Senusret II: Difference between revisions

Senusret II
Senusret II
Senwosret II, Sesostris II
	Head of a statue of Senusret II from Karnak
Pharaoh
Reign	Co-regent of five years; sole reign of around fifteen years.
Predecessor	Amenemhat II
Successor	Senusret III
Horus name
Horus name
	Seshemtawy ; Sšm-t3wy; The one who has guided the Two Lands
Nebty name
Golden Horus
	Hetep netjeru; Ḥtp-nṯr.w; With whom the gods are satisfied
	;
	;
Prenomen (Praenomen)
	Khakheperre; Ḫˁ-ḫpr-Rˁ; The Soul of Ra comes into being[dubious – discuss] or ; The very appearance of the manifestation of Re
Nomen
	Senusret; S-n-Wsrt; The man belonging to Wosret
	;
Consort	Khenemetneferhedjet I, Nofret II, Itaweret (?), Khenmet (?)
Children	Senusret III, Senusret-sonbe, Itakayt, Neferet, Sithathoryunet
Father	Amenemhat II
Burial	Pyramid of Senusret II
Dynasty	Twelfth Dynasty

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Senusret II or Sesostris II was the fourth pharaoh of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt. He ruled from 1897 BC to 1878 BC. His pyramid was constructed at El-Lahun. Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the Faiyum oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from Bahr Yussef through to Lake Moeris through the construction of a dike at El-Lahun and the addition of a network of drainage canals. The purpose of his project was to increase the amount of cultivable land in that area.^[11] The importance of this project is emphasized by Senusret II's decision to move the royal necropolis from Dahshur to El-Lahun where he built his pyramid. This location would remain the political capital for the 12th and 13th Dynasties of Egypt. Senusret II was known by his prenomen Khakheperre, which means "The Ka of Re comes into being". The king also established the first known workers' quarter in the nearby town of Senusrethotep (Kahun).^[12]

Unlike his successor, Senusret II maintained good relations with the various nomarchs or provincial governors of Egypt who were almost as wealthy as the pharaoh.^[13] His Year 6 is attested in a wall painting from the tomb of a local nomarch named Khnumhotep II at Beni Hasan.

Reign

Co-regency

Co-regencies are a major issue for Egyptologists' understanding of the history of the Middle Kingdom and the Twelfth Dynasty.^[14]^[15] The Egyptologist Claude Obsomer wholly rejects the possibility of co-regencies in the Twelfth Dynasty.^[16] The Egyptologist Karl Jansen-Winkeln^[17] having investigated Obsomer's work concluded in favour of co-regencies.^[18] Jansen-Winkeln cites a rock stele found at Konosso as irrefutable evidence in favour of a co-regency between Senusret II and Amenemhat II, and by extension proof of co-regencies in the Twelfth Dynasty.^[19] The Egyptologist William J. Murnane states that "the co-regencies of the period are all known ... from double-dated^{[note 2]} documents".^[21] The Egyptologist Thomas Schneider concludes that recently discovered documents and archaeological evidence are effectively proof of co-regencies in this period.^[22]

Some sources ascribe a co-regency period to Senusret II's rule, with his father Amenemhat II as his co-regent. The Egyptologist Peter Clayton ascribes at least three years of co-regency to Senusret II's reign.^[23] The Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal assigns nearly five years of co-regency prior to sole accession to the throne.^[1]

Length of reign

A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and whose face appears to reflect the features of the reigning king, most probably Amenemhat II or Senusret II. It functioned as a divine guardian for the imiut, and it is wearing a divine kilt, which suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler.^[24]

The lengths of the reigns of Senusret II and Senusret III are one of the main considerations for discerning the chronology of the Twelfth Dynasty.^[15] The Turin Canon is believed to assign a reign of 19 years to Senusret II and 30 years of reign to Senusret III.^[25] This traditional view was challenged in 1972 when the Egyptologist William Kelly Simpson observed that the latest attested regnal year for Senusret II was his 7th, and similarly for Senusret III his 19th.^[25]

Kim Ryholt, a professor of Egyptology at the University of Copenhagen, suggests the possibility that the names on the canon had been misarranged and offers two possible regnal lengths for Senusret II: 10+ years, or 19 years.^[26] Several Egyptologists, such as Thomas Schneider, cite Mark C. Stone's 1997 article in the Göttinger Miszellen as determining that Senusret II's highest recorded regnal year was his 8th, based on Stela Cairo JE 59485.^[27]

Some scholars prefer to ascribe him a reign of only 10 years and assign the 19-year reign to Senusret III instead. Other Egyptologists, however, such as Jürgen von Beckerath and Frank Yurco, have maintained the traditional view of a longer 19-year reign for Senusret II given the level of activity undertaken by the king during his reign.^{[citation needed]} Yurco notes that reducing Senusret II's regnal length to 6 years poses difficulties because:

That pharaoh built a complete pyramid at Kahun, with a solid granite funerary temple and complex of buildings. Such projects optimally took fifteen to twenty years to complete, even with the mudbrick cores used in Middle Kingdom pyramids.^[28]

At present, the problem concerning the reign length of Senusret II is irresolvable but many Egyptologists today prefer to assign him a reign of 9 or 10 years only given the absence of higher dates attested for him beyond his 8th regnal year. This would entail amending the 19-year figure which the Turin Canon assigns for a 12th dynasty ruler in his position to 9 years instead. However, Senusret II's monthly figure on the throne might be ascertained. According to Jürgen von Beckerath, the temple documents of El-Lahun, the pyramid city of Sesostris/Senusret II often mention the Festival of "Going Forth to Heaven" which might be the date of death for this ruler.^[29] These documents state that this Festival occurred on IV Peret day 14.^[30]^[31]^[32] However, Rita Gautschy states that this Festival date did not mark the actual day of Senusret II's death, but of his funeral or burial.^[33] Lisa Saladino Haney observe. based on Gautschy's interpretation of this date, "Therefore, if one takes seventy days from the feast day IV Peret 14, one gets II Peret 4 as the approximate date of death of Senwosret/[Senusret II].^[34]

Domestic activities

The Faiyum Oasis, a region in Middle Egypt, has been inhabited by humans for more than 8000 years.^[35] It became an important centre in Egypt during the Middle Kingdom.^[35] Throughout the period, rulers undertook developmental projects turning Faiyum into an agricultural, religious, and resort-like centre.^[35] The oasis was located 80 km (50 mi) south-west of Memphis offering arable land^[1] centred around Lake Moeris, a natural body of water.^[35]

Senusret II initiated a project to exploit the marshy region's natural resources for hunting and fishing, a project continued by his successors and which "matured" during the reign of his grandson Amenemhat III.^[1] To set off this project, Senusret II developed an irrigation system with a dyke and a network of canals which siphoned water from Lake Moeris.^[9]^[1] The land reclaimed in this project was then farmed.^[36]

Cults honouring the crocodile god Sobek were prominent at the time.^[35]

Activities outside Egypt

Senusret II's reign ushered in a period of peace and prosperity, with no recorded military campaigns and the proliferation of trade between Egypt and the Near-East.^[9]

Around the same time, parties of Western Asiatic foreigners visiting the Pharaoh with gifts are recorded, as in the tomb paintings of 12th-dynasty official Khnumhotep II, who also served under Senusret III. These foreigners, possibly Canaanites or Bedouins, are labelled as Aamu (ꜥꜣmw), including the leading man with a Nubian ibex labelled as Abisha the Hyksos (𓋾𓈎𓈉 ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, Heqa-kasut for "Hyksos"), the first known instance of the name "Hyksos".^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]

A group of West Asiatic foreigners bringing gift to the Pharaoh. They are possibly Canaanites, labelled as Aamu (ꜥꜣmw), including the leading man with a Nubian ibex labelled as Abisha the Hyksos (𓋾𓈎𓈉 ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, Heqa-kasut for "Hyksos"). Tomb of 12th-dynasty official Khnumhotep II, who served under Senusret II, at Beni Hasan (c. 1900 BC).^[37]^[38]^[39]^[40]

Succession

There is an absence of serious evidence for a co-regency between Senusret II and Senusret III.^[41] Murnane identifies that the only existing evidence for a coregency of Senusret II and III is a scarab with both kings names inscribed on it.^[42] The association can be explained as being the result of retroactive dating where Senusret II's final regnal year was absorbed into Senusret III's first one, as would be supported by contemporaneous evidence from the Turin Canon which give Senusret II a regnal duration of 19 full regnal years and a partial one.^[43] A dedicatory inscription celebrating the resumption of rituals begun by Senusret II and III, and a papyrus with entries identifying Senusret II's nineteenth regnal year and Senusret III's first regnal year are scant evidence and do not necessitate a coregency.^[42] Murnane argues that if there was a coregency, it could not have lasted more than a few months.^[42]

The evidence from the papyrus document is now obviated by the fact that the document has been securely dated to Year 19 of Senusret III and Year 1 of Amenemhet III.^{[citation needed]} At present, no document from Senusret II's reign has been discovered from Lahun, the king's new capital city.

Tomb treasure

In 1889, the Egyptologist Flinders Petrie found "a marvellous gold and inlaid royal uraeus" that must have originally formed part of Senusret II's looted burial equipment in a flooded chamber of the king's pyramid tomb.^[44] It is now located in the Cairo Museum. The tomb of Princess Sithathoriunet, a daughter of Senusret II, was also discovered by Egyptologists in a separate burial site. Several pieces of jewellery from her tomb including a pair of pectorals and a crown or diadem were found there. They are now displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of New York or the Cairo Museum in Egypt.

In 2009, Egyptian archaeologists announced the results of new excavations led by the Egyptologist Abdul Rahman Al-Ayedi. They described unearthing a cache of pharaonic-era mummies in brightly painted wooden coffins near the Lahun pyramid. The mummies were reportedly the first to be found in the sand-covered desert rock surrounding the pyramid.^[45]

Pyramid

The pyramid was built around a framework of limestone radial arms, similar to the framework used by Senusret I. Instead of using an infill of stones, mud and mortar, Senusret II used an infill of mud bricks before cladding the structure with a layer of limestone veneer. The outer cladding stones were locked together using dovetail inserts, some of which still remain. A trench was dug around the central core that was filled with stones to act as a French Drain. The limestone cladding stood in this drain, indicating that Senusret II was concerned with water damage.

There were eight mastabas and one small pyramid to the north of Senusret's complex and all were within the enclosure wall. The wall had been encased in limestone that was decorated with niches, perhaps as a copy of Djoser's complex at Saqqara. The mastabas were solid and no chambers have found within or beneath, indicating that they were cenotaphs and possibly symbolic in nature. Flinders Petrie investigated the auxiliary pyramid and found no chambers.^{[citation needed]}

The entrances to the underground chambers were on the southern side of the pyramid, which confused Flinders Petrie for some months as he looked for the entrance on the traditional northern side.

The builders' vertical access shaft had been filled in after construction and the chamber made to look like a burial chamber. This was no doubt an attempt to convince tomb robbers to look no further.

A secondary access shaft led to a vaulted chamber and a deep well shaft. This may have been an aspect of the cult of Osiris, although it may have been to find the water table. A passage led northwards, past another lateral chamber and turned westwards. This led to an antechamber and vaulted burial chamber, with a sidechamber to the south. The burial chamber was encircled by a unique series of passages that may have reference to the birth of Osiris. A large sarcophagus was found within the burial chamber; it is larger than the doorway and the tunnels, showing that it was put in position when the chamber was being constructed and it was open to the sky. The limestone outer cladding of the pyramid was removed by Rameses II so he could re-use the stone for his own use. He left inscriptions that he had done so.

Notes

^ Proposed dates for Senusret II's reign: c. 1900–1880 BCE,^[2] c. 1897–1878 BCE,^[3]^[4]^[5] c. 1897–1877 BCE,^[6] c. 1895–1878 BCE,^[7] c. 1877–1870 BCE.^[8]^[9]
^ A document with regnal dates for two kings. One such double-date is found on the stela from Konosso cited by Jansen-Winkeln,^[19] which identifies Senusret II's third regnal year first, and Amenemhat II's thirty-fifth regnal year after it.^[20]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Grimal 1992, p. 166.
^ Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 289.
^ Lehner 2008, p. 8.
^ Arnold 2003, p. 267.
^ ^a ^b ^c Clayton 1994, p. 78.
^ Frey 2001, p. 150.
^ Grimal 1992, p. 391.
^ Shaw 2004, p. 483.
^ ^a ^b ^c Callender 2004, p. 152.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Leprohon 2013, p. 59.
^ Verner 2002, p. 386.
^ Petrie 1891, p. 5ff.
^ Clayton 1994, p. 83.
^ Callender 2004, pp. 137–138.
^ ^a ^b Simpson 2001, p. 453.
^ Schneider 2006, p. 170.
^ Jansen-Winkeln 1997, pp. 115–135.
^ Schneider 2006, pp. 170–171.
^ ^a ^b Jansen-Winkeln 1997, pp. 188–189.
^ Schneider 2006, p. 172.
^ Murnane 1977, p. 7.
^ Schneider 2006, p. 171.
^ Clayton 1994, p. 82.
^ "Guardian Figure". www.metmuseum.org. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
^ ^a ^b Ryholt 1997, p. 14.
^ Ryholt 1997, pp. 14–15.
^ Schneider 2006, p. 172 citing Stone (1997, pp. 91–100).
^ Yurco 2014, p. 69 citing Edwards (1985, pp. 98 & 292) and Grimal (1992, pp. 166 & 391).
^ von Beckerath 1995, p. 447.
^ Borchardt 1899, p. 91.
^ Gardiner 1945, pp. 21–22.
^ Simpson n.d., LA V900.
^ Rita Gautschy, "Monddaten aus dem Archiv von Illahun: Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches." ZÄS 138 (2011), p.17
^ Haney, Lisa Saladino. Visualizing Coregency: An Exploration of the Link between Royal Image and Co-Rule during the Reign of Senwosret III and Amenemhet III. Brill: Leiden/Boston, 2020, p.55
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wilfong 2001, p. 496.
^ Callender 2004, pp. 152–153.
^ ^a ^b Van de Mieroop 2011, p. 131.
^ ^a ^b Bard 2015, p. 188.
^ ^a ^b Kamrin 2009, p. 25.
^ ^a ^b Curry, Andrew (2018). "The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org.
^ Jansen-Winkeln 1997, p. 119.
^ ^a ^b ^c Murnane 1977, p. 9.
^ Murnane 1977, p. 228.
^ Clayton 1994, p. 80.
^ See El-Lahun recent discoveries and online Cache of mummies unearthed at Egypt's Lahun pyramid.

Sources

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Bard, Kathryn A. (2015). An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 9780470673362.
Borchardt, Ludwig (1899). Erman, A.; Steindorff, G. (eds.). "Der zweite Papyrusfund von Kahun und die zeitliche Festlegung des mittleren Reiches der ägyptische Geschichte". Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde (in German) (37). Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung: 89–103. ISSN 2196-713X.
Callender, Gae (2004). "The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c.2055–1650 BC)". In Shaw, Ian (ed.). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 137–171. ISBN 978-0-19-815034-3.
Clayton, Peter (1994). Chronicle of the Pharaohs. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0-500-05074-3.
de Morgan, Jacques; Bouriant, Urbain; Legrain, Georges Albert; Jéquier, Gustave; Barsanti, Alfred (1894). Catalogue des monuments et inscriptions de l'Ègypte (in French). Vienne: Adolphe Holzhausen. OCLC 741162031.
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External links

Senusret (II) Khakheperre

[10] Proposed dates for Senusret II's reign: c. 1900–1880 BCE,^[2] c. 1897–1878 BCE,^[3]^[4]^[5] c. 1897–1877 BCE,^[6] c. 1895–1878 BCE,^[7] c. 1877–1870 BCE.^[8]^[9]

[22] A document with regnal dates for two kings. One such double-date is found on the stela from Konosso cited by Jansen-Winkeln,^[19] which identifies Senusret II's third regnal year first, and Amenemhat II's thirty-fifth regnal year after it.^[20]

[FOOTNOTEGrimal1992166-1] Grimal 1992, p. 166.

[FOOTNOTEDodsonHilton2004289-2] Dodson & Hilton 2004, p. 289.

[FOOTNOTELehner20088-3] Lehner 2008, p. 8.

[FOOTNOTEArnold2003267-4] Arnold 2003, p. 267.

[FOOTNOTEClayton199478-5] Clayton 1994, p. 78.

[FOOTNOTEFrey2001150-6] Frey 2001, p. 150.

[FOOTNOTEGrimal1992391-7] Grimal 1992, p. 391.

[FOOTNOTEShaw2004483-8] Shaw 2004, p. 483.

[FOOTNOTECallender2004152-9] Callender 2004, p. 152.

[FOOTNOTELeprohon201359-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Leprohon 2013, p. 59.

[FOOTNOTEVerner2002386-12] Verner 2002, p. 386.

[FOOTNOTEPetrie18915ff-13] Petrie 1891, p. 5ff.

[FOOTNOTEClayton199483-14] Clayton 1994, p. 83.

[FOOTNOTECallender2004137–138-15] Callender 2004, pp. 137–138.

[FOOTNOTESimpson2001453-16] Simpson 2001, p. 453.

[FOOTNOTESchneider2006170-17] Schneider 2006, p. 170.

[FOOTNOTEJansen-Winkeln1997115–135-18] Jansen-Winkeln 1997, pp. 115–135.

[FOOTNOTESchneider2006170–171-19] Schneider 2006, pp. 170–171.

[FOOTNOTEJansen-Winkeln1997188–189-20] Jansen-Winkeln 1997, pp. 188–189.

[FOOTNOTESchneider2006172-21] Schneider 2006, p. 172.

[FOOTNOTEMurnane19777-23] Murnane 1977, p. 7.

[FOOTNOTESchneider2006171-24] Schneider 2006, p. 171.

[FOOTNOTEClayton199482-25] Clayton 1994, p. 82.

[26] "Guardian Figure". www.metmuseum.org. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 9 February 2022.

[FOOTNOTERyholt199714-27] Ryholt 1997, p. 14.

[FOOTNOTERyholt199714–15-28] Ryholt 1997, pp. 14–15.

[FOOTNOTESchneider2006172_citing_[[#CITEREFStone1997|Stone_(1997]],_pp.&nbsp;91–100)-29] Schneider 2006, p. 172 citing Stone (1997, pp. 91–100).

[FOOTNOTEYurco201469_citing_[[#CITEREFEdwards1985|Edwards_(1985]],_pp.&nbsp;98_&_292)_and_[[#CITEREFGrimal1992|Grimal_(1992]],_pp.&nbsp;166_&_391)-30] Yurco 2014, p. 69 citing Edwards (1985, pp. 98 & 292) and Grimal (1992, pp. 166 & 391).

[FOOTNOTEvon_Beckerath1995447-31] von Beckerath 1995, p. 447.

[FOOTNOTEBorchardt189991-32] Borchardt 1899, p. 91.

[FOOTNOTEGardiner194521–22-33] Gardiner 1945, pp. 21–22.

[FOOTNOTESimpsonn.d.LA_V900-34] Simpson n.d., LA V900.

[35] Rita Gautschy, "Monddaten aus dem Archiv von Illahun: Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches." ZÄS 138 (2011), p.17

[36] Haney, Lisa Saladino. Visualizing Coregency: An Exploration of the Link between Royal Image and Co-Rule during the Reign of Senwosret III and Amenemhet III. Brill: Leiden/Boston, 2020, p.55

[FOOTNOTEWilfong2001496-37] Wilfong 2001, p. 496.

[FOOTNOTECallender2004152–153-38] Callender 2004, pp. 152–153.

[FOOTNOTEVan_de_Mieroop2011131-39] Van de Mieroop 2011, p. 131.

[FOOTNOTEBard2015188-40] Bard 2015, p. 188.

[FOOTNOTEKamrin200925-41] Kamrin 2009, p. 25.

[archaeology.org-42] Curry, Andrew (2018). "The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine". www.archaeology.org.

[FOOTNOTEJansen-Winkeln1997119-43] Jansen-Winkeln 1997, p. 119.

[FOOTNOTEMurnane19779-44] Murnane 1977, p. 9.

[FOOTNOTEMurnane1977228-45] Murnane 1977, p. 228.

[FOOTNOTEClayton199480-46] Clayton 1994, p. 80.

[47] See El-Lahun recent discoveries and online Cache of mummies unearthed at Egypt's Lahun pyramid.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+{{Short description|Pharaoh of Egypt}}
 {{Infobox pharaoh
 | name=Senusret II
 | alt_name=Senwosret II, Sesostris II
-| image = Copenhagen 2018-01-14 (39149415244).jpg
+| image = Statue Senusret II Petrie.jpg
 | image_alt =
 | caption=Head of a statue of Senusret II from [[Karnak]]
 | nomen_hiero=<hiero>F12-S29-D21:X1-O34:N35</hiero>
-| nomen=<center>Senusret<br>''S-n-Wsrt''<br>''The man belonging to [[Wosret]]''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=78}}</center>
+| nomen={{center|Senusret<br>''S-n-Wsrt''<br>''The man belonging to [[Wosret]]''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=78}}}}
 | prenomen_hiero=<hiero>N5-N28-L1</hiero>
-| prenomen=<center>Khakheperre<br>''Ḫˁ-ḫpr-Rˁ''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}<br>''The [[Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul#Ka|Soul]] of [[Ra]] comes into being''{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=78}} or <br/>''The very appearance of the manifestation of Re''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}</center>
+| prenomen={{center|Khakheperre<br>''Ḫˁ-ḫpr-Rˁ''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}<br>''The [[Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul#Ka|Soul]] of [[Ra]] comes into being''{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=78}}{{dubious|This looks like an editing mistake in the book.  This is actually the correct translation of Senusret I's praenomen, not Senusret II's.|date=June 2023}} or <br/>''The very appearance of the manifestation of Re''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}}}
 | horus_hiero=<hiero>S29-T32-N16:N16</hiero>
-| horus=<center>Seshemtawy <br>''Sšm-t3wy''<br>''The one who has guided the Two Lands''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}</center>
+| horus={{center|Seshemtawy <br>''Sšm-t3wy''<br>''The one who has guided the Two Lands''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}}}
 | nebty_hiero=
-| nebty=<center>Sekhamaat<br>''Sḫˁ M3ˁt''<br>''The one who has caused [[Maat]] to appear''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}} <br/><hiero>G16-S29-N28:D36:Y1-Aa11:D36:X1-H6</hiero>  <br>'''Variant:'''<br>Sekhainebti<br> ''Sḫˁ.j-Nb.tj''<br> ''He who causes the two ladies to appear'' <br/> <hiero>G16-S29-N28:D36:Y1</hiero> </center>
+| nebty={{center|Sekhamaat<br>''Sḫˁ M3ˁt''<br>''The one who has caused [[Maat]] to appear''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}} <br/><hiero>G16-S29-N28:D36:Y1-Aa11:D36:X1-H6</hiero>  <br>'''Variant:'''<br>Sekhainebti<br> ''Sḫˁ.j-Nb.tj''<br> ''He who causes the two ladies to appear'' <br/> <hiero>G16-S29-N28:D36:Y1</hiero> }}
 | golden_hiero=<hiero>R4:R8A</hiero>
-| golden=<center>Hetep netjeru<br>''Ḥtp-nṯr.w''<br>''With whom the gods are satisfied''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}
+| golden={{center|Hetep netjeru<br>''Ḥtp-nṯr.w''<br>''With whom the gods are satisfied''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}}}
-| reign=Co-regent of five years; sole reign of around fifteen years.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=166}}{{efn|group=note|Proposed dates for Senusret II's reign: c. 1900{{endash}}1880 BCE,{{sfn|Dodson|Hilton|2004|p=289}} c. 1897{{endash}}1878 BCE,{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=8}}{{sfn|Arnold|2003|p=267}}{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=78}} c. 1897{{endash}}1877 BCE,{{sfn|Frey|2001|p=150}} c. 1895{{endash}}1878 BCE,{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=391}} c. 1877{{endash}}1870 BCE.{{sfn|Shaw|2004|p=483}}{{sfn|Callender|2004|p=152}}}}</center>
+| reign=Co-regent of five years; sole reign of around fifteen years.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=166}}{{efn|group=note|Proposed dates for Senusret II's reign: c. 1900{{endash}}1880 BCE,{{sfn|Dodson|Hilton|2004|p=289}} c. 1897{{endash}}1878 BCE,{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=8}}{{sfn|Arnold|2003|p=267}}{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=78}} c. 1897{{endash}}1877 BCE,{{sfn|Frey|2001|p=150}} c. 1895{{endash}}1878 BCE,{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=391}} c. 1877{{endash}}1870 BCE.{{sfn|Shaw|2004|p=483}}{{sfn|Callender|2004|p=152}}}}
 | predecessor=[[Amenemhat II]]
 | successor=[[Senusret III]]
@@ Line 22: / Line 23: @@
 | children=[[Senusret III]], Senusret-sonbe, [[Itakayt]], Neferet, [[Sithathoryunet]]
 | dynasty=[[Twelfth dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]]
+| burial = [[Pyramid of Senusret II]]
-| burial = {{coord|29|14|10|N|30|58|14|E|type:landmark_region:EG_dim:160}}
 }}
-'''Khakheperre Senusret II''' was the fourth [[pharaoh]] of the [[Twelfth dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt]]. He ruled from 1897 BC to 1878 BC. [[Pyramid of Senusret II|His pyramid]] was constructed at [[El-Lahun]]. Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the [[Faiyum]] oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from [[Bahr Yussef]] through to [[Lake Moeris]] through the construction of a dike at [[El-Lahun]] and the addition of a network of drainage canals. The purpose of his project was to increase the amount of cultivable land in that area.{{sfn|Verner|2002|p=386}} The importance of this project is emphasized by Senusret II's decision to move the royal necropolis from [[Dahshur]] to El-Lahun where he built his [[Pyramid of Senusret II|pyramid]]. This location would remain the political capital for the 12th and 13th Dynasties of Egypt. The king also established the first known workers' quarter in the nearby town of Senusrethotep ([[El-Lahun|Kahun]]).{{sfn|Petrie|1891|p=5ff}}
+'''Senusret II''' or '''Sesostris II''' was the fourth [[pharaoh]] of the [[Twelfth dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt]]. He ruled from 1897 BC to 1878 BC. [[Pyramid of Senusret II|His pyramid]] was constructed at [[El-Lahun]]. Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the [[Faiyum]] oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from [[Bahr Yussef]] through to [[Lake Moeris]] through the construction of a dike at [[El-Lahun]] and the addition of a network of drainage canals. The purpose of his project was to increase the amount of cultivable land in that area.{{sfn|Verner|2002|p=386}} The importance of this project is emphasized by Senusret II's decision to move the royal necropolis from [[Dahshur]] to El-Lahun where he built his [[Pyramid of Senusret II|pyramid]]. This location would remain the political capital for the 12th and 13th Dynasties of Egypt. Senusret II was known by his prenomen '''Khakheperre''', which means "The Ka of Re comes into being". The king also established the first known workers' quarter in the nearby town of Senusrethotep ([[El-Lahun|Kahun]]).{{sfn|Petrie|1891|p=5ff}}
 Unlike his successor, Senusret II maintained good relations with the various [[nomarch]]s or provincial governors of Egypt who were almost as wealthy as the pharaoh.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=83}} His Year 6 is attested in a wall painting from the tomb of a local nomarch named [[Khnumhotep II]] at [[Beni Hasan]].
@@ Line 32: / Line 33: @@
 === Co-regency ===
-Co-regencies are a major issue for Egyptologists' understanding of the history of the Middle Kingdom and the Twelfth Dynasty.{{sfn|Callender|2004|pp=137{{endash}}138}}{{sfn|Simpson|2001|p=453}} The French Egyptologist Claude Obsomer wholly rejects the possibility of co-regencies in the Twelfth Dynasty.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=170}} Author Robert D. Delia,{{sfn|Delia|1997|pp=267{{endash}}268}} and German Eyptologist Karl Jansen-Winkeln{{sfn|Jansen-Winkeln|1997|pp=115{{endash}}135}} have investigated Obsomer's work and have concluded in favour of co-regencies.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|pp=170{{endash}}171}} Jansen-Winkeln cites a rock stele found at Konosso as irrefutable evidence in favour of a co-regency between Senusret II and Amenemhat II, and by extension proof of co-regencies in the Twelfth Dynasty.{{sfn|Jansen-Winkeln|1997|pp=188{{endash}}189}} The American Egyptologist [[William J. Murnane]] states that "the co-regencies of the period are all known ... from double-dated{{efn|group=note|A document with regnal dates for two kings. One such double-date is found on the stela from Konosso cited by Jansen-Winkeln,{{sfn|Jansen-Winkeln|1997|pp=188{{endash}}189}} which identifies Senusret II's third regnal year first, and Amenemhat II's thirty-fifth regnal year after it.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=172}}}} documents".{{sfn|Murnane|1977|p=7}} The German Egyptologist Schneider concludes that recently discovered documents and archaeological evidence are effectively proof of co-regencies in this period.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=171}}
+Co-regencies are a major issue for Egyptologists' understanding of the history of the Middle Kingdom and the Twelfth Dynasty.{{sfn|Callender|2004|pp=137{{endash}}138}}{{sfn|Simpson|2001|p=453}} The Egyptologist [[Claude Obsomer]] wholly rejects the possibility of co-regencies in the Twelfth Dynasty.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=170}} The Egyptologist Karl Jansen-Winkeln{{sfn|Jansen-Winkeln|1997|pp=115{{endash}}135}} having investigated Obsomer's work concluded in favour of co-regencies.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|pp=170{{endash}}171}} Jansen-Winkeln cites a rock stele found at Konosso as irrefutable evidence in favour of a co-regency between Senusret II and Amenemhat II, and by extension proof of co-regencies in the Twelfth Dynasty.{{sfn|Jansen-Winkeln|1997|pp=188{{endash}}189}} The Egyptologist [[William J. Murnane]] states that "the co-regencies of the period are all known ... from double-dated{{efn|group=note|A document with regnal dates for two kings. One such double-date is found on the stela from Konosso cited by Jansen-Winkeln,{{sfn|Jansen-Winkeln|1997|pp=188{{endash}}189}} which identifies Senusret II's third regnal year first, and Amenemhat II's thirty-fifth regnal year after it.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=172}}}} documents".{{sfn|Murnane|1977|p=7}} The Egyptologist Thomas Schneider concludes that recently discovered documents and archaeological evidence are effectively proof of co-regencies in this period.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=171}}
-Some sources ascribe a co-regency period to Senusret II's rule, with his father Amenemhat II as his co-regent. The British Egyptologist [[Peter A. Clayton|Peter Clayton]] ascribes at least three years of co-regency to Senusret II's reign.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=82}} The French Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal assigns nearly five years of co-regency prior to sole accession to the throne.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=166}}
+Some sources ascribe a co-regency period to Senusret II's rule, with his father Amenemhat II as his co-regent. The Egyptologist [[Peter A. Clayton|Peter Clayton]] ascribes at least three years of co-regency to Senusret II's reign.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=82}} The Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal assigns nearly five years of co-regency prior to sole accession to the throne.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=166}}
 === Length of reign ===
+[[File:GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg|thumb|A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and whose face appears to reflect the features of the reigning king, most probably [[Amenemhat II]] or Senusret II. It functioned as a divine guardian for the [[Imiut fetish|imiut]], and it is wearing a divine kilt, which suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler.<ref>{{cite web |title=Guardian Figure |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543864 |website=www.metmuseum.org |publisher=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]] |access-date=9 February 2022}}</ref>]]
-The lengths of the reigns of Senusret II and [[Senusret III]] are one of the main considerations for discerning the chronology of the Twelfth Dynasty.{{sfn|Simpson|2001|p=453}} The [[Turin Canon]] is believed to assign a reign of 19 years to Senusret II and 30 years of reign to Senusret III.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|p=14}} This traditional view was challenged in 1972 when the American Egyptologist [[William Kelly Simpson]] observed that the latest attested regnal year for Senusret II was his 7th, and similarly for Senusret III his 19th.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|p=14}}
+The lengths of the reigns of Senusret II and [[Senusret III]] are one of the main considerations for discerning the chronology of the Twelfth Dynasty.{{sfn|Simpson|2001|p=453}} The [[Turin Canon]] is believed to assign a reign of 19 years to Senusret II and 30 years of reign to Senusret III.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|p=14}} This traditional view was challenged in 1972 when the Egyptologist [[William Kelly Simpson]] observed that the latest attested regnal year for Senusret II was his 7th, and similarly for Senusret III his 19th.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|p=14}}
-[[Kim Ryholt]], a professor of Egyptology at the University of Copenhagen, suggests the possibility that the names on the canon had been misarranged and offers two possible regnal lengths for Senusret II: 10+ years, or 19 years.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|pp=14{{endash}}15}} Several Egyptologists, such as [[Thomas Schneider (Egyptologist)|Thomas Schneider]], cite Mark C. Stone's article, published in the Göttinger Miszellen in 1997, as determining that Senusret II's highest recorded regnal year was his 8th, based on Stela Cairo JE 59485.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=172 citing {{harvtxt|Stone|1997|pp=91–100}}}}
+[[Kim Ryholt]], a professor of Egyptology at the University of Copenhagen, suggests the possibility that the names on the canon had been misarranged and offers two possible regnal lengths for Senusret II: 10+ years, or 19 years.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|pp=14{{endash}}15}} Several Egyptologists, such as [[Thomas Schneider (Egyptologist)|Thomas Schneider]], cite Mark C. Stone's 1997 article in the ''Göttinger Miszellen'' as determining that Senusret II's highest recorded regnal year was his 8th, based on Stela Cairo JE 59485.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=172 citing {{harvtxt|Stone|1997|pp=91–100}}}}
 Some scholars prefer to ascribe him a reign of only 10 years and assign the 19-year reign to [[Senusret III]] instead. Other Egyptologists, however, such as [[Jürgen von Beckerath]] and [[Frank Yurco]], have maintained the traditional view of a longer 19-year reign for Senusret II given the level of activity undertaken by the king during his reign.{{citation needed|reason=Weasel words, and imprecision: "some scholars"|date=March 2018}} Yurco notes that reducing Senusret II's regnal length to 6 years poses difficulties because:
-{{cquote|That pharaoh built a complete pyramid at [[El-Lahun|Kahun]], with a solid granite funerary temple and complex of buildings. Such projects optimally took fifteen to twenty years to complete, even with the mudbrick cores used in Middle Kingdom pyramids.{{sfn|Yurco|2014|p=69 citing {{harvtxt|Edwards|1985|pp=98 & 292}}; and {{harvtxt|Grimal|1992|pp=166 & 391}}}}}}
+{{cquote|That pharaoh built a complete pyramid at [[El-Lahun|Kahun]], with a solid granite funerary temple and complex of buildings. Such projects optimally took fifteen to twenty years to complete, even with the mudbrick cores used in Middle Kingdom pyramids.{{sfn|Yurco|2014|p=69 citing {{harvtxt|Edwards|1985|pp=98 & 292}} and {{harvtxt|Grimal|1992|pp=166 & 391}}}}}}
-At present, the problem concerning the reign length of Senusret II is irresolvable but many Egyptologists today prefer to assign him a reign of 9 or 10 years only given the absence of higher dates attested for him beyond his 8th regnal year. This would entail amending the 19-year figure which the Turin Canon assigns for a 12th dynasty ruler in his position to 9 years instead. However, Senusret II's monthly figure on the throne might be ascertained. According to [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], the temple documents of [[El-Lahun]], the pyramid city of Sesostris/Senusret II often mention the Festival of "Going Forth to Heaven" which might be the date of death for this ruler.{{sfn|von Beckerath|1995|p=447}} These documents state that this Festival occurred on IV Peret day 14.{{sfn|Borchardt|1899|p=91}}{{sfn|Gardiner|1945|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Simpson|n.d.|loc=LA V900}}
+At present, the problem concerning the reign length of Senusret II is irresolvable but many Egyptologists today prefer to assign him a reign of 9 or 10 years only given the absence of higher dates attested for him beyond his 8th regnal year. This would entail amending the 19-year figure which the Turin Canon assigns for a 12th dynasty ruler in his position to 9 years instead. However, Senusret II's monthly figure on the throne might be ascertained. According to [[Jürgen von Beckerath]], the temple documents of [[El-Lahun]], the pyramid city of Sesostris/Senusret II often mention the Festival of "Going Forth to Heaven" which might be the date of death for this ruler.{{sfn|von Beckerath|1995|p=447}} These documents state that this Festival occurred on IV Peret day 14.{{sfn|Borchardt|1899|p=91}}{{sfn|Gardiner|1945|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Simpson|n.d.|loc=LA V900}}  However, Rita Gautschy states that this Festival date did not mark the actual day of Senusret II's death, but of his funeral or burial.<ref>Rita Gautschy, "''Monddaten aus dem Archiv von Illahun: Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches.''" ZÄS 138 (2011), p.17</ref> Lisa Saladino Haney observe. based on Gautschy's interpretation of this date, "Therefore, if one takes seventy days from the feast day IV Peret 14, one gets II Peret 4 as the approximate date of death of Senwosret/[Senusret II].<ref>Haney, Lisa Saladino. ''Visualizing Coregency: An Exploration of the Link between Royal Image and Co-Rule during the Reign of Senwosret III and Amenemhet III''. Brill: Leiden/Boston, 2020, p.55</ref>
 === Domestic activities ===
+[[File:Uraeus provenant d'une couronne royale de Sesostris II (la Villette, 2023).jpg|thumb|Senusret II's royal [[uraeus]] found in his pyramid tomb.]]
 The [[Faiyum Oasis]], a region in Middle Egypt, has been inhabited by humans for more than 8000 years.{{sfn|Wilfong|2001|p=496}} It became an important centre in Egypt during the Middle Kingdom.{{sfn|Wilfong|2001|p=496}} Throughout the period, rulers undertook developmental projects turning Faiyum into an agricultural, religious, and resort-like centre.{{sfn|Wilfong|2001|p=496}} The oasis was located {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-west of Memphis offering arable land{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=166}} centred around Lake Moeris, a natural body of water.{{sfn|Wilfong|2001|p=496}}
@@ Line 57: / Line 61: @@
 Senusret II's reign ushered in a period of peace and prosperity, with no recorded military campaigns and the proliferation of trade between Egypt and the Near-East.{{sfn|Callender|2004|p=152}}
-Around the same time, parties of Western Asiatic foreigners visiting the Pharaoh with gifts are recorded, as in the tomb paintings of [[12th dynasty|12th-dynasty]] official [[Khnumhotep II]], who also served under Senusret III. These foreigners, possibly [[Canaan]]ites or [[Bedouins]], are labelled as ''[[Aamu]]'' ({{lang|egy|ꜥꜣmw|italics=yes}}), including the leading man with a [[Nubian ibex]] labelled as ''Abisha the Hyksos'' ('''𓋾𓈎𓈉''' ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, ''Heqa-kasut'' for "Hyksos"), the first known instance of the name "[[Hyksos]]".{{sfn|Van de Mieroop|2011|p=131}}{{sfn|Bard|2015|p=188}}{{sfn|Kamrin|2009|p=25}}<ref name="archaeology.org">{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine |journal=www.archaeology.org |date=2018 |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty}}</ref>
+Around the same time, parties of Western Asiatic foreigners visiting the Pharaoh with gifts are recorded, as in the tomb paintings of [[12th dynasty|12th-dynasty]] official [[Khnumhotep II]], who also served under Senusret III. These foreigners, possibly [[Canaan]]ites or [[Bedouins]], are labelled as ''[[Aamu]]'' ({{lang|egy|ꜥꜣmw|italics=yes}}), including the leading man with a [[Nubian ibex]] labelled as ''Abisha the Hyksos'' ('''𓋾𓈎𓈉''' ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, ''Heqa-kasut'' for "Hyksos"), the first known instance of the name "[[Hyksos]]".{{sfn|Van de Mieroop|2011|p=131}}{{sfn|Bard|2015|p=188}}{{sfn|Kamrin|2009|p=25}}<ref name="archaeology.org">{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine |website=www.archaeology.org |date=2018 |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty}}</ref>
 {{multiple image
@@ Line 67: / Line 71: @@
 | image1 = Procession of the Aamu, Tomb of Khnumhotep II (composite).jpg
 | image2 = Drawing of the procession of the Aamu group tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan.jpg
-| footer = A group of West Asiatic foreigners bringing gift to the Pharaoh. They are possibly [[Canaan]]ites, labelled as ''[[Aamu]]'' ({{lang|egy|ꜥꜣmw|italics=yes}}), including the leading man with a [[Nubian ibex]] labelled as ''Abisha the Hyksos'' ('''<big><big>𓋾𓈎𓈉</big></big>''' ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, ''Heqa-kasut'' for "[[Hyksos]]"). Tomb of [[12th dynasty|12th-dynasty]] official [[Khnumhotep II]], who served under Senusret III, at [[Beni Hasan]] (c. 1900 BC).{{sfn|Van de Mieroop|2011|p=131}}{{sfn|Bard|2015|p=188}}{{sfn|Kamrin|2009|p=25}}<ref name="archaeology.org">{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine |journal=www.archaeology.org |date=2018 |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty}}</ref>
+| footer = A group of West Asiatic foreigners bringing gift to the Pharaoh. They are possibly [[Canaan]]ites, labelled as ''[[Aamu]]'' ({{lang|egy|ꜥꜣmw|italics=yes}}), including the leading man with a [[Nubian ibex]] labelled as ''Abisha the Hyksos'' ('''<big><big>𓋾𓈎𓈉</big></big>''' ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, ''Heqa-kasut'' for "[[Hyksos]]"). Tomb of [[12th dynasty|12th-dynasty]] official [[Khnumhotep II]], who served under Senusret II, at [[Beni Hasan]] ({{Circa|1900 BC}}).{{sfn|Van de Mieroop|2011|p=131}}{{sfn|Bard|2015|p=188}}{{sfn|Kamrin|2009|p=25}}<ref name="archaeology.org">{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine |website=www.archaeology.org |date=2018 |url=https://www.archaeology.org/issues/309-1809/features/6855-egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty}}</ref>
 | alt1 =
 | caption1 =
@@ Line 81: / Line 85: @@
 == Tomb treasure ==
 [[Image:Crown of Sit-Hathor Yunet (Senusret II's daughter).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Crown of Princess [[Sithathoriunet]].]]
-In 1889, the English Egyptologist [[Flinders Petrie]] found "a marvellous gold and inlaid royal [[uraeus]]" that must have originally formed part of Senusret II's looted burial equipment in a flooded chamber of the king's pyramid tomb.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=80}} It is now located in the Cairo Museum. The tomb of Princess [[Sithathoriunet]], a daughter of Senusret II, was also discovered by Egyptologists in a separate burial site. Several pieces of jewellery from her tomb including a pair of pectorals and a crown or diadem were found there.  They are now displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of New York or the Cairo Museum in Egypt.
+In 1889, the Egyptologist [[Flinders Petrie]] found "a marvellous gold and inlaid royal [[uraeus]]" that must have originally formed part of Senusret II's looted burial equipment in a flooded chamber of the king's pyramid tomb.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=80}} It is now located in the Cairo Museum. The tomb of Princess [[Sithathoriunet]], a daughter of Senusret II, was also discovered by Egyptologists in a separate burial site. Several pieces of jewellery from her tomb including a pair of pectorals and a crown or diadem were found there. They are now displayed at the Metropolitan Museum of New York or the Cairo Museum in Egypt.
-In 2009, Egyptian archaeologists announced the results of new excavations led by egyptologist Abdul Rahman Al-Ayedi. They described unearthing a cache of pharaonic-era mummies in brightly painted wooden coffins near the Lahun pyramid.  The mummies were reportedly the first to be found in the sand-covered desert rock surrounding the pyramid.<ref>See [[El-Lahun#Discoveries|El-Lahun recent discoveries]] and online [http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1677296/new_cache_of_mummies_discovered_in_egypt/ Cache of mummies unearthed at Egypt's Lahun pyramid.]</ref>
+In 2009, Egyptian archaeologists announced the results of new excavations led by the Egyptologist Abdul Rahman Al-Ayedi. They described unearthing a cache of pharaonic-era mummies in brightly painted wooden coffins near the Lahun pyramid. The mummies were reportedly the first to be found in the sand-covered desert rock surrounding the pyramid.<ref>See [[El-Lahun#Discoveries|El-Lahun recent discoveries]] and online [http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1677296/new_cache_of_mummies_discovered_in_egypt/ Cache of mummies unearthed at Egypt's Lahun pyramid.]</ref>
 == Pyramid ==
 {{main|Pyramid of Senusret II}}
 [[File:El Lahun Pyramid 01.JPG|thumb|250px|The pyramid of Senusret II at [[El-Lahun]]]]
-The pyramid was built around a framework of limestone radial arms, similar to the framework used by Senusret I. Instead of using an infill of stones, mud and mortar, Senusret II used an infill of mud bricks before cladding the structure with a layer of limestone veneer. The outer cladding stones were locked together using dovetail inserts, some of which still remain.  A trench was dug around the central core that was filled with stones to act as a French Drain. The limestone cladding stood in this drain, indicating that Senusret II was concerned with water damage.
+The pyramid was built around a framework of limestone radial arms, similar to the framework used by Senusret I. Instead of using an infill of stones, mud and mortar, Senusret II used an infill of mud bricks before cladding the structure with a layer of limestone veneer. The outer cladding stones were locked together using dovetail inserts, some of which still remain. A trench was dug around the central core that was filled with stones to act as a [[French Drain]]. The limestone cladding stood in this drain, indicating that Senusret II was concerned with water damage.
-There were eight mastabas and one small pyramid to the north of Senusret's complex and all were within the enclosure wall.  The wall had been encased in limestone that was decorated with niches, perhaps as a copy of Djoser's complex at Saqqara. The mastabas were solid and no chambers have found within or beneath, indicating that they were cenotaphs and possibly symbolic in nature. Flinders Petrie investigated the auxiliary pyramid and found no chambers.
+There were eight mastabas and one small pyramid to the north of Senusret's complex and all were within the enclosure wall. The wall had been encased in limestone that was decorated with niches, perhaps as a copy of Djoser's complex at Saqqara. The mastabas were solid and no chambers have found within or beneath, indicating that they were cenotaphs and possibly symbolic in nature. Flinders Petrie investigated the auxiliary pyramid and found no chambers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
 [[File:Limestone slab showing the cartouche of Senusret II and name and image of goddess Nekhbet. From Mastaba 4, north side of Senusret II Pyramid at Lahun, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|upright|Limestone slab showing the cartouche of Senusret II and the name and image of the goddess Nekhbet. From Mastaba 4, north side of Senusret II Pyramid at Lahun, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.]]
 The entrances to the underground chambers were on the southern side of the pyramid, which confused Flinders Petrie for some months as he looked for the entrance on the traditional northern side.
@@ Line 113: / Line 117: @@
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+*{{cite book|last1=Yurco|first1=Frank|year=2014|chapter=Black Athena: An Egyptological Review|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackathenarevis00lefk_0/page/62 62–100]|title=Black Athena Revisited|editor-last1=Lefkowitz|editor-first1=Mary|editor-last2=Rogers|editor-first2=Guy Maclean|location=Chapel Hill|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-4555-4|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/blackathenarevis00lefk_0/page/62}}
 {{refend}}
@@ Line 153: / Line 160: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Senusret 02}}
 [[Category:19th-century BC deaths]]
-[[Category:19th-century BC Pharaohs]]
+[[Category:19th-century BC pharaohs]]
 [[Category:Pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt]]
 [[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

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