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{{Infobox monarch
{{Infobox monarch
| name = Go-Hanazono
| name = Emperor Go-Hanazono<br>{{nobold|{{lang|ja|後花園天皇}}}}
| succession = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| succession = [[Emperor of Japan]]
| image = Emperor Go-Hanazono.jpg
| image = Emperor Go-Hanazono2.jpg
| caption =
| caption =
| reign = 1428–1464
| reign = September 7, 1428 – August 21, 1464
| coronation =
| coronation = January 21, 1430
| cor-type = Japan
| predecessor = [[Emperor Shōkō|Shōkō]]
| successor = [[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado|Go-Tsuchimikado]]
| predecessor = [[Emperor Shōkō|Shōkō]]
| successor = [[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado|Go-Tsuchimikado]]
| spouse = Ōinomikado (Fujiwara) Nobuko
| posthumous name = [[Posthumous name#Tsuigō|''Tsuigō'']]:<br/>Emperor Go-Hanazono ({{lang|ja|後花園院}} or {{lang|ja|後花園天皇}})
| issue = Princess Kanshin<br>[[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado]]<br>Princess Shinjoji<br>Princess Shogon
| royal house = [[Imperial House of Japan|Yamato]]
| reg-type = ''[[Shōgun]]''
| regent = [[Ashikaga Yoshinori]]<br>[[Ashikaga Yoshikatsu]]<br>[[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]]
| father = Prince Sadafusa
| mother = Niwata Sachiko
| issue = {{plainlist|
*Princess Kanshin
| birth_date = July 10, 1419
*[[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado]]
| birth_place =
*Princess Shinjoji
| death_date = {{death date and age|1471|1|18|1419|7|10|mf=yes}}
*Princess Shogon}}
| death_place =
| royal house = [[Imperial House of Japan]] ([[Fushimi-no-miya|Fushimi branch]])
| place of burial= Nochi no Yamakuni no ''Misasagi'' (Kyoto)
| father = Prince Sadafusa
|}}
| mother = {{ill|Niwata Sachiko|ja|庭田幸子|vertical-align=sup}}
| birth_name = {{nihongo|Hikohito|彦仁}}
| birth_date = July 10, 1418
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1471|1|18|1418|7|10|df=y}}
| death_place =
| place of burial = ''Nochi no Yamakuni no Misasagi'' (後山國陵) (Kyoto)
| signature = [[File:後花園天皇花押.png|50px]]
}}


{{nihongo|'''Emperor Go-Hanazono'''|後花園天皇|''Go-Hanazono-tennō''}} (July 10, 1419 – January 18, 1471) was the 102nd [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]] of [[Japan]], according to the traditional order of succession.<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/102/index.html 後花園天皇 (102)]; retrieved 2013-8-28.</ref> His reign spanned the years from 1428 through 1464.<ref>[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 331–351].</ref>
{{nihongo|'''Emperor Go-Hanazono'''|後花園天皇|''Go-Hanazono-tennō''}} (July 10, 1418 – January 18, 1471) was the 102nd [[emperor of Japan]], according to the traditional order of succession.<ref name="kunaicho">[[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/102/index.html 後花園天皇 (102)]; retrieved 2013-8-28.</ref> His reign spanned the years from 1428 through 1464.<ref>[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac]]. (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA25 ''Annales des empereurs du japon,'' pp. 331–351].</ref>


This 15th-century sovereign was named after the 14th-century [[Emperor Hanazono]] and ''go-'' (後) translates as "later", and thus, he could be called the "Later Emperor Hanazono", or in some older sources, may be identified as "Hanazono, the second" or as "Hanazono II".
This 15th-century sovereign was named after the 14th-century [[Emperor Hanazono]] and ''go-'' (後) translates as "later", and thus, he could be called the "Later Emperor Hanazono", or in some older sources, may be identified as "Hanazono, the second" or as "Hanazono II".
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===Issue===
===Issue===
*Consort: Ōinomikado (Fujiwara) Nobuko (大炊御門（藤原）信子)
*Consort: Ōinomikado (Fujiwara) Nobuko (大炊御門（藤原）信子; 1411–1488) later Karakumon-in (嘉楽門院), Fujiwara Takanaga’s daughter
**First daughter: Princess Kanshin (1434–1490; 観心女王)
**First daughter: Princess Kanshin (1434–1490; 観心女王)
**First son: Imperial Prince Naruhito (成仁親王) ([[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado]])
**First son: Imperial Prince Fusahito (成仁親王) later [[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado]]
*Lady-in-waiting: Fujiwara (Hino) Kyoko
*Lady-in-waiting: Hino (Fujiwara) Kyoko (日野（藤原）郷子), Hino Hidemitsu’s daughter
**daughter: Princess Shinjoji (真乗寺宮; ?–1482)
**daughter: Princess Shinjoji (真乗寺宮; d.1482)
*Lady-in-waiting: Fujiwara (Sanjo) Fuyuko (1441–1489)
*Lady-in-waiting: Sanjo (Fujiwara) Fuyuko (三条 (藤原）冬子; 1441–1489), Sanjo Sanekazu’s daughter
*unknown
*unknown
**Daughter: Princess Shogon (?–1464)
**Daughter: Princess Shogon (d.1464)


==Events of Go-Hanazono's life==
==Events of Go-Hanazono's life==
Because the previous emperor, [[Emperor Shōkō]] had no son, retired [[Emperor Go-Komatsu]] needed to secure the Jimyōin inheritance against the Daikakuji line, before [[Emperor Shōkō]] died, he adopted a son out of the Fushimi-no-miya house, who became Emperor Go-Hanazono after Shōkō's death.
Because the previous emperor, [[Emperor Shōkō]] had no son, retired [[Emperor Go-Komatsu]] needed to secure the Jimyōin inheritance against the Daikakuji line, before [[Emperor Shōkō]] died, he adopted a son out of the Fushimi-no-miya house, who became Emperor Go-Hanazono after Shōkō's death.


* '''1428''' (''[[Shōchō]] 1, 20th day of the 7th month''): In the 17th year of Shōkō''-tennō'' 's reign (称光天皇十七年), the emperor died at age 27; and the succession (''senso'') was received by his adopted son.<ref>Titsingh, p. 330.</ref>
* '''1428''' (''[[Shōchō]] 1, 20th day of the 7th month''): In the 17th year of Shōkō''-tennō''{{'}}s reign (称光天皇十七年), the emperor died at age 27; and the succession (''senso'') was received by his adopted son.<ref>Titsingh, p. 330.</ref>
* '''''Shōchō 1''''', on the 29th day of the 7th month (1428): Emperor Go-Hanazono is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui''). The new emperor is age 10.<ref>Titsingh, p. 332.</ref>
* '''''Shōchō 1''''', on the 29th day of the 7th month (1428): Emperor Go-Hanazono is said to have acceded to the throne (''sokui''). The new emperor is age 10.<ref>Titsingh, p. 332.</ref>
* '''1429''' (''[[Eikyō]] 1, 9th day of the 3rd month''): Minamoto-no Yoshinobu is honored in court; and thereafter, he is known as Shogun [[Ashikaga Yoshinori]].<ref>Titsingh, p. 333.</ref>
* '''1429''' (''[[Eikyō]] 1, 9th day of the 3rd month''): Minamoto-no Yoshinobu is honored in court; and thereafter, he is known as Shōgun [[Ashikaga Yoshinori]].<ref>Titsingh, p. 333.</ref>
* '''1433''' (''Eikyō 5, 6th month''): The Emperor of China, at that time the [[Xuande Emperor]], addressed a letter to Yoshinori in which he gave the Shogun the title, "King of Japan."<ref>Titsingh, p. 335</ref>
* '''1433''' (''Eikyō 5, 6th month''): The Emperor of China, at that time the [[Xuande Emperor]], addressed a letter to Yoshinori in which he gave the Shōgun the title, "King of Japan."<ref>Titsingh, p. 335</ref>
* '''1441''' (''[[Kakitsu]] 1, 24th day of the 6th month''): Shogun Yoshinori is murdered at age 48 by Akamatsu Mitsusuke; and shortly thereafter, his 8-year-old son, [[Ashikaga Yoshikatsu]], is proclaimed as the new Shogun.<ref>Titsingh, p. 339.</ref>
* '''1441''' (''[[Kakitsu]] 1, 24th day of the 6th month''): Shōgun Yoshinori is murdered at age 48 by Akamatsu Mitsusuke; and shortly thereafter, his 8-year-old son, [[Ashikaga Yoshikatsu]], is proclaimed as the new Shogun.<ref>Titsingh, p. 339.</ref>
* '''1441''' (''Kakitsu 1, 9th month''): The assassins of Yoshinori kill themselves.<ref>Titsingh, p. 341.</ref>
* '''1441''' (''Kakitsu 1, 9th month''): The assassins of Yoshinori kill themselves.<ref>Titsingh, p. 341.</ref>
* '''1442''' (''Kakitsu 3, 21 day of the 7th month''): Shogun Yoshikatsu died at the age of 10. He enjoyed riding horses; but he was gravely injured in a fall from a horse, and died as a result. He was shogun for only three years. His 8-year-old brother, Yoshinari, was then named shogun.<ref>Titsingh, P. 342.</ref>
* '''1442''' (''Kakitsu 3, 21 day of the 7th month''): Shōgun Yoshikatsu died at the age of 10. He enjoyed riding horses; but he was gravely injured in a fall from a horse, and died as a result. He was shōgun for only three years. His 8-year-old brother, Yoshinari, was then named shogun.<ref>Titsingh, P. 342.</ref>
* '''1443''' (''Kakitsu 3, 23rd day of the 9th month'').: An armed group of rebels penetrated the palace defenses. A fire was started and one of the men sought to kill Go-Hanazono, but the emperor escaped. However, the intruders managed to steal the [[Three Sacred Treasures]]: the mirror, the sword and the jewel. Later, a guard found the mirror and a priest found the sword, but the location of jewel was not known until the 8th month of the starting year of the ''[[Bun'an]]-era'' (1444).<ref>Titsingh, pp. 344–345.</ref>
* '''1443''' (''Kakitsu 3, 23rd day of the 9th month'').: An armed group of rebels penetrated the palace defenses. A fire was started and one of the men sought to kill Go-Hanazono, but the emperor escaped. However, the intruders managed to steal the [[Three Sacred Treasures]]: the mirror, the sword and the jewel. Later, a guard found the mirror and a priest found the sword, but the location of the jewel was not known until the 8th month of the starting year of the ''[[Bun'an]]-era'' (1444).<ref>Titsingh, pp. 344–345.</ref>
* '''1451''' (''Hōtoku 3, 7th month ''): A delegation from the [[Ryukyu Islands]] arrives for the first time in [[Heian-kyō]] ([[Kyoto]]).<ref name="Titsingh346">Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ| p. 346.|page=346}}; [[Ernest Satow|Satow, Ernest]]. (1882) "Notes on Loochoo" in {{Google books|gGYYAAAAYAAJ|''Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vols. 1–2, p. 1.|page=1}}, citing [[Arai Hakuseki]]</ref>
* '''1451''' (''Hōtoku 3, 7th month ''): A delegation from the [[Ryukyu Islands]] arrives for the first time in [[Heian-kyō]] ([[Kyoto]]).<ref name="Titsingh346">Titsingh, {{Google books|18oNAAAAIAAJ| p. 346.|page=346}}; [[Ernest Satow|Satow, Ernest]]. (1882) "Notes on Loochoo" in {{Google books|gGYYAAAAYAAJ|Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vols. 1–2, p. 1.|page=1}}, citing [[Arai Hakuseki]]</ref>
* '''1451''' (''Hōtoku 3, 8th month ''): Shogun Yoshinari sent a letter to the Emperor of China,<ref name="Titsingh346"/> at that time, the [[Jingtai Emperor]].
* '''1451''' (''Hōtoku 3, 8th month ''): Shōgun Yoshinari sent a letter to the Emperor of China,<ref name="Titsingh346"/> at that time, the [[Jingtai Emperor]].
* '''1453''' (''[[Kyōtoku]] 2, 6th month''): The name of Shogun Minamoto-no Yoshinari was changed to [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]].<ref name="Titsingh346"/>
* '''1453''' (''[[Kyōtoku]] 2, 6th month''): The name of Shōgun Minamoto-no Yoshinari was changed to [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa]].<ref name="Titsingh346"/>
* '''1458''' (''[[Chōroku]] 2, 8th month''): The Sacred Jewel is retrieved from the former Southern Court. It is returned to Miyako to join the other Sacred Treasures.<ref>Titsingh, p. 349.</ref>
* '''1458''' (''[[Chōroku]] 2, 8th month''): The Sacred Jewel is retrieved from the former Southern Court. It is returned to Miyako to join the other Sacred Treasures.<ref>Titsingh, p. 349.</ref>
* '''1464''' (''[[Kanshō]] 5, 7th month''): Go-Hanazono resigned his throne in favor of his son, who would be known as [[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado]].<ref>Titsingh, p. 351.</ref>
* '''1464''' (''[[Kanshō]] 5, 7th month''): Go-Hanazono resigned his throne in favor of his son, who would be known as [[Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado]].<ref>Titsingh, p. 351.</ref>


Until former-[[Emperor Go-Komatsu]] died in 1433, Emperor Go-Hanazono held the title of formal head of the ''[[Heian Palace#Inner Palace (Dairi)|Daïri]]'', the real power in the court was wielded by his uncle, who continued a practice known as [[cloistered rule]]. After this, Go-Hanazono enjoyed 30 years of direct imperial rule, until his abdication on August 21, 1464, when the conventional pattern of indirect government by cloistered emperors was again resumed.
Until former-[[Emperor Go-Komatsu]] died in 1433, Emperor Go-Hanazono held the title of formal head of the ''[[Heian Palace#Inner Palace (Dairi)|Dairi]]'', the real power in the court was wielded by his uncle, who continued a practice known as [[cloistered rule]]. After this, Go-Hanazono enjoyed 30 years of direct imperial rule, until his abdication on August 21, 1464, when the conventional pattern of indirect government by cloistered emperors was again resumed.


* '''January 18, 1471''' (''[[Bunmei]] 3, 12th month''): Former Emperor Go-Hanazono died at age 52.<ref>Titsingh, P. 356.</ref>
* '''January 18, 1471''' (''[[Bunmei]] 3, 12th month''): Former Emperor Go-Hanazono died at age 52.<ref>Titsingh, P. 356.</ref>
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''Kugyō'' (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.
''Kugyō'' (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the [[Emperor of Japan]] in pre-[[Meiji period|Meiji]] eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.


In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Hanazono's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]] included:
In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Hanazono's reign, this apex of the ''[[Daijō-kan]]'' included:

* ''[[Sadaijin]]''
* ''[[Sesshō and Kampaku|Sesshō]]'' (Regent for a minor Emperor):
* ''[[Udaijin]]''
** [[Nijō Motonori|Nijō (Fujiwara) Mochimoto]] (1428–1432)
* ''[[Naidaijin]]''
** [[Ichijō Kaneyoshi|Ichijō (Fujiwara) Kaneyoshi]] (1432)
* ''[[Dainagon]]''
** Nijō (Fujiwara) Mochimoto (second time, 1432–1433)

* ''[[Sesshō and Kampaku|Kampaku]]'' (Regent for an adult Emperor):
** Nijō (Fujiwara) Mochimoto (continued, 1433–1445)
** [[Konoe Fusatsugu|Konoe (Fujiwara) Fusatsugu]] (1445–1447)
** [[Ichijō Kaneyoshi|Ichijō (Fujiwara) Kaneyoshi]] (1447–1453)
** [[Nijō Mochimichi|Nijō (Fujiwara) Mochimichi]] (1453–1454)
** [[Takatsukasa Fusahira|Takatsukasa (Fujiwara) Fusahira]] (1454–1455)
** Nijō (Fujiwara) Mochimichi (second time, 1455–1459)
** [[Ichijō Norifusa|Ichijō (Fujiwara) Norifusa]] (1459–1463)
** Nijō (Fujiwara) Mochimichi (third time, 1463–1467)

* ''[[Daijō-daijin]]'' (Chancellor):
** [[Nijō Motonori|Nijō (Fujiwara) Mochimoto]] (1432–1433)
** [[Ichijō Kaneyoshi|Ichijō (Fujiwara) Kaneyoshi]] (1446–1450)
** Koga (Minamoto) Kiyomichi (1452–1453)
** Saionji (Fujiwara) Kinna (1455–1457)
** [[Nijō Mochimichi|Nijō (Fujiwara) Mochimichi]] (1458–1460)
** [[Konoe Fusatsugu|Konoe (Fujiwara) Fusatsugu]] (1462)

* ''[[Sadaijin]]'' (Minister of the Left):
** [[Nijō Motonori|Nijō (Fujiwara) Mochimoto]] (1427–1429)
** [[Ichijō Kaneyoshi|Ichijō (Fujiwara) Kaneyoshi]] (1429–1432)
** Shōgun [[Ashikaga Yoshinori|Ashikaga (Minamoto) Yoshinori]] (1432–1438)
** [[Konoe Fusatsugu|Konoe (Fujiwara) Fusatsugu]] (1438–1446)
** [[Takatsukasa Fusahira|Takatsukasa (Fujiwara) Fusahira]] (1446–1455)
** Tōin (Fujiwara) Sanehiro (1455–1457)
** [[Ichijō Norifusa|Ichijō (Fujiwara) Norifusa]] (1457–1460)
** Sanjō (Fujiwara) Sanekazu (1460)
** Shōgun [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa|Ashikaga (Minamoto) Yoshimasa]] (1460–1467)

* ''[[Udaijin]]'' (Minister of the Right):
** [[Ichijō Kaneyoshi|Ichijō (Fujiwara) Kaneyoshi]] (1424–1429)
** [[Konoe Fusatsugu|Konoe (Fujiwara) Fusatsugu]] (1429–1438)
** [[Takatsukasa Fusahira|Takatsukasa (Fujiwara) Fusahira]] (1438–1446)
** [[Nijō Mochimichi|Nijō (Fujiwara) Mochimichi]] (1446–1454)
** Tōin (Fujiwara) Sanehiro (1454–1455)
** [[Ichijō Norifusa|Ichijō (Fujiwara) Norifusa]] (1455–1457)
** Sanjō (Fujiwara) Sanekazu (1457)
** Konoe (Fujiwara) Norimoto (1457–1462)
** Tokudaiji (Fujiwara) Kin'ari (1462–1464)

* ''[[Naidaijin]]'' (Minister of the Center):
** [[Konoe Fusatsugu|Konoe (Fujiwara) Fusatsugu]] (1426–1429)
** Koga (Minamoto) Kiyomichi (1429–1432)
** Shōgun [[Ashikaga Yoshinori|Ashikaga (Minamoto) Yoshinori]] (1432)
** Ooinomikado (Fujiwara) Nobumune (1432–1433)
** [[Takatsukasa Fusahira|Takatsukasa (Fujiwara) Fusahira]] (1435–1438)
** Saionji (Fujiwara) Kinna (1438–1441)
** Kasannoin (Fujiwara) Mochitada (1442–1443)
** Madenokōji (Fujiwara) Tokifusa (1446)
** Tōin (Fujiwara) Sanehiro (1446–1450)
** Sanjōnishi (Fujiwara) Kimiyasu (1450)
** Sanjō (Fujiwara) Sanekazu (1450–1452)
** [[Ichijō Norifusa|Ichijō (Fujiwara) Norifusa]] (1452–1455)
** Konoe (Fujiwara) Norimoto (1455–1457)
** Oogimachisanjō (Fujiwara) Sanemasa (1457–1458)
** Shōgun [[Ashikaga Yoshimasa|Ashikaga (Minamoto) Yoshimasa]] (1458–1460)
** Tokudaiji (Fujiwara) Kin'ari (1460–1461)
** Koga (Minamoto) Michihiro (1461–1464)
** [[Kujō Masatada|Kujō (Fujiwara) Masatada]] (1464–1465)


==Eras of Go-Hanazono's reign==
==Eras of Go-Hanazono's reign==
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==Ancestry==
==Ancestry==
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp102|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|access-date=25 January 2018}} {{Ja icon}}</ref>
<ref name=descent>{{cite web|url=https://reichsarchiv.jp/%e5%ae%b6%e7%b3%bb%e3%83%aa%e3%82%b9%e3%83%88/%e5%a4%a9%e7%9a%87%e5%ae%b6#emp102|title=Genealogy|website=Reichsarchiv|date=30 April 2010 |access-date=25 January 2018|language=ja}}</ref>
{{ahnentafel
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|collapsed=yes |align=center
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|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|boxstyle_5=background-color: #9fe;
|1= 1. '''Emperor Go-Hanazono'''
|1= 1. '''Emperor Go-Hanazono'''
|2= 2. Prince of the Blood [[:ja:伏見宮貞成親王|Fushimi-no-miya Sadafusa]] (1372-1456)
|2= 2. Prince of the Blood [[:ja:伏見宮貞成親王|Fushimi-no-miya Sadafusa]] (1372-1456)
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|14= 14. Asukai Masafuyu
|14= 14. Asukai Masafuyu
|15=
|15=
|16= 16. [[Emperor Kōgon]] (1313-1364)
|17= 17. [[:ja:正親町三条秀子|Ōgimachisanjō Hideko]] (1311-1353)
|18= 18. Niwata Shigesuke (1306-1389)
|19=
|20= 20. [[:ja:正親町三条実仲|Ōgimachisanjō Sanenaka]] (1257-1322)
|21=
|22=
|23=
|24= 24. Ayanokōji Shigekata (d. 1325)
|25=
|26=
|27=
|28=28. Asukai Masataka (1283-1353)
|29=
|30=
|31=
}}
}}


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==References==
==References==
{{refbegin}}
{{refbegin}}
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://www.worldcat.org/title/nipon-o-dai-itsi-ran-ou-annales-des-empereurs-du-japon/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]
* [[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). ''[[Nihon Ōdai Ichiran]]''; ou, [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&q=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ''Annales des empereurs du Japon.''] Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/5850691 OCLC 5850691]


{{refend}}
{{refend}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Go-Hanazono}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Go-Hanazono}}
[[Category:Japanese emperors]]
[[Category:Emperors of Japan]]
[[Category:1419 births]]
[[Category:1418 births]]
[[Category:1471 deaths]]
[[Category:1471 deaths]]
[[Category:People of Muromachi-period Japan|Emperor Go-Hanazono]]
[[Category:People of Muromachi-period Japan|Emperor Go-Hanazono]]

Latest revision as of 02:26, 26 August 2024

Emperor Go-Hanazono
後花園天皇
Emperor of Japan
ReignSeptember 7, 1428 – August 21, 1464
EnthronementJanuary 21, 1430
PredecessorShōkō
SuccessorGo-Tsuchimikado
ShōgunAshikaga Yoshinori
Ashikaga Yoshikatsu
Ashikaga Yoshimasa
BornHikohito (彦仁)
July 10, 1418
Died18 January 1471(1471-01-18) (aged 52)
Burial
Nochi no Yamakuni no Misasagi (後山國陵) (Kyoto)
Issue
Posthumous name
Tsuigō:
Emperor Go-Hanazono (後花園院 or 後花園天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan (Fushimi branch)
FatherPrince Sadafusa
MotherNiwata Sachiko [ja]
Signature

Emperor Go-Hanazono (後花園天皇, Go-Hanazono-tennō) (July 10, 1418 – January 18, 1471) was the 102nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession.[1] His reign spanned the years from 1428 through 1464.[2]

This 15th-century sovereign was named after the 14th-century Emperor Hanazono and go- (後) translates as "later", and thus, he could be called the "Later Emperor Hanazono", or in some older sources, may be identified as "Hanazono, the second" or as "Hanazono II".

Genealogy

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Before his ascension to the Chrysanthemum Throne, his personal name (imina) was simply Hikohito-shinnō (彦仁親王).[3]

He was the eldest son of Imperial Prince Fushimi-no-miya Sadafusa (伏見宮貞成親王) (1372–1456). His mother was Sachiko (幸子) (1390–1448), daughter of Niwata Tsuneari (庭田経有).

His father was the 3rd of the Fushimi-no-miya line and grandson of the Northern Pretender Emperor Sukō, making Go-Hanazono the great-grandson of Sukō and 3rd cousin to his predecessor, Emperor Shōkō. He was also the great-great-great grandson of Emperor Go-Fushimi. This is the second most remote relationship between an emperor and his successor after that between Emperor Go-Komatsu (both the sixth Northern Pretender and the 100th in the main line) and his predecessor in the official line, Emperor Go-Kameyama, who was his fourth cousin twice removed.

Issue

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  • Consort: Ōinomikado (Fujiwara) Nobuko (大炊御門（藤原）信子; 1411–1488) later Karakumon-in (嘉楽門院), Fujiwara Takanaga’s daughter
    • First daughter: Princess Kanshin (1434–1490; 観心女王)
    • First son: Imperial Prince Fusahito (成仁親王) later Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado
  • Lady-in-waiting: Hino (Fujiwara) Kyoko (日野（藤原）郷子), Hino Hidemitsu’s daughter
    • daughter: Princess Shinjoji (真乗寺宮; d.1482)
  • Lady-in-waiting: Sanjo (Fujiwara) Fuyuko (三条 (藤原）冬子; 1441–1489), Sanjo Sanekazu’s daughter
  • unknown
    • Daughter: Princess Shogon (d.1464)

Events of Go-Hanazono's life

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Because the previous emperor, Emperor Shōkō had no son, retired Emperor Go-Komatsu needed to secure the Jimyōin inheritance against the Daikakuji line, before Emperor Shōkō died, he adopted a son out of the Fushimi-no-miya house, who became Emperor Go-Hanazono after Shōkō's death.

  • 1428 (Shōchō 1, 20th day of the 7th month): In the 17th year of Shōkō-tennō's reign (称光天皇十七年), the emperor died at age 27; and the succession (senso) was received by his adopted son.[4]
  • Shōchō 1, on the 29th day of the 7th month (1428): Emperor Go-Hanazono is said to have acceded to the throne (sokui). The new emperor is age 10.[5]
  • 1429 (Eikyō 1, 9th day of the 3rd month): Minamoto-no Yoshinobu is honored in court; and thereafter, he is known as Shōgun Ashikaga Yoshinori.[6]
  • 1433 (Eikyō 5, 6th month): The Emperor of China, at that time the Xuande Emperor, addressed a letter to Yoshinori in which he gave the Shōgun the title, "King of Japan."[7]
  • 1441 (Kakitsu 1, 24th day of the 6th month): Shōgun Yoshinori is murdered at age 48 by Akamatsu Mitsusuke; and shortly thereafter, his 8-year-old son, Ashikaga Yoshikatsu, is proclaimed as the new Shogun.[8]
  • 1441 (Kakitsu 1, 9th month): The assassins of Yoshinori kill themselves.[9]
  • 1442 (Kakitsu 3, 21 day of the 7th month): Shōgun Yoshikatsu died at the age of 10. He enjoyed riding horses; but he was gravely injured in a fall from a horse, and died as a result. He was shōgun for only three years. His 8-year-old brother, Yoshinari, was then named shogun.[10]
  • 1443 (Kakitsu 3, 23rd day of the 9th month).: An armed group of rebels penetrated the palace defenses. A fire was started and one of the men sought to kill Go-Hanazono, but the emperor escaped. However, the intruders managed to steal the Three Sacred Treasures: the mirror, the sword and the jewel. Later, a guard found the mirror and a priest found the sword, but the location of the jewel was not known until the 8th month of the starting year of the Bun'an-era (1444).[11]
  • 1451 (Hōtoku 3, 7th month ): A delegation from the Ryukyu Islands arrives for the first time in Heian-kyō (Kyoto).[12]
  • 1451 (Hōtoku 3, 8th month ): Shōgun Yoshinari sent a letter to the Emperor of China,[12] at that time, the Jingtai Emperor.
  • 1453 (Kyōtoku 2, 6th month): The name of Shōgun Minamoto-no Yoshinari was changed to Ashikaga Yoshimasa.[12]
  • 1458 (Chōroku 2, 8th month): The Sacred Jewel is retrieved from the former Southern Court. It is returned to Miyako to join the other Sacred Treasures.[13]
  • 1464 (Kanshō 5, 7th month): Go-Hanazono resigned his throne in favor of his son, who would be known as Emperor Go-Tsuchimikado.[14]

Until former-Emperor Go-Komatsu died in 1433, Emperor Go-Hanazono held the title of formal head of the Dairi, the real power in the court was wielded by his uncle, who continued a practice known as cloistered rule. After this, Go-Hanazono enjoyed 30 years of direct imperial rule, until his abdication on August 21, 1464, when the conventional pattern of indirect government by cloistered emperors was again resumed.

  • January 18, 1471 (Bunmei 3, 12th month): Former Emperor Go-Hanazono died at age 52.[15]

Kugyō

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Kugyō (公卿) is a collective term for the very few most powerful men attached to the court of the Emperor of Japan in pre-Meiji eras. Even during those years in which the court's actual influence outside the palace walls was minimal, the hierarchic organization persisted.

In general, this elite group included only three to four men at a time. These were hereditary courtiers whose experience and background would have brought them to the pinnacle of a life's career. During Go-Hanazono's reign, this apex of the Daijō-kan included:

Eras of Go-Hanazono's reign

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The years of Go-Hanozono's reign are more specifically identified by more than one era name or nengō. Go-Hanazono's reign is almost unique because of its eight successive eras; and only the turbulent years of Emperor Go-Daigo's reign included as many eras.[3]

Ancestry

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[16]

Notes

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Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylized chrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^ Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 後花園天皇 (102); retrieved 2013-8-28.
  2. ^ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales des empereurs du japon, pp. 331–351.
  3. ^ a b Titsingh, p. 331.
  4. ^ Titsingh, p. 330.
  5. ^ Titsingh, p. 332.
  6. ^ Titsingh, p. 333.
  7. ^ Titsingh, p. 335
  8. ^ Titsingh, p. 339.
  9. ^ Titsingh, p. 341.
  10. ^ Titsingh, P. 342.
  11. ^ Titsingh, pp. 344–345.
  12. ^ a b c Titsingh, p. 346., p. 346, at Google Books; Satow, Ernest. (1882) "Notes on Loochoo" in Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Vols. 1–2, p. 1., p. 1, at Google Books, citing Arai Hakuseki
  13. ^ Titsingh, p. 349.
  14. ^ Titsingh, p. 351.
  15. ^ Titsingh, P. 356.
  16. ^ "Genealogy". Reichsarchiv (in Japanese). 30 April 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2018.

References

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See also

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Regnal titles
Preceded by Emperor of Japan:
Go-Hanozano
1428–1464 		Succeeded by
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