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Coordinates: 35°32′N 51°31′E / 35.533°N 51.517°E / 35.533; 51.517
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| native_name_lang = fa<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fa" for Farsi -->
| native_name_lang = fa<!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fa" for Farsi -->
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| image_skyline = Golestan-takht2.jpg

| photo1a = Azadi Tower (29358497718).jpg
| photo2a =
| photo3a = Parliamenttehran.jpg{{!}}Former building of Parliament of Iran
| photo3b = Tangeh savashi.jpg{{!}}Tangeh Savashi
| photo4b = Tehran skyline view from top of Milad Tower 2011-09-28.jpg{{!}}Tehran skyline view from top of Milad Tower
| photo5a = Entrance of Jameh Mosque complex in Varamin.JPG{{!}}Jameh Mosque in Varamin
| photo5b = Borj-toghrul.jpg{{!}}Tughrul Tower
| spacing = 2
| size = 266
| foot_montage = From top left: [[Azadi Tower]], [[Rudbar-e Qasran District|Rudbar-e Qasran Road]], Former building of [[Parliament of Iran]], [[Tangeh Vashi]], Tehran skyline view from top of [[Milad Tower]], Jameh Mosque in [[Varamin]], and [[Tughrul Tower]] in [[Rey, Iran|Rey]]
}}
| image_alt =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_caption = [[Tehran]] has been Iran's capital since 1778
| image_map = Tehran Province location map (with labels).svg
| image_map = Tehran Province location map (with labels).svg
| image_map1 = IranTehran-SVG.svg
| image_map1 = IranTehran-SVG.svg
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| coordinates = {{coord|35|32|N|51|31|E|dim:120km|display=inline, title}}
| coordinates = {{coord|35|32|N|51|31|E|dim:120km|display=inline, title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=35.533333&mlon=51.516667&zoom=9#map=9/35.5333/51.5167 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Tehran Province |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024}}</ref>| subdivision_type = Country
| coordinates_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite map |author=((OpenStreetMap contributors)) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=35.533333&mlon=51.516667&zoom=9#map=9/35.5333/51.5167 |website=[[OpenStreetMap]] |title=Tehran Province |date=24 May 2024 |access-date=24 May 2024 |lang=fa}}</ref>
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Iran]]
| subdivision_name = [[Iran]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Iran|Region]]
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| leader_title = [[List of current Iran governors-general|Governor-general]]
| leader_title = [[List of current Iran governors-general|Governor-general]]
| leader_name = Alireza Fakhari
| leader_name = Alireza Fakhari
| leader_title1 = MPs of [[Assembly of Experts]]
| leader_title1
| leader_name1 = {{small|1}} [[Abbas Ali Akhtari]] <br/>{{small|2}} [[Alireza Arafi]] <br/>{{small|3}} Ahmad Daneshzadeh Momen <br/>{{small|4}} [[Ahmad Jannati]] <br/>{{small|5}} [[Akbar Rafsanjanī]] <br/>{{small|6}} Ali Momen Poor <br/>{{small|7}} [[Mohammad-Ali Movahedi Kermani]] <br/>{{small|8}} [[Ebrahim Amini]] <br/>{{small|9}} [[Gholamreza Mesbahi-Moghaddam]] <br/>{{small|10}} [[Ghorbanali Dorri-Najafabadi]] <br/>{{small|11}} [[Hassan Rouhani]] <br/>{{small|12}} Hossein Ali Saadi <br/>{{small|13}} [[Mohammad-Ali Taskhiri]] <br/>{{small|14}} [[Mohammed Emami-Kashani]] <br/>{{small|15}} Mohammad Hassan Zali <br/>{{small|16}} [[Mohammad Reyshahri]] <br/>{{small|17}} [[Mohsen Esmaeili]] <br/>{{small|18}} [[Mohsen Qomi]] <br/>{{small|19}} [[Nasrallah Shah-Abadi]] <br/>{{small|20}} Seyed Abolfazel Mir Mohammadi <br/>{{small|21}} [[Hashem Bathaie Golpayegani]] <br/>{{small|22}} [[Mahmoud Alavi]]
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK -->
| area_footnotes =
| area_footnotes =
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}}
}}


'''Tehran Province''' ({{lang-fa|استان تهران}}){{efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Ostān-e Tehrān'''}} is one of the [[provinces of Iran|31 provinces]] of [[Iran]]. Its capital is the city of [[Tehran]].<ref name="Tehran Province Structure">{{cite web |title = Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran |language = fa |website = Islamic Parliament Research Center |url = https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026 |last = Habibi |first = Hassan |archive-date = 30 November 2014 |date = 21 June 1369 |publisher = Ministry of Interior, Political-Defense Commission of the Government Board |access-date = 16 December 2023}}</ref> It covers an area of {{convert|18814|sqkm|sqmi}} and is located to the north of the central plateau of Iran.
'''Tehran province''' ({{lang-fa|استان تهران}}){{efn|Also [[romanize]]d as '''Ostān-e Tehrān'''}} is one of the [[provinces of Iran|31 provinces]] of [[Iran]]. Its capital is the city of [[Tehran]].<ref name="Tehran Province Structure">{{cite web |title = Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran |language = fa |website = Islamic Parliament Research Center |url = https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141130203728/https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113026 |last = Habibi |first = Hassan |archive-date = 30 November 2014 |date = 21 June 1369 |publisher = Ministry of Interior, Political-Defense Commission of the Government Board |access-date = 16 December 2023}}</ref>


Tehran province covers an area of {{convert|18814|sqkm|sqmi}} and is located to the north of the central plateau of Iran. It was made a part of the First Region with its secretariat located in Tehran, upon the division of the provinces into 5 [[Regions of Iran|regions]], solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.<ref name="hamshahrionline.ir"/>
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province had a population of 13,281,858 in 3,729,010 households.<ref name="2006 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006) | page = 23 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/23.xls | access-date = 25 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084534/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/23.xls | format = Excel | archive-date = 20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 12,183,391 people in 3,731,480 households,<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011) | page = 23 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = Syracuse University | url = https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Tehran.xls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230120190153/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Tehran.xls | archive-date = 20 January 2023 | access-date = 19 December 2022 | format = Excel}}</ref> by which time [[Karaj County|Karaj]], [[Nazarabad County|Nazarabad]], and [[Savojbolagh County|Savojbolagh]] Counties had been separated from the province to become [[Alborz Province]].<ref name="Alborz Province Establishment Law">{{cite web |title = Alborz province establishment law |language = fa |website = Lamtakam |url = https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/782290 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231216152645/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/782290 |publisher = Guardian Council |last = Larijani |first = Ali |date = 16 April 1389 |archive-date = 16 December 2023 |access-date = 16 December 2023}}</ref> The province was made a part of the First Region with its secretariat located in Tehran, upon the division of the provinces into 5 [[Regions of Iran|regions]], solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.<ref name="hamshahrionline.ir"/> According to the latest census in 2016, the population of the province had increased to 13,267,637 in 4,288,563 households.<ref name="2016 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016) | page = 23 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_23.xlsx | access-date = 19 December 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211212171617/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_23.xlsx | format = Excel | archive-date = 12 December 2021}}</ref>


The province of Tehran has over 12 million inhabitants and is Iran's most [[Population density|densely populated]] region. Approximately 86.5 percent reside in urban areas and 13.5 percent in rural areas of the province.<ref>[http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_sci_en/sci_en/sel/j-shvro-84.html www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_sci_en/sci_en/sel/j-shvro-84.html]. Retrieved November 2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222043115/https://www.amar.org.ir/ |date=2021-02-22 }}</ref>
Tehran province borders [[Mazandaran Province]] in the north, [[Qom Province]] in the south, [[Semnan Province]] in the east, [[Alborz Province]] in the west and [[Markazi Province]] in the southwest. The [[metropolis]] of Tehran is the [[Capital (political)|capital city]] of the province and of Iran.

Tehran province is the richest in Iran, as it contributes approximately 29% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Furthermore, it houses approximately 18% of the country's population and is the most [[industrialized]] province in Iran, with nearly 94% of its residents living in the cities as of 2016.<ref name="2016 census"/>

The province gained importance when Tehran was proclaimed the capital by the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1778. Today, Tehran, with a population of 8 million, [[list of cities proper by population|is ranked amongst the 40 most populous metropolitan cities of the world]].


==History==
==History==
[[File:Museh Melli.jpg|150px|thumb|left|The [[Achaemenid]] collection of The [[National Museum of Iran]] in Tehran.]]
[[File:Museh Melli.jpg|150px|thumb|left|The [[Achaemenid]] collection of The [[National Museum of Iran]] in Tehran.]]
[[File:Golestan-takht2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Tehran]] has been Iran's capital since 1778.]]


Tehran Province has several [[archeological site]]s indicating settlements dating back several thousand years. Until 300 years ago, [[Rey, Iran|Rey]] was the most prominent of the cities of the province. However, the [[city of Tehran]] rose to become the largest city and capital of Iran by 1778, and since then has been the political, cultural, economic, and commercial nucleus of Iran.
Tehran province has several [[archeological site]]s indicating settlements dating back several thousand years. Until 300 years ago, [[Rey, Iran|Rey]] was the most prominent of the cities of the province. However, the [[city of Tehran]] rose to become the largest city and capital of Iran by 1778, and since then has been the political, cultural, economic, and commercial nucleus of Iran.


Tehran has over 1,500 historical sites of cultural significance registered with the [[Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran]]. The oldest of these in Tehran Province is the remains of two sites in [[Firuzkuh County]] that date back to the fourth millennium BCE.
Tehran has over 1,500 historical sites of cultural significance registered with the [[Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran]]. The oldest of these in Tehran Province is the remains of two sites in [[Firuzkuh County]] that date back to the fourth millennium BCE.


After the 2006 census, [[Karaj County|Karaj]], [[Nazarabad County|Nazarabad]], and [[Savojbolagh County|Savojbolagh]] Counties were separated from the province in the establishment of [[Alborz province|Alborz]] province.<ref name="Alborz Province Establishment Law">{{cite web |title = Alborz province establishment law |language = fa |website = Lamtakam |url = https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/782290 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231216152645/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/782290 |publisher = Guardian Council |last = Larijani |first = Ali |date = 16 April 1389 |archive-date = 16 December 2023 |access-date = 16 December 2023}}</ref>
==Geography==
The province of Tehran has over 12 million inhabitants and is Iran's most [[Population density|densely populated]] region. Approximately 86.5 percent reside in urban areas and 13.5 percent in rural areas of the province.<ref>[http://www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_sci_en/sci_en/sel/j-shvro-84.html www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_sci_en/sci_en/sel/j-shvro-84.html]. Retrieved November 2011 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222043115/https://www.amar.org.ir/ |date=2021-02-22 }}</ref>


==Demographics==
The largest rivers of this province are [[Karaj River]] and [[Jajrood River]].
=== Ethnicity ===
==== Persians ====
The majority of people living in Tehran province are ethnically [[Persians|Persian]], and Tehran is the largest Persian-speaking city in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Tehran {{!}} History, Population, & Tourism {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran Population 2023 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/tehran-population |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>


==== Azerbaijanis ====
Mountain ranges such as The [[Alborz]] span the north; Savad Kooh and Firooz Kooh are located in the northeast; Lavasanat, Qarah Daq, Shemiranat, Hassan Abad and Namak Mountains are in the southern areas; Bibi Shahr Banoo and Alqadr are situated in the southeast and the heights of Qasr-e-Firoozeh been located to the east of the province.
[[Azerbaijanis in Iran|Azerbaijanis]] are one of the Iranian ethnic groups living in Tehran province, who also form the largest group of immigrants in Tehran province. Azeris in Tehran speak [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Azeri language|Azeri]] and [[Persian language|Farsi]] languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title=From Border to Border. Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran |title-link=From Border to Border |publisher=Mehri publication |year=2019 |editor-link=Kameel Ahmady}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran, Iran - Image of the Week - Earth Watching |url=https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/image-of-the-week/content/-/article/tehran-iran/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=earth.esa.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran - Azarbaijanis |url=https://countrystudies.us/iran/42.htm |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Collection {{!}} Country Studies {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences | title=The Turkish Language in Iran | publisher=Khazar University Press| volume=1 | issue=2 |url=http://dspace.khazar.org/jspui/handle/123456789/183 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033404/http://dspace.khazar.org/jspui/handle/123456789/183 | archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref>


==== Mazanderanis ====
Environmentally, the climate of Tehran province is stable and has four seasons, in winter its experiences cold and snowy conditions, in spring and autumn it experiences generally mild conditions with ample rain, and in summer it experiences warm to hot conditions, and is generally dry. In the mountains, however, it is cold and semi-humid all year round, and the higher regions are colder with long winters. The hottest months of the year are from mid-July to mid-September when temperatures range from {{convert|28|C|F}} to {{convert|30|C|F}} and the coldest months experience {{convert|1|C|F}} around January–February, but at certain times in winter it can reach {{convert|-20|C|F}}. Tehran city has cold winters and warm to hot summers. Average annual rainfall is approximately {{convert|200|mm|in}}, the maximum being during the winter season mostly in the form of snow. On the whole, the province has a [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|cold semi-arid]], [[steppe]] climate in the south and an [[alpine climate]] in the north.
[[Mazanderani people|Mazanderanis]] are the third largest tribe of Tehran province, who mostly migrated to Tehran from the cities of [[Babol]], [[Sari]], [[Amol]], [[Qaem Shahr]] and [[Savadkuh County|Savadkuh]]. In addition to Tehran city, Mazanderani language is also spoken in [[Firuzkuh]], [[Damavand, Iran|Damavand]] and [[Shemiranat County|Shemiranat]] cities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TABNAK |first=تابناک {{!}} |title=یک میلیون مازندرانی در تهران هستند |trans-title=There are one million Mazanderanis in Tehran |url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/204328 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=«یک و نیم میلیون مازندرانی پایتخت‌نشین شدند». ایرنا. |trans-title=There are one and a half million Mazanderanis in Tehran |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/82021017/%D8%B3%D9%87-%D9%88-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF |language=fa}}</ref>


==== Kurds ====
[[File:Tehran Province-4.png|thumbnail|400px|center|Tehran Province map]]
Many [[Kurds in Iran|Kurds]] have migrated to Tehran province in recent years to continue their [[Education|studies]] or to find [[Work (human activity)|jobs]]. Also, the people of [[Sarbandan]], [[Jaban, Tehran|Jaban]], [[Sorkheh Deh, Tehran|Sorkheh Deh]] and [[Khosrovan]] districts of [[Damavand County|Damavand county]] in the east of Tehran province speak [[Kurmanji|Kurmanji Kurdish]] language. The people of these areas are Kurmanji Kurds who moved to this area from [[Khorasan province|Khorasan]] during the [[Qajar Iran|Qajar]] period. Simultaneously with the migration of Kurmanji tribes from Khorasan to Damavand, another group of Kurds from Khorasan migrated from [[Chenaran]] to [[Piranshahr]], one of the cities of Kurdistan south of [[Lake Urmia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |date=2022-01-25 |title=A Peace-Oriented Investigation of the Ethnic Identity Challenge in Iran (A Study of Five Iranian Ethnic Groups with the GT Method) |url=http://www.ijoks.com/en/pub/ijoks/issue/68153/1039049 |journal=International Journal of Kurdish Studies |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.21600/ijoks.1039049 |s2cid=245507220 |issn=2149-2751|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://tarood.ir/%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86/ | title=سربندان، مرکز دهستان ابرشیوه دماوند در آئینه تاریخ |trans-title=Sarbandan, the center of Abarshive Damavand district in the mirror of history | language=fa | website=tarood.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yazdanpanah |first1=Hassan |last2=Zarghi |first2=Afshin |last3=Shafaati |first3=Ali Reza |last4=Foroutan |first4=Seyyed Mohsen |last5=Aboul-Fathi |first5=Farshid |last6=Khoddam |first6=Arash |last7=Nazari |first7=Firoozeh |date=2012 |title=Exposure assessment of the tehran population (iran) to zearalenone mycotoxin |journal=Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=251–256 |issn=1735-0328 |pmc=3813106 |pmid=24250447}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=بررسی ابعاد مهاجرت کُردها به تهران و اقلیم کُردستان |trans-title=Investigating the dimensions of Kurdish migration to Tehran and the Kurdistan region |url=https://dana.ir/24125/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=dana.ir |language=fa}}</ref>

==== Lurs ====
Many [[Lurs]] migrate to Tehran province every year, and in this way, Tehran has a minority of Lurs. Also, [[Hadavand tribe|Hadavand]] clan is one of the oldest and largest clans of Tehran province, which moved to Tehran province during the time of [[Karim Khan Zand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-25 |title=طی پنج سال گذشته؛ 42 هزار لرستانی به تهران مهاجرت کرده‌اند |trans-title=Over the past five years; 42 thousand people from Lurestan have migrated to Tehran |url=http://yaftenews.ir/news/other/19889-amar90-95.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=پايگاه خبري یافته (لرستان) |language=fa-ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Iranian Lurs Ethnic - Bakhtiari Nomad People in Iran |url=https://www.tappersia.com/iranian-lurs-ethnic/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lur {{!}} Persian Plateau, Ethnic Group, Nomadic {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lur-people |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== Gilaks ====
A population of [[Gilaks]] also live in Tehran and speak [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] and Farsi languages.

==== Armenians ====
A population of [[Iranian Armenians|Armenians]] mainly lives in the eastern areas of Tehran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iskandaryan |first=Gohar |date=2019 |title=The Armenian community in Iran: issues and emigration |url=https://repository.gchumanrights.org/handle/20.500.11825/991.2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran |url=https://www.soar-us.org/tehran/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Society for Orphaned Armenian Relief (SOAR) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-10-24 |title=FACTBOX-Facts about Armenians in Iran |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-church-factbox-idUSBLA45049720071024 |access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>

==== Citizens of other countries ====
A population of Iraqi nationals who are of Iranian origin that live in Dolat Abad area of Tehran.

The unstable situation and the war in neighbouring Afghanistan and Iraq prompted a rush of refugees into the country who arrived in their millions, with Tehran being a magnet for much seeking work, who subsequently helped the city to recover from war wounds, working for far less pay than local construction workers. Many of these refugees are being repatriated with the assistance of the UNHCR, but there are still sizable groups of Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Tehran who are reluctant to leave, being pessimistic about the situation in their own countries. Afghan refugees are mostly [[Dari|Dari-speaking]] [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and [[Hazaras|Hazara]], speaking a variety of Persian, and Iraqi refugees are mainly Mesopotamian Arabic-speakers who are often of Iranian and Persian ethnic heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Refugees in Iran |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ir/refugees-in-iran/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title=Ahmady, Kameel 2021:Traces of Exploitation in Childhood A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran. Avaye Buf, Denmark |title-link=Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=Nearly 2.5 Million Afghans Reside in Western Tehran |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202310026766 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Iran International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Azadi |first=RFE/RL's Radio |title=Afghan Refugees In Iran Say Camps Filled With Misery As They Await Fate |language=en |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-afghan-refugees-misery-conditions-return/32571654.html |access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rahimitabar |first1=Parisa |last2=Kraemer |first2=Alexander |last3=Bozorgmehr |first3=Kayvan |last4=Ebrahimi |first4=Fatemeh |last5=Takian |first5=Amirhossein |date=2023-01-21 |title=Health condition of Afghan refugees residing in Iran in comparison to Germany: a systematic review of empirical studies |journal=International Journal for Equity in Health |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.1186/s12939-023-01832-7 |issn=1475-9276 |pmc=9862781 |pmid=36681845 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

===Population===
At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 13,281,858 in 3,729,010 households.<ref name="2006 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006) | page = 23 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/23.xls | access-date = 25 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110920084534/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/23.xls | format = Excel | archive-date = 20 September 2011}}</ref> The following census in 2011 counted 12,183,391 people in 3,731,480 households.<ref name="2011 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011) | page = 23 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = Syracuse University | url = https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Tehran.xls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230120190153/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Tehran.xls | archive-date = 20 January 2023 | access-date = 19 December 2022 | format = Excel}}</ref> The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 13,267,637 in 4,288,563 households.<ref name="2016 census">{{cite web | title = Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016) | page = 23 | language = fa | publisher = The Statistical Center of Iran | website = AMAR | url = https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_23.xlsx | access-date = 19 December 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211212171617/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_23.xlsx | format = Excel | archive-date = 12 December 2021}}</ref>


== Administrative divisions ==
=== Administrative divisions ===
[[File:Tehran.svg|360px]]
[[File:Tehran.svg|360px]]


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==Geography==
==Tehran Province today==
Tehran province borders [[Mazandaran Province]] in the north, [[Qom Province]] in the south, [[Semnan Province]] in the east, [[Alborz Province]] in the west and [[Markazi Province]] in the southwest. The [[metropolis]] of Tehran is the [[Capital (political)|capital city]] of the province and of Iran.
Tehran is the commercial heart of Iran. Tehran Province has over 17,000 industrial units employing 390,000 people, 26% of all units in [[Iran]]. The province contains 30% of Iran's economy, and comprises 40% of Iran's consumer market. The province has three hydro dams namely Latiyan, Lar, and Amir Kabir as well as two natural lakes, providing the water supply of Tehran and the province.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}


Tehran province is the richest in Iran, as it contributes approximately 29% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Furthermore, it houses approximately 18% of the country's population and is the most [[industrialized]] province in Iran, with nearly 94% of its residents living in the cities as of 2016.<ref name="2016 census"/>
The province contains 170 mines, over 330 square kilometres of forests, and over 12800 square kilometres of pasture.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}


The province gained importance when Tehran was proclaimed the capital by the [[Qajar dynasty]] in 1778. Today, Tehran, with a population of 8 million, [[list of cities proper by population|is ranked amongst the 40 most populous metropolitan cities of the world]].
Generally speaking, year round, regions such as the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains, especially in the mountains, valleys, and rivers and artificial lakes formed behind the great dams of Amir Kabir, Latiyan and Lar along with natural lakes of Jaban and Tarr provide considerable recreation for the province.


The largest rivers of this province are [[Karaj River]] and [[Jajrood River]].
Moreover, due to excessive snowfall in the northern areas of the province during the winter season, the [[Alborz]] mountains form an excellent environment for winter sports such as skiing. [[Dizin]], [[Shemshak]], and [[Tochal]] are the most popular skiing resorts.


Mountain ranges such as The [[Alborz]] span the north; Savad Kooh and Firooz Kooh are located in the northeast; Lavasanat, Qarah Daq, Shemiranat, Hassan Abad and Namak Mountains are in the southern areas; Bibi Shahr Banoo and Alqadr are situated in the southeast and the heights of Qasr-e-Firoozeh been located to the east of the province.
== Anthropology ==
Tehran province is the most populous province of Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran {{!}} |url=https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/nacil/Iran/tehran.php |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.stonybrook.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wainwright |first=Oliver |date=2019-01-09 |title='Like LA with minarets': how concrete and cars came to rule Tehran |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/09/like-la-with-minarets-how-concrete-and-cars-came-to-rule-tehran |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The population density in this province is 969 people per square kilometer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran, Iran Metro Area Population 1950-2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21523/tehran/population |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> During a research that was commissioned by the General Culture Council in 2009 and based on a field survey and a statistical community among the residents of 288 cities and about 1400 villages across the country, the percentage of ethnic groups that were sampled in this survey in this province was as follows. [[Persians]] was 56.9%, [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Azari]] 56.9%, [[Northern Iran|Northern]] ([[Mazanderani people|Mazani]], [[Gilaks|Gilak]] and [[Talysh people|Talish]]) 30.3%, [[Iranian Kurdistan|Kurdish]] 5.5%, [[Lurs]] 2.8%, [[Baloch of Iran|Baloch]] 2.1%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |author-link=Kameel Ahmady |date=2022-08-25 |title=Ethnicity and Identities in Iran: Progress and Equality |url=http://www.ijoks.com/en/pub/ijoks/issue/72162/1148638 |journal=International Journal of Kurdish Studies |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=238–272 |doi=10.21600/ijoks.1148638 |s2cid=251379094 |issn=2149-2751|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=شماره کتابشناسه ملّی:۲۸۸۷۱۴۱طرح بررسی و سنجش شاخص‌های فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخص‌های غیرثبتی){گزارش}:استان تهران/به سفارش شورای فرهنگ عمومی کشور؛ مدیر طرح و مسئول سیاست گذاری:منصور واعظی؛ اجرا:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس -شابک:۷-۴۲-۶۶۲۷-۶۰۰-۹۷۸ *وضعیت نشر:تهران-موسسه انتشارات کتاب نشر ۱۳۹۱ *وضعیت ظاهری:۲۹۶ ص:جدول (بخش رنگی)، نمودار (بخش رنگی) |location=Tehran |language=fa |trans-title=The project of surveying and measuring the country's public culture indicators}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's Ethnic Groups |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/irans-ethnic-groups |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Geopolitical Analysis of Ethnicity in Iran |url=https://journal.iag.ir/article_56968_e73de1b844251c1a68233407ebe3e1bb.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahshahani |first=Soheila |date=2022-11-02 |title=Anthropology and ethnic studies, Iran |journal=International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.1186/s41257-022-00077-6 |issn=2366-1003 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Tehran {{!}} History, Population, & Tourism {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kazemi |first1=Mehrshad |last2=Takmil Homayon |first2=Naser |last3=Shabani |first3=Reza |date=2019-08-23 |title=Representation of ethics, social behaviors and cultural traditions of Tehran's people during the Qajar period, Relying on foreign traveler reports |url=https://history.bojnourd.iau.ir/article_666686_en.html |journal=Journal of History |volume=14 |issue=55 |pages=40–61 |issn=1735-8221}}</ref>


Environmentally, the climate of Tehran province is stable and has four seasons, in winter its experiences cold and snowy conditions, in spring and autumn it experiences generally mild conditions with ample rain, and in summer it experiences warm to hot conditions, and is generally dry. In the mountains, however, it is cold and semi-humid all year round, and the higher regions are colder with long winters. The hottest months of the year are from mid-July to mid-September when temperatures range from {{convert|28|C|F}} to {{convert|30|C|F}} and the coldest months experience {{convert|1|C|F}} around January–February, but at certain times in winter it can reach {{convert|-20|C|F}}. Tehran city has cold winters and warm to hot summers. Average annual rainfall is approximately {{convert|200|mm|in}}, the maximum being during the winter season mostly in the form of snow. On the whole, the province has a [[Semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|cold semi-arid]], [[steppe]] climate in the south and an [[alpine climate]] in the north.
=== Ethnicities ===


[[File:Tehran Province-4.png|thumbnail|400px|center|Tehran Province map]]
==== [[Persians]] ====
The majority of the people of Tehran province are [[Persians|Persian]] tribes and clans, in such a way that the city of Tehran is considered the largest Persian-speaking city in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Tehran {{!}} History, Population, & Tourism {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran Population 2023 |url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/tehran-population |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=worldpopulationreview.com}}</ref>


==Tehran province today==
==== [[Azerbaijanis in Iran|Azerbaijanis]] ====
Tehran is the commercial heart of Iran. Tehran Province has over 17,000 industrial units employing 390,000 people, 26% of all units in [[Iran]]. The province contains 30% of Iran's economy, and comprises 40% of Iran's consumer market. The province has three hydro dams namely Latiyan, Lar, and Amir Kabir as well as two natural lakes, providing the water supply of Tehran and the province.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}
Azerbaijanis are one of the Iranian ethnic groups living in Tehran province, who also form the largest group of immigrants in Tehran province. Azeris in Tehran speak [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Azeri language|Azeri]] and [[Persian language|Farsi]] languages.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title=From Border to Border. Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran |title-link=From Border to Border |publisher=Mehri publication |year=2019 |editor-link=Kameel Ahmady}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran, Iran - Image of the Week - Earth Watching |url=https://earth.esa.int/web/earth-watching/image-of-the-week/content/-/article/tehran-iran/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=earth.esa.int}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran - Azarbaijanis |url=https://countrystudies.us/iran/42.htm |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=countrystudies.us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=About this Collection {{!}} Country Studies {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/country-studies/about-this-collection/ |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |journal=Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences | title=The Turkish Language in Iran | publisher=Khazar University Press| volume=1 | issue=2 |url=http://dspace.khazar.org/jspui/handle/123456789/183 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305033404/http://dspace.khazar.org/jspui/handle/123456789/183 | archive-date=2016-03-05}}</ref>


The province contains 170 mines, over 330 square kilometres of forests, and over 12800 square kilometres of pasture.{{citation needed|date=July 2011}}
==== [[Mazanderani people|Mazanderanis]] ====
Mazanderanis are the third largest tribe of Tehran province, who mostly migrated to Tehran from the cities of [[Babol]], [[Sari]], [[Amol]], [[Qaem Shahr]] and [[Savadkuh County|Savadkuh]]. In addition to Tehran city, Mazanderani language is also spoken in [[Firuzkuh]], [[Damavand, Iran|Damavand]] and [[Shemiranat County|Shemiranat]] cities.<ref>{{Cite web |last=TABNAK |first=تابناک {{!}} |title=یک میلیون مازندرانی در تهران هستند |trans-title=There are one million Mazanderanis in Tehran |url=http://www.tabnak.ir/fa/news/204328 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=fa |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=«یک و نیم میلیون مازندرانی پایتخت‌نشین شدند». ایرنا. |trans-title=There are one and a half million Mazanderanis in Tehran |url=https://www.irna.ir/news/82021017/%D8%B3%D9%87-%D9%88-%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85-%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA-%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%AF |language=fa}}</ref>


Generally speaking, year round, regions such as the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains, especially in the mountains, valleys, and rivers and artificial lakes formed behind the great dams of Amir Kabir, Latiyan and Lar along with natural lakes of Jaban and Tarr provide considerable recreation for the province.
==== [[Kurds in Iran|Kurds]] ====
Many Kurds have migrated to Tehran province in recent years to continue their [[Education|studies]] or to find [[Work (human activity)|jobs]]. Also, the people of [[Sarbandan]], [[Jaban, Tehran|Jaban]], [[Sorkheh Deh, Tehran|Sorkheh Deh]] and [[Khosrovan]] districts of [[Damavand County|Damavand county]] in the east of Tehran province speak [[Kurmanji|Kurmanji Kurdish]] language. The people of these areas are Kurmanji Kurds who moved to this area from [[Khorasan province|Khorasan]] during the [[Qajar Iran|Qajar]] period. Simultaneously with the migration of Kurmanji tribes from Khorasan to Damavand, another group of Kurds from Khorasan migrated from [[Chenaran]] to [[Piranshahr]], one of the cities of Kurdistan south of [[Lake Urmia]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |date=2022-01-25 |title=A Peace-Oriented Investigation of the Ethnic Identity Challenge in Iran (A Study of Five Iranian Ethnic Groups with the GT Method) |url=http://www.ijoks.com/en/pub/ijoks/issue/68153/1039049 |journal=International Journal of Kurdish Studies |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1–40 |doi=10.21600/ijoks.1039049 |s2cid=245507220 |issn=2149-2751|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=https://tarood.ir/%d8%b3%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86/ | title=سربندان، مرکز دهستان ابرشیوه دماوند در آئینه تاریخ |trans-title=Sarbandan, the center of Abarshive Damavand district in the mirror of history | language=fa | website=tarood.ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Yazdanpanah |first1=Hassan |last2=Zarghi |first2=Afshin |last3=Shafaati |first3=Ali Reza |last4=Foroutan |first4=Seyyed Mohsen |last5=Aboul-Fathi |first5=Farshid |last6=Khoddam |first6=Arash |last7=Nazari |first7=Firoozeh |date=2012 |title=Exposure assessment of the tehran population (iran) to zearalenone mycotoxin |journal=Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research: IJPR |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=251–256 |issn=1735-0328 |pmc=3813106 |pmid=24250447}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=بررسی ابعاد مهاجرت کُردها به تهران و اقلیم کُردستان |trans-title=Investigating the dimensions of Kurdish migration to Tehran and the Kurdistan region |url=https://dana.ir/24125/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AA-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85-%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86 |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=dana.ir |language=fa}}</ref>


Moreover, due to excessive snowfall in the northern areas of the province during the winter season, the [[Alborz]] mountains form an excellent environment for winter sports such as skiing. [[Dizin]], [[Shemshak]], and [[Tochal]] are the most popular skiing resorts.
==== [[Lurs]] ====
Many Lurs migrate to Tehran province every year, and in this way, Tehran has a minority of Lurs. Also, [[Hadavand tribe|Hadavand]] clan is one of the oldest and largest clans of Tehran province, which moved to Tehran province during the time of [[Karim Khan Zand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-25 |title=طی پنج سال گذشته؛ 42 هزار لرستانی به تهران مهاجرت کرده‌اند |trans-title=Over the past five years; 42 thousand people from Lurestan have migrated to Tehran |url=http://yaftenews.ir/news/other/19889-amar90-95.html |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=پايگاه خبري یافته (لرستان) |language=fa-ir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-19 |title=Iranian Lurs Ethnic - Bakhtiari Nomad People in Iran |url=https://www.tappersia.com/iranian-lurs-ethnic/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lur {{!}} Persian Plateau, Ethnic Group, Nomadic {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lur-people |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

==== [[Gilaks]] ====
A population of Gilaks also live in Tehran and speak [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]] and Farsi languages.


== Anthropology ==
==== [[Iranian Armenians|Armenians]] ====
Tehran Province is the most populous province of Iran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran {{!}} |url=https://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/nacil/Iran/tehran.php |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.stonybrook.edu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Wainwright |first=Oliver |date=2019-01-09 |title='Like LA with minarets': how concrete and cars came to rule Tehran |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2019/jan/09/like-la-with-minarets-how-concrete-and-cars-came-to-rule-tehran |access-date=2023-11-02 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> The population density in this province is 969 people per square kilometer.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran, Iran Metro Area Population 1950-2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/21523/tehran/population |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> During a research that was commissioned by the General Culture Council in 2009 and based on a field survey and a statistical community among the residents of 288 cities and about 1400 villages across the country, the percentage of ethnic groups that were sampled in this survey in this province was as follows. [[Persians]] was 56.9%, [[Iranian Azerbaijanis|Azari]] 56.9%, [[Northern Iran|Northern]] ([[Mazanderani people|Mazani]], [[Gilaks|Gilak]] and [[Talysh people|Talish]]) 30.3%, [[Iranian Kurdistan|Kurdish]] 5.5%, [[Lurs]] 2.8%, [[Baloch of Iran|Baloch]] 2.1%.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |author-link=Kameel Ahmady |date=2022-08-25 |title=Ethnicity and Identities in Iran: Progress and Equality |url=http://www.ijoks.com/en/pub/ijoks/issue/72162/1148638 |journal=International Journal of Kurdish Studies |language=en |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=238–272 |doi=10.21600/ijoks.1148638 |s2cid=251379094 |issn=2149-2751|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=شماره کتابشناسه ملّی:۲۸۸۷۱۴۱طرح بررسی و سنجش شاخص‌های فرهنگ عمومی کشور (شاخص‌های غیرثبتی){گزارش}:استان تهران/به سفارش شورای فرهنگ عمومی کشور؛ مدیر طرح و مسئول سیاست گذاری:منصور واعظی؛ اجرا:شرکت پژوهشگران خبره پارس -شابک:۷-۴۲-۶۶۲۷-۶۰۰-۹۷۸ *وضعیت نشر:تهران-موسسه انتشارات کتاب نشر ۱۳۹۱ *وضعیت ظاهری:۲۹۶ ص:جدول (بخش رنگی)، نمودار (بخش رنگی) |location=Tehran |language=fa |trans-title=The project of surveying and measuring the country's public culture indicators}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iran's Ethnic Groups |url=https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/irans-ethnic-groups |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=Council on Foreign Relations |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Geopolitical Analysis of Ethnicity in Iran |url=https://journal.iag.ir/article_56968_e73de1b844251c1a68233407ebe3e1bb.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shahshahani |first=Soheila |date=2022-11-02 |title=Anthropology and ethnic studies, Iran |journal=International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=17 |doi=10.1186/s41257-022-00077-6 |issn=2366-1003 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-28 |title=Tehran {{!}} History, Population, & Tourism {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Tehran |access-date=2023-11-02 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kazemi |first1=Mehrshad |last2=Takmil Homayon |first2=Naser |last3=Shabani |first3=Reza |date=2019-08-23 |title=Representation of ethics, social behaviors and cultural traditions of Tehran's people during the Qajar period, Relying on foreign traveler reports |url=https://history.bojnourd.iau.ir/article_666686_en.html |journal=Journal of History |volume=14 |issue=55 |pages=40–61 |issn=1735-8221}}</ref>
A population of Iranian Armenians mainly lives in the eastern areas of Tehran.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Iskandaryan |first=Gohar |date=2019 |title=The Armenian community in Iran: issues and emigration |url=https://repository.gchumanrights.org/handle/20.500.11825/991.2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tehran |url=https://www.soar-us.org/tehran/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Society for Orphaned Armenian Relief (SOAR) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Foundation |first=Encyclopaedia Iranica |title=Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=https://iranicaonline.org/ |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=iranicaonline.org |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2007-10-24 |title=FACTBOX-Facts about Armenians in Iran |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-church-factbox-idUSBLA45049720071024 |access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref>

=== Citizens of other countries ===

==== [[Iraqis in Iran|Iraqis of Iranian]] origin ====
A population of Iraqi nationals who are of Iranian origin that live in Dolat Abad area of Tehran.

The unstable situation and the war in neighbouring Afghanistan and Iraq prompted a rush of refugees into the country who arrived in their millions, with Tehran being a magnet for much seeking work, who subsequently helped the city to recover from war wounds, working for far less pay than local construction workers. Many of these refugees are being repatriated with the assistance of the UNHCR, but there are still sizable groups of Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Tehran who are reluctant to leave, being pessimistic about the situation in their own countries. Afghan refugees are mostly [[Dari|Dari-speaking]] [[Tajiks|Tajik]] and [[Hazaras|Hazara]], speaking a variety of Persian, and Iraqi refugees are mainly Mesopotamian Arabic-speakers who are often of Iranian and Persian ethnic heritage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Refugees in Iran |url=https://www.unhcr.org/ir/refugees-in-iran/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ahmady |first=Kameel |title=Ahmady, Kameel 2021:Traces of Exploitation in Childhood A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran. Avaye Buf, Denmark |title-link=Traces of Exploitation in the World of Childhood |language=fa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-03 |title=Nearly 2.5 Million Afghans Reside in Western Tehran |url=https://www.iranintl.com/en/202310026766 |access-date=2023-11-03 |website=Iran International |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Azadi |first=RFE/RL's Radio |title=Afghan Refugees In Iran Say Camps Filled With Misery As They Await Fate |language=en |work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-afghan-refugees-misery-conditions-return/32571654.html |access-date=2023-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rahimitabar |first1=Parisa |last2=Kraemer |first2=Alexander |last3=Bozorgmehr |first3=Kayvan |last4=Ebrahimi |first4=Fatemeh |last5=Takian |first5=Amirhossein |date=2023-01-21 |title=Health condition of Afghan refugees residing in Iran in comparison to Germany: a systematic review of empirical studies |journal=International Journal for Equity in Health |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=16 |doi=10.1186/s12939-023-01832-7 |issn=1475-9276 |pmc=9862781 |pmid=36681845 |doi-access=free }}</ref>


==Transportation==
==Transportation==
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* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Teheran (province)|display=Teheran, a province of Persia |short=x}}


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[[Category:Tehran Province| ]]
[[Category:Tehran province| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Tehran]]
[[Category:Geography of Tehran]]
[[Category:Provinces of Iran]]
[[Category:Provinces of Iran]]

Latest revision as of 17:54, 22 August 2024

Not to be confused with Tehran County.
For the city, see Tehran.

Tehran Province
Persian: استان تهران
Province
Tehran has been Iran's capital since 1778
Tehran has been Iran's capital since 1778
Counties of Tehran Province
Counties of Tehran Province
Location of Tehran Province within Iran
Location of Tehran Province within Iran
Coordinates: 35°32′N 51°31′E / 35.533°N 51.517°E / 35.533; 51.517[2]
LandIran
RegionRegion 1[1]
CapitalTehran
Counties16
Regierung
 • Governor-generalAlireza Fakhari
Area
 • Total18,814 km2 (7,264 sq mi)
Population
 (2016)[4]
 • Total13,267,637
 • Estimate 
(2020)
13,973,000[3]
 • Density710/km2 (1,800/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+03:30 (IRST)
ISO 3166 codeIR-23
Main language(s)Persian
HDI (2018)0.834[5]
very high · 1st

Tehran province (Persian: استان تهران)[a] is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. Its capital is the city of Tehran.[6]

Tehran province covers an area of 18,814 square kilometres (7,264 sq mi) and is located to the north of the central plateau of Iran. It was made a part of the First Region with its secretariat located in Tehran, upon the division of the provinces into 5 regions, solely for coordination and development purposes on June 22, 2014.[1]

The province of Tehran has over 12 million inhabitants and is Iran's most densely populated region. Approximately 86.5 percent reside in urban areas and 13.5 percent in rural areas of the province.[7]

History

[edit]
The Achaemenid collection of The National Museum of Iran in Tehran.

Tehran province has several archeological sites indicating settlements dating back several thousand years. Until 300 years ago, Rey was the most prominent of the cities of the province. However, the city of Tehran rose to become the largest city and capital of Iran by 1778, and since then has been the political, cultural, economic, and commercial nucleus of Iran.

Tehran has over 1,500 historical sites of cultural significance registered with the Cultural Heritage Organization of Iran. The oldest of these in Tehran Province is the remains of two sites in Firuzkuh County that date back to the fourth millennium BCE.

After the 2006 census, Karaj, Nazarabad, and Savojbolagh Counties were separated from the province in the establishment of Alborz province.[8]

Demographics

[edit]

Ethnicity

[edit]

Persians

[edit]

The majority of people living in Tehran province are ethnically Persian, and Tehran is the largest Persian-speaking city in the world.[9][10]

Azerbaijanis

[edit]

Azerbaijanis are one of the Iranian ethnic groups living in Tehran province, who also form the largest group of immigrants in Tehran province. Azeris in Tehran speak Turkish, Azeri and Farsi languages.[11][12][13][14][15]

Mazanderanis

[edit]

Mazanderanis are the third largest tribe of Tehran province, who mostly migrated to Tehran from the cities of Babol, Sari, Amol, Qaem Shahr and Savadkuh. In addition to Tehran city, Mazanderani language is also spoken in Firuzkuh, Damavand and Shemiranat cities.[16][17]

Kurds

[edit]

Many Kurds have migrated to Tehran province in recent years to continue their studies or to find jobs. Also, the people of Sarbandan, Jaban, Sorkheh Deh and Khosrovan districts of Damavand county in the east of Tehran province speak Kurmanji Kurdish language. The people of these areas are Kurmanji Kurds who moved to this area from Khorasan during the Qajar period. Simultaneously with the migration of Kurmanji tribes from Khorasan to Damavand, another group of Kurds from Khorasan migrated from Chenaran to Piranshahr, one of the cities of Kurdistan south of Lake Urmia.[18][19][20][21]

Lurs

[edit]

Many Lurs migrate to Tehran province every year, and in this way, Tehran has a minority of Lurs. Also, Hadavand clan is one of the oldest and largest clans of Tehran province, which moved to Tehran province during the time of Karim Khan Zand.[22][23][24]

Gilaks

[edit]

A population of Gilaks also live in Tehran and speak Gilaki and Farsi languages.

Armenians

[edit]

A population of Armenians mainly lives in the eastern areas of Tehran.[25][26][27][28]

Citizens of other countries

[edit]

A population of Iraqi nationals who are of Iranian origin that live in Dolat Abad area of Tehran.

The unstable situation and the war in neighbouring Afghanistan and Iraq prompted a rush of refugees into the country who arrived in their millions, with Tehran being a magnet for much seeking work, who subsequently helped the city to recover from war wounds, working for far less pay than local construction workers. Many of these refugees are being repatriated with the assistance of the UNHCR, but there are still sizable groups of Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Tehran who are reluctant to leave, being pessimistic about the situation in their own countries. Afghan refugees are mostly Dari-speaking Tajik and Hazara, speaking a variety of Persian, and Iraqi refugees are mainly Mesopotamian Arabic-speakers who are often of Iranian and Persian ethnic heritage.[29][30][31][32][33]

Population

[edit]

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 13,281,858 in 3,729,010 households.[34] The following census in 2011 counted 12,183,391 people in 3,731,480 households.[35] The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 13,267,637 in 4,288,563 households.[4]

Administrative divisions

[edit]

The population history and structural changes of Tehran Province's administrative divisions over three consecutive censuses are shown in the following table.

Tehran Province
Counties 2006[34] 2011[35] 2016[4]
Baharestan[b] — 523,636 536,329
Damavand 96,860 100,690 125,480
Eslamshahr 447,192 485,688 548,620
Firuzkuh 37,416 38,712 33,558
Karaj[c] 1,709,481 — —
Malard[d] — 373,994 377,292
Nazarabad[c] 128,666 — —
Pakdasht 240,841 291,397 350,966
Pardis[e] — — 169,060
Pishva[f] — 75,454 86,601
Qarchak[g] — — 269,138
Qods[d] — 290,663 316,636
Ray 292,016 319,305 349,700
Robat Karim 608,530 195,917 291,516
Savojbolagh[c] 215,086 — —
Shahriar 1,044,707 624,440 744,210
Shemiranat 37,778 44,061 47,279
Tehran 7,882,843 8,293,140 8,737,510
Varamin 540,442 526,294 283,742
Total 13,281,858 12,183,391 13,267,637

Cities

[edit]
See also: List of cities in Tehran Province by population

According to the 2016 census, 12,452,230 people (nearly 94% of the population of Tehran Province) live in the following cities:[4]

City Population
Abali 2,758
Absard 10,648
Ahmadabad-e Mostowfi 14,077
Andisheh 116,062
Arjomand 1,124
Baghestan 83,934
Baqershahr 65,388
Bumahen 79,034
Chahardangeh 49,950
Damavand 48,380
Eslamshahr 448,129
Fasham 6,945
Ferdowsieh 34,221
Ferunabad 21,682
Firuzkuh 17,453
Golestan 239,556
Hasanabad 43,922
Javadabad 4,844
Kahrizak 37,527
Kilan 2,882
Lavasan 18,146
Malard 281,027
Nasimshahr 200,393
Nasirshahr 28,644
Pakdasht 236,319
Parand 97,464
Pardis 73,363
Pishva 59,184
Qarchak 231,075
Qods 309,605
Robat Karim 105,393
Rudehen 28,533
Sabashahr 53,971
Safadasht 32,476
Salehabad 58,683
Shahedshahr 25,544
Shahriar 309,607
Sharifabad 18,281
Shemshak 3,423
Tehran 8,693,706
Vahidieh 33,249
Varamin 225,628

The following table shows the ten largest cities of Tehran province:[4]

Rank Name County 2016
1 Tehran Tehran 8,693,706
2 Eslamshahr Eslamshahr 448,129
3 Shahriar Shahriar 309,607
4 Qods Qods 309,605
5 Malard Malard 281,027
6 Golestan Baharestan 239,556
7 Pakdasht Pakdasht 236,319
8 Qarchak Qarchak 231,075
9 Varamin Varamin 225,628
10 Nasimshahr Baharestan 200,393

Geography

[edit]

Tehran province borders Mazandaran Province in the north, Qom Province in the south, Semnan Province in the east, Alborz Province in the west and Markazi Province in the southwest. The metropolis of Tehran is the capital city of the province and of Iran.

Tehran province is the richest in Iran, as it contributes approximately 29% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP). Furthermore, it houses approximately 18% of the country's population and is the most industrialized province in Iran, with nearly 94% of its residents living in the cities as of 2016.[4]

The province gained importance when Tehran was proclaimed the capital by the Qajar dynasty in 1778. Today, Tehran, with a population of 8 million, is ranked amongst the 40 most populous metropolitan cities of the world.

The largest rivers of this province are Karaj River and Jajrood River.

Mountain ranges such as The Alborz span the north; Savad Kooh and Firooz Kooh are located in the northeast; Lavasanat, Qarah Daq, Shemiranat, Hassan Abad and Namak Mountains are in the southern areas; Bibi Shahr Banoo and Alqadr are situated in the southeast and the heights of Qasr-e-Firoozeh been located to the east of the province.

Environmentally, the climate of Tehran province is stable and has four seasons, in winter its experiences cold and snowy conditions, in spring and autumn it experiences generally mild conditions with ample rain, and in summer it experiences warm to hot conditions, and is generally dry. In the mountains, however, it is cold and semi-humid all year round, and the higher regions are colder with long winters. The hottest months of the year are from mid-July to mid-September when temperatures range from 28 °C (82 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F) and the coldest months experience 1 °C (34 °F) around January–February, but at certain times in winter it can reach −20 °C (−4 °F). Tehran city has cold winters and warm to hot summers. Average annual rainfall is approximately 200 millimetres (7.9 in), the maximum being during the winter season mostly in the form of snow. On the whole, the province has a cold semi-arid, steppe climate in the south and an alpine climate in the north.

Tehran Province map

Tehran province today

[edit]

Tehran is the commercial heart of Iran. Tehran Province has over 17,000 industrial units employing 390,000 people, 26% of all units in Iran. The province contains 30% of Iran's economy, and comprises 40% of Iran's consumer market. The province has three hydro dams namely Latiyan, Lar, and Amir Kabir as well as two natural lakes, providing the water supply of Tehran and the province.[citation needed]

The province contains 170 mines, over 330 square kilometres of forests, and over 12800 square kilometres of pasture.[citation needed]

Generally speaking, year round, regions such as the southern slopes of the Alborz Mountains, especially in the mountains, valleys, and rivers and artificial lakes formed behind the great dams of Amir Kabir, Latiyan and Lar along with natural lakes of Jaban and Tarr provide considerable recreation for the province.

Moreover, due to excessive snowfall in the northern areas of the province during the winter season, the Alborz mountains form an excellent environment for winter sports such as skiing. Dizin, Shemshak, and Tochal are the most popular skiing resorts.

Anthropology

[edit]

Tehran Province is the most populous province of Iran.[41][42] The population density in this province is 969 people per square kilometer.[43] During a research that was commissioned by the General Culture Council in 2009 and based on a field survey and a statistical community among the residents of 288 cities and about 1400 villages across the country, the percentage of ethnic groups that were sampled in this survey in this province was as follows. Persians was 56.9%, Azari 56.9%, Northern (Mazani, Gilak and Talish) 30.3%, Kurdish 5.5%, Lurs 2.8%, Baloch 2.1%.[44][45][46][47][48][49][50]

Transport

[edit]
See also: Transport in Iran

Road transport

[edit]
Freeways (in blue) and main roads (in green) in Tehran province

Tehran province is served by a large freeway and expressway network:


Rail network

[edit]

National Rail Network

[edit]

The city of Tehran is connected to the North, South, West and East with the railway. It has weekly trains for Istanbul. Tehran is the headquarters of RAJA (Iran national railway). There may be plans to build high speed railway lines from Tehran to Mashhad and Isfahan.

Tehran Metro

[edit]
Main article: Tehran Metro
Hassan Abad Sq. Metro station

Tehran is served by a system of metro of three urban lines (1, 2, 4) and one suburban line (5) serving Karaj and Tehran western suburbs. There are plans to extend the system to eight urban lines and express express suburban lines.

Airports

[edit]

Tehran province has two main passenger airports:

It also has a number of air force bases.

Parks, recreation and other attractions

[edit]
A view of Tehran and Alborz Mountains
The Niavaran Public Library is nestled snugly within the Niavaran city park.
View of Mount Damavand (itself located in Mazandaran province) as seen from the Dizin ski resort.
Milad tower

Religious centers

[edit]

Mosques, shrines, mausoleums, and tombs

[edit]

Churches

[edit]

Higher education

[edit]
Sharif University of Technology main campus

Tehran province's major universities are:

See also

[edit]

Media related to Tehran Province at Wikimedia Commons

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Also romanized as Ostān-e Tehrān
  2. ^ Separated from Robat Karim County after the 2006 census[36]
  3. ^ a b c Transferred to Alborz province after the 2006 census[8]
  4. ^ a b Separated from Shahriar County after the 2006 census[37]
  5. ^ Separated from Tehran County after the 2011 census[38]
  6. ^ Separated from Varamin County after the 2006 census[39]
  7. ^ Separated from Varamin County after the 2011 census[40]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b همشهری آنلاین-استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند
  2. ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (24 May 2024). "Tehran Province" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 24 May 2024.
  3. ^ "توجه: تفاوت در سرجمع به دليل گرد شدن ارقام به رقم هزار مي باشد. (in Persian)". Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  4. ^ a b c d e f "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 23. Archived from the original (Excel) on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  5. ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  6. ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Tehran province centered on the city of Tehran". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political-Defense Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 30 November 2014. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  7. ^ www.sci.org.ir/content/userfiles/_sci_en/sci_en/sel/j-shvro-84.html. Retrieved November 2011 Archived 2021-02-22 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ a b Larijani, Ali (16 April 1389). "Alborz province establishment law". Lamtakam (in Persian). Guardian Council. Archived from the original on 16 December 2023. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  9. ^ "Tehran | History, Population, & Tourism | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  10. ^ "Tehran Population 2023". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  11. ^ Ahmady, Kameel (2019). From Border to Border. Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran. Mehri publication.
  12. ^ "Tehran, Iran - Image of the Week - Earth Watching". earth.esa.int. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
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  30. ^ Ahmady, Kameel. Ahmady, Kameel 2021:Traces of Exploitation in Childhood A Comprehensive Research on Forms, Causes and Consequences of Child Labour in Iran. Avaye Buf, Denmark (in Persian).
  31. ^ "Nearly 2.5 Million Afghans Reside in Western Tehran". Iran International. 3 November 2023. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  32. ^ Azadi, RFE/RL's Radio. "Afghan Refugees In Iran Say Camps Filled With Misery As They Await Fate". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 3 November 2023.
  33. ^ Rahimitabar, Parisa; Kraemer, Alexander; Bozorgmehr, Kayvan; Ebrahimi, Fatemeh; Takian, Amirhossein (21 January 2023). "Health condition of Afghan refugees residing in Iran in comparison to Germany: a systematic review of empirical studies". International Journal for Equity in Health. 22 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s12939-023-01832-7. ISSN 1475-9276. PMC 9862781. PMID 36681845.
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  37. ^ Davodi, Parviz (22 April 2009). "The government's agreement with 18 changes in country divisions: Three counties were added to the geographical map of the country". DOLAT (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  38. ^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (29 September 2013). "Approval letter regarding country divisions in Tehran province". Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of the Farabi Library (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 1 June 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  39. ^ Rahimi, Mohammadreza (27 November 2010). "By creating six changes in the geography of Tehran province: Pishva County was added to the map of country divisions". DOLAT (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Board of Ministers. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  40. ^ Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (21 October 1391). "Approval letter regarding the establishment of Qarchak County under the citizenship of Tehran province". Research Center of the System of Laws of the Islamic Council of Farabi Mobile Library (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  41. ^ "Tehran |". www.stonybrook.edu. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
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  44. ^ Ahmady, Kameel (25 August 2022). "Ethnicity and Identities in Iran: Progress and Equality". International Journal of Kurdish Studies. 8 (2): 238–272. doi:10.21600/ijoks.1148638. ISSN 2149-2751. S2CID 251379094.
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  46. ^ "Iran's Ethnic Groups". Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  47. ^ "A Geopolitical Analysis of Ethnicity in Iran" (PDF).
  48. ^ Shahshahani, Soheila (2 November 2022). "Anthropology and ethnic studies, Iran". International Journal of Anthropology and Ethnology. 6 (1): 17. doi:10.1186/s41257-022-00077-6. ISSN 2366-1003.
  49. ^ "Tehran | History, Population, & Tourism | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
  50. ^ Kazemi, Mehrshad; Takmil Homayon, Naser; Shabani, Reza (23 August 2019). "Representation of ethics, social behaviors and cultural traditions of Tehran's people during the Qajar period, Relying on foreign traveler reports". Journal of History. 14 (55): 40–61. ISSN 1735-8221.

Bibliography

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  • Shahri, Jafar (2002). old Tehran (in Persian). Tehran: Moein publication.
  • Mahmoudian, AliAkbar (2008). A look at Tehran from the beginning until now. Tehran: Institute of Geographical and Cartographic Gitaology.
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