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Coordinates: 52°03′N 29°15′E / 52.050°N 29.250°E / 52.050; 29.250
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{{Short description|City in Gomel Region, Belarus}}
{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
|name=Mazyr
| name = Mazyr
|native_name = {{native name|be|Мазыр}}<br>{{native name|ru|Мозырь}}
| native_name = {{native name|be|Мазыр}}<br />{{native name|ru|Мозырь}}
|other_name = Mozyr
| other_name = Mozyr
| settlement_type = [[List of cities and largest towns in Belarus|City]]
|nickname =
|image_skyline = Mazyr Montage (2017).jpg
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| color = #ffffff
|imagesize = 250px
| photo1a = DJI 3725-HDR (51581938711).jpg{{!}}Aerial view
|image_flag =
| photo2a = Church of Saint Michael Archangel, Mazyr.jpg{{!}}Baroque Saint Michael Archangel Cathedral (former Bernardine church)
|image_shield = Coat of Arms of Mazyr, Belarus.svg
| photo2b = Мазыр. Былы кляштар цыстарыянак.jpg{{!}}Baroque Saint Michael Archangel church (former Cistercian nuns church)
|image_map =
| photo3a = Мозырь. Замковая гора..JPG{{!}}Castle
|map_caption =
| photo3b = Мозырь. Речное пароходство..JPG{{!}}River shipping company
|pushpin_map=Belarus
| spacing = 2
|pushpin_mapsize=
| border = 0
|subdivision_type = Country
| size = 260
|subdivision_name = [[Belarus]]
}}
|subdivision_type1=[[Regions of Belarus|Region]]
| image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: Aerial view|Baroque Saint Michael Archangel Cathedral|Baroque Saint Michael Archangel church|Castle|River shipping company}}
|subdivision_name1=[[Gomel Region]]
| image_flag = Флаг Мозыря и Мозырьского района.png
|subdivision_type2=[[Districts of Belarus|District]]
| image_shield = Coat of Arms of Mazyr, Belarus.svg
|subdivision_name2=[[Mazyr District]]
|leader_title =
| image_map =
|leader_name =
|flag_size = 150
|shield_size = 75
|established_title = Mentioned
| pushpin_map = Belarus
|established_date = 1155
| pushpin_mapsize =
|area_magnitude =
| subdivision_type = Country
|area_total_km2 = 44.1381
| subdivision_name = [[Belarus]]
|area_land_km2 =
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Belarus|Region]]
|area_water_km2 =
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gomel Region]]
|population_as_of = 2019
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of Belarus|District]]
|population_footnotes =<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/belarus/cities/] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222190129/https://www.citypopulation.de/en/belarus/cities/ |date=February 22, 2020 }}</ref>
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mazyr District]]
|population_total = 112348
|population_metro =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
|population_density_km2 = auto
| established_title = First mentioned
|timezone = [[Further-eastern European Time|FET]]
| established_date = 1155
|utc_offset = +3
|timezone_DST =
| area_magnitude =
|utc_offset_DST =
| area_total_km2 = 44.1381
| area_land_km2 =
|coordinates = {{coord|52|03|N|29|15|E|region:BY|display=inline}}
| area_water_km2 =
|elevation_m =160
|population_as_of = 2024
|postal_code_type = Postal code
|population_footnotes = <ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/|title=Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/|archive-date=2 April 2024|website=belsat.gov.by|access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref>
|postal_code = 247760
| population_total = 105,152
|area_code = +375 2363
| population_metro =
|blank_name = License plate
| population_density_km2 = auto
|blank_info = 3
|website = [http://www.mymozyr.info www.mymozyr.info]
| timezone = [[Moscow Time|MSK]]
|footnotes =
| utc_offset = +3
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|52|03|N|29|15|E|region:BY|display=it}}
| elevation_m = 160
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 247760
| area_code = +375 2363
| blank_name = License plate
| blank_info = 3
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mazyr''' or '''Mozyr''' ({{lang-be|Мазыр}}, {{IPA-be|maˈzɨr|IPA}}; {{lang-ru|Мозырь}}, {{IPA|ru|ˈmozɨrʲ|IPA}}; {{lang-pl|Mozyrz}}; {{lang-yi|מאזיר}}) is a city in [[Gomel Region]], [[Belarus]]. It serves as the administrative center of [[Mazyr District]].<ref name="pop"/> It is situated on the [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat River]] about {{convert|210|km|0|abbr=off}} east of [[Pinsk]] and {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=off}} northwest of [[Chernobyl]] in Ukraine. As of 2024, it has a population of 105,152.<ref name="pop"/>

Mazyr is known as a center of oil refining, salt extraction, machine building, and food processing in Belarus. It is home to one of the largest [[oil refinery|oil refineries]] in Belarus, pumping out 18 million metric tons per year, and is served by a tram line. The [[Druzhba pipeline]] carries crude oil from Russia, splitting in two at Mazyr. One pipeline branch is directed into [[Poland]] and the other one to [[Ukraine]].

==History==
The city was mentioned in 1155.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tikhomirov |first1=Mikhail Nikolaevich |title=The Towns of Ancient Rus |date=1959 |publisher=Foreign Languages Publishing House |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bmdpAAAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>

It was a county seat in the [[Mińsk Voivodeship]] of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] until the [[Partitions of Poland]].<ref name=sgk>{{cite book|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VI|year=1885|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=754}}</ref> In the 18th century, [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] monasteries and churches of [[Cistercian]] monks and nuns were established.<ref name=kw>{{cite book|last=Węglicka|first=Katarzyna|title=Kresowym szlakiem. Gawędy o miejscach, ludziach i zdarzeniach|year=2005|language=pl|publisher=Książka i Wiedza|location=Warszawa|pages=319–320|isbn=83-05-13390-7}}</ref> At various times, the [[2nd Lithuanian Vanguard Regiment|2nd]] and [[3rd Lithuanian Vanguard Regiment|3rd]] Lithuanian Vanguard Regiments were stationed there.<ref>{{cite book|last=Gembarzewski|first=Bronisław|title=Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831|year=1925|language=pl|publisher=Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej|location=Warszawa|page=14}}</ref>

During the [[Partitions of Poland]], the city was annexed by [[Russian Empire|Russia]], within which it was administratively part of the [[Minsk Governorate]]. The city was subjected to [[Russification]] policies. In the 19th century both Cistercian monasteries were closed down.<ref name=kw/> The women's convent was converted into an Orthodox monastery, while the men's monastery was planned to be demolished, but the plan was abandoned as it served as a shelter for Jews after a city fire.<ref name=kw/> Two annual [[fair]]s were held in the city in the late 19th century.<ref name=sgk/> During the [[Polish–Soviet War]], on March 4, 1920, the town was captured by the Poles,<ref>{{cite book|last=Ryłko|first=Władysław|year=1929|title=Zarys historji wojennej 7-go pułku artylerii polowej|language=pl|location=Warszawa|page=12}}</ref> but later on it fell to the Soviets.

During [[World War II]], the German occupiers operated a Nazi prison in the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=100000080|title=Gefängnis Mazyr|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=10 December 2023|language=de}}</ref>

The city has suffered radioactive fallout from the [[Chernobyl disaster]].

After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], Cistercian churches were restored to the Catholics.<ref name=kw/>

==Climate==
{{Weather box
| width = auto
| collapsed = yes
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| location = Mazyr (1991–2020)
| Jan record high C = 5.2
| Feb record high C = 7.5
| Mar record high C = 15.2
| Apr record high C = 23.6
| May record high C = 28.4
| Jun record high C = 31.4
| Jul record high C = 32.6
| Aug record high C = 32.3
| Sep record high C = 27.2
| Oct record high C = 21.9
| Nov record high C = 12.9
| Dec record high C = 7.0
| year record high C = 32.6

| Jan high C = -1.6
| Feb high C = -0.1
| Mar high C = 5.7
| Apr high C = 14.4
| May high C = 20.5
| Jun high C = 23.9
| Jul high C = 25.8
| Aug high C = 24.9
| Sep high C = 19.0
| Oct high C = 11.8
| Nov high C = 4.3
| Dec high C = -0.4
| year high C = 12.3

| Jan mean C = -3.9
| Feb mean C = -3.1
| Mar mean C = 1.5
| Apr mean C = 9.0
| May mean C = 14.7
| Jun mean C = 18.3
| Jul mean C = 20.1
| Aug mean C = 19.1
| Sep mean C = 13.7
| Oct mean C = 7.6
| Nov mean C = 1.8
| Dec mean C = -2.5
| year mean C = 8.0

| Jan low C = -6.0
| Feb low C = -5.7
| Mar low C = -1.8
| Apr low C = 4.4
| May low C = 9.7
| Jun low C = 13.3
| Jul low C = 15.2
| Aug low C = 14.2
| Sep low C = 9.6
| Oct low C = 4.3
| Nov low C = 0.0
| Dec low C = -4.5
| year low C = 4.4

| Jan record low C = -18.6
| Feb record low C = -16.9
| Mar record low C = -10.2
| Apr record low C = -3.0
| May record low C = 2.1
| Jun record low C = 6.8
| Jul record low C = 10.0
| Aug record low C = 8.0
| Sep record low C = 2.3
| Oct record low C = -3.8
| Nov record low C = -9.1
| Dec record low C = -15.3
| year record low C = -18.6

| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 41.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 40.6
| Mar precipitation mm = 45.8
| Apr precipitation mm = 40.5
| May precipitation mm = 68.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 69.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 100.9
| Aug precipitation mm = 59.1
| Sep precipitation mm = 47.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 55.6
| Nov precipitation mm = 46.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 47.1
| year precipitation mm = 664.1

| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 10.0
| Feb precipitation days = 9.8
| Mar precipitation days = 9.7
| Apr precipitation days = 7.5
| May precipitation days = 9.9
| Jun precipitation days = 9.5
| Jul precipitation days = 10.3
| Aug precipitation days = 7.6
| Sep precipitation days = 7.6
| Oct precipitation days = 8.4
| Nov precipitation days = 8.9
| Dec precipitation days = 10.5
| year precipitation days = 109.7

| source = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]]<ref name="WMONormals">{{cite web
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Belarus/CSV/MOZYR_33036.csv
|title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Mazyr
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = January 12, 2024}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''Mazyr''' or '''Mozyr''' ({{lang-be|Мазыр}}, {{IPA-be|maˈzɨr|IPA}}; {{lang-ru|Мозырь}}, {{IPA-ru|ˈmozɨrʲ|IPA}}; {{lang-pl|Mozyrz}}; {{lang-yi|מאזיר}}) is a city in [[Gomel Region]], [[Belarus]], situated on the [[Pripyat (river)|Pripyat River]] about {{convert|210|km|0|abbr=off}} east of [[Pinsk]] and {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=off}} northwest of [[Chernobyl]]. It is located at approximately {{coord|52|03|N|29|15|E}}. The population is 111,770 (2004 estimate). The total [[urban area]], including the town of [[Kalinkavichy]] across the river, has a population of 150,000. Mazyr is known as a center of oil refining, salt extraction, machine building, and food processing in Belarus. It is home to one of the largest [[oil refinery|oil refineries]] in Belarus, pumping out 18 million metric tons per year, and is served by a tram line. The [[Druzhba pipeline]] carries crude oil from Russia, splitting in two at Mazyr. One pipeline branch is directed into [[Poland]] and the other one to [[Ukraine]].


==Jewish community==
==Jewish community==
Line 54: Line 194:
There were eight active synagogues, a [[yeshiva]], Jewish school and Talmud-Torah school in the wake of the 20th century. All of the facilities had been closed down by 1939.
There were eight active synagogues, a [[yeshiva]], Jewish school and Talmud-Torah school in the wake of the 20th century. All of the facilities had been closed down by 1939.


Thousands of Jews were [[The Holocaust in Belarus|executed by the Nazis]] in the local ghetto during World War II.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=500 | title=YV360 }}</ref> After the mass execution, almost no Jews remained in the city, whereas before the war 30% of the population within the city was Jewish. On August 31, 1941, hundreds of Jews gathered inside a house at Malo-Pushkin street. They poured kerosene on the building walls and set it alight, while the people huddled inside. The mass suicide was an attempt to escape execution by the Nazis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/1b70a0c55887441907ef5979752b0ed5|title = Excavation Causes Controversy in Belarus|website = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> The incident is known as the "Belarusian Masada".
Thousands of Jews were [[The Holocaust in Belarus|executed by German troops]] in the local [[Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany|ghetto]] during World War II.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=500 | title=YV360 }}</ref> After the mass execution, almost no Jews remained in the city, whereas before the war 30% of the population within the city was Jewish. On August 31, 1941, hundreds of Jews gathered inside a house at Malo-Pushkin street. They poured kerosene on the building walls and set it alight, while the people huddled inside. The mass suicide was an attempt to escape execution by the Germans.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/1b70a0c55887441907ef5979752b0ed5|title = Excavation Causes Controversy in Belarus|website = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref> The incident is known as the "[[Belarusian Masada]]".


After the war some Jews returned to Mazyr. Although they refused to take back the partially-destroyed synagogue building, an official Jewish community was registered in 1946. A few years later, authorities denied the organization's right to exist. The community organization was re-established officially in 1989, when a revival began in the city. A synagogue and a Jewish culture club were opened.
After the war some Jews returned to Mazyr. Although they refused to take back the partially-destroyed synagogue building, an official Jewish community was registered in 1946. A few years later, authorities denied the organization's right to exist. The community organization was re-established officially in 1989, when a revival began in the city. A synagogue and a Jewish culture club were opened.


==Sights==
==Places of interest==
* Baroque [[Cathedral in the name of Archangel Michael]] and former [[Bernardines (Franciscans)|Bernardine]] monastery
• A monument for Jews at the place of a mass grave<br>
* Baroque [[Cistercian]] monks church and monastery
• A monument composed of black polished granite, commemorating the aforementioned "Belarusian Masada"<br>
* Baroque Cistercian nuns church and monastery
• A monument placed at the point of mass executions<br>
• The Mazyr Castle, dating back to 16th century<br>
* The Mazyr Castle, dating back to 16th century
• The Pkhov river port, the biggest port of Belarus<br>
* A monument for Jews at the place of a mass grave
* A monument composed of black polished granite, commemorating the aforementioned "Belarusian Masada"
* A monument placed at the point of mass executions
* The Pkhov river port, the biggest port of Belarus


==Population==
==Population==
Line 125: Line 268:


==Transport==
==Transport==
[[File:Railway station Mazyr, Belarus.jpg|thumb|Railway station]]
Mazyr has a tram service, which commenced operation on 1 August 1988. The line starts at the tram depot and terminates at the oil refinery, with four turning loops located along the route. It is designed to server Mazyr Oil Refinery (MNPZ) and is owned by the refinery. Services on the tram line are coordinated with shifts at the refinery; service throughout the day is every 25-95 minutes while during the peaks it is 3-12 minutes, though those services pass suburban stops without stopping. Most passengers are workers, though it also serves residents living near the line. The total length of the line is 20.3 km, with a full trip time of 40 minutes. The line has a high-speed layout, with radius of minimum 400 meters. There were plans for a second tram line, but this has not come to fruition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mazyr|url=https://transphoto.org/city/172/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=transphoto.org|language=en}}</ref> The rolling stock is mainly [[71-605]] and its derivative vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mazyr, Tramway — Roster|url=https://transphoto.org/list.php?did=329|access-date=2021-05-31|website=transphoto.org|language=en}}</ref> VD Bolshoi Bokov airfield is located {{Convert|4|mi}} south of Mazyr and was used by Russian military aircraft during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="AFMDEC22-28">{{cite book|title=[[AirForces Monthly]]|year=December 2022|publisher=[[Key Publishing|Key Publishing Ltd]]|location=[[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[England]]|pages=28}}</ref>
Mazyr has a tram service, which commenced operation on 1 August 1988. The line starts at the tram depot and terminates at the oil refinery, with four turning loops located along the route. It is designed to server Mazyr Oil Refinery (MNPZ) and is owned by the refinery. Services on the tram line are coordinated with shifts at the refinery; service throughout the day is every 25-95 minutes while during the peaks it is 3-12 minutes, though those services pass suburban stops without stopping. Most passengers are workers, though it also serves residents living near the line. The total length of the line is 20.3 km, with a full trip time of 40 minutes. The line has a high-speed layout, with radius of minimum 400 meters. There were plans for a second tram line, but this has not come to fruition.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mazyr|url=https://transphoto.org/city/172/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=transphoto.org|language=en}}</ref> The rolling stock is mainly [[71-605]] and its derivative vehicles.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mazyr, Tramway — Roster|url=https://transphoto.org/list.php?did=329|access-date=2021-05-31|website=transphoto.org|language=en}}</ref> VD Bolshoi Bokov airfield is located {{Convert|4|mi}} south of Mazyr and was used by Russian military aircraft during the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]].<ref name="AFMDEC22-28">{{cite book|title=[[AirForces Monthly]]|date=December 2022|publisher=[[Key Publishing|Key Publishing Ltd]]|location=[[Stamford, Lincolnshire|Stamford]], [[Lincolnshire]], [[England]]|pages=28}}</ref>


==Educational Centers==
==Educational Centers==
*[[Mozyr State Pedagogical University]]
*[[:ru:Мозырский государственный педагогический университет имени И. П. Шамякина|I.P. Shamyakin State Pedagogical University]]
*State Politehnikum (Technical College)
*State Politehnikum (Technical College)
*Medical College<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mazyr|title = Mazyr &#124; Belarus &#124; Britannica}}</ref>
*Medical College<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mazyr|title = Mazyr &#124; Belarus &#124; Britannica}}</ref>
Line 168: Line 312:


{{Homyel Voblast}}
{{Homyel Voblast}}
{{coord|52|03|N|29|16|E|region:BY_type:city|display=title}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Mazyr| ]]
[[Category:Mazyr| ]]
Line 175: Line 318:
[[Category:1155 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:1155 establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Dregovichs]]
[[Category:Dregovichs]]
[[Category:Kiev Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Minsk Voivodeship]]
[[Category:Mozyrsky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Mazyr District]]
[[Category:Mazyr District]]

Latest revision as of 03:35, 27 August 2024

Mazyr
Мазыр (Belarusian)
Мозырь (Russian)
Mozyr
City
Aerial view
Baroque Saint Michael Archangel Cathedral (former Bernardine church)
Baroque Saint Michael Archangel church (former Cistercian nuns church)
Castle
River shipping company
  • From top, left to right: Aerial view
  • Baroque Saint Michael Archangel Cathedral
  • Baroque Saint Michael Archangel church
  • Castle
  • River shipping company
Flag of Mazyr
Flag
Coat of arms of Mazyr
Coat of arms
Mazyr is located in Belarus
Mazyr
Mazyr
Coordinates: 52°03′N 29°15′E / 52.050°N 29.250°E / 52.050; 29.250
LandWeißrussland
RegionGomel Region
DistrictMazyr District
First mentioned1155
Area
 • Total44.1381 km2 (17.0418 sq mi)
Elevation
160 m (520 ft)
Population
 (2024)[1]
 • Total105,152
 • Density2,400/km2 (6,200/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+3 (MSK)
Postal code
247760
Area code+375 2363
License plate3

Mazyr oder Mozyr (Belarusian: Мазыр, IPA: [maˈzɨr]; Russian: Мозырь, IPA: [ˈmozɨrʲ]; Polish: Mozyrz; Yiddish: מאזיר) is a city in Gomel Region, Weißrussland. It serves as the administrative center of Mazyr District.[1] It is situated on the Pripyat River about 210 kilometres (130 miles) east of Pinsk and 100 kilometres (62 miles) northwest of Chernobyl in Ukraine. As of 2024, it has a population of 105,152.[1]

Mazyr is known as a center of oil refining, salt extraction, machine building, and food processing in Belarus. It is home to one of the largest oil refineries in Belarus, pumping out 18 million metric tons per year, and is served by a tram line. The Druzhba pipeline carries crude oil from Russia, splitting in two at Mazyr. One pipeline branch is directed into Poland and the other one to Ukraine.

History

[edit]

The city was mentioned in 1155.[2]

It was a county seat in the Mińsk Voivodeship of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until the Partitions of Poland.[3] In the 18th century, Baroque monasteries and churches of Cistercian monks and nuns were established.[4] At various times, the 2nd and 3rd Lithuanian Vanguard Regiments were stationed there.[5]

During the Partitions of Poland, the city was annexed by Russia, within which it was administratively part of the Minsk Governorate. The city was subjected to Russification policies. In the 19th century both Cistercian monasteries were closed down.[4] The women's convent was converted into an Orthodox monastery, while the men's monastery was planned to be demolished, but the plan was abandoned as it served as a shelter for Jews after a city fire.[4] Two annual fairs were held in the city in the late 19th century.[3] During the Polish–Soviet War, on March 4, 1920, the town was captured by the Poles,[6] but later on it fell to the Soviets.

During World War II, the German occupiers operated a Nazi prison in the town.[7]

The city has suffered radioactive fallout from the Chernobyl disaster.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Cistercian churches were restored to the Catholics.[4]

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Mazyr (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4) 		7.5
(45.5) 		15.2
(59.4) 		23.6
(74.5) 		28.4
(83.1) 		31.4
(88.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.3
(90.1) 		27.2
(81.0) 		21.9
(71.4) 		12.9
(55.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		32.6
(90.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		5.7
(42.3) 		14.4
(57.9) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		25.8
(78.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		19.0
(66.2) 		11.8
(53.2) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		12.3
(54.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.9
(25.0) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		1.5
(34.7) 		9.0
(48.2) 		14.7
(58.5) 		18.3
(64.9) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.1
(66.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		7.6
(45.7) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		8.0
(46.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −6.0
(21.2) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		4.4
(39.9) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.3
(55.9) 		15.2
(59.4) 		14.2
(57.6) 		9.6
(49.3) 		4.3
(39.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		4.4
(39.9)
Record low °C (°F) −18.6
(−1.5) 		−16.9
(1.6) 		−10.2
(13.6) 		−3.0
(26.6) 		2.1
(35.8) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.0
(50.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		2.3
(36.1) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−9.1
(15.6) 		−15.3
(4.5) 		−18.6
(−1.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 41.7
(1.64) 		40.6
(1.60) 		45.8
(1.80) 		40.5
(1.59) 		68.6
(2.70) 		69.5
(2.74) 		100.9
(3.97) 		59.1
(2.33) 		47.8
(1.88) 		55.6
(2.19) 		46.9
(1.85) 		47.1
(1.85) 		664.1
(26.15)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 10.0 9.8 9.7 7.5 9.9 9.5 10.3 7.6 7.6 8.4 8.9 10.5 109.7
Source: NOAA[8]

Jewish community

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Jews were first mentioned in chronicles in the second half of the 17th century. It is known that there were three synagogues in the city as of 1856. R. Kugel, a prominent Jewish community figure, had been the chief Rabbi of Mazyr since 1861. He was also the head of the local Jewish literacy school.

During this period Jews were mostly engaged in craftsmanship and trading. Part of Mazyr's industry, the match factory and the wood sawing factory were owned by Jews.

There were eight active synagogues, a yeshiva, Jewish school and Talmud-Torah school in the wake of the 20th century. All of the facilities had been closed down by 1939.

Thousands of Jews were executed by German troops in the local ghetto during World War II.[9] After the mass execution, almost no Jews remained in the city, whereas before the war 30% of the population within the city was Jewish. On August 31, 1941, hundreds of Jews gathered inside a house at Malo-Pushkin street. They poured kerosene on the building walls and set it alight, while the people huddled inside. The mass suicide was an attempt to escape execution by the Germans.[10] The incident is known as the "Belarusian Masada".

After the war some Jews returned to Mazyr. Although they refused to take back the partially-destroyed synagogue building, an official Jewish community was registered in 1946. A few years later, authorities denied the organization's right to exist. The community organization was re-established officially in 1989, when a revival began in the city. A synagogue and a Jewish culture club were opened.

Sights

[edit]
  • Baroque Cathedral in the name of Archangel Michael and former Bernardine monastery
  • Baroque Cistercian monks church and monastery
  • Baroque Cistercian nuns church and monastery
  • The Mazyr Castle, dating back to 16th century
  • A monument for Jews at the place of a mass grave
  • A monument composed of black polished granite, commemorating the aforementioned "Belarusian Masada"
  • A monument placed at the point of mass executions
  • The Pkhov river port, the biggest port of Belarus

Population

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Year Total Population Jewish population % Jewish Notes
1897 8076 5631 69.73% Russian Census of 1897
1927 14300 ~6000 42% Soviet Census of 1927[11][failed verification]
1939 17500 6307 36.04% Jewish population just before World War II[12]
1970 48000 4300 8.96% Soviet Census of 1970. The Jewish population fell due to Holocaust and migration to bigger cities as Minsk, Moscow and Leningrad after World War II [13][failed verification]
1979 105882 3600 3.40% Soviet Census of 1979. The Jewish population fell due to the emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel and the United States[13]
1989 128000 3200 2.50% Soviet Census of 1989. The Jewish population fell due to the emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel and the United States[13]
1999 114000 565 0.50% The Jewish population fell due to the emigration of Soviet Jews to Israel and United States[13]
2004 111500 <500 0.45% [citation needed]

Transport

[edit]
Railway station

Mazyr has a tram service, which commenced operation on 1 August 1988. The line starts at the tram depot and terminates at the oil refinery, with four turning loops located along the route. It is designed to server Mazyr Oil Refinery (MNPZ) and is owned by the refinery. Services on the tram line are coordinated with shifts at the refinery; service throughout the day is every 25-95 minutes while during the peaks it is 3-12 minutes, though those services pass suburban stops without stopping. Most passengers are workers, though it also serves residents living near the line. The total length of the line is 20.3 km, with a full trip time of 40 minutes. The line has a high-speed layout, with radius of minimum 400 meters. There were plans for a second tram line, but this has not come to fruition.[14] The rolling stock is mainly 71-605 and its derivative vehicles.[15] VD Bolshoi Bokov airfield is located 4 miles (6.4 km) south of Mazyr and was used by Russian military aircraft during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[16]

Educational Centers

[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus

Mazyr is twinned with:[18][19]

Notable residents

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа". belsat.gov.by. Archived from the original on 2 April 2024. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
  2. ^ Tikhomirov, Mikhail Nikolaevich (1959). The Towns of Ancient Rus. Foreign Languages Publishing House. p. 37.
  3. ^ a b Słownik geograficzny Królestwa Polskiego i innych krajów słowiańskich, Tom VI (in Polish). Warszawa. 1885. p. 754.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  4. ^ a b c d Węglicka, Katarzyna (2005). Kresowym szlakiem. Gawędy o miejscach, ludziach i zdarzeniach (in Polish). Warszawa: Książka i Wiedza. pp. 319–320. ISBN 83-05-13390-7.
  5. ^ Gembarzewski, Bronisław (1925). Rodowody pułków polskich i oddziałów równorzędnych od r. 1717 do r. 1831 (in Polish). Warszawa: Towarzystwo Wiedzy Wojskowej. p. 14.
  6. ^ Ryłko, Władysław (1929). Zarys historji wojennej 7-go pułku artylerii polowej (in Polish). Warszawa. p. 12.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ "Gefängnis Mazyr". Bundesarchiv.de (in German). Retrieved 10 December 2023.
  8. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Mazyr". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 12, 2024.
  9. ^ "YV360".
  10. ^ "Excavation Causes Controversy in Belarus". Associated Press.
  11. ^ Belarys.by site about Mozyr [1]
  12. ^ Jewishgen.org Ghettos of Gomel district [2]
  13. ^ a b c d Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus.[3]
  14. ^ "Mazyr". transphoto.org. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  15. ^ "Mazyr, Tramway — Roster". transphoto.org. Retrieved 2021-05-31.
  16. ^ AirForces Monthly. Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. December 2022. p. 28.
  17. ^ "Mazyr | Belarus | Britannica".
  18. ^ "Miasta Partnerskie Chojnic". miastochojnice.pl (in Polish). Chojnice. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  19. ^ "Межрегиональные и шефские связи". severodvinsk.info (in Russian). Severodvinsk. Retrieved 2020-02-11.
  20. ^ Дубавец Сяргей Іванавіч
[edit]
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