date=2018 |title=Millî Bir İmge Olarak Türk Romanında Kalpak |trans-title=Kalpak in Turkish Novels as a National Image |journal=Gazi Türkiyat |language=Turkish |issue=22 |pages=159-178}}</ref> [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[Lexicography|lexicographer]] [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] wrote in his Turkic dictionary named [[Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk]], written in the 11th century, that it was very common for Turks to wear a kalpak.<ref name=":1" /> Based on this, it would not be wrong to say that ''kalpak'' is a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin cap and the national cap of Turks and later passed on to other peoples.<ref name=":1" />


The word ''kalpak'' is also a component of the [[ethnonym]] of a Turkic group of uncertain relation: the "[[Karakalpaks|Karakalpak]]" (literally "black kalpak" in the [[Karakalpak language]]).
The word ''kalpak'' is also a component of the [[ethnonym]] of a Turkic group of uncertain relation: the "[[Karakalpaks|Karakalpak]]" (literally "black kalpak" in the [[Karakalpak language]]).


In Russian, Persian and Polish, the word is also used for [[hubcap]] (for a car wheel's hub; see also the Wiktionary entry ''[[wikt:hubcap#Translations|hubcap]]'').
In Russian, Persian and Polish, the word is also used for [[hubcap]] (for a car wheel's hub; see also the Wiktionary entry ''[[wikt:hubcap#Translations|hubcap]]'').

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
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File:Müşir Gazi Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Balıkesir, 1923.png|[[Atatürk]] wearing a Turkish-style kalpak
File:Enver Bey.jpg|[[Enver Pasha]] wearing a Turkish kalpak
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File:Wassilij Wassiljewitsch Wereschtschagin 001.jpg|''Dervishes'', by [[Vasily Vereshchagin|Vereshchagin]]
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File:Kazakoyun.jpg|Traditional headgear of unmarried woman in Kazakhstan, Karakalpakstan and Kyrgyzstan
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File:Kyrgyz Manaschi, Karakol.jpg|A [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] [[Manaschi]] wears a white kalpak for a special occasion
</gallery>


==See also==
==See also==
* [[Bashlyk]]
* [[Bashlyk]]
* [[Busby (military headdress)]]
* [[Gugiuman]]
* [[Işlic]]
* [[Kalfak]] ([[:ru:Калфак]], [[:tt:Калфак]])
* [[Karakalpaks]]
* [[Karakul (hat)]]
* [[Kolpik]]
* [[Kolpik]]
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* [[Phrygian cap]]
* [[Kurhars]] ([[:ru:Курхарс]])
* [[Kurhars]] ([[:ru:Курхарс]])
* [[List of headgear]]
* [[List of headgear]]
* [[Papakha]]
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* [[Phrygian cap]]


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
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{{commonscat|Kolpaks}}
{{reflist}}


==External links==
==External links==
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{{Commonscat|Kolpaks}}
{{wiktionary-inline|calpack}}
* {{Wiktionary-inline|calpack}}

{{Uzbek clothing}}


[[Category:Caps]]
[[Category:Caps]]
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[[Category:Ethnic Kyrgyz culture]]
[[Category:Ethnic Kyrgyz culture]]
[[Category:History of Asian clothing]]
[[Category:History of Asian clothing]]
[[Category:Uzbek clothing]]
[[Category:Turkish inventions]]


{{Bulgaria-stub}}
{{Bulgaria-stub}}

Latest revision as of 04:05, 21 August 2024

Calpack, kalpak, or qalpaq (Karakalpak: калпак, Turkish: kalpak [kaɫˈpak];[1] Kazakh: қалпақ, Kyrgyz: калпак, both [qɑlˈpɑq]; Bulgarian: калпак; Greek: καλπάκι (kalpaki);[2] Polish: kołpak; Russian: колпак, kolpak; Ukrainian: ковпак, kovpak) is a Turkic high-crowned cap (usually made of felt or sheepskin) worn by Bulgarians, Turks, Circassians, Dagestanis, Chechens, Ukrainians, Poles, Russians and throughout Central Asia and the Caucasus.

The kalpak is used to keep the head warm in winter and shade out the sun during summer. There are different kalpaks for different seasons, with kalpaks used in winter being thicker and the ones used in summer being thinner but broader for shading purposes.

There are many styles of kalpak. They usually can be folded flat for keeping or carrying when not being worn. The brim can be turned up all the way around. Sometimes there is a cut in the brim so that a two-pointed peak can be formed. Plain white ones are often reserved for festivals and special occasions. Those intended for everyday use may have a black velvet lining. In the Turkic cultures of central Asia, they have a sharp tapering to resemble a mountain, rather than the cyndrical kalpaks of Turkey.

The word kalpak is etymologically Turkic. According to Armenian lexicographer Sevan Nişanyan, it means felt cap.[3] According to Turkish Turcologist and lexicographer Hasan Eren, it means cap made of leather, fur or fabric.[4] The word kalpak has passed from Turkish to Bulgarian, Serbian, Greek, Hungarian, Persian, Tajik, French, German, Russian and other Slavic languages.[4] The oldest informations about Turkic peoples wearing kalpak is found in ancient Chinese sources.[5] Turkic lexicographer Mahmud al-Kashgari wrote in his Turkic dictionary named Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk, written in the 11th century, that it was very common for Turks to wear a kalpak.[5] Based on this, it would not be wrong to say that kalpak is a Turkic origin cap and the national cap of Turks and later passed on to other peoples.[5]

The word kalpak is also a component of the ethnonym of a Turkic group of uncertain relation: the "Karakalpak" (literally "black kalpak" in the Karakalpak language).

In Russian, Persian and Polish, the word is also used for hubcap (for a car wheel's hub; see also the Wiktionary entry hubcap).

  • Atatürk wearing a Turkish-style kalpak
    Atatürk wearing a Turkish-style kalpak
  • Enver Pasha wearing a Turkish kalpak
    Enver Pasha wearing a Turkish kalpak
  • Dervishes, by Vereshchagin
    Dervishes, by Vereshchagin
  • Traditional headgear of unmarried woman in Kazakhstan, Karakalpakstan and Kyrgyzstan
    Traditional headgear of unmarried woman in Kazakhstan, Karakalpakstan and Kyrgyzstan
  • A Kyrgyz Manaschi wears a white kalpak for a special occasion
    A Kyrgyz Manaschi wears a white kalpak for a special occasion

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Merriam-Webster Online - Calpack entry". M-w.com. 2012-08-31. Retrieved 2014-06-03.
  2. ^ Dehèque, Félix Désiré (1825). Dictionnaire grec–moderne français (in French). J. Duplessis et Cie. p. 271. καλπάκι, το, bonnet fourré [fur-lined cap]
  3. ^ "kalpak". Nişanyan Sözlük (in Turkish). Retrieved 2023-02-23.
  4. ^ a b Eren, Hasan (2020). Eren Türk Dilinin Etimolojik Sözlüğü (ETDES) (in Turkish). Ankara: Turkish Language Association. ISBN 978-975-17-4616-0.
  5. ^ a b c Türk, Emine Bilgehan (2018). "Millî Bir İmge Olarak Türk Romanında Kalpak" [Kalpak in Turkish Novels as a National Image]. Gazi Türkiyat (in Turkish) (22): 159–178.
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kolpaks.
  • The dictionary definition of calpack at Wiktionary
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