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{{short description|Croatian academic, linguist, writer and politician}}
{{Short description|Croatian linguist, writer and politician}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
{{Infobox person
Line 15: Line 15:
| known_for = [[Gaj's Latin alphabet]]
| known_for = [[Gaj's Latin alphabet]]
| movement = [[Illyrian movement]]
| movement = [[Illyrian movement]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Paulina Krizojwiwnsicme manić|1842}}
| spouse = {{marriage|Paulina Krizmanić|1842}}
| children = 5
| children = 5
|awards =
|awards =
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===Origin===
===Origin===
He was born in [[Krapina]] (then in the [[Varaždin County (former)|Varaždin County]], [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]], [[Austrian Empire]]) on August 8, 1809.<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon">{{cite book |author= Milorad Živančević |editor = Živan Milisavac |date=1971 |title=Jugoslovenski književni leksikon |trans-title=Yugoslav Literary Lexicon |publisher=[[Matica srpska]] |language=sh |location= [[Novi Sad]] ([[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|SAP Vojvodina]], [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|SR Serbia]]) |page=128-129 }}</ref> His father Johann Gay was a German immigrant from [[History of Hungary 1700–1919|Hungarian Slovakia]], and his mother was Juliana ''{{née}}'' Schmidt, the daughter of a German immigrant arriving in the 1770s.<ref name=BW>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kxKBMhz3e7AC&pg=PA282 | page = 282 | title = Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe | author = Traian Stoianovich | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | year = 1994 | isbn = 9780765638519}}</ref><ref>''Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945)'', Vol. 2, by Balázs Trencsényi and Michal Kopeček</ref>
He was born in [[Krapina]] (then in [[Varaždin County (former)|Varaždin County]], [[Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)|Kingdom of Croatia]], [[Austrian Empire]]) on August 8, 1809.<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon">{{cite book |author= Milorad Živančević |editor = Živan Milisavac |date=1971 |title=Jugoslovenski književni leksikon |trans-title=Yugoslav Literary Lexicon |publisher=[[Matica srpska]] |language=sh |location= [[Novi Sad]] ([[Socialist Autonomous Province of Vojvodina|SAP Vojvodina]], [[Socialist Republic of Serbia|SR Serbia]]) |pages=128–129 }}</ref> His father Johann Gay was a German immigrant from the [[History of Hungary 1700–1919|Kingdom of Hungary]], and his mother was Juliana ({{née}} Schmidt), the daughter of a German immigrant arriving in the 1770s.<ref name=BW>{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kxKBMhz3e7AC&pg=PA282 | page = 282 | title = Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe | author = Traian Stoianovich | publisher = M.E. Sharpe | year = 1994 | isbn = 9780765638519}}</ref><ref>''Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945)'', Vol. 2, by Balázs Trencsényi and Michal Kopeček</ref>


The Gays were originally of [[Burgundy|Burgundian]] [[Huguenot]] origin. They arrived in [[Batizovce]] in present-day [[Slovakia]] in 16th or 17th century. Thence they became [[Serfdom|serfs]] of [[Mariassy de Markusfalva]] and [[Batizfalva]] families in 18th century. As there were a lot of ethnic Germans in that area, the Gays were soon Germanised. Ljudevit's father originates from a branch that moved to the village of [[Markušovce]].<ref>Horvat, Josip. Politička povijest Hrvatske 1. August Cesarec, Zagreb, p. 49</ref>
The Gajs were originally of [[Burgundy|Burgundian]] [[Huguenot]] origin. They arrived to the [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]] in Batizfalva (now [[Batizovce]], [[Slovakia]]) in 16th or 17th century. Thence they became [[Serfdom|serfs]] of [[Mariassy de Markusfalva]] and [[Batizfalva]] families in 18th century. As there were a lot of ethnic Germans in that area, the Gajs were soon Germanised. Ljudevit's father originates from a branch that moved to the village of [[Markušovce]].<ref>Horvat, Josip. Politička povijest Hrvatske 1. August Cesarec, Zagreb, p. 49</ref>


Ljudevit completed [[Secondary school|high school]] in Varaždin, [[Zagreb]] and [[Karlovac]], and he studied [[philosophy]] in [[Vienna]] and Graz (graduated in 1828) and [[law]] in [[Budapest]] (1829-1831).<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon"/>
Ljudevit completed [[Secondary school|high school]] in [[Varaždin]], [[Zagreb]] and [[Karlovac]], and he studied [[philosophy]] in [[Vienna]] and [[Graz]] (graduated in 1828) and [[law]] in [[Budapest]] (1829-1831).<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon"/>


===Orthography and other work===
===Orthography and other work===
[[File:Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisanja.jpg|thumb|upright|''Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography'' (1830)]]
[[File:Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisanja.jpg|thumb|upright|''Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography'' (1830)]]
Gaj started publishing very early; his 36-page booklet on stately manors in his native district, written in his native German, appeared already in 1826 as ''Die Schlösser bei Krapina''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://koha.ffzg.hr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-ISBDdetail.pl?biblionumber=27429 | title = Die Schloesser bei Krapina | id = UDC: 94(497.5)-2 | work = Koha Online Catalog: ISBD View | publisher = Library of the [[Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb]] | access-date=2013-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/hrvatskipreporo00urgoog | page = [https://archive.org/details/hrvatskipreporo00urgoog/page/n135 121] | title = Hrvatski Preporod | author = Đuro Šurmin | year = 1904 | isbn = 9781113014542 | access-date = 2013-03-13}}</ref>
Gaj started publishing very early; his 36-page booklet on stately manors in his native district, written in his native [[German language|German]], appeared already in 1826 as ''Die Schlösser bei Krapina''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://koha.ffzg.hr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-ISBDdetail.pl?biblionumber=27429 | title = Die Schloesser bei Krapina | id = UDC: 94(497.5)-2 | work = Koha Online Catalog: ISBD View | publisher = Library of the [[Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb]] | access-date=2013-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/hrvatskipreporo00urgoog | page = [https://archive.org/details/hrvatskipreporo00urgoog/page/n135 121] | title = Hrvatski Preporod | author = Đuro Šurmin | year = 1904 | isbn = 9781113014542 | access-date = 2013-03-13}}</ref>


In [[Buda (city)|Buda]] in 1830 [[Gaj's Latin alphabet]] was published <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721102922/http://hjp.srce.hr/index.php?show=povijest&chapter=10-ljudevit_gaj Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisanja, poleg mudroljubneh, narodneh i prigospodarneh temeljov i zrokov]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205942/http://www.nsk.hr/HeritageDetails.aspx?id=1217 Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisaňa]</ref> ("Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography"), which was the first common Croatian [[orthography]] book (after the works of [[Ignjat Đurđević]] and [[Pavao Ritter Vitezović]]). The book was printed bilingually, in [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and German. The Croatians used the [[Latin alphabet]], but some of the specific sounds were not uniformly represented. Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the [[Czech alphabet|Czech orthography]], using one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. He used [[diacritic]]s and the [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]]s ''lj'' and ''nj''.
In [[Buda (city)|Buda]] in 1830 [[Gaj's Latin alphabet]] was published<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110721102922/http://hjp.srce.hr/index.php?show=povijest&chapter=10-ljudevit_gaj Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisanja, poleg mudroljubneh, narodneh i prigospodarneh temeljov i zrokov]</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110928205942/http://www.nsk.hr/HeritageDetails.aspx?id=1217 Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisaňa]</ref> via "Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography", which was the first common Croatian [[orthography]] book (after the works of [[Ignjat Đurđević]] and [[Pavao Ritter Vitezović]]). The book was printed bilingually, in [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and [[German language|German]]. The Croatians used the [[Latin alphabet]], but some of the specific sounds were not uniformly represented. Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the [[Czech alphabet|Czech orthography]], using one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. He used [[diacritic]]s and the [[digraph (orthography)|digraph]]s ''lj'' and ''nj''.


The book helped Gaj achieve nationwide fame. In 1834 he succeeded where fifteen years before [[Đuro Matija Šporer]] had failed, i.e. obtaining an agreement from the royal government of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] to publish a Croatian daily newspaper. He was known as an intellectual leader thereafter.
The book helped Gaj achieve nationwide fame. In 1834, he succeeded where fifteen years before [[Đuro Matija Šporer]] had failed: he obtained an agreement from the royal government of the [[Habsburg monarchy]] to publish a Croatian daily newspaper. He was known as an intellectual leader thereafter.
On 6 January 1835, ''Novine Horvatske'' ("The Croatian News") appeared, and on 10 January the literary supplement ''Danicza horvatzka, slavonzka y dalmatinzka'' ("The Croatian, [[Slavonia]]n, and [[Dalmatia]]n Daystar"). The "Novine Horvatske" were printed in [[Kajkavian dialect]] until the end of that year, while "Danic[z]a" was printed in [[Shtokavian dialect]] along with Kajkavian.
On 6 January 1835, ''Novine Horvatske'' ("The Croatian News") appeared, and on 10 January the literary supplement ''[[Danica ilirska|Danicza horvatzka, slavonzka y dalmatinzka]]'' ("The Croatian, [[Slavonia]]n, and [[Dalmatia]]n Daystar"). The "Novine Horvatske" were printed in [[Kajkavian dialect]] until the end of that year, while "Danic[z]a" was printed in [[Shtokavian dialect]] along with Kajkavian.


In early 1836 the publications' names were changed to ''Ilirske narodne novine'' ("The Illyrian People's News") and ''Danica ilirska'' ("The Illyrian Morning Star") respectively. This was because historians at the time hypothesised Illyrians had been Slavic and were the direct forefathers of the present-day South Slavs.
In early 1836, the publications' names were changed to ''Ilirske narodne novine'' ("The Illyrian People's News") and ''[[Danica ilirska]]'' ("The Illyrian Morning Star"), respectively. This was because historians at the time hypothesised Illyrians had been Slavic and were the direct forefathers of the present-day [[South Slavs]].


In addition to his intellectual work, Gaj was also a poet. His most popular poem was "[[Još Hrvatska ni propala]]" ("Croatia is not in ruin yet"), which was written in 1833.
In addition to his intellectual work, Gaj was also a poet. His most popular poem was "[[Još Hrvatska ni propala]]" ("Croatia is not in ruin yet"), which was written in 1833.


===Death===
===Death===
Gaj died in [[Zagreb]], [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]], [[Austria-Hungary]], in 1872 at the age of 62.<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon"/>
Gaj died in [[Zagreb]], [[Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia]], [[Austria-Hungary]], in 1872 at the age of 62.<ref name="Jugoslovenski književni leksikon"/> He is buried at [[Mirogoj Cemetery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gradskagroblja.hr/?id=578&pregled=1&datum=Wed%20Apr%2022%202020%2014:28:58%20GMT+0200%20(Central%20European%20Summer%20Time) |title= Groblja - G|trans-title=Graves - G|author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Gradska Groblja Zagreb |publisher=Zagrebački Holding |access-date=24 October 2023}}</ref>


==Linguistic legacy==
==Linguistic legacy==
Line 54: Line 54:
[[File:Ljudevit Gaj Zagreb.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Statue in Zagreb]]
[[File:Ljudevit Gaj Zagreb.jpg|thumb|100px|right|Statue in Zagreb]]
The Latin alphabet used in the [[Serbo-Croatian]] language is credited to Gaj's ''Kratka osnova Hrvatskog pravopisa''.
The Latin alphabet used in the [[Serbo-Croatian]] language is credited to Gaj's ''Kratka osnova Hrvatskog pravopisa''.
Gaj followed the example of [[Pavao Ritter Vitezović]] and the [[Czech alphabet|Czech orthography]], making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following [[Vuk Karadžić]] reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latin, using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latin as applied to the Serbian or Croatian parallel system.<ref name="ComrieCorbett2003">{{cite book|last1=Comrie|first1=Bernard|author-link1=Bernard Comrie|last2=Corbett|first2=Greville G.|title=The Slavonic Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC&pg=PA45|access-date=23 December 2013|date=1 September 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-21320-9|page=45|quote=... following Vuk's reform of Cyrillic (see above) in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica,...}}</ref> The [[Slovenian alphabet]], introduced in the mid-1840s, is also a variation of [[Gaj's Latin alphabet]], from which it differs by the lack of the letters ć and đ.
Gaj followed the example of [[Pavao Ritter Vitezović]] and the [[Czech alphabet|Czech orthography]], making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following [[Vuk Karadžić]]'s reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on the [[Latin script]], using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latin as applied to the Serbian or Croatian parallel system.<ref name="ComrieCorbett2003">{{cite book|last1=Comrie|first1=Bernard|author-link1=Bernard Comrie|last2=Corbett|first2=Greville G.|title=The Slavonic Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uRF9Yiso1OIC&pg=PA45|access-date=23 December 2013|date=1 September 2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-21320-9|page=45|quote=... following Vuk's reform of Cyrillic (see above) in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica,...}}</ref> The [[Slovenian alphabet]], introduced in the mid-1840s, is also a variation of [[Gaj's Latin alphabet]], from which it differs by the lack of the letters ć and đ.


==Personal==
==Personal==
He married 26-year-old [[Paulina Krizmanić]], niece of an abbott, in 1842 at [[Marija Bistrica]]. They had five children: daughter Ljuboslava, and sons Velimir, Svetoslav, Milivoje, and Bogdan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716115351/http://www.radio-krapina.hr/wp-content/uploads/vjesnik/KV-58-Studeni2009.pdf "Krapinski Vjesnik". Godina VI. Broj 58. Studeni 2009. ISSN 1334-9317]</ref>
Gaj married 26-year-old [[Paulina Krizmanić]], niece of an abbott, in 1842 at [[Marija Bistrica]]. They had five children: daughter Ljuboslava, and sons Velimir, Svetoslav, Milivoje, and Bogdan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110716115351/http://www.radio-krapina.hr/wp-content/uploads/vjesnik/KV-58-Studeni2009.pdf "Krapinski Vjesnik". Godina VI. Broj 58. Studeni 2009. ISSN 1334-9317]</ref>


==Legacy==
==Legacy==
In 2008, a total of 211 streets in Croatia were named after Ljudevit Gaj, making him the fourth most common person eponym of streets in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.croatia.org/crown/articles/9663/1/Dr-Slaven-Letica-If-Streets-Could-Talk-Kad-bi-ulice-imale-dar-govora.html | title = If Streets Could Talk. Kad bi ulice imale dar govora. | first = Slaven | last = Letica | author-link = Slaven Letica | publisher = Croatian World Network | issn = 1847-3911 | editor-first = Nenad | editor-last = Bach | editor-link = Nenad Bach | date = 29 November 2008 | access-date = 2014-12-31}}</ref>
In 2008, a total of 211 streets in Croatia were named after Ljudevit Gaj, making him the fourth most common person [[eponym]] of streets in the country.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.croatia.org/crown/articles/9663/1/Dr-Slaven-Letica-If-Streets-Could-Talk-Kad-bi-ulice-imale-dar-govora.html | title = If Streets Could Talk. Kad bi ulice imale dar govora. | first = Slaven | last = Letica | author-link = Slaven Letica | publisher = Croatian World Network | issn = 1847-3911 | editor-first = Nenad | editor-last = Bach | editor-link = Nenad Bach | date = 29 November 2008 | access-date = 2014-12-31}}</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
Line 77: Line 77:
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Krapina]]
[[Category:People from Krapina]]
[[Category:Croatian writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from the Austrian Empire]]
[[Category:Linguists from Croatia]]
[[Category:Croatian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:Croatian publishers (people)]]
[[Category:People of the Illyrian movement]]
[[Category:People of the Illyrian movement]]
[[Category:Slavists]]
[[Category:Linguists of Slavic languages]]
[[Category:Croatian Austro-Hungarians]]
[[Category:Croatian expatriates in Hungary]]
[[Category:Croatian people of Slovak descent]]
[[Category:Croatian people of German descent]]
[[Category:Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery]]
[[Category:Burials at Mirogoj Cemetery]]
[[Category:Danube-Swabian people]]
[[Category:Danube-Swabian people]]
[[Category:Hrvatsko zagorje]]

Latest revision as of 11:20, 29 August 2024

Ljudevit Gaj
Gaj c. 1875
Born
Ludwig Gay

(1809-08-08)8 August 1809
Krapina, Kingdom of Croatia, Austrian Empire
Died20 April 1872(1872-04-20) (aged 62)
Zagreb, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary
Resting placeMirogoj Cemetery, Zagreb, Croatia
Occupations
  • Linguist
  • politician
  • journalist
  • writer
Known forGaj's Latin alphabet
MovementIllyrian movement
Spouse
Paulina Krizmanić
​
(m. 1842)​
Children5

Ljudevit Gaj (Croatian: [ʎûdeʋit ɡâːj]; born Ludwig Gay;[1][2] Hungarian: Gáj Lajos; 8 August 1809 – 20 April 1872) was a Croatian linguist, politician, journalist and writer. He was one of the central figures of the pan-Slavist Illyrian movement.

Biography

[edit]

Origin

[edit]

He was born in Krapina (then in Varaždin County, Kingdom of Croatia, Austrian Empire) on August 8, 1809.[3] His father Johann Gay was a German immigrant from the Kingdom of Hungary, and his mother was Juliana (née Schmidt), the daughter of a German immigrant arriving in the 1770s.[4][5]

The Gajs were originally of Burgundian Huguenot origin. They arrived to the Kingdom of Hungary in Batizfalva (now Batizovce, Slovakia) in 16th or 17th century. Thence they became serfs of Mariassy de Markusfalva and Batizfalva families in 18th century. As there were a lot of ethnic Germans in that area, the Gajs were soon Germanised. Ljudevit's father originates from a branch that moved to the village of Markušovce.[6]

Ljudevit completed high school in Varaždin, Zagreb and Karlovac, and he studied philosophy in Vienna and Graz (graduated in 1828) and law in Budapest (1829-1831).[3]

Orthography and other work

[edit]
Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography (1830)

Gaj started publishing very early; his 36-page booklet on stately manors in his native district, written in his native German, appeared already in 1826 as Die Schlösser bei Krapina.[7][8]

In Buda in 1830 Gaj's Latin alphabet was published[9][10] via "Concise Basis for a Croatian-Slavonic Orthography", which was the first common Croatian orthography book (after the works of Ignjat Đurđević and Pavao Ritter Vitezović). The book was printed bilingually, in Croatian and German. The Croatians used the Latin alphabet, but some of the specific sounds were not uniformly represented. Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography, using one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. He used diacritics and the digraphs lj and nj.

The book helped Gaj achieve nationwide fame. In 1834, he succeeded where fifteen years before Đuro Matija Šporer had failed: he obtained an agreement from the royal government of the Habsburg monarchy to publish a Croatian daily newspaper. He was known as an intellectual leader thereafter. On 6 January 1835, Novine Horvatske ("The Croatian News") appeared, and on 10 January the literary supplement Danicza horvatzka, slavonzka y dalmatinzka ("The Croatian, Slavonian, and Dalmatian Daystar"). The "Novine Horvatske" were printed in Kajkavian dialect until the end of that year, while "Danic[z]a" was printed in Shtokavian dialect along with Kajkavian.

In early 1836, the publications' names were changed to Ilirske narodne novine ("The Illyrian People's News") and Danica ilirska ("The Illyrian Morning Star"), respectively. This was because historians at the time hypothesised Illyrians had been Slavic and were the direct forefathers of the present-day South Slavs.

In addition to his intellectual work, Gaj was also a poet. His most popular poem was "Još Hrvatska ni propala" ("Croatia is not in ruin yet"), which was written in 1833.

Death

[edit]

Gaj died in Zagreb, Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia, Austria-Hungary, in 1872 at the age of 62.[3] He is buried at Mirogoj Cemetery.[11]

Linguistic legacy

[edit]
Main article: Gaj's Latin alphabet
Statue in Zagreb

The Latin alphabet used in the Serbo-Croatian language is credited to Gaj's Kratka osnova Hrvatskog pravopisa. Gaj followed the example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography, making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following Vuk Karadžić's reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on the Latin script, using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one symbol correlation between Cyrillic and Latin as applied to the Serbian or Croatian parallel system.[12] The Slovenian alphabet, introduced in the mid-1840s, is also a variation of Gaj's Latin alphabet, from which it differs by the lack of the letters ć and đ.

Personal

[edit]

Gaj married 26-year-old Paulina Krizmanić, niece of an abbott, in 1842 at Marija Bistrica. They had five children: daughter Ljuboslava, and sons Velimir, Svetoslav, Milivoje, and Bogdan.[13]

Legacy

[edit]

In 2008, a total of 211 streets in Croatia were named after Ljudevit Gaj, making him the fourth most common person eponym of streets in the country.[14]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ljudevit Gaj.
  1. ^ Hauser, Otto (1915). Die Lyrik des Auslands seit 1800. Leipzig: R. Voigtländer. p. 160.
  2. ^ Ognjenović, Gorana; Jozelić, Jasna (2014). Politicization of Religion, the Power of State, Nation, and Faith: The Case of Former Yugoslavia and its Successor States. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 81. ISBN 9781137477866.
  3. ^ a b c Milorad Živančević (1971). Živan Milisavac (ed.). Jugoslovenski književni leksikon [Yugoslav Literary Lexicon] (in Serbo-Croatian). Novi Sad (SAP Vojvodina, SR Serbia): Matica srpska. pp. 128–129.
  4. ^ Traian Stoianovich (1994). Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe. M.E. Sharpe. p. 282. ISBN 9780765638519.
  5. ^ Discourses of collective identity in Central and Southeast Europe (1770–1945), Vol. 2, by Balázs Trencsényi and Michal Kopeček
  6. ^ Horvat, Josip. Politička povijest Hrvatske 1. August Cesarec, Zagreb, p. 49
  7. ^ "Die Schloesser bei Krapina". Koha Online Catalog: ISBD View. Library of the Faculty of Philosophy, Zagreb. UDC: 94(497.5)-2. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  8. ^ Đuro Šurmin (1904). Hrvatski Preporod. p. 121. ISBN 9781113014542. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
  9. ^ Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisanja, poleg mudroljubneh, narodneh i prigospodarneh temeljov i zrokov
  10. ^ Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskoga pravopisaňa
  11. ^ "Groblja - G" [Graves - G]. Gradska Groblja Zagreb. Zagrebački Holding. Retrieved 24 October 2023.
  12. ^ Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville G. (1 September 2003). The Slavonic Languages. Taylor & Francis. p. 45. ISBN 978-0-203-21320-9. Retrieved 23 December 2013. ... following Vuk's reform of Cyrillic (see above) in the early nineteenth century, Ljudevit Gaj in the 1830s performed the same operation on Latinica,...
  13. ^ "Krapinski Vjesnik". Godina VI. Broj 58. Studeni 2009. ISSN 1334-9317
  14. ^ Letica, Slaven (29 November 2008). Bach, Nenad (ed.). "If Streets Could Talk. Kad bi ulice imale dar govora". Croatian World Network. ISSN 1847-3911. Retrieved 31 December 2014.
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