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Coordinates: Sky map 12h 14m 09.5s, +54° 31′ 37″
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{{Short description|Interacting galaxy pair in the constellation of Ursa Major}}
{{about|a pair of interacting galaxies|the Medusa planetary nebula|Medusa Nebula}}
{{about|a pair of interacting galaxies|the Medusa planetary nebula|Medusa Nebula}}
{{Infobox galaxy
| name = NGC 4194
| image = Snakes and Stones NGC 4194.jpg
| image_scale = 1.4
| caption = <!-- optional caption -->
| alt = <!-- alternative description when image is not visible -->
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| pronounce =
| constellation name = [[Ursa Major]]
| ra = {{RA|12|14|09.64}}<ref name=Samsonyan_et_al_2016/>
| dec = {{DEC|+54|31|34.60}}<ref name=Samsonyan_et_al_2016/>
| z = 0.008433<ref name=Ann_et_al_2015/>
| h_radial_v = {{val|2511|12|u=km/s|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Falco_et_al_1999/>
| gal_v = <!--Galactocentric velocity (in km/s) -->
| dist_pc = {{cvt|000|±|00|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|lk=on}}{{hub|0.73}} <!-- comoving distance -->
| dist_ly = {{cvt|39.1|Mpc|Mly|order=flip|lk=on}}<ref name=Lianou_et_al_2019/>
| group_cluster = <!-- Identifier for the host galaxy group or cluster, if any -->
| type = Imeger<ref name=Ann_et_al_2015/>
| mass = <!-- In solar masses {{Val|0|e=0}} -->
| mass_light_ratio = <!-- In solar units -->
| size = <!-- In light years -->
| stars = <!-- Estimate of the number of stars, usually in terms of the combined stellar mass: {{Val|#.#|e=#|ul=Solar mass}} -->
| appmag_v = 13.30<ref name=Véron-Cetty_2010/>
| appmag_b = 13.79<ref name=Véron-Cetty_2010/>
| absmag_v = <!-- Absolute magnitude in V Band -->
| size_v = {{val|0.14|×|0.13|ul=arcminute}}<ref name="ned" />
| half_light_radius_pc = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
| half_light_radius_arcminsec = <!-- apparent dimension -->
| h1_scale_length_pc = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
| h1_scale_length_arcminsec = <!-- apparent dimension -->
| xray_radius_pc = <!-- physical dimension, pc preferred -->
| xray_radius_arcminsec = <!-- apparent dimension -->
| notes = Interacting, starburst
| names = {{odlist | name=Medusa galaxy merger | NGC=4194 | Arp=160 | PGC=39068 | UGC=7241 | MRK=201 }}<ref name=SIMBAD/>
| references = <!-- Use inline references where available -->
}}

'''NGC 4194''', the '''''Medusa merger''''', is a [[galaxy merger]] in the [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]] about {{convert|39.1|Mpc|e6ly|order=flip|lk=on}} away.<ref name=Lianou_et_al_2019/> It was discovered on April 2, 1791 by German-British astronomer [[William Herschel]].<ref name=CSeligman/> Due to its disturbed appearance, it is object 160 in [[Halton Arp]]'s 1966 ''[[Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies]]''.<ref name=SIMBAD/>

[[File:A Black Hole in Medusa's Hair A galaxy lies about 110 million light years away..jpg|left|thumb|A black hole in Medusa's tail]]
The [[Galaxy morphological classification|morphological classification]] of NGC 4194 is Imeger,<ref name=Ann_et_al_2015/> indicating an irregular form. This galaxy consists of a brighter central region spanning an angular size {{val|9|u=arcsecond}} across, with an accompanying system of loops and arcs. Additional material is thinly spread out to a radius of {{val|75|u=arcsecond}} from the central region.<ref name=Demoulin_1969/> There is a [[tidal tail]] and regions undergoing high levels of star formation, making this a [[starburst galaxy]]. It is a source for strong infrared and radio emission.<ref name=Weistrup_et_al_2004/><ref name=Hancock_et_al_2003/> These features indicate NGC 4194 is a late-stage galaxy merger.<ref name=Joseph_Wright_1985/> A region of extreme star formation {{convert|500|ly|pc|abbr=on}} across exists in the center of the '''Eye of Medusa''', the central gas-rich region.<ref name=SpaceDaily-2015-06-17/>

Within {{cvt|1.2|kpc|kly}} of the dynamic center of NGC 4194, star formation is occurring at a rate of {{val|8|ul=Solar mass}}·yr<sup>−1</sup>. The star forming regions in this volume range from 5 to 9 million years in age, with the youngest occurring in areas of the highest star formation rate.<ref name=Weistrop_et_al_2012/> As of 2014, no galactic nucleus has been detected based on radio emissions, nor have the respective nuclei of the merger galaxies.<ref name=Beck_et_al_2014/> However, [[Astrophysical X-ray source|X-ray emission]] from a [[black hole]] in the tidal tail was detected by [[Chandra X-ray Observatory|Chandra]] in 2009.<ref name=Chandra/>

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name=SIMBAD>{{cite simbad
| title=NGC 4194 | access-date=2024-03-24 }}</ref>

<ref name=Samsonyan_et_al_2016>{{cite journal
| title=Neon and [C II] 158 μm Emission Line Profiles in Dusty Starbursts and Active Galactic Nuclei
| display-authors=1 | last1=Samsonyan | first1=Anahit
| last2=Weedman | first2=Daniel | last3=Lebouteiller | first3=Vianney
| last4=Barry | first4=Donald | last5=Sargsyan | first5=Lusine
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
| volume=226 | issue=1 | at=id. 11 | date=September 2016
| doi=10.3847/0067-0049/226/1/11 | doi-access=free | arxiv=1608.02277
| bibcode=2016ApJS..226...11S }}</ref>

<ref name=ned>{{ cite web
| title=Results for NGC 4194
| work=NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
| publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
| date=January 12, 2007
| url=http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nph-objsearch?objname=NGC+4194
| access-date=2024-03-24 }}</ref>

<ref name=SpaceDaily-2015-06-17>{{cite news
| title= Unknown extreme star formation discovered
| date= 17 June 2015 | publisher= Space Daily
| url= http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Unknown_extreme_star_formation_discovered_999.html
| access-date=2024-03-24 }}</ref>

<ref name=Lianou_et_al_2019>{{cite journal
| title=Dust properties and star formation of approximately a thousand local galaxies
| display-authors=1 | last1=Lianou | first1=S.
| last2=Barmby | first2=P. | last3=Mosenkov | first3=A. A.
| last4=Lehnert | first4=M. | last5=Karczewski | first5=O.
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
| volume=631 | id=A38 | pages=19
| date=November 2019 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201834553
| arxiv=1906.02712 | bibcode=2019A&A...631A..38L | s2cid=174801441 }}</ref>

<ref name=Falco_et_al_1999>{{cite journal
| title=The Updated Zwicky Catalog (UZC)
| display-authors=1 | last1=Falco | first1=Emilio E.
| last2=Kurtz | first2=Michael J. | last3=Geller | first3=Margaret J.
| last4=Huchra | first4=John P. | last5=Peters | first5=James
| last6=Berlind | first6=Perry | last7=Mink | first7=Douglas J.
| last8=Tokarz | first8=Susan P. | last9=Elwell | first9=Barbara
| journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
| date=April 1999 | volume=111 | issue=758 | page=438
| bibcode=1999PASP..111..438F | doi=10.1086/316343
| arxiv=astro-ph/9904265 |s2cid=14298026 }}</ref>

<ref name=Véron-Cetty_2010>{{cite journal
| last1=Véron-Cetty | first1=M.-P. | last2=Véron | first2=P.
| title=A catalogue of quasars and active nuclei: 13th edition
| journal=[[Astronomy & Astrophysics]]
| year=2010 | volume=518 | number=A10 | pages=A10
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201014188 | doi-access=free
| bibcode=2010A&A...518A..10V }}</ref>

<ref name=Ann_et_al_2015>{{Cite journal
| title=A Catalog of Visually Classified Galaxies in the Local (z ~ 0.01) Universe
| last1=Ann | first1=H. B. | last2=Seo | first2=Mira
| last3=Ha | first3=D. K. | display-authors=1
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series
| volume=217 | issue=2 | pages=27–49 | date=2015
| bibcode=2015ApJS..217...27A | arxiv=1502.03545
| doi=10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/27 | s2cid=119253507 }}</ref>

<ref name=Demoulin_1969>{{cite journal
| title=The Peculiar Galaxy NGC 4194
| last=Demoulin | first=Marie-Helene
| journal=Astrophysical Journal
| volume=156 | page=325 | date=April 1969
| doi=10.1086/149967 | bibcode=1969ApJ...156..325D }}</ref>

<ref name=Weistrup_et_al_2004>{{cite journal
| title=Looking Closely at Medusa: Star-forming Knots at the Center of NGC 4194
| last1=Weistrop | first1=D. | last2=Eggers | first2=D.
| last3=Hancock | first3=M. | last4=Nelson | first4=C. H.
| last5=Bachilla | first5=R. | last6=Kaiser | first6=M. E.
| display-authors=1 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
| volume=127 | issue=3 | pages=1360–1370 | date=March 2004
| doi=10.1086/382092 | bibcode=2004AJ....127.1360W }}</ref>

<ref name=Hancock_et_al_2003>{{cite journal
| title=A Spectroscopic Study of the Star-Forming Properties of the Center of NGC 4194
| last1=Hancock | first1=M. | last2=Weistrop | first2=D.
| last3=Kaiser | first3=M. E. | first4=C. H. | last4=Nelson
| display-authors=1 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
| volume=131 | issue=1 | page=1394 | date=December 2003
| bibcode=2003AAS...20311515H | doi=10.1086/497969 }}</ref>

<ref name=Joseph_Wright_1985>{{cite journal
| title=Recent star formation in interacting galaxies - II. Super starbursts in merging galaxies
| last1=Joseph | first1=R. D. | last2=Wright | first2=G. S.
| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| volume=214 | pages=87–95 | date=May 1985
| issue=2 | doi=10.1093/mnras/214.2.87 | doi-access=free | bibcode=1985MNRAS.214...87J }}</ref>

<ref name=Weistrop_et_al_2012>{{cite journal
| title=Characteristics of Star-forming Regions in the Advanced Minor-merger, Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 4194
| last1=Weistrop | first1=D. | last2=Nelson | first2=C. H.
| last3=Angione | first3=R. | last4=Bachilla | first4=R.
| last5=Hancock | first5=M. | last6=Kaiser | first6=M. E.
| display-authors=1 | journal=The Astronomical Journal
| volume=143 | issue=4 | at=id. 98 | date=April 2012
| doi=10.1088/0004-6256/143/4/98 | bibcode=2012AJ....143...98W }}</ref>

<ref name=Beck_et_al_2014>{{cite journal
| title=Ionized Gas Kinematics at High Resolution. IV. Star Formation and a Rotating Core in the Medusa (NGC 4194)
| display-authors=1 | last1=Beck | first1=Sara C.
| last2=Lacy | first2=John | last3=Turner | first3=Jean
| last4=Greathouse | first4=Thomas | last5=Neff | first5=Susan
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| volume=787 | issue=1 | at=id. 85 | date=May 2014
| doi=10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/85 | arxiv=1404.1562
| bibcode=2014ApJ...787...85B }}</ref>

<ref name=Chandra>{{cite web
| title=NGC 4194: A Black Hole in Medusa's Hair
| date=March 11, 2009 | work=Chandra Photo Album
| url=https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2009/medusa/
| access-date=2024-04-01 }}</ref>


<ref name=CSeligman>{{cite web
| title=NGC Objects: NGC 4150 - 4199
| first=Courtney | last=Seligman
| work=Celestial Atlas
| url=https://cseligman.com/text/atlas/ngc41a.htm#4194
| access-date=2024-04-01 }}</ref>


{{Infobox Galaxy
| name = [[New General Catalogue|NGC]] 4194
| image = [[Image:NGC 4194.jpg|300px]]
| epoch = [[J2000]]
| type = IBm pec<ref name="ned">{{Harv|NED|2007}}</ref>
| ra = {{RA|12|14|09.5}}<ref name="ned" />
| dec = {{DEC|+54|31|37}}<ref name="ned" />
| constellation name = [[Ursa Major]]
| z = 2501 ± 1 km/[[second|s]]<ref name="ned" />
| dist_ly =
| appmag_v = 16.3g<ref name="ned" />
| size_v = 0&prime;.14 &times; 0&prime;.13<ref name="ned" />
| absmag_v =
| notes =
| names = [[Uppsala General Catalogue|UGC]] 7241,<ref name="ned" /> [[Principal Galaxies Catalogue|PGC]] 39068,<ref name="ned" /> [[Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies|ARP]] 160,<ref name="ned" /><br>
Medusa merger<ref name="ned" />
}}
}}


==Further reading==
'''NGC 4194''' is pair of [[interacting galaxies]] in the [[constellation]] [[Ursa Major]].


*{{cite journal
== Notes ==
| title=Major impact from a minor merger. The extraordinary hot molecular gas flow in the Eye of the NGC 4194 Medusa galaxy
{{reflist}}
| display-authors=1 | last1=König | first1=S.
| last2=Aalto | first2=S. | last3=Muller | first3=S.
| last4=Gallagher | first4=J. S., III | last5=Beswick | first5=R. J.
| last6=Varenius | first6=E. | last7=Jütte | first7=E.
| last8=Krips | first8=M. | last9=Adamo | first9=A.
| journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics
| volume=615 | at=id. A122 | date=July 2018
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201732436 | arxiv=1712.04030
| bibcode=2018A&A...615A.122K }}
*{{cite journal
| title=<sup>13</sup>CO 1-0 imaging of the Medusa merger, NGC 4194. Large scale variations in molecular cloud properties
| display-authors=1 | last1=Aalto | first1=S.
| last2=Beswick | first2=R. | last3=Jütte | first3=E.
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
| volume=522 | at=id.A59 | date=November 2010
| doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200913511 | bibcode=2010A&A...522A..59A | arxiv=1008.2095 }}
*{{cite journal
| title=X-Ray Sources in the Star-Forming Galaxies NGC 4194 and NGC 7541
| last1=Kaaret | first1=Philip | last2=Alonso-Herrero | first2=Almudena
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| volume=682 | issue=2 | pages=1020–1028 | date=August 2008
| doi=10.1086/589764 | arxiv=0805.0683
| bibcode=2008ApJ...682.1020K }}


== External links ==
== External links ==
{{commonscat}}
* {{WikiSky}}
* {{WikiSky}}


{{Ngc45}}
==References==
<div class="references-small">
* {{Citation
| surname1 = NED
| title = Results for NGC 4194
| authorlink = NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
| publisher = Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
| year = 2007
| date = January 12, 2007
| publisher = NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database
| url = http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/nph-objsearch?objname=NGC+4194
}}
</div>
{{Sky|12|14|09.5|+|54|31|37|1}}
{{Sky|12|14|09.5|+|54|31|37|1}}


[[Category:Peculiar galaxies]]
[[Category:Peculiar galaxies]]
[[Category:Interacting galaxies]]
[[Category:Interacting galaxies]]
[[Category:Ursa Major constellation]]
[[Category:Luminous infrared galaxies]]
[[Category:Ursa Major]]
[[Category:Arp objects|160]]
[[Category:NGC objects|4194]]
[[Category:NGC objects|4194]]
[[Category:Principal Galaxies Catalogue objects|39068]]
[[Category:Markarian galaxies]]
[[Category:UGC objects|07241]]
[[Category:UGC objects|07241]]
[[Category:PGC objects|39068]]
[[Category:Arp objects|160]]


{{galaxy-stub}}

[[az:NGC 4194]]
[[eo:NGC 4194]]
[[fa:ان‌جی‌سی ۴۱۹۴]]
[[nl:NGC 4194]]
[[pl:NGC 4194]]
[[pt:NGC 4194]]
[[ru:NGC 4194]]
[[sk:NGC 4194]]
[[sr:NGC 4194]]
[[tr:NGC 4194]]
[[uk:NGC 4194]]

Latest revision as of 07:57, 23 August 2024

This article is about a pair of interacting galaxies. For the Medusa planetary nebula, see Medusa Nebula.
NGC 4194
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
ConstellationUrsa Major
Right ascension12h 14m 09.64s[1]
Declination+54° 31′ 34.60″[1]
Redshift0.008433[2]
Heliocentric radial velocity2,511±12 km/s[3]
Distance128 Mly (39.1 Mpc)[4]
Apparent magnitude (V)13.30[5]
Apparent magnitude (B)13.79[5]
Characteristics
TypImeger[2]
Apparent size (V)0.14′ × 0.13′[6]
Notable featuresInteracting, starburst
Other designations
Medusa galaxy merger, NGC 4194, Arp 160, UGC 7241, Mrk 201, PGC 39068[7]

NGC 4194, the Medusa merger, is a galaxy merger in the constellation Ursa Major about 128 million light-years (39.1 Mpc) away.[4] It was discovered on April 2, 1791 by German-British astronomer William Herschel.[8] Due to its disturbed appearance, it is object 160 in Halton Arp's 1966 Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies.[7]

A black hole in Medusa's tail

The morphological classification of NGC 4194 is Imeger,[2] indicating an irregular form. This galaxy consists of a brighter central region spanning an angular size 9″ across, with an accompanying system of loops and arcs. Additional material is thinly spread out to a radius of 75″ from the central region.[9] There is a tidal tail and regions undergoing high levels of star formation, making this a starburst galaxy. It is a source for strong infrared and radio emission.[10][11] These features indicate NGC 4194 is a late-stage galaxy merger.[12] A region of extreme star formation 500 ly (150 pc) across exists in the center of the Eye of Medusa, the central gas-rich region.[13]

Within 1.2 kpc (3.9 kly) of the dynamic center of NGC 4194, star formation is occurring at a rate of 8 M☉·yr−1. The star forming regions in this volume range from 5 to 9 million years in age, with the youngest occurring in areas of the highest star formation rate.[14] As of 2014, no galactic nucleus has been detected based on radio emissions, nor have the respective nuclei of the merger galaxies.[15] However, X-ray emission from a black hole in the tidal tail was detected by Chandra in 2009.[16]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Samsonyan, Anahit; et al. (September 2016). "Neon and [C II] 158 μm Emission Line Profiles in Dusty Starbursts and Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 226 (1). id. 11. arXiv:1608.02277. Bibcode:2016ApJS..226...11S. doi:10.3847/0067-0049/226/1/11.
  2. ^ a b c Ann, H. B.; et al. (2015). "A Catalog of Visually Classified Galaxies in the Local (z ~ 0.01) Universe". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 217 (2): 27–49. arXiv:1502.03545. Bibcode:2015ApJS..217...27A. doi:10.1088/0067-0049/217/2/27. S2CID 119253507.
  3. ^ Falco, Emilio E.; et al. (April 1999). "The Updated Zwicky Catalog (UZC)". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 111 (758): 438. arXiv:astro-ph/9904265. Bibcode:1999PASP..111..438F. doi:10.1086/316343. S2CID 14298026.
  4. ^ a b Lianou, S.; et al. (November 2019). "Dust properties and star formation of approximately a thousand local galaxies". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 631: 19. arXiv:1906.02712. Bibcode:2019A&A...631A..38L. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834553. S2CID 174801441. A38.
  5. ^ a b Véron-Cetty, M.-P.; Véron, P. (2010). "A catalogue of quasars and active nuclei: 13th edition". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 518 (A10): A10. Bibcode:2010A&A...518A..10V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201014188.
  6. ^ "Results for NGC 4194". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. January 12, 2007. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  7. ^ a b "NGC 4194". SIMBAD. Centre de données astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  8. ^ Seligman, Courtney. "NGC Objects: NGC 4150 - 4199". Celestial Atlas. Retrieved 2024-04-01.
  9. ^ Demoulin, Marie-Helene (April 1969). "The Peculiar Galaxy NGC 4194". Astrophysical Journal. 156: 325. Bibcode:1969ApJ...156..325D. doi:10.1086/149967.
  10. ^ Weistrop, D.; et al. (March 2004). "Looking Closely at Medusa: Star-forming Knots at the Center of NGC 4194". The Astronomical Journal. 127 (3): 1360–1370. Bibcode:2004AJ....127.1360W. doi:10.1086/382092.
  11. ^ Hancock, M.; et al. (December 2003). "A Spectroscopic Study of the Star-Forming Properties of the Center of NGC 4194". The Astronomical Journal. 131 (1): 1394. Bibcode:2003AAS...20311515H. doi:10.1086/497969.
  12. ^ Joseph, R. D.; Wright, G. S. (May 1985). "Recent star formation in interacting galaxies - II. Super starbursts in merging galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 214 (2): 87–95. Bibcode:1985MNRAS.214...87J. doi:10.1093/mnras/214.2.87.
  13. ^ "Unknown extreme star formation discovered". Space Daily. 17 June 2015. Retrieved 2024-03-24.
  14. ^ Weistrop, D.; et al. (April 2012). "Characteristics of Star-forming Regions in the Advanced Minor-merger, Luminous Infrared Galaxy NGC 4194". The Astronomical Journal. 143 (4). id. 98. Bibcode:2012AJ....143...98W. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/143/4/98.
  15. ^ Beck, Sara C.; et al. (May 2014). "Ionized Gas Kinematics at High Resolution. IV. Star Formation and a Rotating Core in the Medusa (NGC 4194)". The Astrophysical Journal. 787 (1). id. 85. arXiv:1404.1562. Bibcode:2014ApJ...787...85B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/85.
  16. ^ "NGC 4194: A Black Hole in Medusa's Hair". Chandra Photo Album. March 11, 2009. Retrieved 2024-04-01.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
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