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⚫
'''Araucariaceae''' – also known as '''Araucarians''' – is a family of coniferous trees, with three living genera, ''[[Araucaria]]'', ''[[Agathis]]'', and ''[[Wollemia]]''. While the family was a common component of the [[flora]] globally during the [[Jurassic]], [[Cretaceous]] and [[Paleogene]] periods, in their native distribution they are now largely confined to the Southern Hemisphere, except for a few species of ''Agathis'' in [[Malesia]].<ref name=poinaretal1999>{{cite journal|last1=Poinar|first1=George|last2=Archibald|first2=Bruce|last3=Brown|first3=Alex|title=New amber deposit provides evidence of Early Paleogene extinctions, paleoclimates, and past distributions|journal=The Canadian Entomologist|date=1999|volume=131|issue=2|pages=171–177|doi=10.4039/ent131171-2|s2cid=85718312 |url=http://antbase.org/ants/publications/14674/14674.pdf}}</ref>
'''Araucariaceae''' – also known as '''araucarians''' – is a family of coniferous trees. The family achieved its maximum diversity during the [[Jurassic]] and [[Cretaceous]] periods, when it was distributed almost worldwide.
⚫
Most of the Araucariaceae in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] vanished in the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], and they are now largely confined to the [[Southern Hemisphere]], except for a few species of ''[[Agathis]]'' in [[Malesia|Southeast Asia]].<ref name=poinaretal1999>{{cite journal|last1=Poinar|first1=George|last2=Archibald|first2=Bruce|last3=Brown|first3=Alex|title=New amber deposit provides evidence of Early Paleogene extinctions, paleoclimates, and past distributions|journal=The Canadian Entomologist|date=1999|volume=131|issue=2|pages=171–177|doi=10.4039/ent131171-2|s2cid=85718312 |url=http://antbase.org/ants/publications/14674/14674.pdf}}</ref>


==Description==
==Description==
[[File:00 29 0496 Waipoua Forest NZ - Kauri Baum Tane Mahuta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|[[Tāne Mahuta]] ("Lord of the Forest"), a massive ''[[Agathis australis]]'' tree from [[New Zealand]]]]
[[File:00 29 0496 Waipoua Forest NZ - Kauri Baum Tane Mahuta.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|[[Tāne Mahuta]] ("Lord of the Forest"), a massive ''[[Agathis australis]]'' tree from New Zealand]]
Members of Araucariaceae are typically extremely tall [[evergreen]] trees,<ref name="gym">{{cite web|url=http://www.conifers.org/ar/Araucariaceae.php|title=Araucariaceae|publisher=The Gymnosperm Database|access-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref> reaching heights of {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}} or more.<ref name="ucmp">{{cite web|url=http://www.conifers.org/ar/Araucariaceae.php|title=Araucariaceae: life history and ecology|publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology|access-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref> They can also grow very large stem diameters; a [[New Zealand]] [[kauri]] tree (''[[Agathis australis]]'') named ''[[Tāne Mahuta]]'' ("The Lord of the Forest") has been measured at {{convert|45.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall with a [[diameter at breast height]] of {{convert|491|cm|ft|abbr=on}}. Its total wood volume is calculated to be {{convert|516.7|m3|cuft|abbr=on}},<ref name="kauri">{{cite web|url=http://www.conifers.org/ar/Agathis_australis.php|title=Agathis australis|publisher=The Gymnosperm Database|access-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref> making it the third-largest conifer after ''[[Sequoia sempervirens|Sequoia]]'' and ''[[Sequoiadendron]]'' (both from the Cupressaceae subfamily [[Sequoioideae]]).<ref name="gym"/>
Members of Araucariaceae are typically extremely tall evergreen trees,<ref name="gym">{{cite web|url=http://www.conifers.org/ar/Araucariaceae.php|title=Araucariaceae|publisher=The Gymnosperm Database|access-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref> reaching heights of {{convert|60|m|ft|abbr=on}} or more.<ref name="ucmp">{{cite web|url=http://www.conifers.org/ar/Araucariaceae.php|title=Araucariaceae: life history and ecology|publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology|access-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref> They can also grow very large stem diameters; a New Zealand [[kauri]] tree (''[[Agathis australis]]'') named ''[[Tāne Mahuta]]'' ("The Lord of the Forest") has been measured at {{convert|45.2|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall with a [[diameter at breast height]] of {{convert|491|cm|ft|abbr=on}}. Its total wood volume is calculated to be {{convert|516.7|m3|cuft|abbr=on}},<ref name="kauri">{{cite web|url=http://www.conifers.org/ar/Agathis_australis.php|title=Agathis australis|publisher=The Gymnosperm Database|access-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref> making it the third-largest conifer after ''[[Sequoia sempervirens|Sequoia]]'' and ''[[Sequoiadendron]]'' (both from the Cupressaceae subfamily [[Sequoioideae]]).<ref name="gym"/>


The trunks are columnar and have relatively large [[pith]]s with [[resin]]ous [[Cortex (botany)|cortices]].<ref name="wu">{{cite journal |author1=Fu Liguo |author2=Li Nan |author3=Robert R. Mill |title=Araucariaceae |journal=Flora of China |volume=4 |pages=9&ndash;10 |year=1999 |url=http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume04/ARAUCARIACEAE.published.pdf |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524173027/http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume04/ARAUCARIACEAE.published.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2011 }}</ref> The branching is usually horizontal and tiered, arising regularly in whorls of three to seven branches or alternating in widely separated pairs.<ref name="ecken">{{cite book|author=James E. Eckenwalder|title =Conifers of the world: the complete reference|publisher =Timber Press|year =2009|page=70|isbn =978-0-88192-974-4|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=b9aqcxSqYCkC&pg=PA70}}</ref>
The trunks are columnar and have relatively large [[pith]]s with [[resin]]ous [[Cortex (botany)|cortices]].<ref name="wu">{{cite journal |author1=Fu Liguo |author2=Li Nan |author3=Robert R. Mill |title=Araucariaceae |journal=Flora of China |volume=4 |pages=9&ndash;10 |year=1999 |url=http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume04/ARAUCARIACEAE.published.pdf |access-date=2011-11-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110524173027/http://hua.huh.harvard.edu/china/mss/volume04/ARAUCARIACEAE.published.pdf |archive-date=May 24, 2011 }}</ref> The branching is usually horizontal and tiered, arising regularly in whorls of three to seven branches or alternating in widely separated pairs.<ref name="ecken">{{cite book|author=James E. Eckenwalder|title =Conifers of the world: the complete reference|publisher =Timber Press|year =2009|page=70|isbn =978-0-88192-974-4|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=b9aqcxSqYCkC&pg=PA70}}</ref>
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The leaves can be small, needle-like, and curved, or they can be large, broadly ovate, and flattened.<ref name="walters">{{cite book|author=Stuart Max Walters|title =The European Garden Flora: Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae|publisher =Cambridge University Press|year =1986|page=72|isbn =978-0-521-24859-4|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=1dd5M-ToXAcC&pg=PA72}}</ref> They are spirally arranged, persistent, and usually have [[parallel venation]].<ref name="gym"/>
The leaves can be small, needle-like, and curved, or they can be large, broadly ovate, and flattened.<ref name="walters">{{cite book|author=Stuart Max Walters|title =The European Garden Flora: Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae|publisher =Cambridge University Press|year =1986|page=72|isbn =978-0-521-24859-4|url =https://books.google.com/books?id=1dd5M-ToXAcC&pg=PA72}}</ref> They are spirally arranged, persistent, and usually have [[parallel venation]].<ref name="gym"/>


Like other conifers, they produce [[Conifer cone|cones]]. Each tree can have both male and female cones ([[monoecious]]) or they can have only male or female cones ([[dioecious]]).<ref name="carr">{{cite web
Like other conifers, they produce cones. Each tree can have both male and female cones ([[monoecious]]) or they can have only male or female cones ([[dioecious]]).<ref name="carr">{{cite web
|url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/araucari.htm|title=Araucariaceae|author=Gerald Carr|publisher=University of Hawaii|access-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref>
|url=http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/carr/araucari.htm|title=Araucariaceae|author=Gerald Carr|publisher=University of Hawaii|access-date=November 19, 2011}}</ref>


Male cones are among the largest among all conifer cones, on average. They are cylindrical and drooping, somewhat resembling [[catkin]]s. They are borne singly on the tips of branches or the [[axil]]s of leaves. They contain numerous [[sporophyll]]s arranged in whorls or spirals. Each has four to 20 elongated [[pollen]] sacs attached to the lower surface at one end. The pollen grains are round and do not possess wings or air sacs.<ref name="gym"/><ref name="ecken"/><ref name="walters"/>
Male cones are among the largest among all conifer cones, on average. They are cylindrical and drooping, somewhat resembling [[catkin]]s. They are borne singly on the tips of branches or the [[axil]]s of leaves. They contain numerous [[sporophyll]]s arranged in whorls or spirals. Each has four to 20 elongated pollen sacs attached to the lower surface at one end. The pollen grains are round and do not possess wings or air sacs.<ref name="gym"/><ref name="ecken"/><ref name="walters"/>


Female cones are also very large. They are spherical to ovoid in shape and borne erect on thick, short shoots at branch tips. The numerous bracts and scales are either fused to each other or separate for half of their lengths.<ref name="gym"/><ref name="ecken"/><ref name="walters"/> The scales almost always bear only one seed on its upper surface, in contrast to two in true pines (family [[Pinaceae]]).<ref name="ww">{{cite web|url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph27.htm|title=The Araucaria Family: Araucariaceae|author=Wayne P. Armstrong|publisher=Wayne's Word, Paloma College|access-date=November 19, 2011|archive-date=December 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203031105/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph27.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are very large, among the largest seeds among conifers. They are dispersed by wind, usually using wing-like structures. On maturity, the female cones detach and fall to the ground.<ref name="gym"/><ref name="ecken"/><ref name="walters"/> Due to their size, they can cause serious injuries if they hit a person. The cones of the bunya bunya, ''[[Araucaria bidwillii]]'', for example, weigh up to {{cvt|10|kg}},<ref name="TGD">{{cite web |title=Araucaria biwillii (Bunya pine) description |url=https://www.conifers.org/ar/Araucaria_bidwillii.php |website=The Gymnosperm Database |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref> about the size and weight of a large [[pineapple]]. They can drop from heights of {{convert|23|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ww"/>
Female cones are also very large. They are spherical to ovoid in shape and borne erect on thick, short shoots at branch tips. The numerous bracts and scales are either fused to each other or separate for half of their lengths.<ref name="gym"/><ref name="ecken"/><ref name="walters"/> The scales almost always bear only one seed on its upper surface, in contrast to two in true pines (family [[Pinaceae]]).<ref name="ww">{{cite web|url=http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph27.htm|title=The Araucaria Family: Araucariaceae|author=Wayne P. Armstrong|publisher=Wayne's Word, Paloma College|access-date=November 19, 2011|archive-date=December 3, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203031105/http://waynesword.palomar.edu/ecoph27.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> They are very large, among the largest seeds among conifers. They are dispersed by wind, usually using wing-like structures. On maturity, the female cones detach and fall to the ground.<ref name="gym"/><ref name="ecken"/><ref name="walters"/> Due to their size, they can cause serious injuries if they hit a person. The cones of the bunya bunya, ''[[Araucaria bidwillii]]'', for example, weigh up to {{cvt|10|kg}},<ref name="TGD">{{cite web |title=Araucaria biwillii (Bunya pine) description |url=https://www.conifers.org/ar/Araucaria_bidwillii.php |website=The Gymnosperm Database |access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref> about the size and weight of a large pineapple. They can drop from heights of {{convert|23|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="ww"/>


==Classification and genera==
==Classification and genera==
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[[File:Agathisrobusta.JPG|thumb|''[[Agathis robusta]]'']]
[[File:Agathisrobusta.JPG|thumb|''[[Agathis robusta]]'']]
[[File:Wollemia nobilis fg03.JPG|thumb|''[[Wollemia nobilis]]'']]
[[File:Wollemia nobilis fg03.JPG|thumb|''[[Wollemia nobilis]]'']]
Araucariaceae is classified under the [[order (taxonomy)|order]] [[Pinales]], [[class (taxonomy)|class]] [[Pinopsida]] of the [[division (botany)|division]] [[Pinophyta]]. The division includes all living [[conifer]]s. Recently however, some authorities treat Araucariaceae as a separate order, '''Araucariales'''.<ref name="gym"/>
Araucariaceae is classified under the [[order (taxonomy)|order]] [[Pinales]], [[class (taxonomy)|class]] [[Pinopsida]] of the [[division (botany)|division]] [[Pinophyta]]. The division includes all living conifers. Recently however, some authorities treat Araucariaceae as a separate order, '''Araucariales'''.<ref name="gym"/>
[[File:WollemiaNobilisPineKiefer.jpg|thumb|1x1px]]
[[File:WollemiaNobilisPineKiefer.jpg|thumb|1x1px]]
Araucariaceae contains three extant [[genera]] and about 41 species.<ref name="wu"/>
Araucariaceae contains three extant genera and about 41 species.<ref name="wu"/>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|[[File:Araucária e as Montanhas.jpg|175px]]
|[[File:Araucária e as Montanhas.jpg|175px]]
|''[[Araucaria]]'' <small>[[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]]</small>
|''Araucaria'' <small>[[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Jussieu]]</small>
|
|


*''[[Araucaria angustifolia]]'' – Paraná pine
* ''[[Araucaria angustifolia]]'' – Paraná pine
*''[[Araucaria araucana]]'' – monkey-puzzle or ''pehuén''
* ''[[Araucaria araucana]]'' – monkey-puzzle or ''pehuén''
⚫
*''[[Araucaria bidwillii]]'' – ''bunya-bunya''
⚫
*''[[Araucaria hunsteinii]]'' – ''klinki''
* ''[[Araucaria bernieri]]''
* ''[[Araucaria bernieri]]''
⚫
* ''[[Araucaria bidwillii]]'' – ''bunya-bunya''
* ''[[Araucaria biramulata]]''
* ''[[Araucaria biramulata]]''
* ''[[Araucaria columnaris]]'' - Cook pine
* ''[[Araucaria columnaris]]'' - Cook pine
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* ''[[Araucaria goroensis]]''
* ''[[Araucaria goroensis]]''
* ''[[Araucaria heterophylla]]'' – Norfolk Island pine
* ''[[Araucaria heterophylla]]'' – Norfolk Island pine
* ''[[Araucaria humboldtensis]]''
* ''[[Araucaria humboldtensis]]''
⚫
* ''[[Araucaria hunsteinii]]'' – ''klinki''
* ''[[Araucaria laubenfelsii]]''
* ''[[Araucaria laubenfelsii]]''
* ''[[Araucaria luxurians]]''
* ''[[Araucaria luxurians]]''
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|-
|-
|[[File:Agathisrobusta03.jpg|175px]]
|[[File:Agathisrobusta03.jpg|175px]]
|''[[Agathis]]'' <small>[[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisbury]]</small>
|''Agathis'' <small>[[Richard Anthony Salisbury|Salisbury]]</small>
|
|
* ''[[Agathis atropurpurea]]''—black kauri, blue kauri ([[Queensland]], [[Australia]])
* ''[[Agathis atropurpurea]]''—black kauri, blue kauri ([[Queensland]], [[Australia]])
* ''[[Agathis australis]]''—kauri, New Zealand kauri ([[North Island]], New Zealand)
* ''[[Agathis australis]]''—kauri, New Zealand kauri ([[North Island]], New Zealand)
* ''[[Agathis borneensis]]'' (western [[Malesia]], [[Borneo]])
* ''[[Agathis borneensis]]'' (western [[Malesia]], [[Borneo]])
* ''[[Agathis corbassonii]]''—red kauri ([[New Caledonia]])
* ''[[Agathis dammara]]'' (syn. ''A. alba'', ''A. celebica'', ''A. loranthifolia'')—Bindang (eastern Malesia)
* ''[[Agathis dammara]]'' (syn. ''A. alba'', ''A. celebica'', ''A. loranthifolia'')—Bindang (eastern Malesia)
* ''[[Agathis endertii]]'' (Borneo)
* ''[[Agathis flavescens]]'' (Peninsular Malaysia)
* ''[[Agathis flavescens]]'' (Peninsular Malaysia)
* ''[[Agathis kinabaluensis]]'' (Borneo)
* ''[[Agathis kinabaluensis]]'' (Borneo)
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* ''[[Agathis orbicula]]'' (Borneo)
* ''[[Agathis orbicula]]'' (Borneo)
* ''[[Agathis ovata]]'' (New Caledonia)
* ''[[Agathis ovata]]'' (New Caledonia)
* ''[[Agathis philippinensis]]'' ([[Philippines]], [[Sulawesi]])
* ''[[Agathis robusta]]''—Queensland kauri (Queensland, Australia; New Guinea)
* ''[[Agathis robusta]]''—Queensland kauri (Queensland, Australia; New Guinea)
* ''[[Agathis silbae]]'' (Vanuatu)
* ''[[Agathis silbae]]'' (Vanuatu)
* ''[[Agathis spathulata]]''—New Guinea kauri (Papua New Guinea)
* ''[[Agathis zamunerae]]''—Patagonia, South America (Argentina)
| [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Vanuatu]], New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and the [[Philippines]]
| [[New Zealand]], Australia, [[Vanuatu]], New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], and the [[Philippines]]
|-
|-
|[[File:Wakehurst Place woodland Wollemi pine.jpg|175px]]
|[[File:Wakehurst Place woodland Wollemi pine.jpg|175px]]
|''[[Wollemia]]'' <small>W.G. Jones, K.D. Hill & J.M. Allen</small>
|''Wollemia'' <small>W.G. Jones, K.D. Hill & J.M. Allen</small>
|
|
*''[[Wollemia nobilis]]''
*''[[Wollemia nobilis]]''
| endemic to Australia. It was known only from fossil remains before the discovery of the living species in 1994.
| Endemic to Australia. It was known only from fossil remains before the discovery of the living species in 1994.
|-
|-
|}
|}
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|label1=Araucariaceae
|label1=Araucariaceae
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=''[[Araucaria]]''
|1=''Araucaria''
|2={{clade
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Wollemia]]''
|1=''Wollemia''
|2=''[[Agathis]]''
|2=''Agathis''
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%}}
}}|style=font-size:100%;line-height:80%}}
Molecular evidence supports Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae having diverged from each other during the late [[Permian]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stull|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Qu|first2=Xiao-Jian|last3=Parins-Fukuchi|first3=Caroline|last4=Yang|first4=Ying-Ying|last5=Yang|first5=Jun-Bo|last6=Yang|first6=Zhi-Yun|last7=Hu|first7=Yi|last8=Ma|first8=Hong|last9=Soltis|first9=Pamela S.|last10=Soltis|first10=Douglas E.|last11=Li|first11=De-Zhu|date=July 19, 2021|title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=7|issue=8|pages=1015–1025|doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|pmid=34282286 |s2cid=236141481 |issn=2055-0278}}</ref>
Molecular evidence supports Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae having diverged from each other during the late [[Permian]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stull|first1=Gregory W.|last2=Qu|first2=Xiao-Jian|last3=Parins-Fukuchi|first3=Caroline|last4=Yang|first4=Ying-Ying|last5=Yang|first5=Jun-Bo|last6=Yang|first6=Zhi-Yun|last7=Hu|first7=Yi|last8=Ma|first8=Hong|last9=Soltis|first9=Pamela S.|last10=Soltis|first10=Douglas E.|last11=Li|first11=De-Zhu|date=July 19, 2021|title=Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00964-4|journal=Nature Plants|language=en|volume=7|issue=8|pages=1015–1025|doi=10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4|pmid=34282286 |bibcode=2021NatPl...7.1015S |s2cid=236141481 |issn=2055-0278}}</ref>


==Distribution and habitat==
==Distribution and habitat==
Today, 41 species are known, in three genera: ''[[Agathis]]'', ''[[Araucaria]]'' and ''[[Wollemia]]'', distributed largely in the [[Southern Hemisphere]].
Today, 41 species are known, in three genera: ''Agathis'', ''Araucaria'' and ''Wollemia'', distributed largely in the Southern Hemisphere.


By far the greatest diversity is in New Caledonia (18 species), with others in Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Chile, southern Brazil, and [[Malesia]]. In Malesia, ''Agathis'' extends a short distance into the [[Northern Hemisphere]], reaching 18°N in the Philippines.
By far the greatest diversity is in New Caledonia (18 species), with others in Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Chile, southern Brazil, and Malesia. In Malesia, ''Agathis'' extends a short distance into the Northern Hemisphere, reaching 18°N in the Philippines.


==Uses==
==Uses==
{{Further|Agathis#Uses|Araucaria#Uses|Wollemia#Uses}}
{{Further|Agathis#Uses|Araucaria#Uses|Wollemia#Uses}}
Several species are very popular ornamental trees in [[garden]]s in subtropical regions, and some are also very important [[timber]] trees, producing [[wood]] of high quality. Several have edible seeds similar to [[pine nut]]s, and others produce valuable [[resin]] and [[amber]]. In the [[forest]]s where they occur, they are usually dominant trees, often the largest species in the forest; the largest is ''Araucaria hunsteinii'', reported to 89 m tall in New Guinea, with several other species reaching 50–65 m tall. ''A. heterophylla'', the Norfolk Island pine, is a well-known landscaping and house plant from this taxon.
Several species are very popular ornamental trees in gardens in subtropical regions, and some are also very important timber trees, producing wood of high quality. Several have edible seeds similar to pine nuts, and others produce valuable [[resin]] and [[amber]]. In the forests where they occur, they are usually dominant trees, often the largest species in the forest; the largest is ''Araucaria hunsteinii'', reported to 89 m tall in New Guinea, with several other species reaching 50–65 m tall. ''A. heterophylla'', the Norfolk Island pine, is a well-known landscaping and house plant from this taxon.


Skillful artisans in the Erzurum Province, Turkey, have used fossilized wood of Araucariaceae for centuries to manufacture jewelry and decorative items. It is known as "[[Oltu stone|Oltustone]]", the name deriving from the town of [[Oltu]], where it is most commonly excavated. Despite the fact that this semiprecious gemstone is classified as “stone”, wood anatomy reveals it was fossilized pieces of trunks of Araucariacea. Oltustone, also called ‘Black Amber’ is unique to Turkey. It is dull and black, but when polished, acquires an attractive black sheen.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1 = Kutluk | display-authors = etal | year = 2012 | title = First Report of Araucariaceae wood (Agathoxylon sp.) from the Late Cretaceous of Turkey| journal = IAWA Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 319–326 | doi=10.1163/22941932-90000097| doi-access = free }}</ref>
Skillful artisans in the Erzurum Province, Turkey, have used fossilized wood of Araucariaceae for centuries to manufacture jewelry and decorative items. It is known as "[[Oltu stone|Oltustone]]", the name deriving from the town of [[Oltu]], where it is most commonly excavated. Despite the fact that this semiprecious gemstone is classified as “stone”, wood anatomy reveals it was fossilized pieces of trunks of Araucariacea. Oltustone, also called ‘Black Amber’ is unique to Turkey. It is dull and black, but when polished, acquires an attractive black sheen.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | last1 = Kutluk | display-authors = etal | year = 2012 | title = First Report of Araucariaceae wood (Agathoxylon sp.) from the Late Cretaceous of Turkey| journal = IAWA Journal | volume = 33 | issue = 3| pages = 319–326 | doi=10.1163/22941932-90000097| doi-access = free }}</ref>


==Fossil record==
==Fossil record==
[[Fossil]]s widely believed to belong to Araucariaceae include the [[Form classification|form genera]] ''[[Araucarites]]'' (various), ''[[Agathoxylon]]'' and ''[[Araucarioxylon]]'' (wood), ''[[Brachyphyllum]]'' (leaves), ''[[Araucariacites]]'' and ''[[Dilwynites]]'' (pollen), and ''[[Protodammara]]'' (cones).
Fossils widely believed to belong to Araucariaceae include the [[Form classification|form genera]] ''[[Araucarites]]'' (various), ''[[Agathoxylon]]'' and ''[[Araucarioxylon]]'' (wood), ''[[Brachyphyllum]]'' (leaves), ''[[Araucariacites]]'' and ''[[Dilwynites]]'' (pollen), and ''[[Protodammara]]'' (cones).


The oldest definitive records of Araucariaceae are from the [[Early Jurassic]], though there are potential earlier Late Triassic records. Early representatives of ''Araucaria'' are widespread across both hemispheres by the [[Middle Jurassic]], such as ''[[Araucaria mirabilis]]'' and ''[[Araucaria sphaerocarpa]]'' from the Middle Jurassic of Argentina and England respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leslie|first1=Andrew B.|last2=Beaulieu|first2=Jeremy|last3=Holman|first3=Garth|last4=Campbell|first4=Christopher S.|last5=Mei|first5=Wenbin|last6=Raubeson|first6=Linda R.|last7=Mathews|first7=Sarah|date=September 2018|title=An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=105|issue=9|pages=1531–1544|doi=10.1002/ajb2.1143|pmid=30157290|doi-access=free}}</ref> The oldest records of the ''Wollemia''-''Agathis'' lineage from the [[Cretaceous]], including ''[[Emwadea|Emwadea microcarpa]]'' from the [[Albian]] aged [[Winton Formation]] of Australia<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dettmann|first1=Mary E.|last2=Clifford|first2=H. Trevor|last3=Peters|first3=Mark|date=June 2012|title=Emwadea microcarpa gen. et sp. nov.—anatomically preserved araucarian seed cones from the Winton Formation (late Albian), western Queensland, Australia|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03115518.2012.622155|journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology|language=en|volume=36|issue=2|pages=217–237|doi=10.1080/03115518.2012.622155|s2cid=129171237|issn=0311-5518}}</ref> and ''[[Wairarapaia|Wairarapaia mildenhallii]]'' from the Albian-[[Cenomanian]] of New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cantrill|first1=David J.|last2=Raine|first2=J. Ian|date=November 2006|title=Wairarapaia mildenhallii gen. et sp. nov., a New Araucarian Cone Related to Wollemia from the Cretaceous (Albian‐Cenomanian) of New Zealand|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/507608|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|language=en|volume=167|issue=6|pages=1259–1269|doi=10.1086/507608|s2cid=85365035|issn=1058-5893}}</ref><ref name="Escapa 1153–1170"/> The oldest fossils currently confidently assignable to ''Agathis'' are those of ''Agathis immortalis'' from the [[Salamanca Formation]] of Patagonia, which dates to the [[Paleocene]], approximately 64.67–63.49 million years ago. ''Agathis''-like leaves are also known from the slightly older [[Lefipán Formation]] of the same region, which date to the very end of the Cretaceous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Escapa |first1=Ignacio H. |last2=Iglesias |first2=Ari |last3=Wilf |first3=Peter |last4=Catalano |first4=Santiago A. |last5=Caraballo‐Ortiz |first5=Marcos A. |last6=Rubén Cúneo |first6=N. |date=August 2018 |title=Agathis trees of Patagonia's Cretaceous‐Paleogene death landscapes and their evolutionary significance |journal=American Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=105 |issue=8 |pages=1345–1368 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1127 |pmid=30074620 |s2cid=51908977 |issn=0002-9122|doi-access=free }}</ref>
The oldest definitive records of Araucariaceae are from the [[Early Jurassic]], though there are potential earlier Late Triassic records. Early representatives of ''Araucaria'' are widespread across both hemispheres by the [[Middle Jurassic]], such as ''[[Araucaria mirabilis]]'' and ''[[Araucaria sphaerocarpa]]'' from the Middle Jurassic of Argentina and England respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Leslie|first1=Andrew B.|last2=Beaulieu|first2=Jeremy|last3=Holman|first3=Garth|last4=Campbell|first4=Christopher S.|last5=Mei|first5=Wenbin|last6=Raubeson|first6=Linda R.|last7=Mathews|first7=Sarah|date=September 2018|title=An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record|journal=American Journal of Botany|language=en|volume=105|issue=9|pages=1531–1544|doi=10.1002/ajb2.1143|pmid=30157290|doi-access=free}}</ref> The oldest records of the ''Wollemia''-''Agathis'' lineage from the [[Cretaceous]], including ''[[Emwadea|Emwadea microcarpa]]'' from the [[Albian]] aged [[Winton Formation]] of Australia<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Dettmann|first1=Mary E.|last2=Clifford|first2=H. Trevor|last3=Peters|first3=Mark|date=June 2012|title=Emwadea microcarpa gen. et sp. nov.—anatomically preserved araucarian seed cones from the Winton Formation (late Albian), western Queensland, Australia|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03115518.2012.622155|journal=Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology|language=en|volume=36|issue=2|pages=217–237|doi=10.1080/03115518.2012.622155|bibcode=2012Alch...36..217D |s2cid=129171237|issn=0311-5518}}</ref> and ''[[Wairarapaia|Wairarapaia mildenhallii]]'' from the Albian-[[Cenomanian]] of New Zealand.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cantrill|first1=David J.|last2=Raine|first2=J. Ian|date=November 2006|title=Wairarapaia mildenhallii gen. et sp. nov., a New Araucarian Cone Related to Wollemia from the Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) of New Zealand|url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/507608|journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences|language=en|volume=167|issue=6|pages=1259–1269|doi=10.1086/507608|s2cid=85365035|issn=1058-5893}}</ref><ref name="Escapa 1153–1170"/> The oldest fossils currently confidently assignable to ''Agathis'' are those of ''Agathis immortalis'' from the [[Salamanca Formation]] of Patagonia, which dates to the [[Paleocene]], approximately 64.67–63.49 million years ago. ''Agathis''-like leaves are also known from the slightly older [[Lefipán Formation]] of the same region, which date to the very end of the Cretaceous.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Escapa |first1=Ignacio H. |last2=Iglesias |first2=Ari |last3=Wilf |first3=Peter |last4=Catalano |first4=Santiago A. |last5=Caraballo-Ortiz |first5=Marcos A. |last6=Rubén Cúneo |first6=N. |date=August 2018 |title=Agathis trees of Patagonia's Cretaceous-Paleogene death landscapes and their evolutionary significance |journal=American Journal of Botany |language=en |volume=105 |issue=8 |pages=1345–1368 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1127 |pmid=30074620 |s2cid=51908977 |issn=0002-9122|doi-access=free |hdl=11336/87592 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
⚫
{{Commons category|Araucariaceae}}
⚫
{{Wikispecies|Araucariaceae}}
*[[Paleobotany]]
*[[Paleobotany]]
*[[Te Matua Ngahere]]
*[[Te Matua Ngahere]]

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==References==
==References==
Line 178: Line 170:


==Further reading==
==Further reading==
⚫
{{Commons category|Araucariaceae}}
⚫
{{Wikispecies|Araucariaceae}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cookson | first1 = I. C. | last2 = Duigan | first2 = S. L. | year = 1951 | title = Tertiary Araucariaceae from South-eastern Australia, with notes on living species | url =http://www.publish.csiro.au/bi/pdf/bi9510415 | journal = Australian Journal of Scientific Research Series B (Biological Sciences) | volume = 4 | pages = 415–449 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cookson | first1 = I. C. | last2 = Duigan | first2 = S. L. | year = 1951 | title = Tertiary Araucariaceae from South-eastern Australia, with notes on living species | url =http://www.publish.csiro.au/bi/pdf/bi9510415 | journal = Australian Journal of Scientific Research Series B (Biological Sciences) | volume = 4 | pages = 415–449 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Kendall | first1 = Mabel W | year = 1949 | title = A Jurassic member of the Araucariaceae | journal = Annals of Botany |series=New Series | volume = 13 | issue = 50| pages = 151–161 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083211 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Kendall | first1 = Mabel W | year = 1949 | title = A Jurassic member of the Araucariaceae | journal = Annals of Botany |series=New Series | volume = 13 | issue = 50| pages = 151–161 | doi = 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a083211 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Kershaw | first1 = Peter | last2 = Wagstaff | first2 = Barbara | year = 2001 | title = The Southern Conifer Family Araucariaceae: History, Status, and Value for Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction | journal = Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume = 32 | pages = 397–414 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114059 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Kershaw | first1 = Peter | last2 = Wagstaff | first2 = Barbara | year = 2001 | title = The Southern Conifer Family Araucariaceae: History, Status, and Value for Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction | journal = Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics | volume = 32 | pages = 397–414 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.32.081501.114059 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Krasilov | first1 = Valentin A | year = 1978 | title = Araucariaceae as indicators of climate and paleolatitudes | doi = 10.1016/0034-6667(78)90008-8 | journal = Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology | volume = 26 | issue = 1–4| pages = 113–124 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Krasilov | first1 = Valentin A | year = 1978 | title = Araucariaceae as indicators of climate and paleolatitudes | doi = 10.1016/0034-6667(78)90008-8 | journal = Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology | volume = 26 | issue = 1–4| pages = 113–124 | bibcode = 1978RPaPa..26..113K }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Pye | first1 = Matthew G. | last2 = Henwood | first2 = Murray J. | last3 = Gadek | first3 = Paul A. | year = 2009 | title = Differential levels of genetic diversity and divergence among populations of an ancient Australian rainforest conifer, ''Araucaria cunninghamii'' | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 277 | issue = 3/4| pages = 173–185 | doi = 10.1007/s00606-008-0120-1 | s2cid = 21846658 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Pye | first1 = Matthew G. | last2 = Henwood | first2 = Murray J. | last3 = Gadek | first3 = Paul A. | year = 2009 | title = Differential levels of genetic diversity and divergence among populations of an ancient Australian rainforest conifer, ''Araucaria cunninghamii'' | journal = Plant Systematics and Evolution | volume = 277 | issue = 3/4| pages = 173–185 | doi = 10.1007/s00606-008-0120-1 | bibcode = 2009PSyEv.277..173P | s2cid = 21846658 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Setoguchi | first1 = Hiroaki | display-authors = etal | year = 1998 | title = Phylogenetic relationships within Araucariaceae based on rbcL gene sequences | url = http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/85/11/1507.pdf | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 85 | issue = 11 | pages = 1507–1516 | doi = 10.2307/2446478 | pmid = 21680310 | jstor = 2446478 | doi-access = free | access-date = 2010-06-16 | archive-date = 2008-05-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080511205448/http://www.amjbot.org/cgi/reprint/85/11/1507.pdf | url-status = dead }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Setoguchi | first1 = Hiroaki | display-authors = etal | year = 1998 | title = Phylogenetic relationships within Araucariaceae based on rbcL gene sequences | journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 85 | issue = 11 | pages = 1507–1516 | doi = 10.2307/2446478 | pmid = 21680310 | jstor = 2446478 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Stockey | first1 = Ruth A | year = 1982 | title = The Araucariaceae: an evolutionary perspective | journal = Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology | volume = 37 | issue = 1–2| pages = 133–154 | doi=10.1016/0034-6667(82)90041-0}}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Stockey | first1 = Ruth A | year = 1982 | title = The Araucariaceae: an evolutionary perspective | journal = Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology | volume = 37 | issue = 1–2| pages = 133–154 | doi=10.1016/0034-6667(82)90041-0| bibcode = 1982RPaPa..37..133S }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Stockey | first1 = Ruth A | year = 1994 | title = Mesozoic Araucariaceae: morphology and systematic relationships | journal = Journal of Plant Research | volume = 107 | issue = 4| pages = 493–502 | doi = 10.1007/BF02344070 | s2cid = 20148157 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Stockey | first1 = Ruth A | year = 1994 | title = Mesozoic Araucariaceae: morphology and systematic relationships | journal = Journal of Plant Research | volume = 107 | issue = 4| pages = 493–502 | doi = 10.1007/BF02344070 | bibcode = 1994JPlR..107..493S | s2cid = 20148157 }}
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


Latest revision as of 02:53, 23 August 2024

Araucariaceae
Temporal range: Early Jurassic–Present (possible Late Triassic records)
Araucaria angustifolia at Minas Gerais
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Gymnospermae
Division: Pinophyta
Class: Pinopsida
Order: Araucariales
Family: Araucariaceae
Henkel & W. Hochstetter
Type genus
Araucaria
Genera

Araucariaceae – also known as Araucarians – is a family of coniferous trees, with three living genera, Araucaria, Agathis, and Wollemia. While the family was a common component of the flora globally during the Jurassic, Cretaceous and Paleogene periods, in their native distribution they are now largely confined to the Southern Hemisphere, except for a few species of Agathis in Malesia.[1]

Description

[edit]
Tāne Mahuta ("Lord of the Forest"), a massive Agathis australis tree from New Zealand

Members of Araucariaceae are typically extremely tall evergreen trees,[2] reaching heights of 60 m (200 ft) or more.[3] They can also grow very large stem diameters; a New Zealand kauri tree (Agathis australis) named Tāne Mahuta ("The Lord of the Forest") has been measured at 45.2 m (148 ft) tall with a diameter at breast height of 491 cm (16.11 ft). Its total wood volume is calculated to be 516.7 m3 (18,250 cu ft),[4] making it the third-largest conifer after Sequoia and Sequoiadendron (both from the Cupressaceae subfamily Sequoioideae).[2]

The trunks are columnar and have relatively large piths with resinous cortices.[5] The branching is usually horizontal and tiered, arising regularly in whorls of three to seven branches or alternating in widely separated pairs.[6]

The leaves can be small, needle-like, and curved, or they can be large, broadly ovate, and flattened.[7] They are spirally arranged, persistent, and usually have parallel venation.[2]

Like other conifers, they produce cones. Each tree can have both male and female cones (monoecious) or they can have only male or female cones (dioecious).[8]

Male cones are among the largest among all conifer cones, on average. They are cylindrical and drooping, somewhat resembling catkins. They are borne singly on the tips of branches or the axils of leaves. They contain numerous sporophylls arranged in whorls or spirals. Each has four to 20 elongated pollen sacs attached to the lower surface at one end. The pollen grains are round and do not possess wings or air sacs.[2][6][7]

Female cones are also very large. They are spherical to ovoid in shape and borne erect on thick, short shoots at branch tips. The numerous bracts and scales are either fused to each other or separate for half of their lengths.[2][6][7] The scales almost always bear only one seed on its upper surface, in contrast to two in true pines (family Pinaceae).[9] They are very large, among the largest seeds among conifers. They are dispersed by wind, usually using wing-like structures. On maturity, the female cones detach and fall to the ground.[2][6][7] Due to their size, they can cause serious injuries if they hit a person. The cones of the bunya bunya, Araucaria bidwillii, for example, weigh up to 10 kg (22 lb),[10] about the size and weight of a large pineapple. They can drop from heights of 23 m (75 ft).[9]

Classification and genera

[edit]
Araucaria heterophylla
Agathis robusta
Wollemia nobilis

Araucariaceae is classified under the order Pinales, class Pinopsida of the division Pinophyta. The division includes all living conifers. Recently however, some authorities treat Araucariaceae as a separate order, Araucariales.[2]

Araucariaceae contains three extant genera and about 41 species.[5]

Image Genus Living Species Distribution
Araucaria Jussieu 19 living species found in New Caledonia (where 13 species are endemic), Norfolk Island, Australia, New Guinea, Argentina, Chile, and Brazil.
Agathis Salisbury New Zealand, Australia, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines
Wollemia W.G. Jones, K.D. Hill & J.M. Allen Endemic to Australia. It was known only from fossil remains before the discovery of the living species in 1994.

Phylogeny

[edit]

Below is the phylogeny of the Pinophyta based on cladistic analysis of molecular data. It shows the position of Araucariaceae within the division.[11]

Relationships between living members of Araucariaceae.[12]

Araucariaceae

Araucaria

Wollemia

Agathis

Molecular evidence supports Araucariaceae and Podocarpaceae having diverged from each other during the late Permian.[13]

Distribution and habitat

[edit]

Today, 41 species are known, in three genera: Agathis, Araucaria and Wollemia, distributed largely in the Southern Hemisphere.

By far the greatest diversity is in New Caledonia (18 species), with others in Australia, Argentina, New Zealand, Chile, southern Brazil, and Malesia. In Malesia, Agathis extends a short distance into the Northern Hemisphere, reaching 18°N in the Philippines.

Uses

[edit]
Further information: Agathis § Uses, Araucaria § Uses, and Wollemia § Uses

Several species are very popular ornamental trees in gardens in subtropical regions, and some are also very important timber trees, producing wood of high quality. Several have edible seeds similar to pine nuts, and others produce valuable resin and amber. In the forests where they occur, they are usually dominant trees, often the largest species in the forest; the largest is Araucaria hunsteinii, reported to 89 m tall in New Guinea, with several other species reaching 50–65 m tall. A. heterophylla, the Norfolk Island pine, is a well-known landscaping and house plant from this taxon.

Skillful artisans in the Erzurum Province, Turkey, have used fossilized wood of Araucariaceae for centuries to manufacture jewelry and decorative items. It is known as "Oltustone", the name deriving from the town of Oltu, where it is most commonly excavated. Despite the fact that this semiprecious gemstone is classified as “stone”, wood anatomy reveals it was fossilized pieces of trunks of Araucariacea. Oltustone, also called ‘Black Amber’ is unique to Turkey. It is dull and black, but when polished, acquires an attractive black sheen.[14]

Fossil record

[edit]

Fossils widely believed to belong to Araucariaceae include the form genera Araucarites (various), Agathoxylon and Araucarioxylon (wood), Brachyphyllum (leaves), Araucariacites and Dilwynites (pollen), and Protodammara (cones).

The oldest definitive records of Araucariaceae are from the Early Jurassic, though there are potential earlier Late Triassic records. Early representatives of Araucaria are widespread across both hemispheres by the Middle Jurassic, such as Araucaria mirabilis and Araucaria sphaerocarpa from the Middle Jurassic of Argentina and England respectively.[15] The oldest records of the Wollemia-Agathis lineage from the Cretaceous, including Emwadea microcarpa from the Albian aged Winton Formation of Australia[16] and Wairarapaia mildenhallii from the Albian-Cenomanian of New Zealand.[17][12] The oldest fossils currently confidently assignable to Agathis are those of Agathis immortalis from the Salamanca Formation of Patagonia, which dates to the Paleocene, approximately 64.67–63.49 million years ago. Agathis-like leaves are also known from the slightly older Lefipán Formation of the same region, which date to the very end of the Cretaceous.[18]

See also

[edit]


References

[edit]
  1. ^ Poinar, George; Archibald, Bruce; Brown, Alex (1999). "New amber deposit provides evidence of Early Paleogene extinctions, paleoclimates, and past distributions" (PDF). The Canadian Entomologist. 131 (2): 171–177. doi:10.4039/ent131171-2. S2CID 85718312.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g "Araucariaceae". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  3. ^ "Araucariaceae: life history and ecology". University of California Museum of Paleontology. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  4. ^ "Agathis australis". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  5. ^ a b Fu Liguo; Li Nan; Robert R. Mill (1999). "Araucariaceae" (PDF). Flora of China. 4: 9–10. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 24, 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-19.
  6. ^ a b c d James E. Eckenwalder (2009). Conifers of the world: the complete reference. Timber Press. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-88192-974-4.
  7. ^ a b c d Stuart Max Walters (1986). The European Garden Flora: Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae, Angiospermae. Cambridge University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-521-24859-4.
  8. ^ Gerald Carr. "Araucariaceae". University of Hawaii. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  9. ^ a b Wayne P. Armstrong. "The Araucaria Family: Araucariaceae". Wayne's Word, Paloma College. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved November 19, 2011.
  10. ^ "Araucaria biwillii (Bunya pine) description". The Gymnosperm Database. Retrieved 20 January 2023.
  11. ^ Derived from papers by A. Farjon and C. J. Quinn & R. A. Price in the Proceedings of the Fourth International Conifer Conference, Acta Horticulturae 2003; 615
  12. ^ a b Escapa, Ignacio H.; Catalano, Santiago A. (October 2013). "Phylogenetic Analysis of Araucariaceae: Integrating Molecules, Morphology, and Fossils". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 174 (8): 1153–1170. doi:10.1086/672369. hdl:11336/3583. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 56238574.
  13. ^ Stull, Gregory W.; Qu, Xiao-Jian; Parins-Fukuchi, Caroline; Yang, Ying-Ying; Yang, Jun-Bo; Yang, Zhi-Yun; Hu, Yi; Ma, Hong; Soltis, Pamela S.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Li, De-Zhu (July 19, 2021). "Gene duplications and phylogenomic conflict underlie major pulses of phenotypic evolution in gymnosperms". Nature Plants. 7 (8): 1015–1025. Bibcode:2021NatPl...7.1015S. doi:10.1038/s41477-021-00964-4. ISSN 2055-0278. PMID 34282286. S2CID 236141481.
  14. ^ Kutluk; et al. (2012). "First Report of Araucariaceae wood (Agathoxylon sp.) from the Late Cretaceous of Turkey". IAWA Journal. 33 (3): 319–326. doi:10.1163/22941932-90000097.
  15. ^ Leslie, Andrew B.; Beaulieu, Jeremy; Holman, Garth; Campbell, Christopher S.; Mei, Wenbin; Raubeson, Linda R.; Mathews, Sarah (September 2018). "An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record". American Journal of Botany. 105 (9): 1531–1544. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1143. PMID 30157290.
  16. ^ Dettmann, Mary E.; Clifford, H. Trevor; Peters, Mark (June 2012). "Emwadea microcarpa gen. et sp. nov.—anatomically preserved araucarian seed cones from the Winton Formation (late Albian), western Queensland, Australia". Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology. 36 (2): 217–237. Bibcode:2012Alch...36..217D. doi:10.1080/03115518.2012.622155. ISSN 0311-5518. S2CID 129171237.
  17. ^ Cantrill, David J.; Raine, J. Ian (November 2006). "Wairarapaia mildenhallii gen. et sp. nov., a New Araucarian Cone Related to Wollemia from the Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) of New Zealand". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 167 (6): 1259–1269. doi:10.1086/507608. ISSN 1058-5893. S2CID 85365035.
  18. ^ Escapa, Ignacio H.; Iglesias, Ari; Wilf, Peter; Catalano, Santiago A.; Caraballo-Ortiz, Marcos A.; Rubén Cúneo, N. (August 2018). "Agathis trees of Patagonia's Cretaceous-Paleogene death landscapes and their evolutionary significance". American Journal of Botany. 105 (8): 1345–1368. doi:10.1002/ajb2.1127. hdl:11336/87592. ISSN 0002-9122. PMID 30074620. S2CID 51908977.

Further reading

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Araucariaceae.
Wikispecies has information related to Araucariaceae.
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