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Hawaii's 2nd congressional district: Difference between revisions

Coordinates: 19°48′35″N 155°30′22″W / 19.80972°N 155.50611°W / 19.80972; -155.50611
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|state = Hawaii
|state = Hawaii
|district number = 2
|district number = 2
| image name = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|from=Hawaii's 2nd congressional district (2023–2033).map|frame-height=300|frame-width=400|frame-latitude=20.6|frame-longitude=-157.7|zoom=6|overlay-horizontal-alignment=right|overlay-vertical-alignment=bottom}}
|image name = {{switcher
| image width =
|{{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|from=Hawaii's 2nd congressional district (2013–2023).map|zoom=9|frame-latitude=21.5|frame-longitude=-157.95|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|overlay-vertical-alignment=top|overlay={{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|from=Hawaii's 2nd congressional district (2013–2023).map|zoom=5|frame-latitude=20.9|frame-longitude=-157.3|frame-width=130|frame-height=100}}}}
| image caption = Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
|From 2013 to 2023
|representative = [[Jill Tokuda]]
|{{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|from=Hawaii's 2nd congressional district (2023–2033).map|zoom=9|frame-latitude=21.5|frame-longitude=-157.95|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|overlay-vertical-alignment=top|overlay={{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|from=Hawaii's 2nd congressional district (2023–2033).map|zoom=5|frame-latitude=20.9|frame-longitude=-157.3|frame-width=130|frame-height=100}}}}
|From 2023 to 2033
}}
|image width =
|image caption = District boundaries ([[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu County]] shown)
|representative = [[Kai Kahele]]
|party = Democratic
|party = Democratic
|residence = Hilo
|residence = Kāne{{okina}}ohe
|english area =
|english area =
|metric area =
|metric area =
|percent urban = 83.65
|percent urban = 83.65
|percent rural = 16.35
|percent rural = 16.35
|population = 726,415<ref>{{cite web|title=United States Census|url=https://www.census.gov/fastfacts/|access-date=31 October 2022}}</ref>
|population = 722,458<ref>{{cite web|title=United States Census|url=https://www.census.gov/fastfacts/|access-date=5 October 2023}}</ref>
|population year = 2021
|population year = 2022
|median income = $79,376<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/mycd/?st=15&cd=02 |title=My Congressional District |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=October 31, 2022 }}</ref>
|median income = $89,314<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/mycd/?st=15&cd=02 |title=My Congressional District |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=October 5, 2023 }}</ref>
| percent white = 28.5
| percent white = 28.4
| percent hispanic = 10.7
| percent hispanic = 11.3
| percent black = 1.6
| percent black = 1.2
| percent asian = 25.8
| percent asian = 23.2
| percent more than one race = 21.9
| percent native hawaiian = 12.5
| percent other race = 11.4
| percent more than one race = 22.6
| percent other race = 0.7
|percent blue collar =
|percent blue collar =
|percent white collar =
|percent white collar =
|percent gray collar =
|percent gray collar =
|cpvi = D+15<ref name=Cook>{{cite web|url=https://cookpolitical.com/analysis/national/pvi/introducing-2021-cook-political-report-partisan-voter-index|title=Introducing the 2021 Cook Political Report Partisan Voter Index
|cpvi = D+14<ref name=Cook>{{Cite web|title=2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List|url=https://www.cookpolitical.com/cook-pvi/2022-partisan-voting-index/district-map-and-list|access-date=2023-01-10|website=Cook Political Report|language=en}}</ref>
|publisher=The Cook Political Report|date=April 15, 2021|access-date=April 15, 2021}}</ref>
}}
}}
'''Hawaii's 2nd congressional district''' is a [[congressional district]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Hawaii]]. It is currently represented by [[Kai Kahele]], who succeeded [[Tulsi Gabbard]] following the [[2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|2020 election]]. The district encompasses all rural and most suburban areas of [[Oahu]]/[[Honolulu County]], as well as the entire state outside of Oahu. Besides Honolulu, the district includes the counties of [[Kauai County, Hawaii|Kauai]], [[Maui County, Hawaii|Maui]], [[Kalawao County|Kalawao]], and [[Hawaii County|Hawaii]] ("the Big Island"). The district spans 331 miles. The most populous community entirely within the district is [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]]. Major segments of the economy include [[tourism]], [[ranch]]ing, and [[agriculture]].
'''Hawaii's 2nd congressional district''' is a [[congressional district]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Hawaii]]. It is represented by [[Jill Tokuda]], who succeeded [[Kai Kahele]] after the [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|2022 election]]. The district encompasses all rural and most suburban areas of [[Oahu]]/[[Honolulu County]], as well as the entire state outside of Oahu. It includes the counties of [[Kauai County, Hawaii|Kauai]], [[Maui County, Hawaii|Maui]], [[Kalawao County|Kalawao]], and [[Hawaii County|Hawaii]] ("the Big Island"). The district spans 331 miles. The most populous community entirely within the district is [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]]. Major segments of the economy include [[tourism]], [[ranch]]ing, and [[agriculture]].


Under the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]], a candidate for this district has to be a resident of Hawaii, but does not have to live in the district itself. The first non-resident to be elected to this U.S. House seat was [[Ed Case]], a [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] [[Attorney at law|attorney]], though Case was born and raised on the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island of Hawaii]]. The home state office of the Second Congressional District is at the [[Prince Kuhio Federal Building]] near [[Honolulu Harbor]].
Under the [[Constitution of the United States|U.S. Constitution]], a candidate for this district has to be a resident of Hawaii, but does not have to live in the district itself. The first non-resident elected to this seat was [[Ed Case]], a [[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]] [[Attorney at law|attorney]], though he was born and raised on the [[Hawaii (island)|Big Island of Hawaii]]. The home state office of the second congressional district is at the [[Prince Kuhio Federal Building]] near [[Honolulu Harbor]].


{{TOC limit|2}}
{{TOC limit|2}}


==History==
==History==
When Hawaii and Alaska were admitted to the Union in 1959, both new states were granted one [[at-large]] Representative to Congress pending the next [[United States Census]]. In the [[reapportionment]] following the [[1960 United States Census|1960 U.S. Census]], Hawaii was entitled to a second U.S. Representative. Instead of creating two congressional districts, the state continued to elect its U.S. Representatives at-large. Two representatives were first elected in [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1962|1962]] and Hawaii was first represented by two U.S. Representatives on January 2, 1963, upon the convening of the [[88th United States Congress|88th Congress]]. The 2nd Congressional District was created in 1971 when Hawaii began electing its representatives from districts instead of electing an at-large U.S. Representative statewide.
When Hawaii and Alaska were admitted to the Union in 1959, both new states were granted one [[at-large]] representative to Congress pending the next [[United States census]]. In the [[reapportionment]] following the [[1960 United States census|1960 U.S. census]], Hawaii gained a second U.S. representative. Instead of creating two congressional districts, the state continued to elect its U.S. representatives at large. Two representatives were first elected in [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1962|1962]], and Hawaii was first represented by two U.S. representatives on January 2, 1963, upon the convening of the [[88th United States Congress|88th Congress]]. The 2nd congressional district was created in 1971 when Hawaii began electing its representatives from districts instead of electing at-large representatives statewide.


The 2nd Congressional District has a [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]] of D+19. The district has supported the Democratic candidate in every presidential election since 1988, and has never elected a Republican House representative. In October 2019, representative [[Tulsi Gabbard]] announced that she would not seek re-election, instead choosing to focus on her [[Tulsi Gabbard 2020 presidential campaign|campaign]] for the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic presidential nomination]].
The 2nd congressional district has a [[Cook Partisan Voting Index]] of D+14. It has supported the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1988, and has never elected a Republican U.S. representative. In October 2019, Representative [[Tulsi Gabbard]] announced that she would not seek reelection, instead choosing to focus on her [[Tulsi Gabbard 2020 presidential campaign|campaign]] for the [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|Democratic presidential nomination]].


In January 2019, [[Hawaii Senate|Hawaii state senator]] [[Kai Kahele]] announced he would run for the seat in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/11/18/hawaii-news/former-kauai-mayor-bernard-carvalho-endorses-kai-kahele-for-congress/|title=Former Kauai Mayor Bernard Carvalho endorses Kai Kahele for Congress|last1=Cocke|first1=Sophie|date=November 18, 2019|website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|language=en-US|access-date=November 28, 2019}}</ref> Other Democrats that announced are David Cornejo, Brian Evans (a self-described "[[Berniecrat]]" who ran for the seat as a Republican in 2018), Noelle Famera, and Ryan Meza. Republicans Joseph Akana and Jonathan Hoomanawanui also announced. Kahele won the Democratic nomination on August 8, 2020, and the subsequent general election on November 3, 2020.
In January 2019, [[Hawaii Senate|Hawaii state senator]] [[Kai Kahele]] announced he would run for the seat in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2019/11/18/hawaii-news/former-kauai-mayor-bernard-carvalho-endorses-kai-kahele-for-congress/|title=Former Kauai Mayor Bernard Carvalho endorses Kai Kahele for Congress|last1=Cocke|first1=Sophie|date=November 18, 2019|website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser|language=en-US|access-date=November 28, 2019}}</ref> Other Democrats who announced were David Cornejo, Brian Evans (a self-described "[[Berniecrat]]" who ran for the seat as a Republican in 2018), Noelle Famera, and Ryan Meza. Republicans Joseph Akana and Jonathan Hoomanawanui also announced. Kahele won the Democratic nomination on August 8 and the general election on November 3.


==Recent results from statewide races==
==Recent results from statewide races==
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|-
|-
! Year
! Year
! Result<ref>Hawaii Office of Elections: [https://elections.hawaii.gov/election-results/ Election results separated by year.] Accessed February 11, 2015.</ref>
! Result<ref>Hawaii Office of Elections: [https://elections.hawaii.gov/election-results/ Election results separated by year.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116054013/https://elections.hawaii.gov/election-results/ |date=November 16, 2020 }} Accessed February 11, 2015.</ref>


|-
|-
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| {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden]] (D) 64% – [[Donald Trump]] (R) 34%
| {{party shading/Democratic}} |[[Joe Biden]] (D) 64% – [[Donald Trump]] (R) 34%
|}
|}

== Composition ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!#
!County
!Seat
!Population
|-
|1
|[[Hawaii County, Hawaii|Hawai'i]]
|[[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]]
|207,615
|-
|3
|[[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu]]
|[[Honolulu]]
|989,408
|-
|5
|[[Kalawao County, Hawaii|Kalawao]]
|None
|81
|-
|7
|[[Kauai County, Hawaii|Kauai]]
|[[Lihue, Hawaii|Lihue]]
|73,851
|-
|9
|[[Maui County, Hawaii|Maui]]
|[[Wailuku, Hawaii|Wailuku]]
|164,183
|}

=== Cities with 10,000 or more people ===

* [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]] – 44,186
* [[Kailua, Hawaii|Kailua]] – 40,514
* [[Kaneohe, Hawaii|Kāneʻohe]] – 37,430
* [[Kahului, Hawaii|Kahului]] – 28,219
* [[Kihei, Hawaii|Kihei]] – 21,423
* [[Kapolei, Hawaii|Kapolei]] – 21,411
* [[Makakilo, Hawaii|Makakilo]] – 19,877
* [[Kailua-Kona, Hawaii|Kailua-Kona]] – 19,713
* [[Wahiawa, Hawaii|Wahiawa]] – 18,658
* [[Wailuku, Hawaii|Wailuku]] – 17,697
* [[Hawaiian Paradise Park, Hawaii|Hawaiian Paradise Park]] – 14,957
* [[Schofield Barracks]] – 14,904
* [[Royal Kunia, Hawaii|Royal Kunia]] – 14,896
* [[Waianae, Hawaii|Waianae]] – 13,614
* [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lahaina]] – 12,702
* [[Kaiminani, Hawaii|Kaiminani]] – 12,590
* [[Nānākuli, Hawaii|Nānākuli]] – 12,195
* [[Kapaʻa, Hawaii|Kapa'a]] – 11,652
* [[Māʻili, Hawaii|Māʻili]] – 11,535

=== 2,500-10,000 people ===

* [[Mākaha, Hawaii|Mākaha]] – 9,916
* [[Waimea, Hawaii County, Hawaii|Waimea]] – 9,904
* [[Kaneohe Base, Hawaii (CDP)|Kaneohe Base]] – 9,483
* [[Waihee-Waiehu, Hawaii|Waihee-Waiehu]] – 9,234
* [[ʻĀhuimanu]] – 8,969
* [[Haiku-Pauwela, Hawaii|Haiku-Pauwela]] – 8,595
* [[Pukalani, Hawaii|Pukalani]] – 8,299
* [[Lihue, Hawaii|Lihue]] – 8,004
* [[Makawao, Hawaii|Makawao]] – 7,297
* [[Waikoloa Village, Hawaii|Waikoloa Village]] – 7,104
* [[Napili-Honokowai, Hawaii|Napili-Honokowai]] – 7,042
* [[Kula, Hawaii|Kula]] – 6,942
* [[Waimānalo, Hawaii|Waimānalo]] – 6,057
* [[Wailea, Hawaii|Wailea]] – 6,027
* [[Lāʻie, Hawaii|Lāʻie]] – 5,963
* [[Wailuā Homesteads, Hawaii|Wailuā Homesteads]] – 5,863
* [[Kahaluʻu, Hawaii|Kahaluʻu]] – 5,241
* [[Pūpūkea, Hawaii|Pūpūkea]] – 5,130
* [[Heʻeia, Hawaii|Heʻeia]] – 5,001
* [[Kalaheo, Hawaii|Kalaheo]] – 4,996
* [[Hanamaulu, Hawaii|Hanamaulu]] – 4,994
* [[Haleʻiwa, Hawaii|Haleʻiwa]] – 4,941
* [[Whitmore Village, Hawaii|Whitmore Village]] – 4,887
* [[Hawaiian Ocean View, Hawaii|Hawaiian Ocean View]] – 4,864
* [[Waimanalo Beach, Hawaii|Waimanalo Beach]] – 4,823
* [[Kahaluʻu-Keauhou, Hawaii|Kahalu'u-Keauhou]] – 4,778
* [[Mountain View, Hawaii|Mountain View]] – 4,215
* [[Waialua, Hawaii|Waialua]] – 4,062
* [[Hauʻula, Hawaii|Hauʻula]] – 4,018
* [[Hawaiian Beaches, Hawaii|Hawaiian Beaches]] – 3,976
* [[Kekaha, Hawaii|Kekaha]] – 3,715
* [[ʻĀinaloa]] – 3,609
* [[Waikapu, Hawaii|Waikapu]] – 3,437
* [[Hawaiian Acres, Hawaii|Hawaiian Acres]] – 3,426
* [[Kaunakakai, Hawaii|Kaunakakai]] – 3,419
* [[Puhi, Hawaii|Puhi]] – 3,380
* [[Lanai City, Hawaii|Lanai City]] – 3,332
* [[Captain Cook, Hawaii|Captain Cook]] – 3,253
* [[Orchidlands Estates, Hawaii|Orchidlands Estates]] – 3,165
* [[Kīlauea, Hawaii|Kīlauea]] – 3,014
* [[Holualoa, Hawaii|Holualoa]] – 2,994
* [[Kahuku, Hawaii|Kahuku]] – 2,852
* [[Honokaa, Hawaii|Honokaa]] – 2,699
* [[Hanapepe, Hawaii|Hanapepe]] – 2,678
* [[Lawai, Hawaii|Lawai]] – 2,578
* [[Volcano, Hawaii|Volcano]] – 2,575
* [[ʻEleʻele]] – 2,515
* [[Kurtistown, Hawaii|Kurtistown]] – 2,515
* [[Helemano, Hawaii|Helemano]] – 2,549


== List of members representing the district ==
== List of members representing the district ==
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! Cong<br/>ress
! Cong<br/>ress
! Electoral history
! Electoral history
! District map

|- style="height:3em"
| colspan=6 | District created January 3, 1971


|- style="height:3em"
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Patsy Mink 1970s.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Patsy Mink]]'''
| align=left | [[File:Patsy Mink 1970s.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Patsy Mink]]'''<br>{{small|([[Waipahu, Hawaii|Waipahu]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 3, 1971 —<br/>January 3, 1977
| nowrap | January 3, 1971 —<br/>January 3, 1977
| {{USCongressOrdinal|92|94}}
| {{USCongressOrdinal|92|94}}
| Redistricted from the {{Ushr|Hawaii|AL|C}} and [[1970 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|re-elected in 1970]].<br/>[[1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Re-elected in 1972]].<br/>[[1974 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Re-elected in 1974]].<br/>Retired to [[1976 United States Senate election in Hawaii|run for U.S. senator]].
| Redistricted from the {{Ushr|Hawaii|AL|C}} and [[1970 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|re-elected in 1970]].<br/>[[1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Re-elected in 1972]].<br/>[[1974 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Re-elected in 1974]].<br/>Retired to [[1976 United States Senate election in Hawaii|run for U.S. senator]].
| rowspan=6 |


|- style="height:3em"
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Daniel Akaka as Representative.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Daniel Akaka]]'''
| align=left | [[File:Daniel Akaka as Representative.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Daniel Akaka]]'''<br>{{small|([[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 3, 1977 —<br/>May 15, 1990
| nowrap | January 3, 1977 —<br/>May 15, 1990
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|
|
|- style="height:3em"
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Patsymink.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Patsy Mink]]'''
| align=left | [[File:Patsy Mink 1994 portrait (cropped).tif|100px]]<br/>'''[[Patsy Mink]]'''<br>{{small|([[Waipahu, Hawaii|Waipahu]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| nowrap | September 22, 1990 —<br/>September 28, 2002
| nowrap | September 22, 1990 —<br/>September 28, 2002
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|
|
|- style="height:3em"
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Ed Case, official photo portrait color.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Ed Case]]'''
| align=left | [[File:Ed Case, official photo portrait color.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Ed Case]]'''<br>{{small|([[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| nowrap | November 30, 2002 —<br/>January 3, 2003
| nowrap | November 30, 2002 —<br/>January 3, 2003
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| {{USCongressOrdinal|108}}
| {{USCongressOrdinal|108}}
|
|
| rowspan=3 | '''2003–2013'''<br/>[[File:HI district 2-108th.gif|300px]]

|- style="height:3em"
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Ed Case, official photo portrait color.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Ed Case]]'''
| align=left | [[File:Ed Case, official photo portrait color.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Ed Case]]'''<br>{{small|([[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 4, 2003 —<br/>January 3, 2007
| nowrap | January 4, 2003 —<br/>January 3, 2007
Line 141: Line 250:


|- style="height:3em"
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Mazie Hirono, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Mazie Hirono]]'''
| align=left | [[File:Mazie Hirono, official portrait, 112th Congress.jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Mazie Hirono]]'''<br>{{small|([[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 3, 2007 —<br/>January 3, 2013
| nowrap | January 3, 2007 —<br/>January 3, 2013
| {{USCongressOrdinal|110|112}}
| {{USCongressOrdinal|110|112}}
| [[2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Elected in 2006]].<br/>[[2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Re-elected in 2008]].<br/>[[2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Re-elected in 2010]].<br/>Retired to [[2012 United States Senate election in Hawaii|run for U.S. senator]].
| [[2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii#District 2|Elected in 2006]].<br/>[[2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii#District 2|Re-elected in 2008]].<br/>[[2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii#District 2|Re-elected in 2010]].<br/>Retired to [[2012 United States Senate election in Hawaii|run for U.S. senator]].


|- style="height:3em"
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Tulsi Gabbard, official portrait, 113th Congress (cropped 3).jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Tulsi Gabbard]]'''
| align=left | [[File:Tulsi Gabbard, official portrait, 113th Congress (cropped).jpg|100px]]<br/>'''[[Tulsi Gabbard]]'''<br>{{small|([[Honolulu, Hawaii|Honolulu]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 3, 2013 —<br/>January 3, 2021
| nowrap | January 3, 2013 —<br/>January 3, 2021
| {{USCongressOrdinal|113|116}}
| {{USCongressOrdinal|113|116}}
| [[2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Elected in 2012]].<br/>[[2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Re-elected in 2014]].<br/>[[2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Re-elected in 2016]].<br/>[[2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Re-elected in 2018]].<br/>Retired to [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|run for U.S. president]].
| [[2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii#District 2|Elected in 2012]].<br/>[[2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii#District 2|Re-elected in 2014]].<br/>[[2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii#District 2|Re-elected in 2016]].<br/>[[2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii#District 2|Re-elected in 2018]].<br/>Retired to [[2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries|run for U.S. president]].
| rowspan=2 | '''2013–2023'''<br/>[[File:Hawaii US Congressional District 2 (since 2013).tif|200px]]


|- style="height:3em"
|- style="height:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Kai Kahele 117th U.S Congress.jpg|100px|]]<br/>'''[[Kai Kahele]]'''
| align=left | [[File:Kai Kahele 117th U.S Congress.jpg|100px|]]<br/>'''[[Kai Kahele]]'''<br>{{small|([[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 3, 2021 —<br/>Present
| nowrap | January 3, 2021 —<br/>January 3, 2023
| {{USCongressOrdinal|present}}
| {{USCongressOrdinal|117}}
| [[2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Elected in 2020]].<br />Retired to [[2022 Hawaii gubernatorial election|run for Governor of Hawaii]].
| [[2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii#District 2|Elected in 2020]].<br />Retired to [[2022 Hawaii gubernatorial election|run for Governor of Hawaii]].


|- style="heigth:3em"
|- style="heigth:3em"
| align=left | [[File:Jill N. Tokuda.jpg|100px|]]<br/>'''[[Jill Tokuda]]'''
| align=left | [[File:Rep. Jill Tokuda official photo, 118th Congress (1).jpg|100px|]]<br/>'''[[Jill Tokuda]]'''<br>{{small|([[Kāne'ohe, Hawaii|Kāne'ohe]])}}
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| {{Party shading/Democratic}} | [[Democratic Party of Hawaii|Democratic]]
| nowrap | January 3, 2023 —<br/>Elect
| nowrap | January 3, 2023 —<br/>present
| {{USCongressOrdinal|118}}
| {{USCongressOrdinal|118}}
| [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii|Elected in 2022]].
| [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii#District 2|Elected in 2022]].
| '''2023–present'''<br/>[[File:Hawaii's 2nd congressional district in Honolulu (since 2023).svg|300px]]
|}
|}


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| percentage = 89.23%
| percentage = 89.23%
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
{{Election box candidate no change
| party = Nonpartisan
| party = Nonpartisan candidate
| candidate = Gregory B. Mills
| candidate = Gregory B. Mills
| votes = 9,080
| votes = 9,080
Line 606: Line 717:
| percentage = 30.80%
| percentage = 30.80%
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
{{Election box candidate no change
| party = Nonpartisan
| party = Nonpartisan candidate
| candidate = Nolan Crabbe
| candidate = Nolan Crabbe
| votes = 7,723
| votes = 7,723
Line 924: Line 1,035:
| percentage = 1.78%
| percentage = 1.78%
}}
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
{{Election box candidate no change
| party = Nonpartisan
| party = Nonpartisan candidate
| candidate = Andrew V. Von Sonn
| candidate = Andrew V. Von Sonn
| votes = 1,310
| votes = 1,310
Line 1,066: Line 1,177:
}}
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{Election box end}}

===2020===
===2020===
{{Election box begin
{{Election box begin
Line 1,075: Line 1,187:
{{Election box candidate
{{Election box candidate
| candidate = Jonathan Hoomanawanui
| candidate = Jonathan Hoomanawanui
| party = [[Aloha ʻĀina Party|Aloha ʻĀina]]
| party = [[Aloha {{okina}}Āina Party|Aloha {{okina}}Āina]]
| color = #ffd100
| color = #ffd100
| votes = 6,453
| votes = 6,453
Line 1,100: Line 1,212:
}}
}}
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
{{Election box hold with party link without swing
| winner = Democratic Party (United States)
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2022===
{{Election box begin no change
| title = [[2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii]]
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link no change
| candidate = [[Jill Tokuda]]
| party = Democratic Party (United States)
| votes = 127,995
| percentage = 62.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Joe Akana
| party = Republican Party (United States)
| votes = 72,455
| percentage = 35.2
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link no change
| candidate = Michelle Tippens
| party = Libertarian Party (United States)
| votes = 5,108
| percentage = 2.5
}}
{{Election box total no change
| votes = 205,558
| percentage = 100.0
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no change
| winner = Democratic Party (United States)
| winner = Democratic Party (United States)
}}
}}
Line 1,106: Line 1,249:
==Historical district boundaries==
==Historical district boundaries==
[[File:HI district 2-108th.gif|thumb|left|{{center|'''2003–2013'''}}]]
[[File:HI district 2-108th.gif|thumb|left|{{center|'''2003–2013'''}}]]
[[File:Hawaii US Congressional District 2 (since 2013).tif|thumb|left|{{center|'''2013–2023'''}}]]

{{clear}}
{{clear}}


Line 1,118: Line 1,261:
*{{cite book|title = The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress|last = Martis|first = Kenneth C.|year = 1989|publisher = Macmillan Publishing Company|location = New York}}
*{{cite book|title = The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress|last = Martis|first = Kenneth C.|year = 1989|publisher = Macmillan Publishing Company|location = New York}}
*{{cite book|title = The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts|last = Martis|first = Kenneth C.|year = 1982|publisher = Macmillan Publishing Company|location = New York}}
*{{cite book|title = The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts|last = Martis|first = Kenneth C.|year = 1982|publisher = Macmillan Publishing Company|location = New York}}
* [http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present]
* [http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100423082228/http://bioguide.congress.gov/biosearch/biosearch.asp |date=April 23, 2010 }}
{{Reflist|3}}
{{Reflist|3}}


Latest revision as of 03:53, 30 August 2024

Hawaii's 2nd congressional district
Map
Interactive map of district boundaries since January 3, 2023
Representative
Distribution
  • 83.65% urban
  • 16.35% rural
Population (2022)722,458[1]
Median household
income		$89,314[2]
Ethnicity
Cook PVID+14[3]

Hawaii's 2nd congressional district is a congressional district in the U.S. state of Hawaii. It is represented by Jill Tokuda, who succeeded Kai Kahele after the 2022 election. The district encompasses all rural and most suburban areas of Oahu/Honolulu County, as well as the entire state outside of Oahu. It includes the counties of Kauai, Maui, Kalawao, and Hawaii ("the Big Island"). The district spans 331 miles. The most populous community entirely within the district is Hilo. Major segments of the economy include tourism, ranching, and agriculture.

Under the U.S. Constitution, a candidate for this district has to be a resident of Hawaii, but does not have to live in the district itself. The first non-resident elected to this seat was Ed Case, a Honolulu attorney, though he was born and raised on the Big Island of Hawaii. The home state office of the second congressional district is at the Prince Kuhio Federal Building near Honolulu Harbor.

History

[edit]

When Hawaii and Alaska were admitted to the Union in 1959, both new states were granted one at-large representative to Congress pending the next United States census. In the reapportionment following the 1960 U.S. census, Hawaii gained a second U.S. representative. Instead of creating two congressional districts, the state continued to elect its U.S. representatives at large. Two representatives were first elected in 1962, and Hawaii was first represented by two U.S. representatives on January 2, 1963, upon the convening of the 88th Congress. The 2nd congressional district was created in 1971 when Hawaii began electing its representatives from districts instead of electing at-large representatives statewide.

The 2nd congressional district has a Cook Partisan Voting Index of D+14. It has supported the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1988, and has never elected a Republican U.S. representative. In October 2019, Representative Tulsi Gabbard announced that she would not seek reelection, instead choosing to focus on her campaign for the Democratic presidential nomination.

In January 2019, Hawaii state senator Kai Kahele announced he would run for the seat in 2020.[4] Other Democrats who announced were David Cornejo, Brian Evans (a self-described "Berniecrat" who ran for the seat as a Republican in 2018), Noelle Famera, and Ryan Meza. Republicans Joseph Akana and Jonathan Hoomanawanui also announced. Kahele won the Democratic nomination on August 8 and the general election on November 3.

Recent results from statewide races

[edit]
Presidential Election Results since 2000
Year Result[5]
2000 Al Gore (D) 56% – George W. Bush (R) 36%
2004 John Kerry (D) 56% – George W. Bush (R) 44%
2008 Barack Obama (D) 73% – John McCain (R) 25%
2012 Barack Obama (D) 71% – Mitt Romney (R) 27%
2016 Hillary Clinton (D) 61% – Donald Trump (R) 30%
2020 Joe Biden (D) 64% – Donald Trump (R) 34%

Composition

[edit]
# County Seat Population
1 Hawai'i Hilo 207,615
3 Honolulu Honolulu 989,408
5 Kalawao None 81
7 Kauai Lihue 73,851
9 Maui Wailuku 164,183

Cities with 10,000 or more people

[edit]

2,500-10,000 people

[edit]

List of members representing the district

[edit]
Member Party Years Cong
ress 		Electoral history District map
District created January 3, 1971

Patsy Mink
(Waipahu) 		Democratic January 3, 1971 —
January 3, 1977 		92nd
93rd
94th 		Redistricted from the at-large district and re-elected in 1970.
Re-elected in 1972.
Re-elected in 1974.
Retired to run for U.S. senator.

Daniel Akaka
(Honolulu) 		Democratic January 3, 1977 —
May 15, 1990 		95th
96th
97th
98th
99th
100th
101st 		Elected in 1976.
Re-elected in 1978.
Re-elected in 1980.
Re-elected in 1982.
Re-elected in 1984.
Re-elected in 1986.
Re-elected in 1988.
Resigned when appointed U.S. senator.
Vacant May 15, 1990 —
September 22, 1990 		101st

Patsy Mink
(Waipahu) 		Democratic September 22, 1990 —
September 28, 2002 		101st
102nd
103rd
104th
105th
106th
107th 		Elected to finish Akaka's term.
Re-elected in 1990.
Re-elected in 1992.
Re-elected in 1994.
Re-elected in 1996.
Re-elected in 1998.
Re-elected in 2000.
Died.
Re-elected posthumously in 2002.
Vacant September 28, 2002 —
November 30, 2002 		107th

Ed Case
(Honolulu) 		Democratic November 30, 2002 —
January 3, 2003 		Elected to finish Mink's term in the 107th Congress.
Had not been a candidate for the next term.
Vacant January 3, 2003 —
January 4, 2003 		108th 2003–2013

Ed Case
(Honolulu) 		Democratic January 4, 2003 —
January 3, 2007 		108th
109th 		Elected to finish Mink's term in the 108th Congress.
Re-elected in 2004.
Retired to run for U.S. senator.

Mazie Hirono
(Honolulu) 		Democratic January 3, 2007 —
January 3, 2013 		110th
111th
112th 		Elected in 2006.
Re-elected in 2008.
Re-elected in 2010.
Retired to run for U.S. senator.

Tulsi Gabbard
(Honolulu) 		Democratic January 3, 2013 —
January 3, 2021 		113th
114th
115th
116th 		Elected in 2012.
Re-elected in 2014.
Re-elected in 2016.
Re-elected in 2018.
Retired to run for U.S. president. 		2013–2023

Kai Kahele
(Hilo) 		Democratic January 3, 2021 —
January 3, 2023 		117th Elected in 2020.
Retired to run for Governor of Hawaii.

Jill Tokuda
(Kāne'ohe) 		Democratic January 3, 2023 —
present 		118th Elected in 2022. 2023–present

Election results

[edit]

1970

[edit]
1970 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[6]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink (Incumbent) 91,038 100.00%
Total votes 91,038 100.0%
Democratic win (new seat)

1972

[edit]
1972 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[7]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink (Incumbent) 79,856 57.08%
Republican Diana Hansen-Young 60,043 42.92%
Total votes 139,899 100.0%
Democratic hold

1974

[edit]
1974 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[8]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink (Incumbent) 86,916 62.58%
Republican Carla W. Coray 51,984 37.42%
Total votes 138,900 100.0%
Democratic hold

1976

[edit]
1976 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[9]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Daniel Akaka 124,116 79.51%
Republican Hank Inouye 23,917 15.32%
Independents for Godly Government Bill Penaroza 3,461 2.22%
People's Party Dexter Cate 2,408 1.54%
Libertarian Don Smith 2,197 1.41%
Total votes 156,099 100.0%
Democratic hold

1978

[edit]
1978 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[10]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Daniel Akaka (Incumbent) 118,272 85.73%
Republican Charlie Isaak 15,697 11.38%
Libertarian Amelia L. Fritts 3,988 2.89%
Total votes 137,957 100.0%
Democratic hold

1980

[edit]
1980 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[11]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Daniel Akaka (Incumbent) 141,477 89.90%
Libertarian Don Smith 15,903 10.10%
Total votes 157,380 100.0%
Democratic hold

1982

[edit]
1982 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[12]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Daniel Akaka (Incumbent) 132,072 89.23%
Nonpartisan candidate Gregory B. Mills 9,080 6.14%
Libertarian Amelia L. Fritts 6,856 4.63%
Total votes 148,008 100.0%
Democratic hold

1984

[edit]
1984 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[13]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Daniel Akaka (Incumbent) 112,377 82.18%
Republican A.D. (Al) Shipley 20,000 14.63%
Libertarian Amelia L. Fritts 4,364 3.19%
Total votes 136,741 100.0%
Democratic hold

1986

[edit]
1986 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[14]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Daniel Akaka (Incumbent) 123,830 76.05%
Republican Maria M. Hustace 35,371 21.73%
Libertarian Ken Schoolland 3,618 2.22%
Total votes 162,819 100.0%
Democratic hold

1988

[edit]
1988 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[15]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Daniel Akaka (Incumbent) 144,802 88.94%
Libertarian Lloyd Jeffrey Mallan 18,006 11.06%
Total votes 162,808 100.0%
Democratic hold

1990 (Special)

[edit]
1990 Hawaii's 2nd congressional district special election[16]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink 51,841 37.35%
Democratic Mufi Hannemann 50,164 36.14%
Democratic Ron Menor 23,629 17.02%
Republican Andy Poepoe 8,872 6.39%
Republican Stanley Monsef 2,264 1.63%
Democratic Duane A. Black 1,242 0.90%
Libertarian Lloyd Jeffrey Mallan 791 0.57%
Total votes 138,803 100.0%
Democratic hold

1990

[edit]
1990 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[17]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink (Incumbent) 118,155 66.27%
Republican Andy Poepoe 54,625 30.64%
Libertarian Lloyd Jeffrey Mallan 5,508 3.09%
Total votes 178,288 100.0%
Democratic hold

1992

[edit]
1992 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[18]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink (Incumbent) 131,454 72.65%
Republican Kamuela Price 40,070 22.14%
Libertarian Lloyd Jeffrey Mallan 9,431 5.21%
Total votes 180,955 100.0%
Democratic hold

1994

[edit]
1994 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[19]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink (Incumbent) 124,431 70.14%
Republican Robert H. (Lopaka) Garner 42,891 24.18%
Libertarian Larry Bartley 10,074 5.68%
Total votes 177,396 100.0%
Democratic hold

1996

[edit]
1996 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[20]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink (Incumbent) 109,178 60.33%
Republican Tom Pico Jr. 55,729 30.80%
Nonpartisan candidate Nolan Crabbe 7,723 4.27%
Libertarian James M. Keefe 4,769 2.64%
Natural Law Amanda (Mandy) Toulon 3,564 1.97%
Total votes 180,963 100.0%
Democratic hold

1998

[edit]
1998 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[21]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink (Incumbent) 144,254 69.40%
Republican Carol J. Douglass 50,423 24.25%
Libertarian Noreen Leilehua Chun 13,194 6.35%
Total votes 207,871 100.0%
Democratic hold

2000

[edit]
2000 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[22]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink (Incumbent) 112,856 61.59%
Republican Russ Francis 65,906 35.97%
Libertarian Lawrence G.K. Duquesne 4,468 2.44%
Total votes 183,230 100.0%
Democratic hold

2002

[edit]
2002 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[23]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Patsy Mink (Incumbent) † 100,671 56.16%
Republican Bob McDermott 71,661 39.98%
Libertarian Lloyd Jeffrey Mallan 4,719 2.63%
Natural Law Nick Bedworth 2,200 1.23%
Total votes 179,251 100.0%
Democratic hold

2002 (Special)

[edit]
Hawaii's 2nd congressional district special election, November 30, 2002[24]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Ed Case 23,576 51.44%
Democratic John Mink 16,624 36.27%
Republican John Carroll 1,933 4.22%
Republican Whitney Anderson 942 2.06%
No party 34 others 2,754 5.96%
Total votes 46,216 100.0%
Democratic hold

2003 (Special)

[edit]
Hawaii's 2nd congressional district special election, January 4, 2003[25]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Ed Case (Incumbent) 33,002 43.24%
Democratic Matt Matsunaga 23,050 30.20%
Democratic Colleen Hanabusa 6,046 7.92%
Republican Barbara Marumoto 4,497 5.89%
Republican Bob McDermott 4,298 5.63%
No party 39 others 5,435 7.12%
Total votes 76,328 100.0%
Democratic hold

2004

[edit]
2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[26]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Ed Case (Incumbent) 133,317 62.77%
Republican Mike Gabbard 79,072 37.23%
Total votes 212,389 100.0%
Democratic hold

2006

[edit]
2006 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[27]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Mazie Hirono 106,906 61.04%
Republican Bob Hogue 68,244 38.96%
Total votes 175,150 100.0%
Democratic hold

2008

[edit]
2008 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[28]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Mazie Hirono (Incumbent) 165,748 76.06%
Republican Roger B. Evans 44,425 20.39%
Independent Shaun Stenshol 4,042 1.86%
Libertarian Lloyd Jeffrey Mallan 3,699 1.70%
Total votes 217,914 100.0%
Democratic hold

2010

[edit]
2010 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[29]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Mazie Hirono (Incumbent) 132,290 72.19%
Republican John W. Willoughby 46,404 25.32%
Libertarian Pat Brock 3,254 1.78%
Nonpartisan candidate Andrew V. Von Sonn 1,310 0.72%
Total votes 183,258 100.0%
Democratic hold

2012

[edit]
2012 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[30]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Tulsi Gabbard 168,466 80.54%
Republican Kawika Crowley 40,697 19.45%
Blank Votes 5,631 K.A.
Over Votes 73 K.A.
Total votes 214,867 100%
Democratic hold

2014

[edit]
2014 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[31]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Tulsi Gabbard (Incumbent) 142,010 78.7%
Republican Kawika Crowley 33,630 18.6%
Libertarian Joe Kent 4,693 2.6%
Total votes 180,333 100%
Democratic hold

2016

[edit]
2016 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[32]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Tulsi Gabbard (Incumbent) 170,848 76.23%
Republican Angela Aulani Kaaihue 39,668 17.70%
Blank votes 13,483 6.02%
Over votes 134 0.05%
Total votes 224,133 100%
Democratic hold

2018

[edit]
2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii[33]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Tulsi Gabbard (Incumbent) 153,271 77.4%
Republican Brian Evans 44,850 22.6%
Total votes 198,121 100.0%
Democratic hold

2020

[edit]
2020 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Kai Kahele 172,517 63.0% Decrease 14.4
Republican Joe Akana 84,027 30.9% Increase 8.3
Libertarian Michelle Rose Tippens 6,785 2.5% Increase 2.5
Aloha ʻĀina Jonathan Hoomanawanui 6,453 2.4% Increase 2.4
Independent Ron Burrus 2,659 1.0% Increase 1.0
American Shopping John Giuffre 661 0.2% Increase 0.2
Total votes 273,112 100.0% K.A.
Democratic hold

2022

[edit]
2022 United States House of Representatives elections in Hawaii
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Jill Tokuda 127,995 62.3
Republican Joe Akana 72,455 35.2
Libertarian Michelle Tippens 5,108 2.5
Total votes 205,558 100.0
Democratic hold

Historical district boundaries

[edit]
2003–2013
2013–2023

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Martis, Kenneth C. (1989). The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
  • Martis, Kenneth C. (1982). The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
  • Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Archived April 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  1. ^ "United States Census". Retrieved October 5, 2023.
  2. ^ "My Congressional District". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
  3. ^ "2022 Cook PVI: District Map and List". Cook Political Report. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  4. ^ Cocke, Sophie (November 18, 2019). "Former Kauai Mayor Bernard Carvalho endorses Kai Kahele for Congress". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
  5. ^ Hawaii Office of Elections: Election results separated by year. Archived November 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine Accessed February 11, 2015.
  6. ^ 1970 Election Results
  7. ^ 1972 Election Results
  8. ^ 1974 Election Results
  9. ^ 1976 Election Results
  10. ^ 1978 Election Results
  11. ^ 1980 Election Results
  12. ^ 1982 Election Results
  13. ^ 1984 Election Results
  14. ^ 1986 Election Results
  15. ^ 1988 Election Results
  16. ^ 1990 Special Election Results
  17. ^ 1990 Election Results
  18. ^ 1992 Election Results
  19. ^ 1994 Election Results
  20. ^ 1996 Election Results
  21. ^ 1998 Election Results
  22. ^ 2000 Election Results
  23. ^ 2002 Election Results
  24. ^ 2002 Special Election Results
  25. ^ 2003 Special Election Results
  26. ^ 2004 Election Results
  27. ^ 2006 Election Results
  28. ^ 2008 Election Results
  29. ^ 2010 Election Results
  30. ^ 2012 Election Results
  31. ^ "Hawaii General Election 2014" (PDF). Hawaii Office of Elections. November 4, 2014. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  32. ^ "PRIMARY ELECTION 2016 – State of Hawaii – Statewide". State of Hawaii Office of Elections. August 16, 2016. p. 1. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
  33. ^ "Statewide Summary" (PDF). Office of Elections. State of Hawaii. Retrieved November 20, 2018.

19°48′35″N 155°30′22″W / 19.80972°N 155.50611°W / 19.80972; -155.50611

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